2016 05-31-wurm-social-chromosome
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Transcript of 2016 05-31-wurm-social-chromosome
A major transition in social evolution& other tidbits
[email protected] https://wurmlab.github.io
© Alex Wild & others
© National Geographic
Atta leaf-cutter ants
© National Geographic
Atta leaf-cutter ants
© National Geographic
Atta leaf-cutter ants
Oecophylla Weaver ants
© ameisenforum.de
© ameisenforum.de
Fourmis tisserandes
© ameisenforum.de
Oecophylla Weaver ants
© forestryimages.org© wynnie@flickr
Tofilski et al 2008
Forelius pusillus
Tofilski et al 2008
Forelius pusillus hides the nest entrance at night
Tofilski et al 2008
Forelius pusillus hides the nest entrance at night
Tofilski et al 2008
Forelius pusillus hides the nest entrance at night
Tofilski et al 2008
Forelius pusillus hides the nest entrance at night
Avant
Workers staying outside die« preventive self-sacrifice »
Tofilski et al 2008
Forelius pusillus hides the nest entrance at night
Dorylus driver ants: ants with no home
© BBC
Animal biomass (Brazilian rainforest)
from Fittkau & Klinge 1973
Other insects AmphibiansReptiles
Birds
Mammals
Earthworms
Spiders
Soil fauna excluding earthworms,
ants & termites
Ants & termites
Well-studied:• behavior
• morphology
• evolutionary context
Well-studied:• behavior
• morphology
• evolutionary context
• ecology
Genetic basis?
www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 331 25 FEBRUARY 2011 1067
REPORTS
on
Mar
ch 1
2, 2
013
ww
w.s
cien
cem
ag.o
rgD
ownl
oade
d fro
m
Solenopsis invicta fire ants are a big problem!very well studied!
Ascunce et al 2011
Solenopsis invicta fire ant: two social forms
•1 large queen•Independent founding•Highly territorial•Many sizes of workers
•2-100 smaller queens•Dependent founding•No inter-colony aggression•All workers similar size
Single-queen form: Multiple-queen form:
Fire ants+
Population genetics: Allozyme screen
Ken Ross
“starch gel”+
1 2 3
L. Keller
Allozyme screen Social form associated to Gp-9 locus
Frequency of the most
common allele
Locus!
0.3!0.4!0.5!0.6!0.7!0.8!0.9!1.0!
Single queen!Multiple queen!
Est-6!Est-4!G3pdh-1!Ca-4!Pgm-4!Ddh-1!Pro-5!
Pgm-3!
Acoh-5!
acoh-1!
Acy-1!
Pgm-1!
Aat-2!
Gp-9!
Ken Ross and colleaguesLaurent Keller and colleagues
Single queen form Multiple queen form
Ken Ross and colleaguesLaurent Keller and colleagues
Social form completely associated to Gp-9 locus
bbbbBB BB Bb bb
Ken Ross and colleaguesLaurent Keller and colleagues
Single queen form Multiple queen form
Social form completely associated to Gp-9 locus
(>15% ) (< 5% )
bbBB BB Bb
x
Gp-9 bb females rareKen Ross and colleagues
Laurent Keller and colleagues
Single queen form Multiple queen form
Social form completely associated to Gp-9 locus
(>15% ) (< 5% )
BB BB Bb
Ken Ross and colleaguesLaurent Keller and colleagues
Single queen form Multiple queen form
Social form completely associated to Gp-9 locus
(>15% ) (< 5% )
BB BB Bb
xKen Ross and colleagues
Laurent Keller and colleagues
Single queen form Multiple queen form
Social form completely associated to Gp-9 locus
(>15% ) (< 5% )
BB BB Bb
x xKen Ross and colleagues
Laurent Keller and colleagues
Social form completely associated to Gp-9 locus
Single queen form Multiple queen form(>15% ) (< 5% )
BB BB Bb
x x xKen Ross and colleagues
Laurent Keller and colleagues
Single queen form Multiple queen form(>15% ) (< 5% )
Social form completely associated to Gp-9 locus
• Is this gene the single überregulator?
Social form completely associated to Gp-9 locus
• Is this gene the single überregulator?
maybe 1/14th of the genome?
•Only 14 allozyme markers
Locus!
0.3!0.4!0.5!0.6!0.7!0.8!0.9!1.0!
Single queen!Multiple queen!
Est-6!Est-4!G3pdh-1!Ca-4!Pgm-4!Ddh-1!Pro-5!
Pgm-3!
Acoh-5!
acoh-1!
Acy-1!
Pgm-1!
Aat-2!
Gp-9!
Social form completely associated to Gp-9 locus
This changes everything.
Any lab can sequence anything!
Single ♂:His brothers:
11×4×
(330bp-insert paired reads) (normal single-end reads)45× +Sequencing from haploid males (for easier assembly):
(8,000 & 20,000bp-insert paired reads)
B 20x
The genome of a Gp-9 B � fire ant
Wurm et al 2011 PNAS
10,000 scaffolds (100 biggest scaffolds: 50% of genome)
Total: 350,000,000 bp assembled.→
The other 150Mb: highly repetitive sequence
“RAD Genotyping.”
Bb
unfertilised eggs
haploid ♂
Gp-9 B Gp-9 b Gp-9 B Gp-9 b Gp-9 b Gp-9 B
38 B♂ & 38 b♂
EcoR1 EcoR1 EcoR1
Gp-9 B
RAD sequencing of haploid ♂ for SNP discovery & genotyping
Wang & Wurm et al 2013 Nature
EcoR1 EcoR1 EcoR1
AACTG
AACTG
AACTG
AACTG
Gp-9 B
RAD sequencing of haploid ♂ for SNP discovery & genotyping
Gp-9 B
AACTGGp-9 B
Gp-9 B
GGCCT
Gp-9 B
Gp-9 B
AAGGTGp-9 B
Gp-9 B
CCAGTGp-9 b
Gp-9 b
TAAATGp-9 b
Gp-9 b
GGAATGp-9 b
Gp-9 b
38 Gp-9 B males
38 Gp-9 b males
RAD sequencing of haploid ♂ for SNP discovery & genotyping
Identify polymorphismindividual x locus
genotype table
RADseq: sequencing the same 0.01% of the genome in many individuals
A B C D E F
L1 A C A A C CL2 G G T - T GL3 - A G A - GL4 C - - G G CL5 T T C T C -L6 G A A - - G
2419
loci
38 B� & 38 b�
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20+
Amount of variance explained per principal component
Principal Component
% V
aria
nce
Exp
lain
ed
05
1015
2025
30
12.7%
6.1% 5.4% 4.8% 4.7% 3.9% 3.5% 3.2% 3.1% 2.9% 2.8% 2.6% 2.4% 2.3% 2.2% 2.0% 1.9% 1.7% 1.6%
30.2%
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20+
Amount of variance explained per principal component
Principal Component
% V
aria
nce
Exp
lain
ed
05
1015
2025
30
PCA: Principal Component Analysis
pc: 2 % variance: 6.073
pc: 3
%
var
ianc
e: 5
.441
-0.2
-0.1
0.0
0.1
0.2
-0.2 -0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2pc: 2 % variance: 6.073
pc: 3
%
var
ianc
e: 5
.441
-0.2
-0.1
0.0
0.1
0.2
-0.2 -0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2
Principal Components: PC2 vs PC3
Gp-9 B �Gp-9 b �
pc: 1 % variance: 12.666
pc: 2
%
var
ianc
e: 6
.073
-0.2
-0.1
0.0
0.1
0.2
-0.10 -0.05 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15
Principal Components: PC1 vs PC2
pc: 1 % variance: 12.666
pc: 2
%
var
ianc
e: 6
.073
-0.2
-0.1
0.0
0.1
0.2
-0.10 -0.05 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15
Gp-9 B ♂Gp-9 b ♂
brc_m013_0001..brc_m013_0005brc_m013_0006..brc_m013_0014brc_m013_0015..brc_m013_0017brc_m013_0018brc_m013_0019..brc_m013_0020brc_m013_0021..brc_m013_0029brc_m013_0030..brc_m013_0031brc_m013_0032..brc_m013_0034brc_m013_0035..brc_m013_0036brc_m013_0037..brc_m013_0038brc_m013_0039..brc_m013_0043brc_m013_0044brc_m013_0045brc_m013_0046..brc_m013_0048brc_m013_0049brc_m013_0050..brc_m013_0051brc_m013_0052..brc_m013_0056brc_m013_0057..brc_m013_0061
brc_m013_0062..brc_m013_0075brc_m013_0076..brc_m013_0078brc_m013_0079..brc_m013_0081
brc_m013_0082..brc_m013_0088
brc_m013_0089..brc_m013_0092
brc_m013_0093..brc_m013_0096brc_m013_0097brc_m013_0098..brc_m013_0113brc_m013_0114..brc_m013_0119brc_m013_0120..brc_m013_0130brc_m013_0131brc_m013_0132..brc_m013_0134brc_m013_0135..brc_m013_0136brc_m013_0137..brc_m013_0139brc_m013_0140..brc_m013_0142brc_m013_0143brc_m013_0144..brc_m013_0146brc_m013_0147..brc_m013_0154brc_m013_0155
brc_m013_0156brc_m013_0157..brc_m013_0180brc_m013_0181brc_m013_0182brc_m013_0183..brc_m013_0188brc_m013_0189..brc_m013_0208brc_m013_0209brc_m013_0210..brc_m013_0211brc_m013_0212..brc_m013_0215brc_m013_0216brc_m013_0217brc_m013_0218..brc_m013_0224brc_m013_0225..brc_m013_0228brc_m013_0229..brc_m013_0237brc_m013_0238..brc_m013_0245
brc_m013_0246..brc_m013_0270
brc_m013_0271..brc_m013_0274brc_m013_0275brc_m013_0276..brc_m013_0278
brc_m013_0279
brc_m013_0280
brc_m013_0281..brc_m013_0294
brc_m013_0295..brc_m013_0303brc_m013_0304brc_m013_0305..brc_m013_0307brc_m013_0308brc_m013_0309..brc_m013_0314brc_m013_0315..brc_m013_0317brc_m013_0318..brc_m013_0320brc_m013_0321..brc_m013_0326brc_m013_0327brc_m013_0328brc_m013_0329..brc_m013_0330brc_m013_0331..brc_m013_0333brc_m013_0334..brc_m013_0339brc_m013_0340brc_m013_0341..brc_m013_0343brc_m013_0344brc_m013_0345..brc_m013_0349brc_m013_0350
