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Transcript of 2015
Physics-2 for Engineering (PHYS1211)
January, 2015
Sameen Ahmed Khan
Diploma First Year Department of Engineering Salalah College of Technology Salalah, Sultanate of Oman
http://www.sct.edu.om/
Page 1 of 111
Contents
Contents.........................................................................................................................................................................2Outcomes.......................................................................................................................................................................3Course Delivery Plan....................................................................................................................................................4Chapter-1 Magnetism................................................................................................................................................20
References................................................................................................................................................................29Formulae..................................................................................................................................................................29Subjective Questions...............................................................................................................................................30Solved Numerical Problems...................................................................................................................................31Multiple-choice questions.......................................................................................................................................34
Chapter:2 Electromagnetism....................................................................................................................................37References................................................................................................................................................................49Formulae..................................................................................................................................................................49Subjective Question................................................................................................................................................50Solved Numericals...................................................................................................................................................51Multiple-choice questions.......................................................................................................................................54
Chapter-3 Wave Motion............................................................................................................................................57References................................................................................................................................................................66Formulae..................................................................................................................................................................66Subjective Questions...............................................................................................................................................66Solved Numericals...................................................................................................................................................67Multiple-choice questions.......................................................................................................................................70
Chapter-4: Modern Physics......................................................................................................................................73References................................................................................................................................................................80Formulae..................................................................................................................................................................80Subjective Questions...............................................................................................................................................80Solved Numericals...................................................................................................................................................81Multiple-choice questions.......................................................................................................................................84
Chapter-5 Heat and Thermodynamics....................................................................................................................88References................................................................................................................................................................97Formulae..................................................................................................................................................................97Subjective Question................................................................................................................................................98Solved Numericals...................................................................................................................................................99Multiple-choice questions.....................................................................................................................................104
Chapter-6: Optics.....................................................................................................................................................106References..............................................................................................................................................................112Formulae................................................................................................................................................................112Subjective Questions.............................................................................................................................................113Solved Numericals.................................................................................................................................................115Multiple-choice questions.....................................................................................................................................117
Appendix-1: SI System of Units...............................................................................................................................121Prefixes...................................................................................................................................................................122
Appendix-2: Physical Constants..............................................................................................................................123Appendix-3: Greek Alphabet...................................................................................................................................124Appendix-4: Mathematical Symbols.......................................................................................................................125English-Arabic Glossary..........................................................................................................................................126English-Arabic Phrase Glossary..............................................................................................................................130References..................................................................................................................................................................134
Sample Question Paper: MidTerm.....................................................................................................................135Sample Question Paper: EndSem........................................................................................................................138
Page 2 of 111
Outcomes
Course Goals
To equip the student with a strong understanding of thefundamentals of physics to extend his/her knowledge and
To enable him/her to apply such understanding to his/her studies.
Course Objectives Course Learning Outcomes
1. Explain the behavior of the physical world around him/her by constructing a logical structure of it
1. Define, analyze and experimentally demonstrate magnetic forces and fields
2. Apply the concepts of physics in his/her field of study and everyday life
2. Define, construct and analyze LR, LC, and LCR circuits
3. Relate the concepts of physics to the advancement of technology
3 Define and perform some basic applications of Maxwell’s equations
4. Understand and relate the different phenomena in the world
4. Define, analyze and experimentally demonstrate the concept of sound, light and electromagnetic waves
5. Control the physical aspects of the world beneficially 5. Define, analyze and experimentally demonstrate geometrical optics
6. Approach problems, predict their results in advance, and solve them in quantitative and qualitative manners
6. Define, analyze and experimentally demonstrate the concepts of heat
7. Gain a broader understanding of other sciences 7. Define and analyze the concepts of thermodynamics
8. Define and apply the kinetic theory of gases
9. Define and apply the concepts of superposition and interference of waves
10. Define and apply the concepts of wave guides and optical fibers
11. Discuss some topics in modern Physics
12. Recognize and present real life examples of the aforementioned concepts and interrelate some of them
13. Describe the link between physics and other sciences
14. Identify technological applications of some of the aforementioned concepts
15. Describe how he/she can harness the benefits of some of the aforementioned concepts
Page 3 of 111
Course Delivery PlanDepartment: Engineering Specialization: Diploma I Year Academic year: 2014-2015 Semester: 1
Course Code: PHYS1211
Contact hours: 5
Theory: 3 hrs Passing Grade/Mark: C-/60 Sections: 1-14
Course Name: Physics-2 for Engineering
Practical: 2 hrs.
Pre-requisite: Physics-1 for Engineering
Name of the Lecturer Mr .Andrew M.Appaji (CC) Schedule of the course
lecture
Coordinator’s Time Table
Day Time Place
Lecturer’s Room No. Mechanical Staff Room-3 Sunday12:00-14:00
14:00-16:00
PHYL2
PHYL1
Office hours Andrew M. Appaji: 10:00-12:00 (Wedsday) Monday
8:00-10:00
12:00-13:00
MOML
PHYL2
Contact for Academic Tel: Ext.084 Tuesday MOML
Page 4 of 111
inquiries
12:00-14:00
14:00-16:00PHCL
Wednesday
8:00-10:00
12:00-14:00
MOML
PHYL2
Thursday
8:00-10:00
14:00-13:00
PHYL2
PHYL1
Page 5 of 111
Course Goals
To equip the student with a strong understanding of the
fundamentals of physics to extend his/her knowledge and
To enable him/her to apply such understanding to his/her studies.
Course Objectives Course Learning Outcomes
1. Explain the behavior of the physical world around him/her by constructing a logical structure of it
1. Define, analyze and experimentally demonstrate magnetic forces and fields
2. Apply the concepts of physics in his/her field of study and everyday life 2. Define, construct and analyze LR, LC, and LCR circuits
3. Relate the concepts of physics to the advancement of technology 3 Define and perform some basic applications of Maxwell’s equations
4. Understand and relate the different phenomena in the world 4. Define, analyze and experimentally demonstrate the concept of sound, light and electromagnetic waves
5. Control the physical aspects of the world beneficially 5. Define, analyze and experimentally demonstrate geometrical optics
6. Approach problems, predict their results in advance, and solve them in quantitative and qualitative manners
6. Define, analyze and experimentally demonstrate the concepts of heat
7. Gain a broader understanding of other sciences 7. Define and analyze the concepts of thermodynamics
8. Define and apply the kinetic theory of gases
9. Define and apply the concepts of superposition and interference of waves
10. Define and apply the concepts of wave guides and optical fibers
11. Discuss some topics in modern Physics
12. Recognize and present real life examples of the aforementioned concepts and
Page 6 of 111
interrelate some of them
13. Describe the link between physics and other sciences
14. Identify technological applications of some of the aforementioned concepts
15. Describe how he/she can harness the benefits of some of the aforementioned concepts
Graduate Attributes
Covered by the Course
1 Well disciplined and committed to hard work
2 Apply the of Knowledge and skills
3 Think critically, analyze and solve problems
4 Competency in using information technology and communication technology
5 Professionally competent and up to date in their field for a changing global environment
6 Gather and process knowledge from a variety of sources and communicate effectively
7 Demonstrate and apply good interpersonal skills in team work and leadership roles
Page 7 of 111
Assessment Plan
1 Credit hour = 1 Theory Contact hour = 2 Practical Contact hours
Assessment Procedures to be followed:
Courses
Course Work
Mid-Term
Final Exam
Total Theory Practical
Mixed Courses
Note:Quizzes, Class tests, Course mini projects, Assignments, Structured Assignments, Case/Industrial/Field Studies, Presentation)
2:1
Theoretical part 30 (2 Quizzes) 20 50 100 √ X ⅔ 1. Assess theoretical part out of 100 marks.
Practical part40 (Drawing Sheets, Assignments, Class works, etc…)
20 40 100 X √ ⅓2. Assess practical part separately out of 100 marks.
Total Marks 100% 100% 100%3. For FINAL MARK assessment is based on the following table given below
Type of Courses
Credits Hours Ratio Contact Hours Ratio
Final Marks (based on credit hour ratio)Theory contact hrs
Practical contact hrs
Theoretical Practical
Pure theoretical course and assessment 3 0 3 0 100% theoretical part marks only
Pure practical course and assessment 0 3 0 6 100% practical part marks only
Mixed course and 2/3+1/3 assessment 2 1 2 2 2/3 x theoretical part marks + 1/3 x practical part marks
Mixed course and 1/3+2/3 assessment 1 2 1 4 1/3 x theoretical part marks + 2/3 x practical part marks
Mixed course (Pharmacy) 3 1 3 2 3/4 x theoretical part marks + 1/4 x practical part marks
Page 9 of 111
THEORY ASSESSMENT PROCEDURE CONTINUOUS ASSESSMENT FOR PRACTICAL
Total = Theory (2/3) + Practical (1/3) = 100
Page 10 of 111
No Factors Percentage
1 Identification of Aim and objectives 5
2 Procedure 5
3 Data collection and analysis 10
4 Attendance 5
5 Submission on time 5
6 Figures, Graphs, Tables, Units, Software 15
7 Health and safety 5
8 Results and outcomes 10
9 Written/ Oral questionnaire 40
Total 100
Salalah College of TechnologyDepartment: Engineering Specialization: Diploma I year Academic Year: 2014– 2054 Section: Dip. I yearCourse Name: Physics-2 for Engineering Course Code: PHYS1211 Semester: 1 Level: Dip. I yearName of Course Lecturers:
Total No. of Outcomes Mapping Sheet for Coverage of Course OutcomesDelivery & Assessment Processes Outcomes covered by the Delivery and Assessment MethodsTheory(Lectures) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30Practical (Lab./W.S)* Structured Assignment 1* Structured Assignment II* Mini Project*Group Assignment/ Industrial Visit/ Field Visits, etc…* PresentationOthersAssignments/ Home Work – IAssignments/ Home Work – IIAssignments/ Home Work – IIIQuiz -1 / Test - 1Quiz -2 / Test - 2Quiz -3 / Test - 3Mid-Term Exam (Th/Pract)Final Exams (Pract/W.S)Final Exam (Theory)Please use the sign () to make your answer. * = Student/Learner Centered Learning Methods Final Examination to cover ALL the Outcome of the Course.
Coverage of outcome Outcome No/s. Reasons/Comments
Fully Covered
Partially Covered
Page 11 of 111
Magnet: Magnet is a material or object that produces a magnetic field. It attracts iron, cobalt and
nickel.
Magnetic field is invisible. Magnetic field is responsible for the most notable property of a
magnet: a force that attracts other materials, such as iron, and attracts or repels other magnets.
Every magnet has two poles: North Pole and a South Pole.