brc_m013_0351..brc_m013_0354brc_m013_0355brc_m013_0356brc_m013_0357..brc_m013_0361brc_m013_0362..brc_m013_0376brc_m013_0377..brc_m013_0390brc_m013_0391..brc_m013_0393brc_m013_0394..brc_m013_0400brc_m013_0401..brc_m013_0439brc_m013_0440..brc_m013_0478brc_m013_0479..brc_m013_0480
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
LG1brc_m013_0481brc_m013_0482..brc_m013_0484brc_m013_0485..brc_m013_0488brc_m013_0489..brc_m013_0502brc_m013_0503brc_m013_0504..brc_m013_0519brc_m013_0520..brc_m013_0532brc_m013_0533..brc_m013_0534brc_m013_0535..brc_m013_0537brc_m013_0538..brc_m013_0540brc_m013_0541..brc_m013_0543brc_m013_0544..brc_m013_0545brc_m013_0546..brc_m013_0549
brc_m013_0550..brc_m013_0554
brc_m013_0555..brc_m013_0560
brc_m013_0561..brc_m013_0562brc_m013_0563..brc_m013_0565
brc_m013_0566brc_m013_0567brc_m013_0568..brc_m013_0570brc_m013_0571..brc_m013_0573
brc_m013_0574..brc_m013_0575brc_m013_0576..brc_m013_0578brc_m013_0579..brc_m013_0580brc_m013_0581brc_m013_0582..brc_m013_0584brc_m013_0585brc_m013_0586brc_m013_0587brc_m013_0588..brc_m013_0591brc_m013_0592brc_m013_0593brc_m013_0594..brc_m013_0612brc_m013_0613..brc_m013_0614brc_m013_0615..brc_m013_0632brc_m013_0633brc_m013_0634..brc_m013_0648brc_m013_0649..brc_m013_0655brc_m013_0656brc_m013_0657..brc_m013_0694brc_m013_0695..brc_m013_0703brc_m013_0704brc_m013_0705brc_m013_0706..brc_m013_0707brc_m013_0708brc_m013_0709..brc_m013_0711brc_m013_0712..brc_m013_0715brc_m013_0716..brc_m013_0721brc_m013_0722brc_m013_0723brc_m013_0724..brc_m013_0728brc_m013_0729brc_m013_0730brc_m013_0731brc_m013_0732..brc_m013_0735brc_m013_0736..brc_m013_0769brc_m013_0770..brc_m013_0771brc_m013_0772..brc_m013_0773brc_m013_0774..brc_m013_0775brc_m013_0776..brc_m013_0782brc_m013_0783brc_m013_0784..brc_m013_0795brc_m013_0796..brc_m013_0798brc_m013_0799..brc_m013_0801brc_m013_0802..brc_m013_0805brc_m013_0806..brc_m013_0809brc_m013_0810..brc_m013_0811brc_m013_0812..brc_m013_0824brc_m013_0825..brc_m013_0826brc_m013_0827..brc_m013_0829brc_m013_0830..brc_m013_0831brc_m013_0832..brc_m013_0842brc_m013_0843..brc_m013_0854brc_m013_0855..brc_m013_0861brc_m013_0862brc_m013_0863..brc_m013_0864brc_m013_0865..brc_m013_0867brc_m013_0868..brc_m013_0883brc_m013_0884..brc_m013_0893brc_m013_0894brc_m013_0895..brc_m013_0897brc_m013_0898..brc_m013_0906brc_m013_0907..brc_m013_0910brc_m013_0911..brc_m013_0925brc_m013_0926..brc_m013_0928brc_m013_0929..brc_m013_0931
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
LG2brc_m013_0932..brc_m013_0941brc_m013_0942..brc_m013_0943brc_m013_0944..brc_m013_0945brc_m013_0946..brc_m013_0949brc_m013_0950..brc_m013_0952
brc_m013_0953..brc_m013_0975
brc_m013_0976..brc_m013_1019brc_m013_1020brc_m013_1021brc_m013_1022..brc_m013_1061brc_m013_1062brc_m013_1063
brc_m013_1064..brc_m013_1065
brc_m013_1066..brc_m013_1068brc_m013_1069brc_m013_1070
brc_m013_1071..brc_m013_1074
brc_m013_1075
brc_m013_1076..brc_m013_1081
brc_m013_1082..brc_m013_1086brc_m013_1087..brc_m013_1088brc_m013_1089..brc_m013_1098brc_m013_1099..brc_m013_1106brc_m013_1107..brc_m013_1116brc_m013_1117brc_m013_1118..brc_m013_1121brc_m013_1122..brc_m013_1127brc_m013_1128brc_m013_1129..brc_m013_1136brc_m013_1137..brc_m013_1138brc_m013_1139..brc_m013_1141brc_m013_1142..brc_m013_1144brc_m013_1145..brc_m013_1156brc_m013_1157brc_m013_1158..brc_m013_1170brc_m013_1171..brc_m013_1181brc_m013_1182..brc_m013_1185brc_m013_1186brc_m013_1187..brc_m013_1205brc_m013_1206..brc_m013_1218brc_m013_1219..brc_m013_1220brc_m013_1221..brc_m013_1224brc_m013_1225..brc_m013_1228brc_m013_1229brc_m013_1230..brc_m013_1236brc_m013_1237brc_m013_1238..brc_m013_1247brc_m013_1248..brc_m013_1251
brc_m013_1252brc_m013_1253..brc_m013_1268brc_m013_1269..brc_m013_1270brc_m013_1271..brc_m013_1273brc_m013_1274brc_m013_1275..brc_m013_1280brc_m013_1281
brc_m013_1282..brc_m013_1286brc_m013_1287..brc_m013_1298brc_m013_1299..brc_m013_1307brc_m013_1308brc_m013_1309..brc_m013_1313brc_m013_1314..brc_m013_1317brc_m013_1318..brc_m013_1319brc_m013_1320..brc_m013_1326brc_m013_1327..brc_m013_1340brc_m013_1341..brc_m013_1362brc_m013_1363..brc_m013_1385
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
LG3brc_m013_1386..brc_m013_1388brc_m013_1389..brc_m013_1398brc_m013_1399..brc_m013_1406brc_m013_1407..brc_m013_1411brc_m013_1412..brc_m013_1413brc_m013_1414..brc_m013_1416
brc_m013_1417brc_m013_1418..brc_m013_1420brc_m013_1421..brc_m013_1424brc_m013_1425..brc_m013_1432brc_m013_1433..brc_m013_1442brc_m013_1443brc_m013_1444..brc_m013_1450brc_m013_1451brc_m013_1452brc_m013_1453..brc_m013_1455brc_m013_1456..brc_m013_1467brc_m013_1468..brc_m013_1469brc_m013_1470brc_m013_1471..brc_m013_1474brc_m013_1475brc_m013_1476brc_m013_1477brc_m013_1478..brc_m013_1482brc_m013_1483
brc_m013_1484brc_m013_1485..brc_m013_1487brc_m013_1488..brc_m013_1490
brc_m013_1491brc_m013_1492..brc_m013_1494brc_m013_1495..brc_m013_1496
brc_m013_1497..brc_m013_1500brc_m013_1501brc_m013_1502..brc_m013_1513brc_m013_1514..brc_m013_1562brc_m013_1563..brc_m013_1565brc_m013_1566..brc_m013_1567
brc_m013_1568..brc_m013_1580brc_m013_1581..brc_m013_1587brc_m013_1588..brc_m013_1591brc_m013_1592..brc_m013_1593brc_m013_1594..brc_m013_1604brc_m013_1605..brc_m013_1607brc_m013_1608..brc_m013_1609brc_m013_1610..brc_m013_1611brc_m013_1612..brc_m013_1616brc_m013_1617..brc_m013_1618brc_m013_1619..brc_m013_1620brc_m013_1621..brc_m013_1629brc_m013_1630..brc_m013_1633brc_m013_1634..brc_m013_1638brc_m013_1639..brc_m013_1647brc_m013_1648..brc_m013_1649brc_m013_1650..brc_m013_1656brc_m013_1657..brc_m013_1665brc_m013_1666..brc_m013_1672brc_m013_1673..brc_m013_1674brc_m013_1675..brc_m013_1678brc_m013_1679..brc_m013_1682brc_m013_1683brc_m013_1684brc_m013_1685..brc_m013_1686brc_m013_1687..brc_m013_1700brc_m013_1701..brc_m013_1702brc_m013_1703brc_m013_1704..brc_m013_1707brc_m013_1708..brc_m013_1709brc_m013_1710..brc_m013_1714brc_m013_1715..brc_m013_1728brc_m013_1729..brc_m013_1742
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
LG4brc_m013_1743..brc_m013_1750
brc_m013_1751..brc_m013_1766brc_m013_1767brc_m013_1768
brc_m013_1769..brc_m013_1772
brc_m013_1773..brc_m013_1779brc_m013_1780brc_m013_1781brc_m013_1782..brc_m013_1783brc_m013_1784brc_m013_1785..brc_m013_1786
brc_m013_1787
brc_m013_1788brc_m013_1789..brc_m013_1790brc_m013_1791..brc_m013_1793brc_m013_1794..brc_m013_1797brc_m013_1798..brc_m013_1800brc_m013_1801..brc_m013_1804brc_m013_1805brc_m013_1806..brc_m013_1808brc_m013_1809brc_m013_1810..brc_m013_1813brc_m013_1814..brc_m013_1818brc_m013_1819..brc_m013_1820brc_m013_1821..brc_m013_1822brc_m013_1823..brc_m013_1824brc_m013_1825brc_m013_1826..brc_m013_1840brc_m013_1841..brc_m013_1842brc_m013_1843brc_m013_1844..brc_m013_1848brc_m013_1849brc_m013_1850brc_m013_1851..brc_m013_1853brc_m013_1854..brc_m013_1858brc_m013_1859..brc_m013_1866brc_m013_1867..brc_m013_1868brc_m013_1869brc_m013_1870..brc_m013_1874brc_m013_1875..brc_m013_1876brc_m013_1877..brc_m013_1878brc_m013_1879..brc_m013_1883brc_m013_1884brc_m013_1885brc_m013_1886..brc_m013_1888brc_m013_1889..brc_m013_1895brc_m013_1896..brc_m013_1899brc_m013_1900..brc_m013_1913brc_m013_1914brc_m013_1915..brc_m013_1922brc_m013_1923brc_m013_1924..brc_m013_1928brc_m013_1929..brc_m013_1942brc_m013_1943..brc_m013_1946brc_m013_1947..brc_m013_1948brc_m013_1949brc_m013_1950..brc_m013_1953brc_m013_1954..brc_m013_1955brc_m013_1956brc_m013_1957..brc_m013_1963brc_m013_1964..brc_m013_1966brc_m013_1967..brc_m013_1968brc_m013_1969..brc_m013_1970brc_m013_1971brc_m013_1972brc_m013_1973..brc_m013_1980brc_m013_1981..brc_m013_1983brc_m013_1984..brc_m013_1990brc_m013_1991..brc_m013_1993brc_m013_1994..brc_m013_1996brc_m013_1997..brc_m013_2009
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
LG5brc_m013_2010..brc_m013_2028
brc_m013_2029..brc_m013_2038brc_m013_2039
brc_m013_2040..brc_m013_2041brc_m013_2042..brc_m013_2047brc_m013_2048..brc_m013_2050brc_m013_2051..brc_m013_2053brc_m013_2054..brc_m013_2062brc_m013_2063brc_m013_2064..brc_m013_2065brc_m013_2066..brc_m013_2067brc_m013_2068brc_m013_2069..brc_m013_2071brc_m013_2072..brc_m013_2081brc_m013_2082
brc_m013_2083brc_m013_2084brc_m013_2085..brc_m013_2099brc_m013_2100brc_m013_2101..brc_m013_2102brc_m013_2103..brc_m013_2107brc_m013_2108brc_m013_2109..brc_m013_2112