Properties of a magnet:
1. A freely suspended magnet shows the north and south direction of the earth.
2. Like (same) poles repel each other and unlike (opposite) poles attract each other.
3. Magnetic poles always exist in pairs. (i.e.,) isolated magnetic pole does not exist.
4. The magnetic length of a magnet is always less than its geometric length.
(This is because the poles are situated a little inwards from the free ends of the
magnet. But for the purpose of calculation the geometric length is always taken as
magnetic length).
5. The force of attraction or repulsion between two magnetic poles is given by the
inverse square law.
Magnetic dipole: Two equal and opposite poles separated by a distance is called a magnetic
dipole.
Magnetic dipole moment (M): The magnetic dipole moment is defined as the product of the
pole strength and the total magnetic length . That is, . The unit for the magnetic
dipole moment is .
Page 14 of 111
Types of magnet: Magnets come in different shapes:
1. Rectangular Bar Magnet:
They have definite length,
breadth and height with a
regular area of cross section
Bar magnet
2. Cylindrical Bar magnet: They have definite length and
diameter with a regular area of cross section
3. Horse shoe magnet: They are in the form of the shoe of a horse.
They have a definite area of cross section
4. NIB-magnet: They are horse shoe magnets with a special fix
of Neodymium at the tips to increase the sensitivity.
Page 15 of 111
Solved Example:
1. Calculate the magnetic moment of a magnet whose length is 9cm and pole strength is
12Am.
Solution: The magnetic moment, .
5. Crescent Magnets: They are crescent in shape. They are used in
motors.
Magnetic lines of force:
The imaginary lines that are drawn around the magnet are called the magnetic lines of force. This
indicates the region in which the force of the magnet is effective.
Properties of magnetic lines of force:
1. They are imaginary lines.
2. Outside the magnet they start from North Pole and end at the South Pole.
3. Inside the magnet they start from South Pole and end at the North Pole.
4. Outside the magnet they are curved.
5. Inside the magnet they are straight and parallel to the magnetic axis.
6. The lines of force never intersect each other.
7. They are closer at the poles and widely spread out at other places.
Magnetic Lines of Force between Two Magnets
When Opposite poles are placed together When Like (similar) poles are placed together
The other name of Lines of Force is Flux lines.
Page 16 of 111
Magnetic Flux ( ): The number of magnetic lines of force passing
through an area A is called magnetic flux. Its unit is . It is a
scalar quantity.
,
where is the angle which the normal to the surface makes with the
magnetic field .
Magnetic Field ( ):
The space around the magnet where in the force of the
magnet is felt. It is a vector quantity.
It is the force per unit pole strength.
.
It is also defined as the magnetic flux lines per unit area. .
Units:
The SI unit for the Magnetic Field is Tesla and is denoted by T.
In base units .
Note: , where, is Weber the unit for the magnetic flux. Tesla can be expressed
in terms of a smaller non SI unit, or .
Earth’s Magnetic Field:
Page 17 of 111
Solved Example:
2. Calculate the magnetic field when the pole strength is 20Am and the force experienced is
0.6N.
Solution: The magnetic field,
Hang a bar magnet in air through a short string. The magnet swings, rotates and finally comes to
rest in a particular direction. This direction is the Earth’s magnetic field. The earth’s geographic
north pole is magnetic south pole and earth’s geographic south pole is magnetic north pole.
The Earth’s magnetic field near its surface is about .
Magnetic Force (F): It is directly proportional to product of pole strengths of two magnets and
inversely proportional to square of distance between them.
,
where . Here, is the permeability of free space ( ) and is
the relative permeability. For air and
This is called Inverse Square Law.
Page 18 of 111
Solved Example:
3. A bar magnet of N-pole strength 20Am and another bar magnet of S-pole strength 40Am are
placed at a distance of 2cm. Calculate the force between the two magnets.
Solution:
.
Magnetic Classification of Materials: The materials are classified into ferromagnetic,
paramagnetic or diamagnetic.
The properties of the three types of magnetic materials are:
Ferromagnetic Paramagnetic Diamagnetic
Strongly attracted by
magnets
Weakly attracted by
magnets
Not attracted by magnets
Easily magnetized Weakly magnetized Cannot be magnetized
All magnetic lines of force
pass easily through the
materials
Only a few magnetic lines
of force pass easily through
the materials
No magnetic lines of force
pass easily through the
materials
Magnetic dipoles are
arranged regularly
Magnetic dipoles are not
arranged regularly
Magnetic dipoles are
randomly arranged.
When heated, at Curie
temperature, they change
into paramagnets
When heated, at Curie
temperature, they change
into diamagnets
When heated, no change
happens to the materials.
Eg: Iron, Cobalt, Nickel Eg: Platinum, Sodium Eg: Copper, Gold, Silver
Curie temperature: Curie temperature ( ), or Curie point, is the temperature at which a
ferromagnetic material becomes paramagnetic (and paramagnetic material becomes diamagnetic)
on heating. The effect is reversible on cooling.
References
Page 19 of 111
1. Raymond A. Serway and Jerry S. Faughn, College Physics 6th edition, Thomson
Book/Cole (USA 2003).
2. Online Textbooks of the National Council of Educational Research and Training
(NCERT), Delhi, India, http://www.ncert.nic.in/NCERTS/textbook/textbook.htm
3. Some Animations using JAVA,
http://www.physics.purdue.edu/academic_programs/courses/applets.shtml,
http://www.physics.purdue.edu/class/applets/phe/mfbar.htm
4. Interactive http://www.magnet.fsu.edu/education/tutorials/index.html
5. Video Clip at YouTube: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Y4JSp5U82I
Formulae
1. Magnetic Flux, .
2. Force between two magnets, .
3. Magnetic dipole moment, .
4. Magnetic field, .
Subjective Questions
1. Write the properties of a magnet.
2. Write the properties of magnetic lines of force.
3. Draw the magnetic field lines of a bar magnet.
4. What is magnetic flux? What are its units?
Solution:
The number of magnetic lines of force passing through an area A is called magnetic flux.
It is denoted by . Its unit is . It is a scalar quantity.
Formula: ,
5. What is a magnetic dipole? Write its units.
Solution:
Page 20 of 111
Two equal and opposite poles separated by a distance is called a magnetic dipole.
6. What is a magnetic dipole moment? Write its units.
Solution: The magnetic dipole moment is defined as the product of the pole strength
and the total magnetic length .That is, .The unit for it is . It is a vector
quantity along the axial line of a magnet from South Pole to the North Pole.
7. Write the properties of ferromagnetic materials with examples.
8. Write the properties of paramagnetic materials with examples.
9. Write the properties of diamagnetic materials with examples.
10. What is Curie temperature?
11. What are the differences between ferromagnetic and paramagnetic materials?
12. Give any two differences between Paramagnetic and diamagnetic materials.
13. Express Tesla in base units.
Numerical Problems
1. If the magnetic dipole moment of a magnet of length 10cm is . What is the pole
strength of this magnet?
2. Calculate the force experienced by a magnet of pole strength in a magnetic field of
.
3. Calculate the magnetic field if there are 100 lines passing through an area of .
Page 21 of 111
4. Find the magnitude of the force between two bar magnets of pole strengths 8Am and
6Am which are 5cm apart.
Solution: The force between the two magnets is given by
.
5. Two magnets of pole strengths 10Am and 20Am are separated by 4cm in air. Find the
force when their opposite poles are placed together. What is the nature of the force
between them?
6. If the distance between two poles with strength 5Am each is 10cm. Calculate the
magnetic force experienced, and the magnetic field acting by one of the poles.
Solution: .
Magnetic field,
7. A force of 15 N acts between two magnetic dipoles. One has pole strength of 5Am.
Calculate the strength of the other pole if the distance between them is 4cm.
Solution: .
8. Two equal magnets have a force of 12.5N between them. Calculate the pole strength of
the magnets if the distance between them is 12cm.
Solution: .
.
Multiple-choice questions
Page 22 of 111
1. The unit of magnetic pole strength is
a. A
b. Am
c. Am2
d. Tesla
2. The unit of magnetic field is
a. A
b. Am
c. Am2
d. Tesla
3. A freely suspended magnet shows
a. North and South direction of the earth
b. East and West direction of the earth.
c. Only the North direction of the earth
d. All of the above.
4. The collection of magnetic lines of force has the other name
a. Magnetic current
b. Magnetic flux
c. Magnetic deflection
d. None of the above
5. Inside the magnet the magnetic lines of force go from
a. North to South
b. South to North
c. Both North to South and South to North
d. None of the above.
6. If you break a magnet, you will get
a. Iron bar
Page 23 of 111
b. Two magnets
c. magnetism is lost
d. None of the above.
7. The magnetic field of a bar magnet is
a. More at the equator
b. Less at the poles
c. More at poles
d. Same at all places
8. The distance between two magnetic poles is doubled. Then the force between them
a. Decreases by four times
b. Decreases by two times
c. Increases by two time
d. Increases by four times
e. No change
9. The temperature at which the ferromagnetic material is converted to paramagnetic is
called
a. Curie Temperature
b. Magnetic Temperature
c. Einstein Temperature
d. None of the above.
10. Iron is
a. Diamagnetic
b. Ferromagnetic
c. Paramagnetic
d. None of the above.
11. Copper is
Page 24 of 111
a. Diamagnetic
b. Ferromagnetic
c. Paramagnetic
d. None of the above.
Key for Multiple-choice Questions:
1 (B), 2 (D), 3 (A), 4 (B), 5 (B), 6 (B), 7 (C), 8 (A), 9 (A), 10 (B), 11 (A).
Page 25 of 111
Differences between a bar magnet and an electromagnet.
Bar Magnet Electromagnet
1. It is a permanent magnet.
2. It produces a weak force of
attraction.
3. The strength of magnetic field
cannot be changed.
4. The polarity (N-S) can not
be changed.
1. It is a temporary magnet.
2. It produces strong magnetic force.
3. The strength of magnetic field can
be changed, by the number of turns
and current.
4. Its polarities can be changed by
changing the direction of the
current.
Page 27 of 111
Principle of Electromagnetism: When electric current passes through a wire, a magnetic field is
created around the wire. This is the basic principle of electromagnetism.
Biot-Savart Law: The Magnetic Field ( ) at any point ( ) due to a current ( ) flowing
through an elemental length ( ) of a conductor is directly proportional to the product of the
current, the elemental length and the sine of the angle and inversely proportional to the square of
the distance between and the point .
Introducing the proportionality constant
,
where . Here, is the permeability of free space ( ) and is
the relative permeability. For air .
Applications of Biot-Savart Law:
1. Magnetic field at a point outside the conductor:
Consider a conductor carrying a current . Let the point be at a distance from the conductor,
then the magnetic field at the point is
.
2. Magnetic field at point inside the circular coil:
Consider a circular ring or circular coil of turns and
radius . When a current of passes through the circular
conductor, the magnetic field produced at the centre of the coil
is,
Page 28 of 111
Ar
I
r
I
3. Magnetic field inside a solenoid
Consider a solenoid of length and number of turns .