brc_m013_2113..brc_m013_2114brc_m013_2115..brc_m013_2123brc_m013_2124..brc_m013_2131brc_m013_2132brc_m013_2133brc_m013_2134..brc_m013_2136
brc_m013_2137
brc_m013_2138..brc_m013_2139
brc_m013_2140..brc_m013_2142brc_m013_2143..brc_m013_2150brc_m013_2151..brc_m013_2152brc_m013_2153..brc_m013_2161brc_m013_2162..brc_m013_2163
brc_m013_2164..brc_m013_2165brc_m013_2166..brc_m013_2170brc_m013_2171..brc_m013_2172brc_m013_2173brc_m013_2174..brc_m013_2182brc_m013_2183..brc_m013_2186brc_m013_2187..brc_m013_2190brc_m013_2191..brc_m013_2193brc_m013_2194brc_m013_2195..brc_m013_2201brc_m013_2202..brc_m013_2203brc_m013_2204..brc_m013_2220brc_m013_2221..brc_m013_2232brc_m013_2233..brc_m013_2239brc_m013_2240..brc_m013_2261brc_m013_2262..brc_m013_2267brc_m013_2268..brc_m013_2269brc_m013_2270..brc_m013_2271brc_m013_2272..brc_m013_2282brc_m013_2283..brc_m013_2284brc_m013_2285..brc_m013_2299brc_m013_2300..brc_m013_2301brc_m013_2302..brc_m013_2305brc_m013_2306..brc_m013_2307brc_m013_2308..brc_m013_2330brc_m013_2331..brc_m013_2337brc_m013_2338..brc_m013_2352
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
LG6brc_m013_2353..brc_m013_2365brc_m013_2366..brc_m013_2369
brc_m013_2370..brc_m013_2372brc_m013_2373..brc_m013_2378brc_m013_2379..brc_m013_2386brc_m013_2387brc_m013_2388..brc_m013_2394brc_m013_2395..brc_m013_2397brc_m013_2398brc_m013_2399brc_m013_2400brc_m013_2401brc_m013_2402..brc_m013_2407brc_m013_2408..brc_m013_2411brc_m013_2412..brc_m013_2416brc_m013_2417brc_m013_2418brc_m013_2419..brc_m013_2436brc_m013_2437..brc_m013_2441brc_m013_2442brc_m013_2443..brc_m013_2444brc_m013_2445brc_m013_2446..brc_m013_2453brc_m013_2454brc_m013_2455..brc_m013_2460brc_m013_2461brc_m013_2462..brc_m013_2470brc_m013_2471..brc_m013_2474brc_m013_2475..brc_m013_2482brc_m013_2483brc_m013_2484..brc_m013_2487brc_m013_2488brc_m013_2489..brc_m013_2492brc_m013_2493..brc_m013_2496brc_m013_2497brc_m013_2498..brc_m013_2504brc_m013_2505brc_m013_2506..brc_m013_2510brc_m013_2511..brc_m013_2523brc_m013_2524..brc_m013_2531brc_m013_2532..brc_m013_2536brc_m013_2537..brc_m013_2555brc_m013_2556..brc_m013_2571brc_m013_2572..brc_m013_2573brc_m013_2574..brc_m013_2579brc_m013_2580..brc_m013_2581brc_m013_2582..brc_m013_2587brc_m013_2588brc_m013_2589..brc_m013_2594
brc_m013_2595
brc_m013_2596..brc_m013_2597brc_m013_2598..brc_m013_2604brc_m013_2605brc_m013_2606..brc_m013_2616brc_m013_2617..brc_m013_2619brc_m013_2620..brc_m013_2623
brc_m013_2624brc_m013_2625..brc_m013_2626brc_m013_2627..brc_m013_2628
brc_m013_2629..brc_m013_2630
0
20
40
60
80
100
LG7brc_m013_2631..brc_m013_2632brc_m013_2633brc_m013_2634..brc_m013_2635brc_m013_2636..brc_m013_2642brc_m013_2643..brc_m013_2657brc_m013_2658..brc_m013_2659brc_m013_2660..brc_m013_2661brc_m013_2662
brc_m013_2663
brc_m013_2664brc_m013_2665..brc_m013_2666
brc_m013_2667..brc_m013_2668brc_m013_2669..brc_m013_2670brc_m013_2671..brc_m013_2680brc_m013_2681..brc_m013_2682brc_m013_2683brc_m013_2684..brc_m013_2685brc_m013_2686..brc_m013_2694
brc_m013_2695..brc_m013_2698brc_m013_2699..brc_m013_2713
brc_m013_2714..brc_m013_2725brc_m013_2726..brc_m013_2727brc_m013_2728..brc_m013_2731brc_m013_2732brc_m013_2733..brc_m013_2753brc_m013_2754..brc_m013_2758brc_m013_2759..brc_m013_2763brc_m013_2764..brc_m013_2779brc_m013_2780brc_m013_2781brc_m013_2782..brc_m013_2784brc_m013_2785..brc_m013_2787brc_m013_2788..brc_m013_2791brc_m013_2792..brc_m013_2797brc_m013_2798..brc_m013_2799brc_m013_2800brc_m013_2801..brc_m013_2804brc_m013_2805..brc_m013_2809
brc_m013_2810..brc_m013_2811
brc_m013_2812..brc_m013_2813brc_m013_2814..brc_m013_2817brc_m013_2818..brc_m013_2827brc_m013_2828brc_m013_2829..brc_m013_2832brc_m013_2833brc_m013_2834..brc_m013_2840brc_m013_2841..brc_m013_2846brc_m013_2847brc_m013_2848..brc_m013_2852brc_m013_2853brc_m013_2854..brc_m013_2856brc_m013_2857..brc_m013_2862brc_m013_2863..brc_m013_2868brc_m013_2869..brc_m013_2874brc_m013_2875..brc_m013_2896
0
20
40
60
80
100
LG8
brc_m013_2897..brc_m013_2920brc_m013_2921..brc_m013_2928brc_m013_2929..brc_m013_2931brc_m013_2932
brc_m013_2933
brc_m013_2934..brc_m013_2935brc_m013_2936brc_m013_2937..brc_m013_2943brc_m013_2944brc_m013_2945..brc_m013_2946brc_m013_2947brc_m013_2948brc_m013_2949..brc_m013_2950brc_m013_2951..brc_m013_2957brc_m013_2958..brc_m013_2961brc_m013_2962..brc_m013_2970brc_m013_2971..brc_m013_2980brc_m013_2981..brc_m013_2992brc_m013_2993..brc_m013_2996brc_m013_2997..brc_m013_2998brc_m013_2999..brc_m013_3000brc_m013_3001brc_m013_3002..brc_m013_3003brc_m013_3004brc_m013_3005brc_m013_3006..brc_m013_3010brc_m013_3011..brc_m013_3014brc_m013_3015brc_m013_3016..brc_m013_3019brc_m013_3020brc_m013_3021..brc_m013_3030brc_m013_3031..brc_m013_3032brc_m013_3033..brc_m013_3034brc_m013_3035..brc_m013_3036brc_m013_3037..brc_m013_3045brc_m013_3046..brc_m013_3052brc_m013_3053brc_m013_3054..brc_m013_3061brc_m013_3062..brc_m013_3066brc_m013_3067..brc_m013_3068brc_m013_3069..brc_m013_3076brc_m013_3077..brc_m013_3084brc_m013_3085..brc_m013_3087brc_m013_3088..brc_m013_3089brc_m013_3090..brc_m013_3096brc_m013_3097..brc_m013_3100brc_m013_3101..brc_m013_3104brc_m013_3105brc_m013_3106..brc_m013_3112brc_m013_3113..brc_m013_3122brc_m013_3123..brc_m013_3124brc_m013_3125..brc_m013_3127brc_m013_3128..brc_m013_3145brc_m013_3146..brc_m013_3159brc_m013_3160..brc_m013_3172
0
20
40
60
80
100
LG9brc_m013_3173..brc_m013_3175brc_m013_3176..brc_m013_3180brc_m013_3181..brc_m013_3189brc_m013_3190..brc_m013_3198brc_m013_3199brc_m013_3200..brc_m013_3201brc_m013_3202..brc_m013_3203brc_m013_3204brc_m013_3205..brc_m013_3206brc_m013_3207..brc_m013_3211brc_m013_3212..brc_m013_3214brc_m013_3215..brc_m013_3227brc_m013_3228..brc_m013_3230brc_m013_3231..brc_m013_3235brc_m013_3236..brc_m013_3238brc_m013_3239..brc_m013_3242brc_m013_3243..brc_m013_3244brc_m013_3245brc_m013_3246..brc_m013_3247brc_m013_3248..brc_m013_3249brc_m013_3250..brc_m013_3252brc_m013_3253..brc_m013_3257brc_m013_3258brc_m013_3259brc_m013_3260..brc_m013_3261brc_m013_3262..brc_m013_3263brc_m013_3264brc_m013_3265..brc_m013_3269brc_m013_3270..brc_m013_3274brc_m013_3275..brc_m013_3276brc_m013_3277..brc_m013_3281brc_m013_3282..brc_m013_3284brc_m013_3285brc_m013_3286..brc_m013_3289brc_m013_3290..brc_m013_3296brc_m013_3297brc_m013_3298..brc_m013_3300brc_m013_3301..brc_m013_3302brc_m013_3303..brc_m013_3305brc_m013_3306..brc_m013_3308brc_m013_3309..brc_m013_3314brc_m013_3315..brc_m013_3317brc_m013_3318..brc_m013_3329brc_m013_3330..brc_m013_3331brc_m013_3332..brc_m013_3338brc_m013_3339..brc_m013_3340brc_m013_3341..brc_m013_3344brc_m013_3345..brc_m013_3349brc_m013_3350..brc_m013_3357brc_m013_3358..brc_m013_3359brc_m013_3360brc_m013_3361..brc_m013_3368brc_m013_3369..brc_m013_3372brc_m013_3373..brc_m013_3376brc_m013_3377brc_m013_3378..brc_m013_3386brc_m013_3387..brc_m013_3388brc_m013_3389..brc_m013_3395brc_m013_3396..brc_m013_3399
0
20
40
60
80
LG10brc_m013_3400..brc_m013_3411brc_m013_3412brc_m013_3413..brc_m013_3424brc_m013_3425brc_m013_3426brc_m013_3427..brc_m013_3429
brc_m013_3430
brc_m013_3431..brc_m013_3432brc_m013_3433..brc_m013_3435brc_m013_3436brc_m013_3437..brc_m013_3439
brc_m013_3440..brc_m013_3441brc_m013_3442
brc_m013_3443..brc_m013_3445brc_m013_3446..brc_m013_3447brc_m013_3448..brc_m013_3449brc_m013_3450..brc_m013_3454brc_m013_3455brc_m013_3456..brc_m013_3462brc_m013_3463..brc_m013_3464brc_m013_3465brc_m013_3466..brc_m013_3467brc_m013_3468..brc_m013_3472brc_m013_3473brc_m013_3474..brc_m013_3476brc_m013_3477..brc_m013_3487brc_m013_3488brc_m013_3489..brc_m013_3491brc_m013_3492..brc_m013_3500brc_m013_3501..brc_m013_3512brc_m013_3513..brc_m013_3514brc_m013_3515..brc_m013_3524brc_m013_3525..brc_m013_3527brc_m013_3528..brc_m013_3531brc_m013_3532..brc_m013_3547brc_m013_3548..brc_m013_3557brc_m013_3558..brc_m013_3566brc_m013_3567..brc_m013_3568brc_m013_3569..brc_m013_3570brc_m013_3571..brc_m013_3574brc_m013_3575..brc_m013_3582brc_m013_3583..brc_m013_3592brc_m013_3593..brc_m013_3605brc_m013_3606..brc_m013_3616brc_m013_3617..brc_m013_3618brc_m013_3619..brc_m013_3622brc_m013_3623..brc_m013_3624brc_m013_3625..brc_m013_3628brc_m013_3629..brc_m013_3635