When a current passes through the solenoid, the
magnetic field produced at the axial line of the solenoid
is,
.
The magnetic field outside the solenoid is zero.
Page 29 of 111
Solved Example:
1. Calculate magnetic field at the centre of a circular loop with radius of 4cm and current of 20A.
Express your answer in Gauss.
Solution:
2. A circular coil of radius 4cm and having 100 turns carries a current of 2A. What is the
magnitude of the magnetic field at the centre of the coil?
Solution: .
3. A closely wound solenoid of length 20cm has 400 turns. If the current is 2A, estimate the
magnetic field inside the solenoid. What is the field outside the solenoid?
Solution:
.
Outside the field is zero.
Force between a magnetic field and a current carrying conductor
Consider a magnetic field and conductor carrying current inclined in an angle , then the
force between the magnetic field and the conductor is,
Force between two current carrying conductors
Consider two parallel conductors of length carrying currents and . If the distance
between the two conductors is , then the force between the two conductors is,
Nature of the Force: The force is attractive if the current is in the same direction. The force is
repulsive if the current is in the opposite direction.
Page 30 of 111
I2I1
r
I
B
θ
Solved Example:
4. A straight conductor of length 15cm is kept in a uniform magnetic field of 2 Tesla. The angle
between the conductor and the field is . A current of 3A is passing through the conductor. Find
the force on the conductor.
Solution: .
This phenomenon is called electromagnetic induction and the emf produced is called induced
emf. Note: emf is the abbreviation for Motional Electromotive Force. Units of emf are Volts.
This was discovered by Faraday in 1831.
Page 31 of 111
Principle of Electromagnetic Induction:
Whenever is change in magnetic flux linked with a closed circuit, an induced current flows in the
circuit, which lasts as long as the change lasts.
Solved Example:
5. Calculate the force between two long straight conductors of length 2m, separated by a distance
of 25cm and carrying currents 4A and 6A in same direction?
Solution: .
Faraday’s laws of Electromagnetic Induction:
1. Whenever there is a change in magnetic flux, an emf is induced in the conductor.
2. The magnitude of the induced emf is directly proportional to the rate of change of
magnetic flux.
,
3. The induced emf exists as long as there is change in flux.
A transformer is a device used to transform “low voltage high
current” to “high voltage low current” and vice versa. It is
based on the Faraday’s law of mutual induction.
Transformers are of two types:
1. Step-Up Transformer: These are the transformers where the secondary voltage (output
voltage) is more than the primary voltage (input voltage). For this no. of turns in
secondary coil is more than the no. of turns in primary coil .
2. Step-Down Transformer: These are the transformers where the secondary voltage
(output voltage) is less than the primary voltage (input voltage). For this no. of turns in
secondary coil is less than the no. of turns in primary coil .
Page 32 of 111
Transformer:
Vs > Vp
Ns> Np
Vs < Vp
Ns < Np
Circuit Symbol of Transformer:
where : Primary Voltage
: Secondary Voltage
: Primary Current
: Secondary Current
: Number of Turns in the Primary
: Number of Turns in the Secondary
Electric Motor:
Electric motor is a rotating device that converts electrical energy to
mechanical energy. Electric mortor is used as an important component in
electric fans, refrigerators mixers, washing machines, computers, etc.
Dynamo:
Page 33 of 111
Primary Secondary
Solved Example:
6. A power transmission line feeds input voltage of 2500V to a step-down transformer with
4000 turns in the primary and 400 turns in the secondary. What is the output voltage? If the
input current is 2A, calculate the output current.
Solution: .
.
Dynamo is a device that converts mechanical energy (rotational energy) into electrical energy. It
is also known as the “electric generator”. Mechanical energy is used to rotate a conductor in a
magnetic field to produce electricity.
Small dynamos can be found in the bicycles, used to provide small currents suffiecint for the
bicycle lights. Larger dynamos are driven by steam or water turbine systems, which provide
electricity to the cities.
Maxwell’s Equations:
Maxwell formulated a set of four equations involving electric and magnetic fields, and their
sources, the charge and current densities. The Maxwell’s equations contain all the known laws
of electromagnetism and form the basis of electrical engineering. Maxwell`s four equations
unified the two branches of Physics namely electricity and magnetism into “Electromagnetism”.
1. (Gauss Law for Electricity)
It states that total electric flux through any closed surface is always equal to 1/ɛo times the
net charge enclosed by the surface.
2. (Gauss Law for Magnetism)
It states that the magnetic flux crossing any closed surface is always zero. This means
that monopoles do not exist in magnetism.
3. (Faraday’s Law)
This implies that the induced emf is (numerically) equal to the time rate of change of
magnetic flux through it.
4. (Ampere-Maxwell Law)
This implies that line integral of magnetic field along a closed surface is equal to the total
current
(sum of displacement and conduction currents) passing through that surface.
Page 34 of 111
Alternating Current (AC): The electric current, whose magnitude (value) changes with time
and direction reverses in a periodic manner, is known as alternating current. The value of current
at any time is given as:
.
where is the peak value of current in an AC circuit, and is the angular frequency of the
alternating current. The angular frequency is related to the frequency by the relation
. The value of emf (voltage) is also changing with time and is known as alternating emf
and is given by
where Vo is the peak value of emf in an A.C. circuit
V is the value of alternating emf at any time and
ω is the angular frequency of the alternating current.
Page 35 of 111
AC Circuits:
Unsolved Example:
6. If the maximum emf supplied by an AC power supply is 200V with a frequency of 53 Hz.
Calculate emf and current at time 2.3 seconds. Also calculate maximum current, given that
the resistance if the circuit is 300Ohms.
LCR Series Circuits: In such circuits a resistor, an inductor
and a capacitor connected in series to an A.C. source. The
order of connection is not important. Value of alternating
emf at any time is .
The resistor, inductor and the capacitor each hinder or
oppose the flow of current.
The opposition due to the resistor is the familiar resistance, .
The opposition due to the inductor is called inductive reactance, .
The opposition due to the capacitor is called capacitive reactance, .
The combined opposition of the resistor, inductor and the capacitor is called as
impedance ( ). The impedance for a series circuit is
The current in a LCR circuit is given by ,
Page 36 of 111
Unsolved Example:
7. Calculate the reactance of a 4μF operating at a frequency of 50Hz.
8. At a frequency of 60Hz, calculate the reactance of an 2mH inductor.
The maximum value of the current occurs for the minimum value of the impedance ,
which occurs for a particular frequency, , which is called as the resonance
frequency.
Page 37 of 111
Solved Example:
9. In the LRC circuit, (Vo = 220Volts, L = 20kH, C = 10 µF, f = 50Hz, and R= 2000Ω).
Calculate, Calculate, the resonant frequency (fr) and the Impedance (Z). Write the formula
for the AC current.
Solution: ,
,
,
.
References
1. Raymond A. Serway and Jerry S. Faughn, College Physics 6th edition, Thomson
Book/Cole (USA 2003).
2. Online Textbooks of the National Council of Educational Research and Training
(NCERT), Delhi, India, http://www.ncert.nic.in/NCERTS/textbook/textbook.htm
3. Some Animations using JAVA,
http://www.physics.purdue.edu/academic_programs/courses/applets.shtml,
http://www.physics.purdue.edu/class/applets/phe/mfbar.htm
4. Interactive http://www.magnet.fsu.edu/education/tutorials/index.html
5. Video Clip at YouTube: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Y4JSp5U82I
Formulae
1. Biot-Savart Law: .
2. Magnetic field of a straight conductor, .
3. Magnetic field of a circular coil, .
4. Magnetic field of a solenoid, .
5. Force between a magnetic field and a current carrying conductor .
6. Force between two straight current carrying conductors,
7. Transformer, and .
8. Frequency , angular frequency .
9. Inductive reactance,
10. Capacitive reactance,
Page 38 of 111
11. Impedance,
12. Resonance frequency,
Subjective Question
1. What is the principle of electromagnetism?
2. What are the differences between a bar magnet and an electromagnet?
3. Explain the Biot-Savart law with a diagram and the formula.
4. Write the Maxwell’s equations with their interpretation.
5. Draw the solenoid and write its formula.
6. Explain the Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction.
7. What is a transformer? Draw its diagram. Write its formula.
8. Write about the dynamo with a diagram.
9. Write about the electric motor with a diagram.
10. Explain any two technological applications of Electromagnets.
11. Write the Maxwell’s equations with their interpretations.
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Numerical Problems
1. A long straight wire carries a current of 3A. What is magnitude of the magnetic field at a
point 20cm away from the wire?
Solution: .
2. Calculate the force between two long straight conductors carrying a current of 3A and 2A
in the same direction and separated by 20cm. The length of the conductors is 1m.
3. In a series LCR circuit, , and . The power supply has the
maximum voltage of 100V and a frequency of 1000Hz. Calculate the current and the
resonance frequency.
Multiple-choice questions
1. Bar magnet is a
a. Permanent magnet
b. Temporary magnet
c. Unipole magnet
d. All of the above
2. Magnetic poles can be interchanged in
a. Barr magnet
b. Electromagnet
c. Cannot be interchanged
d. None of the above.
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3. If the current is increased in a coil, the magnetic field
a. increases
b. decreases
c. remains same
d. None of the above.
4. Two straight conductors are carrying current in the same direction. The force between
them is
a. Attractive
b. Repulsive
c. Depends
d. None of the above.
5. The force experience by a straight conductor placed perpendicular to the magnetic field is
a. Zero
b. ILB
c. 2ILB
d. None of the above.
6. The force experience by a straight conductor placed parallel to the magnetic field is
a. Zero
b. ILB
c. 2ILB
d. None of the above.
7. Induced emf is produced when
a. Electric flux changes in a circuit
b. Magnetic flux changes in a circuit
c. When a current passes through a conductor
d. None of the above.
8. The principle of a transformer is
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a. Mutual Inductance
b. Self inductance
c. Mutual conductance
d. Conductance
9. The condition for step down transformer is
a.
b.
c.
d. None of the above.
10. The device which converts mechanical energy to electrical energy is
a. Motor
b. Dynamo
c. Magnet
d. None of the above.
11. The device which converts electrical energy to mechanical energy is
a. Motor
b. Dynamo
c. Magnet
d. None of the above.
12. The basic equations of electromagnetism are known after
a. Newton
b. Maxwell
c. Einstein
d. None of the above.
Key for Multiple-choice Questions:
1 (A), 2 (B), 3 (A), 4 (A), 5 (B), 6 (A), 7 (B), 8 (A), 9 (A), 10 (B), 11 (A), 12 (B).
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Properties of a wave motion
1. It is a disturbance in the medium.
2. The energy is transmitted from place to place, but the medium does not travel between
two places.
Two types of waves:
1. Transverse waves
2. Longitudinal waves
1. In a transverse wave the particle displacement is perpendicular to the direction of
wave propagation.
2. The particles simply jump up and down about the equilibrium positions.
3. They can travel through vacuum. (they do not need material medium for propagation)
For example: Electromagnetic waves (light, X-Rays, radio waves and gamma rays)
Crest: The maximum positive displacement from the equilibrium
Trough: The maximum negative displacement from the equilibrium
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Transverse Waves
Wavelength: The distance traveled by the wave between two crests or troughs
Wavelength ( ): The distance traveled by a wave during which a particle of the medium
completes one cycle of vibration is called wavelength. [Units: metres].
Frequency ( or or ): This is defined as the number of waves produced in one second.
Alternately, Number of vibrations per second
[Units: ].
Time Period ( ): The time period of a wave is the time taken by the wave to travel a distance
equal to (one cycle of vibration) its wavelength. [Units: seconds].
Speed of the wave: Speed is distance/time ( So we have
The speed of the wave is given by the product of the frequency and the wavelength.
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Examples:
1. A sound wave has a frequency of 5kHz. Find its wavelength.
Solution: The speed of the sound in air is 340m/s.
2. A vibrating source sends waves of frequency 10kHz of wavelength 51.3 m through
iron material. Find the velocity of sound in iron.
Solution:
3. If the angular frequency is 50rad/s. Calculate frequency and the time period.
Equation of Transverse wave:
Where y = displacement
A = amplitude
Where the angular frequency, , where is the frequency.
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Solved Examples:
4. If the wave equation is , find the amplitude frequency and the time
period.
Solution: Comparing with the standard equation, , we obtain
The amplitude A = 20.
The frequency, is obtained from
5. A wave has the amplitude of 25cm and time period of 2ms. Write its equation.
Solution: The amplitude A = 25cm = 0.25m
The equation is:
Limiting Visibility of Human Eye: Human eye can see in the range 4000Å to 7000Å.
Examples of Electromagnetic Waves: Light (visible to human in the range 4000Å to 7000Å,
different wavelength have different colours); X-Rays (0.01Å to 100Å); Gamma Rays; Radio,
Television and Mobile phones use specific wavelengths. The FM-range is about 100m. Lasers
are also EM waves but with additional properties.
Properties of electromagnetic waves:
1. The electromagnetic waves contain electric and magnetic fields perpendicular to each
other and also perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation.
2. Electromagnetic waves are transverse waves.
3. Electromagnetic waves can travel in vacuum.
4. The speed of the electromagnetic waves in vacuum is given by c= 3X108 m/s
5. The energy of the electromagnetic waves is given by the Plank’s relation
E=hf
6. Electromagnetic waves are not deflected by electric and magnetic fields.
7. Electromagnetic waves in the visible range (4000Å to 7000Å) are called light.
1. In a longitudinal wave the particle displacement is parallel to the direction of
wave propagation.
2. The particles simply oscillate back and forth about the equilibrium positions.
3. They cannot travel through vacuum. (they need material medium for propagation)
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Longitudinal Waves
Example : Sound, ultrasound, movement of a spring.
Condensation or Compression: The high density area of the particles of the medium
Rarefactions: The low density area of the particles of the medium
Sound Waves: Sound waves are longitudinal mechanical waves that can travel though gases,
liquids and solids. They cannot travel through vacuum. The speed of sound is more in solids
than in liquids and gases.. The speed of sound depends on temperature and pressure.
Air (at ) 330 m/s Air (at room temperature) 340 m/s
Water (at ) 1402 m/s
Aluminum 6420 m/s
Speed of sound in air and gases depends on the temperature by the relation
Note: The temperature in the above relation is in Kelvin.
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Limiting Audibility of Human Ear: The limiting audibility of the human ear is 20Hz to 20kHz. The
frequencies below the lower limit are called Infra sound waves and above the higher limit are called
ultrasound waves.
Properties of sound waves:
1. Sound is produced by a vibrating body.
2. Sound waves are longitudinal waves.
3. Sound always requires a material medium (gas, liquid or solid) for its propagation.
4. Sound does not travel through vacuum.
5. Speed of sound depends on the material of the medium.
6. Speed of sound depends on the temperature and pressure.
7. Speed of sound is more in solids than is liquids and gases.
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Solved Examples:
6. Express in Kelvin.
Solution:
So, .
7. The speed of sound in air at is 347m/s. Calculate its speed in air at
Solution: First we have to express the temperatures in Kelvin.
and
.
.
The principle of superposition
When two waves meet, the resulting wave is found by adding together the displacements of both the waves at that same location.
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Superposition of Waves:
Page 52 of 111
Displacement of Wave-1
Displacement of Wave-2
Resulting Displacement
+1 +1
+2
-1 -1
-2
+1 -1
0
+1 -2
-1
Definition of Interference of Waves
Interference is the superposition of two waves coming from two coherent sources.
Definition of Coherent Sources of waves: They produce waves of the same frequency
(f), amplitude (A) and in phase.
Constructive Interference: If two waves having the same frequency and amplitude and
are in same phase, the resultant wave has same frequency as that of each wave but two
times their amplitude.
Destructive Interference: If two waves having the same
frequency and amplitude and are out of phase, the
resultant wave has zero amplitude (complete cancellation).
Interference Pattern: A pattern consisting of a series of parallel and alternating bright
and dark fringes (band)
The bright fringes (band) are regions where constructive interference occurs, whereas the
dark fringes (band) are regions of destructive interference.
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References
1. Raymond A. Serway and Jerry S. Faughn, College Physics 6th edition, Thomson
Book/Cole (USA 2003).
2. Online Textbooks of the National Council of Educational Research and Training
(NCERT), Delhi, India, http://www.ncert.nic.in/NCERTS/textbook/textbook.htm
Formulae
1. Frequency, .
2. Speed of a wave, , .
3. Equation of Transverse wave, .
4. Speed of sound in air and gases, .
5. Conversion of temperature, .
6. Equation of Transverse wave:
Subjective Questions
1. Define wave length and frequency for a wave?
2. Draw the transverse wave and indicate the Crest, trough and wavelength?
3. Write the properties of sound waves.
4. Write the properties of electromagnetic waves.
5. Write the differences between sound waves and electromagnetic waves.
Page 54 of 111
Solved Numericals
1. A saxophone is playing a steady note of frequency 266 Hz. Find its wavelength.
2. A hospital uses an ultrasonic scanner to locate tumors. What is the wavelength of sound
in a tissue in which the speed of sound is 1.7km/s. The operating frequency of the
scanner is 4.2MHz.
3. The limiting audibility of the human ear is 20Hz to 20kHz. Express them in terms of
the wavelength.
Solution: The speed of the sound in air is 340m/s.
4. Red light from a source has the wavelength 6300Å. What is the corresponding
frequency?
Solution:
5. The human eyes can sense the wavelengths from 4000Å. to 7000Å. Express these in
frequencies.
Solution: The speed of light is 340m/s.
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6. The speed of sound in some gas at is 340 m/s. Calculate its speed at .
7. A transverse sinusoidal wave is represented by the equation y = 0.2 sin(20t). Find the
amplitude and the frequency of the wave.
8. Write the general wave equation of a sound wave propagating with 100Hz and 20cm
of amplitude.
Solution: The amplitude A = 20cm = 0.20m
The equation is
9. A wave is described by the equation, . What is the displacement at
time ?
Solution:
The displacement is
Note: Use radians in such calculations.
Page 56 of 111
Multiple-choice questions
1. The unit of frequency is
a. Hertz
b. m/s
c. s
d. None of the above.
2. The distance between two neighbouring crests in a wave is called
a. Amplitude
b. Frequency
c. Wavelength
d. Time Period
e. None of the above.
3. The time taken by a wave to travel a distance equal to its wavelength (one cycle of vibration) is
a. Time Period
b. Frequency
c. Wavelength
d. Amplitude
e. None of the above.
4. Sound waves are
a. Longitudinal
b. Transverse
c. Longitudinal and transverse
d. None of the above.
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5. Electromagnetic waves are
a. Longitudinal
b. Transverse
c. Longitudinal and transverse
d. None of the above.
6. In the electromagnetic waves the electric and magnetic fields are
a. Parallel
b. Perpendicular
c. Any direction
d. All of the above.
7. Light is a
a. Visible radiation
b. Electromagnetic wave
c. Transverse wave
d. All the above
8. The waves between two mobile phones are
a. Electromagnetic waves
b. Light waves
c. Sound waves
d. None of the above.
9. The audible frequency range is
a. Less than 20Hz
b. More than 20kHz
c. Between 20Hz and 20kHz
d. None of the above
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10. The minimum audible wavelength for the human ear is
a. 0.017m
b. 0.17m
c. 1.7m
d. 17m
e. None of the above
11. The visible wavelength is
a. Below 4000Å
b. Above 7000Å
c. Between 4000Å and 7000Å
d. None of the above.
12. When the temperature increases the speed of sound in air
a. Increases
b. Decreases
c. Remains the same
d. None of the above.
13. The limiting audibility of the human ear is ________ to ________.
14. The limiting visibility of the human eyes is ________ to ________.
Key for Multiple-choice Questions:
1 (A), 2 (C), 3 (A), 4 (A), 5 (B), 6 (B), 7 (D), 8 (A), 9 (C), 10 (A), 11 (C), 12 (A).
Page 59 of 111
Introduction:
Modern Physics broadly refers to the physics developed in the early 20th century. Modern
physics often deals with very small distances (of the order of an angstrom and lower) and high
velocities (comparable to the velocity of light, ). It deals about the developments of Physics in
20th Century covering topics such as
X-rays
Matter waves
Photoelectric effect
Radio activity
Enlisted here are some of the commonly used terms in the study of Modern Physics
1. Speed of light in vacuum, . Speed of light is maximum in vacuum.
2. Relation between frequency (denoted by the Greek letter nu, ) and the wavelength ( )
and the speed of propagation is .
3. Ångstrom (Å) and Nanometer (nm): They both are the units of length, used for particles
of small sizes. For example size of an atom, size of nucleus, wavelength etc.
Their conversion relation is:
1Å = 1nm= 10-9 m = 10Å
4. Charge of electron, . The charge of proton has the same magnitude
but positive sign.
5. Electron Volt ( ) is a unit of energy, used in the study of atomic and subatomic
particles.
Its relation with Joule (J), the SI unit of energy is: .
6. Planck’s Constant is denoted by and has the value .
It is named after Max Planck, the father of Modern Physics.
7. Mass of electron. m=9.1 X 10-31 kg.
Page 61 of 111
The fundamental particles:
There are three fundamental particles:
1. Electrons are negatively charged.
2. Protons are positively charged.
3. Neutrons are electrically neutral.
Protons and Neutrons are in the nucleus.
Electrons move in different orbits around the nucleus.