0
20
40
60
80
LG11
brc_m013_3636..brc_m013_3661brc_m013_3662..brc_m013_3665
brc_m013_3666..brc_m013_3667brc_m013_3668brc_m013_3669..brc_m013_3671
brc_m013_3672
brc_m013_3673..brc_m013_3674brc_m013_3675..brc_m013_3682
brc_m013_3683..brc_m013_3685
brc_m013_3686..brc_m013_3688
brc_m013_3689..brc_m013_3693
brc_m013_3694..brc_m013_3698brc_m013_3699
brc_m013_3700brc_m013_3701..brc_m013_3702brc_m013_3703..brc_m013_3704brc_m013_3705..brc_m013_3712brc_m013_3713brc_m013_3714..brc_m013_3716brc_m013_3717..brc_m013_3724brc_m013_3725..brc_m013_3730brc_m013_3731..brc_m013_3752brc_m013_3753..brc_m013_3758brc_m013_3759..brc_m013_3789brc_m013_3790..brc_m013_3801brc_m013_3802..brc_m013_3814brc_m013_3815..brc_m013_3818brc_m013_3819..brc_m013_3822brc_m013_3823..brc_m013_3826brc_m013_3827..brc_m013_3832brc_m013_3833..brc_m013_3837brc_m013_3838brc_m013_3839..brc_m013_3841brc_m013_3842..brc_m013_3847
brc_m013_3848..brc_m013_3853brc_m013_3854..brc_m013_3858brc_m013_3859..brc_m013_3868brc_m013_3869..brc_m013_3871brc_m013_3872..brc_m013_3901brc_m013_3902brc_m013_3903..brc_m013_3909brc_m013_3910brc_m013_3911..brc_m013_3926brc_m013_3927..brc_m013_3931brc_m013_3932..brc_m013_3948
0
20
40
60
80
LG12
brc_m013_3949..brc_m013_3952brc_m013_3953..brc_m013_3958brc_m013_3959..brc_m013_3970brc_m013_3971
brc_m013_3972..brc_m013_3975brc_m013_3976
brc_m013_3977..brc_m013_3985
brc_m013_3986brc_m013_3987..brc_m013_3994brc_m013_3995..brc_m013_3997brc_m013_3998..brc_m013_4004
brc_m013_4005..brc_m013_4006brc_m013_4007..brc_m013_4008brc_m013_4009..brc_m013_4010brc_m013_4011..brc_m013_4013brc_m013_4014brc_m013_4015brc_m013_4016..brc_m013_4019brc_m013_4020..brc_m013_4021brc_m013_4022..brc_m013_4025brc_m013_4026..brc_m013_4032brc_m013_4033..brc_m013_4036brc_m013_4037..brc_m013_4041brc_m013_4042..brc_m013_4043
brc_m013_4044..brc_m013_4046brc_m013_4047..brc_m013_4056brc_m013_4057brc_m013_4058..brc_m013_4063brc_m013_4064..brc_m013_4071brc_m013_4072..brc_m013_4075brc_m013_4076brc_m013_4077brc_m013_4078..brc_m013_4085brc_m013_4086..brc_m013_4089brc_m013_4090..brc_m013_4091brc_m013_4092..brc_m013_4093brc_m013_4094..brc_m013_4095brc_m013_4096..brc_m013_4114brc_m013_4115..brc_m013_4117brc_m013_4118..brc_m013_4131brc_m013_4132..brc_m013_4133brc_m013_4134..brc_m013_4146
0
20
40
60
80
LG13
brc_m013_4147..brc_m013_4150brc_m013_4151..brc_m013_4167
brc_m013_4168brc_m013_4169
brc_m013_4170brc_m013_4171..brc_m013_4172brc_m013_4173..brc_m013_4175brc_m013_4176brc_m013_4177..brc_m013_4178brc_m013_4179..brc_m013_4183brc_m013_4184..brc_m013_4185brc_m013_4186..brc_m013_4187brc_m013_4188..brc_m013_4191brc_m013_4192brc_m013_4193..brc_m013_4194brc_m013_4195..brc_m013_4206brc_m013_4207..brc_m013_4210brc_m013_4211..brc_m013_4213brc_m013_4214brc_m013_4215..brc_m013_4217brc_m013_4218..brc_m013_4221brc_m013_4222..brc_m013_4223brc_m013_4224..brc_m013_4231brc_m013_4232..brc_m013_4234brc_m013_4235..brc_m013_4239brc_m013_4240..brc_m013_4246brc_m013_4247..brc_m013_4248brc_m013_4249..brc_m013_4258brc_m013_4259..brc_m013_4260brc_m013_4261..brc_m013_4269brc_m013_4270..brc_m013_4271brc_m013_4272..brc_m013_4278brc_m013_4279..brc_m013_4280brc_m013_4281..brc_m013_4284brc_m013_4285brc_m013_4286..brc_m013_4288brc_m013_4289..brc_m013_4294brc_m013_4295..brc_m013_4296brc_m013_4297..brc_m013_4301brc_m013_4302..brc_m013_4313brc_m013_4314..brc_m013_4320brc_m013_4321..brc_m013_4322brc_m013_4323..brc_m013_4345brc_m013_4346..brc_m013_4351
0
20
40
60
LG14brc_m013_4352..brc_m013_4366brc_m013_4367brc_m013_4368brc_m013_4369..brc_m013_4373brc_m013_4374..brc_m013_4381brc_m013_4382..brc_m013_4383brc_m013_4384..brc_m013_4385brc_m013_4386brc_m013_4387..brc_m013_4388brc_m013_4389brc_m013_4390..brc_m013_4404brc_m013_4405brc_m013_4406..brc_m013_4409brc_m013_4410..brc_m013_4411brc_m013_4412..brc_m013_4418brc_m013_4419..brc_m013_4434brc_m013_4435..brc_m013_4442brc_m013_4443..brc_m013_4448brc_m013_4449..brc_m013_4451brc_m013_4452..brc_m013_4461brc_m013_4462..brc_m013_4471brc_m013_4472..brc_m013_4475brc_m013_4476..brc_m013_4477brc_m013_4478brc_m013_4479brc_m013_4480..brc_m013_4485brc_m013_4486brc_m013_4487..brc_m013_4491brc_m013_4492brc_m013_4493brc_m013_4494..brc_m013_4495brc_m013_4496..brc_m013_4501brc_m013_4502..brc_m013_4510brc_m013_4511..brc_m013_4531brc_m013_4532brc_m013_4533..brc_m013_4534brc_m013_4535..brc_m013_4541brc_m013_4542..brc_m013_4543brc_m013_4544..brc_m013_4545brc_m013_4546..brc_m013_4548brc_m013_4549..brc_m013_4551brc_m013_4552..brc_m013_4555brc_m013_4556..brc_m013_4561
0
20
40
60
LG15
brc_m013_4562..brc_m013_4577brc_m013_4578..brc_m013_4594brc_m013_4595..brc_m013_4599brc_m013_4600..brc_m013_4625brc_m013_4626..brc_m013_4638brc_m013_4639..brc_m013_4642brc_m013_4643..brc_m013_4644brc_m013_4645..brc_m013_4650brc_m013_4651..brc_m013_4663brc_m013_4664..brc_m013_4668brc_m013_4669..brc_m013_4670brc_m013_4671..brc_m013_4674brc_m013_4675..brc_m013_4679brc_m013_4680..brc_m013_4681brc_m013_4682brc_m013_4683..brc_m013_4688brc_m013_4689..brc_m013_4692brc_m013_4693..brc_m013_4695brc_m013_4696..brc_m013_4701brc_m013_4702brc_m013_4703..brc_m013_4712brc_m013_4713..brc_m013_4717brc_m013_4718..brc_m013_4720brc_m013_4721brc_m013_4722..brc_m013_4726brc_m013_4727..brc_m013_4728brc_m013_4729..brc_m013_4742brc_m013_4743brc_m013_4744..brc_m013_4746brc_m013_4747brc_m013_4748..brc_m013_4749brc_m013_4750..brc_m013_4752
brc_m013_4753..brc_m013_4756brc_m013_4757..brc_m013_4759brc_m013_4760..brc_m013_4762brc_m013_4763brc_m013_4764..brc_m013_4766brc_m013_4767..brc_m013_4769brc_m013_4770brc_m013_4771..brc_m013_4774brc_m013_4775..brc_m013_4776brc_m013_4777..brc_m013_4778brc_m013_4779..brc_m013_4780brc_m013_4781..brc_m013_4793brc_m013_4794brc_m013_4795..brc_m013_4798brc_m013_4799..brc_m013_4802brc_m013_4803..brc_m013_4806brc_m013_4807brc_m013_4808..brc_m013_4814brc_m013_4815..brc_m013_4819brc_m013_4820brc_m013_4821brc_m013_4822..brc_m013_4823brc_m013_4824brc_m013_4825..brc_m013_4855brc_m013_4856..brc_m013_4858brc_m013_4859..brc_m013_4863brc_m013_4864..brc_m013_4865brc_m013_4866..brc_m013_4875brc_m013_4876..brc_m013_4881brc_m013_4882..brc_m013_4891brc_m013_4892..brc_m013_4895brc_m013_4896..brc_m013_4911brc_m013_4912..brc_m013_4938brc_m013_4939brc_m013_4940..brc_m013_4957brc_m013_4958..brc_m013_4959brc_m013_4960..brc_m013_4972brc_m013_4973..brc_m013_4981brc_m013_4982..brc_m013_4983
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
LGSB
Gp-9
Figure 1a b
Si_gnF.scaffold00779_nt2778431.7
Si_gnF.scaffold00779_nt1255229Si_gnF.scaffold02684_nt10884.2
Si_gnF.scaffold00779_nt1633919Si_gnF.scaffold00779_nt17842486.5
Si_gnF.scaffold00779_nt3746833Si_gnF.scaffold00779_nt374687927.3Si_gnF.scaffold00779_nt382158728.5
Si_gnF.scaffold00779_nt417489034.2
Si_gnF.scaffold09607_nt698300Si_gnF.scaffold09607_nt69848340.2
Si_gnF.scaffold09758_nt22273252.8
Si_gnF.scaffold05266_nt63430678.4Si_gnF.scaffold05266_nt65952779.7
Si_gnF.scaffold05266_nt733643Si_gnF.scaffold05266_nt75364482.8
Si_gnF.scaffold07090_nt71001087.6
Si_gnF.scaffold07090_nt105177192.7
Si_gnF.scaffold00255_nt314067Si_gnF.scaffold00255_nt40777897.5
Si_gnF.scaffold03404_nt128925Si_gnF.scaffold03404_nt228606Si_gnF.scaffold03404_nt241461
104.4
Si_gnF.scaffold00413_nt676115107.3
Si_gnF.scaffold00413_nt1035856109.6Si_gnF.scaffold01573_nt108462110.8Si_gnF.scaffold01573_nt447618112.1Si_gnF.scaffold00899_nt377419Si_gnF.scaffold00899_nt686574114.4Si_gnF.scaffold00899_nt236146Si_gnF.scaffold00899_nt332715Si_gnF.scaffold00899_nt335756
115.8
Si_gnF.scaffold00469_nt794118.0Si_gnF.scaffold00690_nt229012Si_gnF.scaffold00690_nt415290119.3
Si_gnF.scaffold06914_nt297673125.1
Si_gnF.scaffold01957_nt412242Si_gnF.scaffold02848_nt41846127.6
LGS Bfrom M013
Si_gnF.scaffold00779_nt2778430.0Si_gnF.scaffold00779_nt1255229Si_gnF.scaffold02684_nt10881.2
Si_gnF.scaffold00779_nt1633919Si_gnF.scaffold00779_nt17842486.7
Si_gnF.scaffold00779_nt3746833Si_gnF.scaffold00779_nt3746879Si_gnF.scaffold00779_nt3821587
22.2
Si_gnF.scaffold00779_nt417489029.2
Si_gnF.scaffold09607_nt698300Si_gnF.scaffold09607_nt69848361.9