Matter waves (De Broglie Relation): The matter has a dual nature. This means the matter can
behave both like a particle and like a wave.
At low velocity matter behaves like particle
At high velocity, particle behaves like wave.
A wave should also behave like a particle.
The wavelength associated with a particle is given by
,
Where is the momentum, m is the mass and v is the velocity of particle.
Page 62 of 111
Solved Example
1. Calculate the De-Broglie wavelength of an electron moving with a speed of 5x105m/s.
Solution:
X-Rays: X-Rays are electromagnetic waves with wavelengths in the range, 0.01Å to 100Å. X-
rays were discovered by Roentgen in 1895.
Production of X-rays:
The current heats the filament and electrons are emitted by it. These freed electrons are
accelerated under a high potential difference in a highly evacuated tube (called as the Coolidge
tube). The high speed electrons collide with the anode made of a hard metal like tungsten and
produce X-Rays.
X-Ray formula: The formula for the minimum wavelength of the X-Rays produced when
electrons are accelerated through a potential difference of V Volts is
.
Properties of X-Rays:
1. X-rays are electromagnetic waves and travel at the speed of light.
2. The wavelength lies between 0.01Å to 100Å
3. They cause ionization of gases.
Page 63 of 111
X-Rays
4. They have penetrating power to pass through materials.
5. They are not deflected by Electric and Magnetic fields.
6. They show the phenomenon like, reflection and refraction, diffraction, interference and
polarization.
7. They travel at the speed of light.
Uses of X-Rays:
1. X-Rays are used in medicine for seeing inside the body, particularly
the bones.
2. X-Rays are used for security.
3. X-Rays are used for research to study the structure of substances.
An X-Ray Image of Hands
Page 64 of 111
Solved Example
2.Write the X-Ray formula. What is the wavelength of the X-Rays produced when the
potential difference is 10kV?
Solution:
3. An X-Ray machine produces X-Rays of wavelength 1.24Å. Calculate the applied
potential difference.
Solution:
.
Photoelectric Effect
When light of a specific frequency falls on certain metallic surfaces,
electrons are emitted from the surface. This process of ejection of
electrons is called as the photoelectric effect
Equation of Photoelectric Effect:
Emission Mechanism: In the photoemission process, if an electron within some material
absorbs the energy of one photon and acquires more energy than the work function (the electron
binding energy) of the material, it is ejected. The energy of the emitted electrons does not depend
on the intensity of the incoming light, but only on the energy or frequency of the individual
photons.
It is an interaction between the incident photon and the outermost electron.
Threshold frequency ( ):
For a given metal, there exists a certain minimum frequency of incident radiation below which
no photoelectrons are emitted. This frequency is called the threshold frequency.
Kinetic energy of the electron emitted
If is is the threshold frequency for the metal, is the Planck’s constant and is the frequency
of the incident photon, then the maximum kinetic energy of an ejected electron is
For low speeds ( ) and the expression for the kinetic energy is .
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Photo-Electric Effect:
Solved Example
4.The energy of incident radiations is 10eV fall on Sodium material surface (work
function is 2eV). Find the energy of photoelectrons and the velocity of photoelectrons.
Solution:
Ei= Eo + Ek
Radioactivity: In 1906, Henri Becquerel discovered that Uranium (92U238)
element emits spontaneous emission without any excitations.
Definition: The spontaneous emission of radiations from certain
elements is called radio activity.
1. The radioactive elements are (atomic weight > 208) Uranium,
Radium and Thorium etc.,
2. The radioactive radiations are alpha (α), beta (ß) and gamma (γ).
Types of Radiation:
The alpha (α) are the nuclei of helium atoms and hence made of two protons and two
neutrons. So, they are positive.
The beta (ß) are electrons (so negative).
The gamma ((γ) are energetic electromagnetic waves. They do not carry any charge.
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Radioactivity:
Comparison between Alpha, Beta and Gamma rays
Alpha Beta Gamma
They are fast moving
helium nuclei.
Not electromagnetic.
They are fast moving
electrons.
Not electromagnetic.
Gamma rays are energetic
photons.
They are electromagnetic
waves.
They are the heaviest
among the three.
They are not as heavy as
alpha particles.
They are the lightest among
the three.
They have the lowest
penetration power.
They have penetration
between alpha and beta.
They have the highest
penetrating power.
They have the highest
ionizing power.
Beta rays have a moderate
ionizing power.
Gamma rays have almost
no ionizing power.
They travel at about 1/20th
of the speed of light.
They travel at almost the
speed of light.
Gamma rays travel at the
speed of light.
Can be stopped by paper. Can be stopped by
aluminum.
Can be stopped by
concrete.
Nuclear Fission:
The process of division of one nucleus into two or more nuclei is
called Nuclear Fission .
For example: Atom Bomb and in Nuclear Reactor and in reaction
U235 + n Ba139 +Kr94 + 3n + Energy
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Nuclear Fusion:
The process of addition (fusing together) of two or
more lighter nuclei into a single heavier nuclei is
called Nuclear Fusion. Example: fusing of Deuterium
and Tritium to form Helium with a large amount of
energy is shown in the figure below. For Example:
in Sun and in reaction:
H2 + H3 He 4 + n + Energy
References
1. Raymond A. Serway and Jerry S. Faughn, College Physics 6th edition, Thomson
Book/Cole (USA 2003).
2. Online Textbooks of the National Council of Educational Research and Training
(NCERT), Delhi, India, http://www.ncert.nic.in/NCERTS/textbook/textbook.htm
Formulae
1. Planck’s formula, .
2. De Broglie Wavelength, .
3. X-Ray formula, .
4. Equation of Photoelectric effect, .
Subjective Questions
1. Write the Planck’s formula. Page 68 of 111
2. Write the De Broglie relation.
3. Explain the production of X-Rays with a diagram.
4. Write the properties of X-Rays.
5. Write uses of X-Rays.
6. Derive the formula for the minimum wavelength of the X-Rays produced when electrons
are accelerated through a potential difference of V Volts.
7. Write the properties of alpha, beta and gamma rays.
8. What are the differences between alpha and beta rays?
9. What is photoelectric effect?
10. What are nuclear fission and nuclear fusion? Give examples.
Numerical Problems
1. What is the wavelength of the X-Rays produced when the potential difference is 20kV?
2. TV stations broadcast at a wavelength of about 3m. Calculate the energy of the
corresponding photons.
3. FM radio broadcast at a wavelength of about 100m. Calculate the energy of the
corresponding photons.
Solution: The speed of the electromagnetic waves is
Page 69 of 111
.
4. Yellow sodium light from a sodium vapour lamp has the wavelength 5890Å. What is the
energy of the corresponding photons? Express your answer in electron volts.
Solution:
.
5. Mr. Ahmed has a laser diode that emits radiations of wavelength 5500Å. Mr. Salim bought
another laser with a wavelength 8800Å. The light from which laser is visible for humans?
6. The photoelectrons are emitted with a speed of from the surface when light of
time period seconds falls on it. What is the threshold frequency of the surface?
7. The photoelectrons are emitted with a speed of from the surface when light of
frequency of 7x1014 Hz falls on it. What is the threshold frequency of the surface?
Page 70 of 111
Multiple-choice questions
1. Hertz when expressed in the SI base units is
a. s
b. m/s
c. 1/s
d. None of the above.
2. The electromagnetic radiations are
a. Alpha, beta and gamma
b. Gamma, X-rays and alpha
c. Gamma rays, light and X-rays
d. None of the above.
3. The energy of the electromagnetic waves is
a.
b.
c.
d. None of the above.
4. Shorter wavelengths have
a. High frequency and high energy
b. Low frequency and low energy
c. Low frequency and high energy
d. None of the above.
Page 71 of 111
5. The energy of the X-rays increases when
a. Potential difference is increased
b. Potential difference is decreased
c. Not affected
d. None of the above.
6. Alpha Rays are attracted by
a. Positive plate
b. Negative plate
c. Deflected by both the plates
d. Not deflected by both plates
7. Beta Rays are attracted by
a. Negative plate
b. Positive plate
c. Deflected by both the plates
d. Not deflected by both plates
8. Electromagnetic Rays are deflected by
a. Positive plate
b. Negative plate
c. Deflected by both the plates
d. Not deflected by both plates
9. Choose the correct answer
a. Velocity of α is greater than β and ϒ
b. Velocity of β is greater than α and ϒ
c. Velocity of ϒ is greater than β and α
d. None of the above.
Page 72 of 111
10. The penetrating power is highest in
a. Alpha particle
b. Beta particle
c. Gamma particle
d. None of the above.
11. The condition for the production of the photoelectrons is
a.
b.
c.
d. None of the above.
12. In nuclear fission the
a. Two or more smaller nuclei combine to form a larger nuclei
b. Nucleus splits into two or more smaller nuclei
c. Both of the above
d. None of the above.
13. Atom Bomb works on
a. Nuclear Fusion
b. Nuclear Fission
c. Nuclear Omission
d. Nuclear Reaction
14. In nuclear fusion the
a. Two or more smaller nuclei combine to form a larger nuclei
b. Nucleus splits into two or more smaller nuclei
c. Both of the above
d. None of the above.
15. In Figure-1, which one is for α–rays?
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a. a
b. b
c. c
d. None of the above.
16. The speed of light is ________.
17. The charge of electron is ________.
18. The charge of proton is ________.
19. The value of the Planck’s constant is ________.
20. One electron volt (eV) is ________.
Key for Multiple-choice Questions:
1 (C), 2 (C), 3 (A), 4 (A), 5 (A), 6 (B), 7 (B), 8 (D), 9 (C), 10 (C), 11 (C), 12 (B), 13 (B),
14 (A), 15 (A).
Page 74 of 111
Heat: Heat is a form of energy, which causes change in state of matter. It melts a solid and
evaporates a liquid. SI unit of heat is Joule (J).
Temperature: It is the degree of hotness or coldness of a body.
Unit of Temperature: The SI unit for temperature is Kelvin (denoted by K). The conversion of
one scale to the other is given by
.
The Kelvin scale is used in the Factories and Industries.
Celsius scale is used in Laboratories.
Fahrenheit is used mostly in the hospitals.
Celsius and Fahrenheit scales are used at homes to know the ambient temperatures.
Express in Celsius and Kelvin.
Solution:
So, .
Thermometer: Temperature is measured by a device called thermometer.
Some Important Temperatures:
Water freezes at .
Water boils at .
Normal Temperature of Human Body: .
Room Temperature: .
Page 76 of 111Specific Heat Capacity
Solved examples
1. Express in Celsius and Kelvin.
Solution:
So, .
Heat required to heat a substance: Let the change in temperature be , mass be
(in grams) and the specific heat be . Then the required heat, is:
.
Definition of Specific Heat Capacity ( ): It is the amount of heat required to raise the
temperature of one kilogram of substance through 1 degree temperature. SI Unit of ‘s’ is J/kg.K.
Another unit is kcal/kgoC.
‘s’ of water = 1kcal/kgoC or ‘s’ of water = 4186 /kg K
Kilo Calorie (Kcal): It is a unit of energy. It is the amount of heat required to raise the
temperature of one kilogram of water through 1 degree temperature.
1kcal= 4186Joules
Thermal Expansion of Solids: When substances are heated they generally expand. Their
dimensions (length, breadth, height, radius, etc) increase. Since the dimensions increase, the area
and volume also increase.
Linear Expansion: Increase in length of substance on heating.
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Thermal Expansion
Solved examples
2.Calculate the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 300g of water from
to . Express your answer in Joules.
Solution:
.
The coefficient of linear expansion ( ) is increase in length of unit length of the solid during a
rise in temperature by (or )
and the increased Length is given by the relation
.
Solved examples
Kinetic Theory of Gases
The kinetic theory of gases is based on the fact that substances are made up of atoms and
molecules. It enables us to understand the bulk properties of matter using microscopic and
molecular structure of matter. By bulk properties, we mean, specific heat, pressure, temperature
and other quantities.
Postulates of Kinetic theory of gases:
1. All gases are made of large no. of particles.
2. Particles are in constant motion.
3. All collisions are perfectly elastic,
(molecules do not lose energy in collisions).
4. The distance between gas particles are relatively large.
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Kinetic Theory of Gases
Solved examples
3.A steel rod has length 2m at . What is its length at ? The coefficient of linear
expansion of steel is .
Solution: ,
5. The average kinetic energy of gas particles depends only on the temperature of the gas.
6. Gas particles exert no force on one another.
7. Attractive forces between gas particles are assumed to be zero.
Laws of Thermodynamics:
1. Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics: Two systems which are individually in thermal
equilibrium with a third one also in thermal equilibrium with each other.
2. First Law of Thermodynamics: The amount of heat energy supplied to a system is equal
to the sum of the change in internal energy of the system and the work done by the
system.
3. Second Law of Thermodynamics: It is impossible for a self acting machine unaided by
any external agency to transfer heat from a body at lower temperature to another body at
higher temperature.
4. Third Law of Thermodynamics: It is impossible for any substance to reach the absolute
zero of the temperature.
Adiabatic Process: The process in which pressure, volume and temperature changes but no heat
enters or leaves the system is called adiabatic process.
Thus in adiabatic process, the total heat of the system remains constant.
Isothermal Process: The expansion or compression of gas at constant temperature, is called
isothermal process.
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Thermodynamics
Carnot Cycle: According to the second law of thermodynamics no heat engine can have
efficiency. The maximum efficiency, of two heat reservoirs kept at the temperatures (also
called source) and (also called as sink) is given by the relation
.
In the above relation the temperatures need to be expressed in the Kelvin scale.
References
1. Raymond A. Serway and Jerry S. Faughn, College Physics 6th edition, Thomson
Book/Cole (USA 2003).
2. Online Textbooks of the National Council of Educational Research and Training
(NCERT), Delhi, India, http://www.ncert.nic.in/NCERTS/textbook/textbook.htm
Page 80 of 111
Solved examples
4.A Carnot engine has an efficiency of 40% with the heat sink at . Calculate the
temperature at which the engine is operating.
Solution:
.
SOURCE SINK
Formulae
1. Temperature conversion, .
2. Amount of heat, .
3. Linear expansion, .
4. Coefficient of linear expansion, .
5. Efficiency of a Carnot Engine, .
Subjective Question
1. Define temperature.
2. Define heat. Define specific heat.
3. Draw a thermometer and label its parts. Explain the working of alcohol thermometer
and mercury thermometer?
4. Explain the three temperature scales.
5. Define calorie.
6. Describe a barometer with a diagram. Write the normal pressure.
7. State Boyle’s law with the formula.
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8. State Charles’ law with the formula.
9. State Gay-Lussac’s Law with the formula.
10. State the ideal gas equation.
11. Write the postulates of the kinetic theory of gases.
12. Write the laws of thermodynamics.
13. What is an adiabatic process?
14. What is an isothermal process?
Numerical problems
1. Express room temperature in Fahrenheit and Kelvin.
2. On a day when Mr. Ahmed was down with fever, the doctor measured his body
temperature and found that it is 101.5F. Express this temperature in Celsius and Kelvin
scales.
3. 500g of water at is heated using 30KiloCalories. What is the final temperature of
the water? Express you answer in Kelvin.
4. A surveyor uses a steel tape, which has a length 20.00m at 10C. What will be the length
of this tape on a day when the temperature is 35C. (Coefficient of linear thermal
expansion of steel α = 11×10-6 /C).
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5. Calculate the efficiency of a Carnot cycle working between the two temperatures
and .
Multiple-choice questions
1. The liquid used in the clinical (hospital) thermometer is
a. Alcohol
b. Mercury
c. Water
d. None of the above.
2. The temperature at which a substance changes from solid to liquid is called
a. Melting Point
b. Boiling Point
c. Cooling Point
d. None of the above.
3. The temperature at which a substance changes from liquid to gas is called
a. Melting Point
b. Boiling Point
c. Heating Point
d. None of the above.
4. When a metallic rod is heated
a. Length of the rod is increased
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b. Length of the rod is decreased
c. Length of the rod remains the same
d. None of the above.
5. The absolute zero is equal to
a.
b.
c.
d. All the above
e. None of the above.
6. The melting point of ice is ________.
7. The boiling point of the water is ________.
Key for Multiple-choice Questions:
1 (B), 2 (A), 3 (B), 4 (A), 5 (C)
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We shall consider two phenomenon in optics, namely the reflection of light and the refraction of
light.
Reflection of Light: Turning back of light in the same medium is called Reflection of light.
Laws of Reflection:
1. The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal drawn to the reflecting surface at the
point of incidence, all lie in the same plane.
2. The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.
Refraction of Light: Bending of light when it passes
from one medium to another is called refraction.
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i = r
i r
air
glass
i
r
Laws of Refraction:
1. The incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal at the point of incidence all lie in the
same plane.
2. The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction is a
constant for a pair of media
This law is known as the Snell’s law. The constant is called the refractive index. It is
also customary to use the symbol .
Refractive index: It is the ratio of the speed of light in vacuum (or air) to the speed of light in a
given medium.
or
Refractive index of some important materials:
Air: 1.0003 ~ 1
Water: 1.33
Glass: 1.5 to 1.8
Diamond: 2.42
Page 87 of 111Total Internal Reflection
Solved examples
1.Light is incident on a glass surface of refractive index 1.5. If the angle of incidence is ,
what is the angle of refraction reflection?
Solution:
The angle of reflection is .
Total Internal Reflection: When light travels from an
optically denser medium (medium with higher refractive
index,) to an optically rarer medium (medium with lower
refractive index,), at an angle more than critical angle, ( ) the
light is reflected back in the same medium This phenomenon is
known as total internal reflection.
Critical Angle θc : The angle of incidence for which the angle of refraction is 90o, when going
from denser to rarer medium.
The critical angle is calculated from the relation .
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Solved examples
2. Calculate the critical angle for glass .
Solution: .
Optical Fibres: The total internal reflection is the basic principle of working of optical fibre.
Optical fibres are cylindrical waveguides made of two concentric layers of very pure glass. The
core (the interior layer) with higher refractive index , while the cladding (the exterior layer) has a
lower refractive index
Optical fibers are used in medical and optical examination. They are also used to transmit
communication signals.
Dispersion of Light: It is the splitting of white light into
its constituent 7 colours.
This band of colours of light is called its spectrum.
In the visible region of spectrum, the spectral lines are seen in the order from violet to red. The
colours are given by the word VIBGYOR (Violet, Indigo, Blue, Green, Yellow, Orange and
Red).
Page 89 of 111Optical Lens
Optical Lenses: There are two basic types of lenses: the
convex lens (or converging lens) and the concave lens (or
diverging lens). Due to refraction, light rays bend as they
pass into and out of the lens Convex lenses are shaped so
that the rays converge together; concave lenses are
shaped to spread rays apart.
Lenses Equation: The lens equation is given by
, OR ,
where is the distance of the object from the lens, is the distance of the image from the lens
and is the focal length of the lens.
The magnification (m) is given by
Let AB represent an object placed at right angles to the principal axis at a distance greater than
the focal length f of the convex lens. The image A1B1 is formed which is real and inverted.
OA = Object distance = u
OA1 = Image distance = v
OF2 = Focal length = fPage 90 of 111
Focal length is
References
1. Raymond A. Serway and Jerry S. Faughn, College Physics 6th edition, Thomson
Book/Cole (USA 2003).
2. Online Textbooks of the National Council of Educational Research and Training
(NCERT), Delhi, India, http://www.ncert.nic.in/NCERTS/textbook/textbook.htm
Formulae
1. Refractive index of light, or .
2. Snell’s formula, .
3. The critical angle, .
4. Lens Equation, or .
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Solved examples
3. If an object is at 20cm from the lens and the image is formed on the screen kept at 30cm
from the lens. What is the focal length of the convex lens? Calculate the magnification.
Solution:
Magnification, .
5. The magnification, .
Subjective Questions
1. What is reflection of light?
2. State the laws of reflection of light?
3. Define refraction of light.
4. State the laws of refraction of light?
5. Write the Snell’s law with the formula.
6. What is the formula used in the lab, for calculating the refractive index of the glass slab?
7. What is total internal reflection?
8. What is critical angle?
9. Explain dispersion of Light?
10. Describe an optical bench.
11. Define Dispersion? Draw its diagram?
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12. Describe an optical fibre. Explain how light travels in an optical fibre.
13. What are the uses of optical fibres?
Solved Numericals
1. The refractive index of glass is 1.5. Calculate the speed of light in glass.
Solution:
2. The refractive index of diamond is 2.42. Calculate the speed of light in diamond.
3. A ray of light takes to pass through a glass slab. Calculate the Thickness of the
glass slab?
4. What is the time taken by light to travel through a glass slab of length 10cm and refractive
index 1.5?
Solution:
5. Light is incident on a diamond surface (refractive index 2.42). If the angle of incidence is
, what is the angle of refraction and reflection?
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6. Calculate the critical angle for diamond.
Solution: .
7. If an object is at 30cm from the lens and the image is formed on the screen kept at 60cm
from the lens. What is the focal length of the convex lens? Calculate the magnification.
Multiple-choice questions
1. The speed of light in vacuum is
a.
b.
c.
d. None of the above.
2. The speed of light is maximum in
a. Vacuum
b. Solid
c. Liquids
d. Gases
e. None of the above.
3. In the phenomenon of reflection the light rays
a. Return to the same side
b. Go to the other side
c. Are absorbed by the medium
d. None of the above.
4. Light is slowest is
a. air
b. water
c. glass
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d. diamond
5. In rarer medium the speed of light is
a. Less
b. More
c. Same
d. None of the above.