Si_gnF.scaffold01573_nt10846280.7Si_gnF.scaffold00255_nt314067Si_gnF.scaffold00255_nt407778Si_gnF.scaffold00413_nt1035856Si_gnF.scaffold00413_nt676115Si_gnF.scaffold00469_nt794Si_gnF.scaffold00690_nt229012Si_gnF.scaffold00690_nt415290Si_gnF.scaffold00899_nt236146Si_gnF.scaffold00899_nt332715Si_gnF.scaffold00899_nt335756Si_gnF.scaffold00899_nt377419Si_gnF.scaffold00899_nt686574Si_gnF.scaffold01573_nt447618Si_gnF.scaffold01957_nt412242Si_gnF.scaffold03404_nt128925Si_gnF.scaffold03404_nt228606Si_gnF.scaffold03404_nt241461Si_gnF.scaffold05266_nt634306Si_gnF.scaffold05266_nt659527Si_gnF.scaffold05266_nt733643Si_gnF.scaffold05266_nt753644Si_gnF.scaffold06914_nt297673Si_gnF.scaffold07090_nt1051771Si_gnF.scaffold07090_nt710010Si_gnF.scaffold09758_nt222732
81.8
Si_gnF.scaffold02848_nt4184690.5
LGS B/bfrom P034
Gp-9
Total285 non-recombiningmarkersbrc_m013_0001..brc_m013_0005
brc_m013_0006..brc_m013_0014brc_m013_0015..brc_m013_0017brc_m013_0018brc_m013_0019..brc_m013_0020brc_m013_0021..brc_m013_0029brc_m013_0030..brc_m013_0031brc_m013_0032..brc_m013_0034brc_m013_0035..brc_m013_0036brc_m013_0037..brc_m013_0038brc_m013_0039..brc_m013_0043brc_m013_0044brc_m013_0045brc_m013_0046..brc_m013_0048brc_m013_0049brc_m013_0050..brc_m013_0051brc_m013_0052..brc_m013_0056brc_m013_0057..brc_m013_0061
brc_m013_0062..brc_m013_0075brc_m013_0076..brc_m013_0078brc_m013_0079..brc_m013_0081
brc_m013_0082..brc_m013_0088
brc_m013_0089..brc_m013_0092
brc_m013_0093..brc_m013_0096brc_m013_0097brc_m013_0098..brc_m013_0113brc_m013_0114..brc_m013_0119brc_m013_0120..brc_m013_0130brc_m013_0131brc_m013_0132..brc_m013_0134brc_m013_0135..brc_m013_0136brc_m013_0137..brc_m013_0139brc_m013_0140..brc_m013_0142brc_m013_0143brc_m013_0144..brc_m013_0146brc_m013_0147..brc_m013_0154brc_m013_0155
brc_m013_0156brc_m013_0157..brc_m013_0180brc_m013_0181brc_m013_0182brc_m013_0183..brc_m013_0188brc_m013_0189..brc_m013_0208brc_m013_0209brc_m013_0210..brc_m013_0211brc_m013_0212..brc_m013_0215brc_m013_0216brc_m013_0217brc_m013_0218..brc_m013_0224brc_m013_0225..brc_m013_0228brc_m013_0229..brc_m013_0237brc_m013_0238..brc_m013_0245
brc_m013_0246..brc_m013_0270
brc_m013_0271..brc_m013_0274brc_m013_0275brc_m013_0276..brc_m013_0278
brc_m013_0279
brc_m013_0280
brc_m013_0281..brc_m013_0294
brc_m013_0295..brc_m013_0303brc_m013_0304brc_m013_0305..brc_m013_0307brc_m013_0308brc_m013_0309..brc_m013_0314brc_m013_0315..brc_m013_0317brc_m013_0318..brc_m013_0320brc_m013_0321..brc_m013_0326brc_m013_0327brc_m013_0328brc_m013_0329..brc_m013_0330brc_m013_0331..brc_m013_0333brc_m013_0334..brc_m013_0339brc_m013_0340brc_m013_0341..brc_m013_0343brc_m013_0344brc_m013_0345..brc_m013_0349brc_m013_0350
brc_m013_0351..brc_m013_0354brc_m013_0355brc_m013_0356brc_m013_0357..brc_m013_0361brc_m013_0362..brc_m013_0376brc_m013_0377..brc_m013_0390brc_m013_0391..brc_m013_0393brc_m013_0394..brc_m013_0400brc_m013_0401..brc_m013_0439brc_m013_0440..brc_m013_0478brc_m013_0479..brc_m013_0480
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
LG1brc_m013_0481brc_m013_0482..brc_m013_0484brc_m013_0485..brc_m013_0488brc_m013_0489..brc_m013_0502brc_m013_0503brc_m013_0504..brc_m013_0519brc_m013_0520..brc_m013_0532brc_m013_0533..brc_m013_0534brc_m013_0535..brc_m013_0537brc_m013_0538..brc_m013_0540brc_m013_0541..brc_m013_0543brc_m013_0544..brc_m013_0545brc_m013_0546..brc_m013_0549
brc_m013_0550..brc_m013_0554
brc_m013_0555..brc_m013_0560
brc_m013_0561..brc_m013_0562brc_m013_0563..brc_m013_0565
brc_m013_0566brc_m013_0567brc_m013_0568..brc_m013_0570brc_m013_0571..brc_m013_0573
brc_m013_0574..brc_m013_0575brc_m013_0576..brc_m013_0578brc_m013_0579..brc_m013_0580brc_m013_0581brc_m013_0582..brc_m013_0584brc_m013_0585brc_m013_0586brc_m013_0587brc_m013_0588..brc_m013_0591brc_m013_0592brc_m013_0593brc_m013_0594..brc_m013_0612brc_m013_0613..brc_m013_0614brc_m013_0615..brc_m013_0632brc_m013_0633brc_m013_0634..brc_m013_0648brc_m013_0649..brc_m013_0655brc_m013_0656brc_m013_0657..brc_m013_0694brc_m013_0695..brc_m013_0703brc_m013_0704brc_m013_0705brc_m013_0706..brc_m013_0707brc_m013_0708brc_m013_0709..brc_m013_0711brc_m013_0712..brc_m013_0715brc_m013_0716..brc_m013_0721brc_m013_0722brc_m013_0723brc_m013_0724..brc_m013_0728brc_m013_0729brc_m013_0730brc_m013_0731brc_m013_0732..brc_m013_0735brc_m013_0736..brc_m013_0769brc_m013_0770..brc_m013_0771brc_m013_0772..brc_m013_0773brc_m013_0774..brc_m013_0775brc_m013_0776..brc_m013_0782brc_m013_0783brc_m013_0784..brc_m013_0795brc_m013_0796..brc_m013_0798brc_m013_0799..brc_m013_0801brc_m013_0802..brc_m013_0805brc_m013_0806..brc_m013_0809brc_m013_0810..brc_m013_0811brc_m013_0812..brc_m013_0824brc_m013_0825..brc_m013_0826brc_m013_0827..brc_m013_0829brc_m013_0830..brc_m013_0831brc_m013_0832..brc_m013_0842brc_m013_0843..brc_m013_0854brc_m013_0855..brc_m013_0861brc_m013_0862brc_m013_0863..brc_m013_0864brc_m013_0865..brc_m013_0867brc_m013_0868..brc_m013_0883brc_m013_0884..brc_m013_0893brc_m013_0894brc_m013_0895..brc_m013_0897brc_m013_0898..brc_m013_0906brc_m013_0907..brc_m013_0910brc_m013_0911..brc_m013_0925brc_m013_0926..brc_m013_0928brc_m013_0929..brc_m013_0931
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
LG2brc_m013_0932..brc_m013_0941brc_m013_0942..brc_m013_0943brc_m013_0944..brc_m013_0945brc_m013_0946..brc_m013_0949brc_m013_0950..brc_m013_0952
brc_m013_0953..brc_m013_0975
brc_m013_0976..brc_m013_1019brc_m013_1020brc_m013_1021brc_m013_1022..brc_m013_1061brc_m013_1062brc_m013_1063
brc_m013_1064..brc_m013_1065
brc_m013_1066..brc_m013_1068brc_m013_1069brc_m013_1070
brc_m013_1071..brc_m013_1074
brc_m013_1075
brc_m013_1076..brc_m013_1081
brc_m013_1082..brc_m013_1086brc_m013_1087..brc_m013_1088brc_m013_1089..brc_m013_1098brc_m013_1099..brc_m013_1106brc_m013_1107..brc_m013_1116brc_m013_1117brc_m013_1118..brc_m013_1121brc_m013_1122..brc_m013_1127brc_m013_1128brc_m013_1129..brc_m013_1136brc_m013_1137..brc_m013_1138brc_m013_1139..brc_m013_1141brc_m013_1142..brc_m013_1144brc_m013_1145..brc_m013_1156brc_m013_1157brc_m013_1158..brc_m013_1170brc_m013_1171..brc_m013_1181brc_m013_1182..brc_m013_1185brc_m013_1186brc_m013_1187..brc_m013_1205brc_m013_1206..brc_m013_1218brc_m013_1219..brc_m013_1220brc_m013_1221..brc_m013_1224brc_m013_1225..brc_m013_1228brc_m013_1229brc_m013_1230..brc_m013_1236brc_m013_1237brc_m013_1238..brc_m013_1247brc_m013_1248..brc_m013_1251
brc_m013_1252brc_m013_1253..brc_m013_1268brc_m013_1269..brc_m013_1270brc_m013_1271..brc_m013_1273brc_m013_1274brc_m013_1275..brc_m013_1280brc_m013_1281
brc_m013_1282..brc_m013_1286brc_m013_1287..brc_m013_1298brc_m013_1299..brc_m013_1307brc_m013_1308brc_m013_1309..brc_m013_1313brc_m013_1314..brc_m013_1317brc_m013_1318..brc_m013_1319brc_m013_1320..brc_m013_1326brc_m013_1327..brc_m013_1340brc_m013_1341..brc_m013_1362brc_m013_1363..brc_m013_1385
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
LG3brc_m013_1386..brc_m013_1388brc_m013_1389..brc_m013_1398brc_m013_1399..brc_m013_1406brc_m013_1407..brc_m013_1411brc_m013_1412..brc_m013_1413brc_m013_1414..brc_m013_1416
brc_m013_1417brc_m013_1418..brc_m013_1420brc_m013_1421..brc_m013_1424brc_m013_1425..brc_m013_1432brc_m013_1433..brc_m013_1442brc_m013_1443brc_m013_1444..brc_m013_1450brc_m013_1451brc_m013_1452brc_m013_1453..brc_m013_1455brc_m013_1456..brc_m013_1467brc_m013_1468..brc_m013_1469brc_m013_1470brc_m013_1471..brc_m013_1474brc_m013_1475brc_m013_1476brc_m013_1477brc_m013_1478..brc_m013_1482brc_m013_1483
brc_m013_1484brc_m013_1485..brc_m013_1487brc_m013_1488..brc_m013_1490
brc_m013_1491brc_m013_1492..brc_m013_1494brc_m013_1495..brc_m013_1496
brc_m013_1497..brc_m013_1500brc_m013_1501brc_m013_1502..brc_m013_1513brc_m013_1514..brc_m013_1562brc_m013_1563..brc_m013_1565brc_m013_1566..brc_m013_1567
brc_m013_1568..brc_m013_1580brc_m013_1581..brc_m013_1587brc_m013_1588..brc_m013_1591brc_m013_1592..brc_m013_1593brc_m013_1594..brc_m013_1604brc_m013_1605..brc_m013_1607brc_m013_1608..brc_m013_1609brc_m013_1610..brc_m013_1611brc_m013_1612..brc_m013_1616brc_m013_1617..brc_m013_1618brc_m013_1619..brc_m013_1620brc_m013_1621..brc_m013_1629brc_m013_1630..brc_m013_1633brc_m013_1634..brc_m013_1638brc_m013_1639..brc_m013_1647brc_m013_1648..brc_m013_1649brc_m013_1650..brc_m013_1656brc_m013_1657..brc_m013_1665brc_m013_1666..brc_m013_1672brc_m013_1673..brc_m013_1674brc_m013_1675..brc_m013_1678brc_m013_1679..brc_m013_1682brc_m013_1683brc_m013_1684brc_m013_1685..brc_m013_1686brc_m013_1687..brc_m013_1700brc_m013_1701..brc_m013_1702brc_m013_1703brc_m013_1704..brc_m013_1707brc_m013_1708..brc_m013_1709brc_m013_1710..brc_m013_1714brc_m013_1715..brc_m013_1728brc_m013_1729..brc_m013_1742