6. In denser medium the refractive index is
a. Less
b. More
c. Same
d. None of the above.
7. The light passing through a glass window undergoes
a. Reflection
b. Refraction
c. Dispersion
d. None of the above.
8. The device used for seeing the distant objects is
a. Camera
b. Microscope
c. Telescope
d. None of the above.
9. The device used for seeing very small objects is
a. Camera
b. Microscope
c. Telescope
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d. None of the above.
10. The rear view mirror in the cars is
a. Concave mirror
b. Convex mirror
c. Both concave and convex mirrors
d. None of the above.
11. Mirror used by the dentist is
a. Concave mirror
b. Convex mirror
c. Both concave and convex mirrors
d. None of the above.
12. The splitting of white light into seven colours is called
a. Reflection
b. Refraction
c. Total internal reflection
d. Dispersion
13. The white light consists of
a. Blue, green and violet
b. Red, blue and green
c. Green, red and yellow
d. Seven Colours
14. The rainbow is formed due to
a. Reflection
b. Refraction
c. Total internal reflection
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d. Dispersion
15. The optical fibers are based on
a. Reflection
b. Refraction
c. Total internal reflection
d. Dispersion
e. Electromagnetic induction
16. The visible range of the electromagnetic waves is __________ to ________.
17. The refractive index of water is ________.
18. The refractive index of glass is ________.
19. The refractive index of diamond is ________.
Key for Multiple-choice Questions:
1 (B), 2 (A), 3 (A), 4 (D), 5 (B), 6 (B), 7 (B), 8 (C), 9 (B), 10 (B), 11 (A), 12 (D), 13 (D),
14 (C), 15 (C).
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Appendix-1: SI System of Units
The Seven Base UnitsS. No. Quantity Name Symbol
1 Length meter m2 Mass kilogram kg3 Time second s4 Electric Current ampere A5 Thermodynamic Temperature kelvin K6 Amount of substance mole mol7 Luminous Intensity candela cd
Derived Units
S. No. Derived Quantity Symbol NameExpression in terms
of base units1 area A square metre m2
2 volume V cubic metre m3
3 speed metre per second m/s4 acceleration a metre per second squared m/s2
5 mass density kilogram per cubic metre kg/m3
6 surface density kilogram per square metre kg/m2
7 current density j ampere per square metre A/m2
8 momentum p kilogram metre per second kg.m.s-1
9 impulsekilogram metre per second
ORNewton second
kg.m.s-1
10 frequency , or Hertz s-1
11 force F Newton kg.m.s-2
12 pressure P Pascal kg.m-1.s-2
13 energy, work W Joule kg.m2.s-2
14 power Watt kg.m2.s-3
15 electric Charge C Coulomb A.s
16 electric field ENewtons/Coulomb
ORVolts/metre
17 electric potential (emf) V Volt
18 capacitance C Farad
19 electrical resistance R Ohm
20 magnetic flux Weber
21 magnetic field intensity B Tesla22 magnetic pole strength m Ampere.metre A.m23 inductance Henry
24 entropy Joule/Kelvin
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Prefixes
The International System of Units specifies the following SI prefixes
S. No. Factor Name Symbol1 1024 yotta Y2 1021 zetta Z3 1018 exa E4 1015 peta P5 1012 tera T6 109 giga G7 106 mega M8 103 kilo k9 102 hecto h10 101 deka da11 10-1 deci d12 10-2 centi c13 10-3 milli m14 10-6 micro µ15 10-9 nano n16 10-12 pico p17 10-15 femto f18 10-18 atto a19 10-21 zepto z20 10-24 yocto y
Length Volume Energy1cm = 10mm cc = cubic centimeter
1m = 100cm ml = milliliter 1km = 1000m L = Litres
1inch = 2.54cm 1cc = 1ml
1feet = 12inches 1Litre = 1000ml = 1000cc
.
1Å =
Pressure Miscellaneous
Page 99 of 111
Appendix-2: Physical Constants
S. No. Name SymbolValue
(in SI Units)
Value(in eV or MeV)
1Speed of Light in vacuum
2 Planck constant
3 Planck hbar
4Gravitation constant
5Boltzmann constant
6 Molar gas constant
7Avogadro's number
8 Charge of electron
9Permeability of vacuum
10Permittivity of vacuum
11 Coulomb constant
12 Faraday constant
13 Mass of electron
14 Mass of proton
15 Mass of neutron
16 Atomic mass unit
17Stefan-Boltzmann constant
18 Rydberg constant
19 Bohr magneton
20 Flux quantum
21 Bohr radius
22Standard atmosphere
23Wien displacement constant
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Appendix-3: Greek Alphabet
The Greek alphabet is an alphabet that has been used to write the Greek language since about the 9th century BC. Besides writing modern Greek, today its letters are widely used as mathematical symbols in physics and all other sciences.
Capital Lower Case Greek Name English
Alpha a
Beta b
Gamma g
Delta d
Epsilon e
Zeta z
Eta h
Theta th
Iota i
Kappa k
Lambda l
Mu m
Nu n
Xi x
Omicron o
Pi p
Rho r
Sigma s
Tau t
Upsilon u
Phi ph
Chi ch
Psi ps
Omega o
Page 101 of 111
Appendix-4: Mathematical Symbols
S. No. Symbol Meaning1 = is equal to2 is not equal to
3 is defined as
or
equivalent to4 is proportional to5 > is greater than6 < is less than7 is approximately equal to8 ~ is on the order of magnitude of9 is greater or equal to10 less than or equal to11 much less than12 much greater than13 congruence14 ∞ infinity15 || parallel16 ⊥ perpendicular17 ⇒ implies181920
Page 102 of 111
English-Arabic Glossary1
S. No.The termالمصطلح
The Meaningالمعنى
Transliterationالمصطلح
1 Absolute مطلق Mutlaq2 Acceleration تسارع Tasaru'a3 Acids حمض Hemdh4 Action فعل Fe'al5 Aim الغرض أو الهدف Alhadaf6 Amount كميه Kemmeyah7 Angular acceleration زاوي تسارع Tasaru'a Zawwi8 Angular motion زاوية حركة Harakah Zawweyyah9 Angular displacement زاوية إزاحة Ezaha Zawweyyah10 Angular velocity زاوية سرعة Sur'aa Zawweyyah11 apparatus األدوات Al-adawat12 Applications العملية التطبيفات Al-Tatbeeqat Al-Amlyiah13 Ascent صعود Su'aood14 Atom ذرة Dharah15 Atomic mass الذريه الكتله Al-Kutlah Al-dharreyyah16 Atomic number الذري العدد Aladd Al-Dhari17 Attraction تجاذب Tajadhub18 Balancing موازنة Mowaznah19 Base قاعدة Qa'aedah20 Basic unit أساسية قياس وحدة Wehdat Qeyas21 Calculation حساب Hesab22 Catalyst محفز عامل A'amil Muhafez23 Charge كهربئية شحنة Shohnah Kahrbaeyah24 Chemical bonding الكيمائيه الرابطه AlRabetah Al-Kemyaeah25 Chemical kinetics الحركية الكيمياء AlKeemyia Al-Harkeyah
26 Circuit Diagram الكهربائية للدائرة مخطط Mukhatat l'dda'erah al-kahraba'eiah
27 Combination ارتباط أو اتحاد Etehad / Ertibat28 Compound مركب Morakab29 Concentration التركيز Al tarkeez30 Configuration توزيع Tawzeea31 Constant or uniform مستمر أو ثابت Thabit / Mustamer32 Coordinate system احداثيات نظام Nizam Ehdatheyyat33 Current التيار Tayyar34 Decomposition تفكك Tafakuk35 Density كثافة Kathafah36 Derived unit مشتقة قياس وحدة Wehdat Qeyas Mushtaqqah37 Determinate أوجد أو حدد Haddid / Awjid
1 This Glossary was translated into Arabic by the Physics Lecturers, Ms. Zakiya Said Mahad Al-Amri (now pursuing PhD at the University of Bristol, http://www.bris.ac.uk/physics/people/zakiya-s-al-amri/index.html) and Ms. Ghadah Mohammed Shujaib.