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
LG4brc_m013_1743..brc_m013_1750
brc_m013_1751..brc_m013_1766brc_m013_1767brc_m013_1768
brc_m013_1769..brc_m013_1772
brc_m013_1773..brc_m013_1779brc_m013_1780brc_m013_1781brc_m013_1782..brc_m013_1783brc_m013_1784brc_m013_1785..brc_m013_1786
brc_m013_1787
brc_m013_1788brc_m013_1789..brc_m013_1790brc_m013_1791..brc_m013_1793brc_m013_1794..brc_m013_1797brc_m013_1798..brc_m013_1800brc_m013_1801..brc_m013_1804brc_m013_1805brc_m013_1806..brc_m013_1808brc_m013_1809brc_m013_1810..brc_m013_1813brc_m013_1814..brc_m013_1818brc_m013_1819..brc_m013_1820brc_m013_1821..brc_m013_1822brc_m013_1823..brc_m013_1824brc_m013_1825brc_m013_1826..brc_m013_1840brc_m013_1841..brc_m013_1842brc_m013_1843brc_m013_1844..brc_m013_1848brc_m013_1849brc_m013_1850brc_m013_1851..brc_m013_1853brc_m013_1854..brc_m013_1858brc_m013_1859..brc_m013_1866brc_m013_1867..brc_m013_1868brc_m013_1869brc_m013_1870..brc_m013_1874brc_m013_1875..brc_m013_1876brc_m013_1877..brc_m013_1878brc_m013_1879..brc_m013_1883brc_m013_1884brc_m013_1885brc_m013_1886..brc_m013_1888brc_m013_1889..brc_m013_1895brc_m013_1896..brc_m013_1899brc_m013_1900..brc_m013_1913brc_m013_1914brc_m013_1915..brc_m013_1922brc_m013_1923brc_m013_1924..brc_m013_1928brc_m013_1929..brc_m013_1942brc_m013_1943..brc_m013_1946brc_m013_1947..brc_m013_1948brc_m013_1949brc_m013_1950..brc_m013_1953brc_m013_1954..brc_m013_1955brc_m013_1956brc_m013_1957..brc_m013_1963brc_m013_1964..brc_m013_1966brc_m013_1967..brc_m013_1968brc_m013_1969..brc_m013_1970brc_m013_1971brc_m013_1972brc_m013_1973..brc_m013_1980brc_m013_1981..brc_m013_1983brc_m013_1984..brc_m013_1990brc_m013_1991..brc_m013_1993brc_m013_1994..brc_m013_1996brc_m013_1997..brc_m013_2009
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
LG5brc_m013_2010..brc_m013_2028
brc_m013_2029..brc_m013_2038brc_m013_2039
brc_m013_2040..brc_m013_2041brc_m013_2042..brc_m013_2047brc_m013_2048..brc_m013_2050brc_m013_2051..brc_m013_2053brc_m013_2054..brc_m013_2062brc_m013_2063brc_m013_2064..brc_m013_2065brc_m013_2066..brc_m013_2067brc_m013_2068brc_m013_2069..brc_m013_2071brc_m013_2072..brc_m013_2081brc_m013_2082
brc_m013_2083brc_m013_2084brc_m013_2085..brc_m013_2099brc_m013_2100brc_m013_2101..brc_m013_2102brc_m013_2103..brc_m013_2107brc_m013_2108brc_m013_2109..brc_m013_2112
brc_m013_2113..brc_m013_2114brc_m013_2115..brc_m013_2123brc_m013_2124..brc_m013_2131brc_m013_2132brc_m013_2133brc_m013_2134..brc_m013_2136
brc_m013_2137
brc_m013_2138..brc_m013_2139
brc_m013_2140..brc_m013_2142brc_m013_2143..brc_m013_2150brc_m013_2151..brc_m013_2152brc_m013_2153..brc_m013_2161brc_m013_2162..brc_m013_2163
brc_m013_2164..brc_m013_2165brc_m013_2166..brc_m013_2170brc_m013_2171..brc_m013_2172brc_m013_2173brc_m013_2174..brc_m013_2182brc_m013_2183..brc_m013_2186brc_m013_2187..brc_m013_2190brc_m013_2191..brc_m013_2193brc_m013_2194brc_m013_2195..brc_m013_2201brc_m013_2202..brc_m013_2203brc_m013_2204..brc_m013_2220brc_m013_2221..brc_m013_2232brc_m013_2233..brc_m013_2239brc_m013_2240..brc_m013_2261brc_m013_2262..brc_m013_2267brc_m013_2268..brc_m013_2269brc_m013_2270..brc_m013_2271brc_m013_2272..brc_m013_2282brc_m013_2283..brc_m013_2284brc_m013_2285..brc_m013_2299brc_m013_2300..brc_m013_2301brc_m013_2302..brc_m013_2305brc_m013_2306..brc_m013_2307brc_m013_2308..brc_m013_2330brc_m013_2331..brc_m013_2337brc_m013_2338..brc_m013_2352
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
LG6brc_m013_2353..brc_m013_2365brc_m013_2366..brc_m013_2369
brc_m013_2370..brc_m013_2372brc_m013_2373..brc_m013_2378brc_m013_2379..brc_m013_2386brc_m013_2387brc_m013_2388..brc_m013_2394brc_m013_2395..brc_m013_2397brc_m013_2398brc_m013_2399brc_m013_2400brc_m013_2401brc_m013_2402..brc_m013_2407brc_m013_2408..brc_m013_2411brc_m013_2412..brc_m013_2416brc_m013_2417brc_m013_2418brc_m013_2419..brc_m013_2436brc_m013_2437..brc_m013_2441brc_m013_2442brc_m013_2443..brc_m013_2444brc_m013_2445brc_m013_2446..brc_m013_2453brc_m013_2454brc_m013_2455..brc_m013_2460brc_m013_2461brc_m013_2462..brc_m013_2470brc_m013_2471..brc_m013_2474brc_m013_2475..brc_m013_2482brc_m013_2483brc_m013_2484..brc_m013_2487brc_m013_2488brc_m013_2489..brc_m013_2492brc_m013_2493..brc_m013_2496brc_m013_2497brc_m013_2498..brc_m013_2504brc_m013_2505brc_m013_2506..brc_m013_2510brc_m013_2511..brc_m013_2523brc_m013_2524..brc_m013_2531brc_m013_2532..brc_m013_2536brc_m013_2537..brc_m013_2555brc_m013_2556..brc_m013_2571brc_m013_2572..brc_m013_2573brc_m013_2574..brc_m013_2579brc_m013_2580..brc_m013_2581brc_m013_2582..brc_m013_2587brc_m013_2588brc_m013_2589..brc_m013_2594
brc_m013_2595
brc_m013_2596..brc_m013_2597brc_m013_2598..brc_m013_2604brc_m013_2605brc_m013_2606..brc_m013_2616brc_m013_2617..brc_m013_2619brc_m013_2620..brc_m013_2623
brc_m013_2624brc_m013_2625..brc_m013_2626brc_m013_2627..brc_m013_2628
brc_m013_2629..brc_m013_2630
0
20
40
60
80
100
LG7brc_m013_2631..brc_m013_2632brc_m013_2633brc_m013_2634..brc_m013_2635brc_m013_2636..brc_m013_2642brc_m013_2643..brc_m013_2657brc_m013_2658..brc_m013_2659brc_m013_2660..brc_m013_2661brc_m013_2662
brc_m013_2663
brc_m013_2664brc_m013_2665..brc_m013_2666
brc_m013_2667..brc_m013_2668brc_m013_2669..brc_m013_2670brc_m013_2671..brc_m013_2680brc_m013_2681..brc_m013_2682brc_m013_2683brc_m013_2684..brc_m013_2685brc_m013_2686..brc_m013_2694
brc_m013_2695..brc_m013_2698brc_m013_2699..brc_m013_2713
brc_m013_2714..brc_m013_2725brc_m013_2726..brc_m013_2727brc_m013_2728..brc_m013_2731brc_m013_2732brc_m013_2733..brc_m013_2753brc_m013_2754..brc_m013_2758brc_m013_2759..brc_m013_2763brc_m013_2764..brc_m013_2779brc_m013_2780brc_m013_2781brc_m013_2782..brc_m013_2784brc_m013_2785..brc_m013_2787brc_m013_2788..brc_m013_2791brc_m013_2792..brc_m013_2797brc_m013_2798..brc_m013_2799brc_m013_2800brc_m013_2801..brc_m013_2804brc_m013_2805..brc_m013_2809
brc_m013_2810..brc_m013_2811
brc_m013_2812..brc_m013_2813brc_m013_2814..brc_m013_2817brc_m013_2818..brc_m013_2827brc_m013_2828brc_m013_2829..brc_m013_2832brc_m013_2833brc_m013_2834..brc_m013_2840brc_m013_2841..brc_m013_2846brc_m013_2847brc_m013_2848..brc_m013_2852brc_m013_2853brc_m013_2854..brc_m013_2856brc_m013_2857..brc_m013_2862brc_m013_2863..brc_m013_2868brc_m013_2869..brc_m013_2874brc_m013_2875..brc_m013_2896
0
20
40
60
80
100
LG8
brc_m013_2897..brc_m013_2920brc_m013_2921..brc_m013_2928brc_m013_2929..brc_m013_2931brc_m013_2932
brc_m013_2933
brc_m013_2934..brc_m013_2935brc_m013_2936brc_m013_2937..brc_m013_2943brc_m013_2944brc_m013_2945..brc_m013_2946brc_m013_2947brc_m013_2948brc_m013_2949..brc_m013_2950brc_m013_2951..brc_m013_2957brc_m013_2958..brc_m013_2961brc_m013_2962..brc_m013_2970brc_m013_2971..brc_m013_2980brc_m013_2981..brc_m013_2992brc_m013_2993..brc_m013_2996brc_m013_2997..brc_m013_2998brc_m013_2999..brc_m013_3000brc_m013_3001brc_m013_3002..brc_m013_3003brc_m013_3004brc_m013_3005brc_m013_3006..brc_m013_3010brc_m013_3011..brc_m013_3014brc_m013_3015brc_m013_3016..brc_m013_3019brc_m013_3020brc_m013_3021..brc_m013_3030brc_m013_3031..brc_m013_3032brc_m013_3033..brc_m013_3034brc_m013_3035..brc_m013_3036brc_m013_3037..brc_m013_3045brc_m013_3046..brc_m013_3052brc_m013_3053brc_m013_3054..brc_m013_3061brc_m013_3062..brc_m013_3066brc_m013_3067..brc_m013_3068brc_m013_3069..brc_m013_3076brc_m013_3077..brc_m013_3084brc_m013_3085..brc_m013_3087brc_m013_3088..brc_m013_3089brc_m013_3090..brc_m013_3096brc_m013_3097..brc_m013_3100brc_m013_3101..brc_m013_3104brc_m013_3105brc_m013_3106..brc_m013_3112brc_m013_3113..brc_m013_3122brc_m013_3123..brc_m013_3124brc_m013_3125..brc_m013_3127brc_m013_3128..brc_m013_3145brc_m013_3146..brc_m013_3159brc_m013_3160..brc_m013_3172
0
20
40
60
80
100
LG9brc_m013_3173..brc_m013_3175brc_m013_3176..brc_m013_3180brc_m013_3181..brc_m013_3189brc_m013_3190..brc_m013_3198brc_m013_3199brc_m013_3200..brc_m013_3201brc_m013_3202..brc_m013_3203brc_m013_3204brc_m013_3205..brc_m013_3206brc_m013_3207..brc_m013_3211brc_m013_3212..brc_m013_3214brc_m013_3215..brc_m013_3227brc_m013_3228..brc_m013_3230brc_m013_3231..brc_m013_3235brc_m013_3236..brc_m013_3238brc_m013_3239..brc_m013_3242brc_m013_3243..brc_m013_3244brc_m013_3245brc_m013_3246..brc_m013_3247brc_m013_3248..brc_m013_3249brc_m013_3250..brc_m013_3252brc_m013_3253..brc_m013_3257brc_m013_3258brc_m013_3259brc_m013_3260..brc_m013_3261brc_m013_3262..brc_m013_3263brc_m013_3264brc_m013_3265..brc_m013_3269brc_m013_3270..brc_m013_3274brc_m013_3275..brc_m013_3276brc_m013_3277..brc_m013_3281brc_m013_3282..brc_m013_3284brc_m013_3285brc_m013_3286..brc_m013_3289brc_m013_3290..brc_m013_3296brc_m013_3297brc_m013_3298..brc_m013_3300brc_m013_3301..brc_m013_3302brc_m013_3303..brc_m013_3305brc_m013_3306..brc_m013_3308brc_m013_3309..brc_m013_3314brc_m013_3315..brc_m013_3317brc_m013_3318..brc_m013_3329brc_m013_3330..brc_m013_3331brc_m013_3332..brc_m013_3338brc_m013_3339..brc_m013_3340brc_m013_3341..brc_m013_3344brc_m013_3345..brc_m013_3349brc_m013_3350..brc_m013_3357brc_m013_3358..brc_m013_3359brc_m013_3360brc_m013_3361..brc_m013_3368brc_m013_3369..brc_m013_3372brc_m013_3373..brc_m013_3376brc_m013_3377brc_m013_3378..brc_m013_3386brc_m013_3387..brc_m013_3388brc_m013_3389..brc_m013_3395brc_m013_3396..brc_m013_3399
0
20
40
60
80
LG10brc_m013_3400..brc_m013_3411brc_m013_3412brc_m013_3413..brc_m013_3424brc_m013_3425brc_m013_3426brc_m013_3427..brc_m013_3429
brc_m013_3430
brc_m013_3431..brc_m013_3432brc_m013_3433..brc_m013_3435brc_m013_3436brc_m013_3437..brc_m013_3439
brc_m013_3440..brc_m013_3441brc_m013_3442
brc_m013_3443..brc_m013_3445brc_m013_3446..brc_m013_3447brc_m013_3448..brc_m013_3449brc_m013_3450..brc_m013_3454brc_m013_3455brc_m013_3456..brc_m013_3462brc_m013_3463..brc_m013_3464brc_m013_3465brc_m013_3466..brc_m013_3467brc_m013_3468..brc_m013_3472brc_m013_3473brc_m013_3474..brc_m013_3476brc_m013_3477..brc_m013_3487brc_m013_3488brc_m013_3489..brc_m013_3491brc_m013_3492..brc_m013_3500brc_m013_3501..brc_m013_3512brc_m013_3513..brc_m013_3514brc_m013_3515..brc_m013_3524brc_m013_3525..brc_m013_3527brc_m013_3528..brc_m013_3531brc_m013_3532..brc_m013_3547brc_m013_3548..brc_m013_3557brc_m013_3558..brc_m013_3566brc_m013_3567..brc_m013_3568brc_m013_3569..brc_m013_3570brc_m013_3571..brc_m013_3574brc_m013_3575..brc_m013_3582brc_m013_3583..brc_m013_3592brc_m013_3593..brc_m013_3605brc_m013_3606..brc_m013_3616brc_m013_3617..brc_m013_3618brc_m013_3619..brc_m013_3622brc_m013_3623..brc_m013_3624brc_m013_3625..brc_m013_3628brc_m013_3629..brc_m013_3635
0
20
40
60
80
LG11
brc_m013_3636..brc_m013_3661brc_m013_3662..brc_m013_3665
brc_m013_3666..brc_m013_3667brc_m013_3668brc_m013_3669..brc_m013_3671
brc_m013_3672
brc_m013_3673..brc_m013_3674brc_m013_3675..brc_m013_3682
brc_m013_3683..brc_m013_3685
brc_m013_3686..brc_m013_3688
brc_m013_3689..brc_m013_3693
brc_m013_3694..brc_m013_3698brc_m013_3699
brc_m013_3700brc_m013_3701..brc_m013_3702brc_m013_3703..brc_m013_3704brc_m013_3705..brc_m013_3712brc_m013_3713brc_m013_3714..brc_m013_3716brc_m013_3717..brc_m013_3724brc_m013_3725..brc_m013_3730brc_m013_3731..brc_m013_3752brc_m013_3753..brc_m013_3758brc_m013_3759..brc_m013_3789brc_m013_3790..brc_m013_3801brc_m013_3802..brc_m013_3814brc_m013_3815..brc_m013_3818brc_m013_3819..brc_m013_3822brc_m013_3823..brc_m013_3826brc_m013_3827..brc_m013_3832brc_m013_3833..brc_m013_3837brc_m013_3838brc_m013_3839..brc_m013_3841brc_m013_3842..brc_m013_3847
brc_m013_3848..brc_m013_3853brc_m013_3854..brc_m013_3858brc_m013_3859..brc_m013_3868brc_m013_3869..brc_m013_3871brc_m013_3872..brc_m013_3901brc_m013_3902brc_m013_3903..brc_m013_3909brc_m013_3910brc_m013_3911..brc_m013_3926brc_m013_3927..brc_m013_3931brc_m013_3932..brc_m013_3948
0
20
40
60
80
LG12
brc_m013_3949..brc_m013_3952brc_m013_3953..brc_m013_3958brc_m013_3959..brc_m013_3970brc_m013_3971
brc_m013_3972..brc_m013_3975brc_m013_3976
brc_m013_3977..brc_m013_3985
brc_m013_3986brc_m013_3987..brc_m013_3994brc_m013_3995..brc_m013_3997brc_m013_3998..brc_m013_4004
brc_m013_4005..brc_m013_4006brc_m013_4007..brc_m013_4008brc_m013_4009..brc_m013_4010brc_m013_4011..brc_m013_4013brc_m013_4014brc_m013_4015brc_m013_4016..brc_m013_4019brc_m013_4020..brc_m013_4021brc_m013_4022..brc_m013_4025brc_m013_4026..brc_m013_4032brc_m013_4033..brc_m013_4036brc_m013_4037..brc_m013_4041brc_m013_4042..brc_m013_4043
brc_m013_4044..brc_m013_4046brc_m013_4047..brc_m013_4056brc_m013_4057brc_m013_4058..brc_m013_4063brc_m013_4064..brc_m013_4071brc_m013_4072..brc_m013_4075brc_m013_4076brc_m013_4077brc_m013_4078..brc_m013_4085brc_m013_4086..brc_m013_4089brc_m013_4090..brc_m013_4091brc_m013_4092..brc_m013_4093brc_m013_4094..brc_m013_4095brc_m013_4096..brc_m013_4114brc_m013_4115..brc_m013_4117brc_m013_4118..brc_m013_4131brc_m013_4132..brc_m013_4133brc_m013_4134..brc_m013_4146
0
20
40
60
80
LG13
brc_m013_4147..brc_m013_4150brc_m013_4151..brc_m013_4167
brc_m013_4168brc_m013_4169
brc_m013_4170brc_m013_4171..brc_m013_4172brc_m013_4173..brc_m013_4175brc_m013_4176brc_m013_4177..brc_m013_4178brc_m013_4179..brc_m013_4183brc_m013_4184..brc_m013_4185brc_m013_4186..brc_m013_4187brc_m013_4188..brc_m013_4191brc_m013_4192brc_m013_4193..brc_m013_4194brc_m013_4195..brc_m013_4206brc_m013_4207..brc_m013_4210brc_m013_4211..brc_m013_4213brc_m013_4214brc_m013_4215..brc_m013_4217brc_m013_4218..brc_m013_4221brc_m013_4222..brc_m013_4223brc_m013_4224..brc_m013_4231brc_m013_4232..brc_m013_4234brc_m013_4235..brc_m013_4239brc_m013_4240..brc_m013_4246brc_m013_4247..brc_m013_4248brc_m013_4249..brc_m013_4258brc_m013_4259..brc_m013_4260brc_m013_4261..brc_m013_4269brc_m013_4270..brc_m013_4271brc_m013_4272..brc_m013_4278brc_m013_4279..brc_m013_4280brc_m013_4281..brc_m013_4284brc_m013_4285brc_m013_4286..brc_m013_4288brc_m013_4289..brc_m013_4294brc_m013_4295..brc_m013_4296brc_m013_4297..brc_m013_4301brc_m013_4302..brc_m013_4313brc_m013_4314..brc_m013_4320brc_m013_4321..brc_m013_4322brc_m013_4323..brc_m013_4345brc_m013_4346..brc_m013_4351
0
20
40
60
LG14brc_m013_4352..brc_m013_4366brc_m013_4367brc_m013_4368brc_m013_4369..brc_m013_4373brc_m013_4374..brc_m013_4381brc_m013_4382..brc_m013_4383brc_m013_4384..brc_m013_4385brc_m013_4386brc_m013_4387..brc_m013_4388brc_m013_4389brc_m013_4390..brc_m013_4404brc_m013_4405brc_m013_4406..brc_m013_4409brc_m013_4410..brc_m013_4411brc_m013_4412..brc_m013_4418brc_m013_4419..brc_m013_4434brc_m013_4435..brc_m013_4442brc_m013_4443..brc_m013_4448brc_m013_4449..brc_m013_4451brc_m013_4452..brc_m013_4461brc_m013_4462..brc_m013_4471brc_m013_4472..brc_m013_4475brc_m013_4476..brc_m013_4477brc_m013_4478brc_m013_4479brc_m013_4480..brc_m013_4485brc_m013_4486brc_m013_4487..brc_m013_4491brc_m013_4492brc_m013_4493brc_m013_4494..brc_m013_4495brc_m013_4496..brc_m013_4501brc_m013_4502..brc_m013_4510brc_m013_4511..brc_m013_4531brc_m013_4532brc_m013_4533..brc_m013_4534brc_m013_4535..brc_m013_4541brc_m013_4542..brc_m013_4543brc_m013_4544..brc_m013_4545brc_m013_4546..brc_m013_4548brc_m013_4549..brc_m013_4551brc_m013_4552..brc_m013_4555brc_m013_4556..brc_m013_4561
0
20
40
60
LG15
brc_m013_4562..brc_m013_4577brc_m013_4578..brc_m013_4594brc_m013_4595..brc_m013_4599brc_m013_4600..brc_m013_4625brc_m013_4626..brc_m013_4638brc_m013_4639..brc_m013_4642brc_m013_4643..brc_m013_4644brc_m013_4645..brc_m013_4650brc_m013_4651..brc_m013_4663brc_m013_4664..brc_m013_4668brc_m013_4669..brc_m013_4670brc_m013_4671..brc_m013_4674brc_m013_4675..brc_m013_4679brc_m013_4680..brc_m013_4681brc_m013_4682brc_m013_4683..brc_m013_4688brc_m013_4689..brc_m013_4692brc_m013_4693..brc_m013_4695brc_m013_4696..brc_m013_4701brc_m013_4702brc_m013_4703..brc_m013_4712brc_m013_4713..brc_m013_4717brc_m013_4718..brc_m013_4720brc_m013_4721brc_m013_4722..brc_m013_4726brc_m013_4727..brc_m013_4728brc_m013_4729..brc_m013_4742brc_m013_4743brc_m013_4744..brc_m013_4746brc_m013_4747brc_m013_4748..brc_m013_4749brc_m013_4750..brc_m013_4752
brc_m013_4753..brc_m013_4756brc_m013_4757..brc_m013_4759brc_m013_4760..brc_m013_4762brc_m013_4763brc_m013_4764..brc_m013_4766brc_m013_4767..brc_m013_4769brc_m013_4770brc_m013_4771..brc_m013_4774brc_m013_4775..brc_m013_4776brc_m013_4777..brc_m013_4778brc_m013_4779..brc_m013_4780brc_m013_4781..brc_m013_4793brc_m013_4794brc_m013_4795..brc_m013_4798brc_m013_4799..brc_m013_4802brc_m013_4803..brc_m013_4806brc_m013_4807brc_m013_4808..brc_m013_4814brc_m013_4815..brc_m013_4819brc_m013_4820brc_m013_4821brc_m013_4822..brc_m013_4823brc_m013_4824brc_m013_4825..brc_m013_4855brc_m013_4856..brc_m013_4858brc_m013_4859..brc_m013_4863brc_m013_4864..brc_m013_4865brc_m013_4866..brc_m013_4875brc_m013_4876..brc_m013_4881brc_m013_4882..brc_m013_4891brc_m013_4892..brc_m013_4895brc_m013_4896..brc_m013_4911brc_m013_4912..brc_m013_4938brc_m013_4939brc_m013_4940..brc_m013_4957brc_m013_4958..brc_m013_4959brc_m013_4960..brc_m013_4972brc_m013_4973..brc_m013_4981brc_m013_4982..brc_m013_4983
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
LGSB
Gp-9
Figure 1a b
Si_gnF.scaffold00779_nt2778431.7
Si_gnF.scaffold00779_nt1255229Si_gnF.scaffold02684_nt10884.2
Si_gnF.scaffold00779_nt1633919Si_gnF.scaffold00779_nt17842486.5
Si_gnF.scaffold00779_nt3746833Si_gnF.scaffold00779_nt374687927.3Si_gnF.scaffold00779_nt382158728.5
Si_gnF.scaffold00779_nt417489034.2
Si_gnF.scaffold09607_nt698300Si_gnF.scaffold09607_nt69848340.2
Si_gnF.scaffold09758_nt22273252.8
Si_gnF.scaffold05266_nt63430678.4Si_gnF.scaffold05266_nt65952779.7
Si_gnF.scaffold05266_nt733643Si_gnF.scaffold05266_nt75364482.8
Si_gnF.scaffold07090_nt71001087.6
Si_gnF.scaffold07090_nt105177192.7
Si_gnF.scaffold00255_nt314067Si_gnF.scaffold00255_nt40777897.5
Si_gnF.scaffold03404_nt128925Si_gnF.scaffold03404_nt228606Si_gnF.scaffold03404_nt241461
104.4
Si_gnF.scaffold00413_nt676115107.3
Si_gnF.scaffold00413_nt1035856109.6Si_gnF.scaffold01573_nt108462110.8Si_gnF.scaffold01573_nt447618112.1Si_gnF.scaffold00899_nt377419Si_gnF.scaffold00899_nt686574114.4Si_gnF.scaffold00899_nt236146Si_gnF.scaffold00899_nt332715Si_gnF.scaffold00899_nt335756
115.8
Si_gnF.scaffold00469_nt794118.0Si_gnF.scaffold00690_nt229012Si_gnF.scaffold00690_nt415290119.3
Si_gnF.scaffold06914_nt297673125.1
Si_gnF.scaffold01957_nt412242Si_gnF.scaffold02848_nt41846127.6
LGS Bfrom M013
Si_gnF.scaffold00779_nt2778430.0Si_gnF.scaffold00779_nt1255229Si_gnF.scaffold02684_nt10881.2
Si_gnF.scaffold00779_nt1633919Si_gnF.scaffold00779_nt17842486.7
Si_gnF.scaffold00779_nt3746833Si_gnF.scaffold00779_nt3746879Si_gnF.scaffold00779_nt3821587
22.2
Si_gnF.scaffold00779_nt417489029.2
Si_gnF.scaffold09607_nt698300Si_gnF.scaffold09607_nt69848361.9
Si_gnF.scaffold01573_nt10846280.7Si_gnF.scaffold00255_nt314067Si_gnF.scaffold00255_nt407778Si_gnF.scaffold00413_nt1035856Si_gnF.scaffold00413_nt676115Si_gnF.scaffold00469_nt794Si_gnF.scaffold00690_nt229012Si_gnF.scaffold00690_nt415290Si_gnF.scaffold00899_nt236146Si_gnF.scaffold00899_nt332715Si_gnF.scaffold00899_nt335756Si_gnF.scaffold00899_nt377419Si_gnF.scaffold00899_nt686574Si_gnF.scaffold01573_nt447618Si_gnF.scaffold01957_nt412242Si_gnF.scaffold03404_nt128925Si_gnF.scaffold03404_nt228606Si_gnF.scaffold03404_nt241461Si_gnF.scaffold05266_nt634306Si_gnF.scaffold05266_nt659527Si_gnF.scaffold05266_nt733643Si_gnF.scaffold05266_nt753644Si_gnF.scaffold06914_nt297673Si_gnF.scaffold07090_nt1051771Si_gnF.scaffold07090_nt710010Si_gnF.scaffold09758_nt222732
81.8
Si_gnF.scaffold02848_nt4184690.5
LGS B/bfrom P034
Gp-9
Total285 non-recombiningmarkers
>4% of genome linked to Gp-9
No recombination between B and b over ⅔ of a chromosme!
Gp-9
Wang & Wurm et al 2013 Nature
• Is this gene the single überregulator?
maybe 1/14th of the genome?•Only 14 allozyme markers
Social form completely associated to Gp-9 locus
BB BB Bb
Single queen form Multiple queen form(>15% ) (< 5% )
x xx
✖✔
Locus!
0.3!0.4!0.5!0.6!0.7!0.8!0.9!1.0!
Single queen!Multiple queen!
Est-6!Est-4!G3pdh-1!Ca-4!Pgm-4!Ddh-1!Pro-5!
Pgm-3!
Acoh-5!
acoh-1!
Acy-1!
Pgm-1!
Aat-2!
Gp-9!
Sex chromosomes
X Y
Gp-9 B
Gp-9 b
SB Sb
?
1. Why non-recombining?
“Social chromosomes”= supergene
2. Are SB and Sb differentiated?3. What are the differences?
Small portion (200,000bp) of social chromosome:
SB♂
Sb♂
• Genome of a Gp-9 B ♂
• Genome of a Gp-9 b ♂
➡SB vs Sb sequence comparison: small inversion
1. Why no recombination between SB & Sb?
Sequenced (de novo):
Gp-9 B
Gp-9 b
SB Sb≥5 major rearrangements
1. Why no recombination between SB & Sb?
2. Are SB and Sb differentiated?
2. Are SB and Sb differentiated?• Yes
• Sb has (almost) no diversity (like Y)
• Differences are homogeneously distributed (no evolutionary strata!)
Roddy Pracana et al in prep
3. What are the differences between SB and Sb?
X
♀
X X Y
♂
•Prediction:
SBSB SB Sb
Single queen colony Multiple queen colony
Differences between SB and Sb?
Sb is degenerating?
•genes?Region contains 800 genes!no strong differences
SB
Sb
• More, larger repetitive DNA in Sb compared to SB• larger introns in Sb• larger intergenic regions in Sb• assembly worse (smaller scaffolds) in Sb
• increased dN/dS
[b] vs. [c]: p < 10-4
[a] vs. [c]: p < 10-7
Gp-9B male Gp-9b male
Region:
Genome assembly:
Normally recombiningregions from all 16
linkage groups
Normally recombiningregions from all 16
linkage groups
Sb region without recombination
in Gp-9 Bb queens
SB region without recombination
in Gp-9 Bb queens
Sca
ffold
leng
th (b
p)
0
1,000,000
2,000,000
3,000,000
4,000,000
5,000,000
6,000,000
[a] [a], [b] [a] [c]
SB Sb
Sb is degenerating?
X
♀
X X Y
♂
≥5rearrangements
SBSB SB Sb
Single queen colony Multiple queen colony
Only small differences: Young age + Purifying selection because of ♂ haploidy
•Prediction:
Differences between SB and Sb?•genes?
Region contains 800 genes!no strong differences
Sb is degenerating?
SummaryFire ant Solenopsis invicta queen number determined by 1990s Gp-9 marker:
•only BB workers ➔ single BB queen•with Bb workers ➔ multiple Bb queens
Genome sequencing + RAD Genotyping >500 individuals•Gp-9 marks ~4% of genome ➔ social chromosomes:
SB is like X; Sb is like Y>5 Structural differences between SB and Sb ➔ no recombination
Ants are cool.
Differentiation: Sb has (almost) no diversity (like Y)Differences are homogeneously distributed (no strata)
Formica selysi
Purcell et al 2014Convergent social chromosome architecture
J Meunier
Single queen form Multiple queen form
Alpine silver antCommon ancestor with fire ant: 130 MYA
≠ social chromosomes
Purcell et al 2014
Solenopsis invicta social chromosome
Formica selysi social
chromosome
Social chromosome "supergenes" also for other major social
transitions?
Research themes
• Biomedical approaches • International population genomics surveys • Monitoring via sequencing
• Major social transitions » social chromosomes » convergence » eusociality, queen number, parasitism...
• Phenotypic plasticity
• Strengths of selection • Candidate genes/pathway
Pollinator health
Genome evolution Social evolution
Pollinator health
• Canonical Pesticide approval process.
• Better : behaviour for everything
• Our plan 1: RNAseq
• Our plan II: Impact of pesticide exposure in the wild
• Predict: evidence of positive selection on pesticide resistance alleles
Joe Colgan with Richard Gill & Andres Acre @ Imperial
Modern Bioinformatics for Evolutionary Genomics
• Reproducibility • Accuracy • Sustainability
• Versioning • Open source
• Agile & efficient data handling
Our tools: https://wurmlab.github.io/tools
•Sequenceserver : BLAST made easy •GeneValidator: Gene model quality visualization •oSwitch: One-line switch to any operating-system (e.g. biolinux)•BioNode: streaming scalable bioinformatics•Afra: crowd-sourcing gene model curation to students github in progress
•Flo: transferring gene predictions between genome versions
[email protected]@yannick__
https://wurmlab.github.io
@ Queen Mary U London Rodrigo Pracana Anurag Priyam @yeban Eckart Stolle Bruno Vieira @bmpvieira R Nichols & sbcsEvolve R Christie & T King / ITSR Apocrita
Laurent Keller lab @ Lausanne J Wang, D Shoemaker,O Riba-Grognuz, M Nipitwattanaphon Ioannis Xenarios @ SIB DeWayne Shoemaker @ USDA
Thanks!