Page 103 of 111
38 Direction اتجاه Ettijah39 Directly Proportional طردي تناسب Tanasub Tardi40 Displacement ازاحة Ezaha41 Dissent هبوط Hoboot42 Dissolve يذيب أو يحلل Yuhalel / Yudheeb43 Distance المسافة Masafah44 Elasticity مرونة Muroonah45 Electrical Field الكهربائي المجال Majal Kahraba'ai46 Electrolysis كهربائي تحليل Tahleel Kahraba'ai
47 Electrolytesماده أو الكتروليتي محلول
متأينه Mahlool Electroliti
48 Elements عنصر Onsur49 Energy طاقة Taqah50 Equation المعادلة AlMoa'adalah51 Estimation تحديد أو تقدير Taqdeer / tahdeed52 Experiment تجربة Tajrubah53 Extraction استخالص أو فصل Fasal / Estikhlas54 Figure رمز أو رسم ، مخطط Mukhatat55 Final نهائي Niha'ai56 Force قوة Quwwah57 Formula الصيغة Al-Seeghah58 Functional group الوظيفية المجموعة Al-Majmoo'aa Al Wadheefeah59 Funnel قمع Qoma60 Graph بياني رسم Rasm Biani61 Gravity الجاذبية Jadhebeyya62 Horizontal أفقي Ufuqi63 Horse Power الحصان قدرة Qudrat Al-hisan64 Impulse الدفع قوة Quwwat Al-Daf'a65 Inert خامل Khamel66 Inference استدالل Estidlal67 Initial أولي أو ابتدائي Ebtida'ai / Awwali68 Inversely Proportional عكسي تناسب Tanasub Aksi69 Ion ايون Ayoon70 Isomerism المتشاكالت Al-Motashakelat71 Isotope نظائر Nadha'er72 Kinematics المجردة الحركة علم الكينماتيكا Elm Al-harakah73 Kinetic energy الحركة طاقة Taqat Al-harakah74 Linear motion خطية حركة Harakah Khattia75 Macroscopic system عياني نظام Nidham Ayani76 Magnetic Field المغناطيسي المجال Majal Magnatisi 77 Magnitude عددية قيمة Qeemah Adadeyah78 Mass الكتلة Kutlah79 Mean or Average المتوسط Mutawasit80 Measure يقيس Yaqees81 Measurement قياس qeyas82 Metals الفلزيه العناصر AlAnaser Al-Felyziah83 Microscopic system مجهري نظام Nidham Mijhari84 Mixture مخلوط Makhloot
85 Molarityتركيز( عن لتعبير الموالريه
المحلول)Al-Moolariah ( Tarkeez Al-Mahlool)
86 Mole مول MoalPage 104 of 111
87 Molecular formula الجزيئية الصيغة Al-Saiqah Al-Juzaieah88 Molecular mass الجزيئيه الكتله Al-Kotalah Al-jozayiah89 Molecule جزئ Jozay90 Momentum التحرك كمية Kemeyat Al-taharuk91 Nature طبيعة Tabee'ah92 Noble نبيل Nabeel93 Nonelectrolytes متأينه غير ماده Maddah gair Mot'ainah94 Nonmetals الالفلزيه العناصر Al-Anaser Allafelyziah95 Observations القراءات أو مشاهدات Moshahadah96 Order ترتيب Tarteeb97 Organic chemistry العضوية الكيمياء Al-Kemya Al-Oodweeah98 Orthogonal عمودي أو متعامد Muta'amid / Amoodi99 Oxidation تأكسد Ta'aksud100 Parallel متوازي Mutawazi101 Particle جسيم Josaim102 Periodic table الدوري الجدول Aljadwal al-dawri103 Perpendicular عمودي أو متعامد Muta'amid / Amoodi104 Polymerization بلمرة Balmarah105 Potential Difference الجهد فرق Farq Al-juhd106 Potential energy وضع طاقة Taqat Al-Wadh'a107 Power القدرة Qudrah108 Practical عملي Amali109 Precautions االحتياطات Ehtiatat110 prefixes لواحق Lawahiq111 Preparation تحضير Tahdheer112 Pressure الضغط Aldhghd113 Principle مبدأ Mabda'a114 Procedure العمل خطوات Khotowat al amal115 Process عملية Aaleyah116 Projectile motion المقذوفات حركة Harakat Al-Maqdhofat117 Properties خصائص Khasa'es118 Qualitative نوعي naw'ee119 Quantitative كمي Kammi120 Radical حر جذر Gather hur121 Reaction فعل رد Rad Fe'al122 Reduction اختزال Ekhtezaal123 Refining تصفية أو تنقية Tanqeaih / Tasfeyah124 Repulsion تنافر Tanafur125 Resistance ( للموصل ( المقاومة Muqawamah126 Resistivity المادة مقاومة Muqawamat Al-Madah127 Result النتيجه Alnatejah128 Retardation تباطؤ Tabatu'a129 Revolution or rotation كاملة دورة Dawrah Kamilah130 Rule قاعدة أو قانون Qanoon131 Scalar متجهة غير كمية Kammeyah Gai Muttajaha132 Series تسلسل Tasalsul133 Solubility الذائبية Aldhaebaih134 Solution محلول Mahlool135 Space-Time الزمان - الفضاء Fadhaa-Zaman136 Standard solution التركيز معلوم محلول Mohllol Maloom AlTarkeez
Page 105 of 111
137 Strong electrolytes ( ) التاين سريعة قوية متأينه ماده Madah Motainah Qaweeah138 Symbol رمز Ramz139 System نظام Nidham140 Temperature الحرارة درجة Darajat Alhararah141 Tetrahedron رباعي هرم Haram Robai142 Theory نظري Nadhari143 Titration معايرة Mo'aayarah144 Unit قياس وحدة Wehdat Qeyas145 Uses استخدامات Estekhdamat146 Valency التكافؤ Al-Takaafu'a147 Vector متجهة كمية Kemmeyah Muttajaha148 Velocity المتجهة السرعة Sur'aa Muttajaha149 Vertical عمودي Amoodi150 Volume الحجم Alhajam
151 Weak electrolytes ) تتأبن ال ضعيفة متأينه ماده
كامال) Madah Motainah Dha'eefah
152 Work الشغل Shugl153154155156157158159160
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English-Arabic Phrase Glossary2
Following is the list of words and phrases which occur frequently in the subjective and numerical questions:
S. No.
The Word/Phrase
العبارة\ المصطلح
The Meaning
المعنى
Transliteration
االنجليزية ا بالحروف لمعنى
1 Analyze/Analysis \تحليل حلل Hallel/ tahleel
2 Answer all the question عن األسئلة جميعأجب Ajeb an Jamee’a al-aselah
3 Answer any … questions عن األسئلة....... أي أجب من Ajeb an Ayyin min al-aselah
4 Applications of … ال تطبيقات Tatbeeqat
5 Axioms بديهيات Badeheyat
6 Balance the equation … \المعادلة وزن اكتب زن Zin/ Uktub waz al-mu’aadalah
7 Brief about … عن أوجز Awjez an
8 Calculate … احسب Ehsib
9 Characteristics of … \صفات خصائص Khasa’es/ sifat
10 Compare … قارن Qarin
11 Complete the following التالي أكمل Akmil attali
12 Conclude/Conclusions \استنتاجات استنتج Estantij/ estentajat
13 Deduce ... \استخلص استنتج Estantij/ estakhlis
14 Define … عرف Arrif
15 Derive … اثبت\ اشتق Eshtaq/ Athbit
16 Derive the formula … القانون اثبت Athbit al-qanoon
17 Describe … صف Siff
18 Determine … \اوجد حدد Hadded/ Awjed
19 Differentiate between … and … و ..... بين قارن Qarin bayn …… wa…..
2 This Glossary was compiled by Sameen Ahmed Khan with inputs from all the Physics and Chemistry Staff of Diploma First Year. It was rendered into Arabic by the Physics Lecturer, Ms. Ghadah Mohammed Shujaib.
Page 107 of 111
20 Differentiate with respect to … ل بالنسبة اشتق Eshtaq bennisbah le
21 Discuss … ناقش Naqish
22 Distinguish between … بين \ قارن فرق Farreq/ qarin bayn
23 Draw … ارسم Ursum
24 Estimate … \قدر احسب Ehsib/ Qadder
25 Explain … اشرح Eshrah
26 Explain the process of … عملية اشرح Eshrah amaleyyat
27 Explain the production of … انتاج اشرح Eshrah intaj
28 Express ... in base units. بالوحدات ... عن عبر
األساسيةAbber an…. belwihdat al-asasseyyah
29 Express … عن عبر Abber an
30 Fill in the blanks الفراغ امآل Emla’a al-faragh
31 Find the magnitude of … مقدار أوجد Awjed al-meqdar
32 Formula/Formulae صيغ\ صيغة Seeghah/seyagh
33 From the following table … التالي الجدول من Min al-jadwal attali
34 Give reasons أسباب \ اكتب اعط A’ati/ uktub Asbab
35 Give the reaction for … \ تفاعل اكتب اعط A’ati/ uktub tafa’ul
36 Give/Write examples … \أمثلة اكتب اعط A’ati/ uktub Amthilah
37 How many/much … كم kam
38 Illustrate … وضح Waddih
39 Infer \استنتج استدل Estadel/ Estantij
40 Law/Laws قوانين\ قانون Qanoon/ Qwaneen
41 Match the following \ التالي\ بين كافئ نسق صل Sil/ nasseq/ kafe’a bayn attali
42 Mention … عدد \ اذكر Udhkur/ added
43 Multiple Choice Questions المتعددة الخيارات أسئلة As’elat al-khayarat al-muta’adidah
44 None of the above السابق من الشئ La shay min assabiq
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45 Numerical Questions حسابية مسائل Masa’el Hisabeyyah
46 Objective Question موضوعية أسئلة As’elah mawdoo’eyyah
47 Principle \قانون مبدأ Mabda’a / Qanoon
48 Production of … ناتج Natij
49 Properties of … خصائص Khasa’es
50 Prove that … أن اثبت Athbit ann
51 Reduce … \ قلل \ اختزل انقص Anqis/ekhtazil/ qallil
52 Represent … مث�ل mathel
53 Rules قواعد Qawa’ed
54 Select اختر Ekhter
55 Show that … \ أن �ن بي اثبت Athbit/ bayyen ann
56 State صرح\ اكتب Uktub/ Sarrih
57 State the laws of … قانون اكتب Uktub qanoon
58 Subjective Question مقالية أسئلة As’elah maqaleyyah
59 True or False خطأ أو صح Sah aw khata
60 What are … \ماذا ما Ma/ matha
61What are the differences between … and …
و ... بين الفرق ما Ma al-farq bayn ….. wa…..
62 What are the uses of … استخدامات ما Ma estekhdamat
63 What do you mean by … ب المقصود ما Ma al-maqsood be…
64What is the formula used for/in …
القانون أو الصيغة اكتب \... في ل المستخدم
Uktub al-seeghah al-mustakhdamah le…./fi….
65What is the relation between … and …
..... و بين العالقة ما Ma al-elaqah bayn……wa…..
66 Which among the following … اآلتي من أي Ayyun min al-aati
67 Write a short note on … عن قصيرة مالحظة اكتب Uktub mulahadah qaseerah an
68 Write briefly about … عن باختصار اكتب Uktub bekhtisar an
69 Write in detail بالتفصيل اكتب Uktub bettafseel
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70 Write the laws of … قانون اكتب Uktub qanoon
71 Write the postulates of … \ مسلمة فرضية اكتب Uktub faradeyyah/ musallamah
72 Write the properties of … خصائص اكتب Uktub Khasa’es
Drawing Related Words بالرسم متعلقة كلمات
1 Axis محور Mehwar
2 Diagram توضيحي مخطط Mukhatat tawdeehi
3 Draw ارسم Ursum
4 Figure صورة\ شكل Shakl/ soorah
5 Image صورة Soorah
6 Map خريطة Khareetah
7 Origin األصل نقطة Noqtat al-asil
8 Photograph فوتوغرافية صورة Soorah Fotoghrafeyyah
9 Picture رسم\ صورة Soorah/ Rasm
10 Plot بيانيا ارسم Ursum bayaneyyan
11 Range مدى Mada
12 Scale مقياس Meqyas
13 Schematic Diagram تخطيطي رسم Rasm tawdeehi
14 Sketch تخطيطي رسم Rasm tawdeehi
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References
1. Raymond A. Serway and Jerry S. Faughn, College Physics 6th edition, Thomson Book/Cole (USA 2003).
2. Online Textbooks of the National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT), Delhi, India, http://www.ncert.nic.in/NCERTS/textbook/textbook.htm, http://www.ncert.nic.in/
3. Online encyclopedia of physics terms and formulas, http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/physics/
4. Sameen Ahmed Khan, Microsoft Excel in the Physics Classroom, in Proceedings of The Third Annual Conference for Middle East Teachers of Mathematics, Science and Computing (METSMaC 2007), The Petroleum Institute, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, 17-19 March 2007. Editors: Seán M. Stewart, Janet E. Olearski, Peter Rodgers, Douglas Thompson and Emer A. Hayes, pp. 171-175 (2007).
5. Sameen Ahmed Khan, Data Analysis Using Microsoft Excel in the Physics Laboratory, Bulletin of the IAPT, 24 (6), 184-186 (June 2007). (IAPT: Indian Association of Physics Teachers). http://www.iapt.org.in/
6. Sameen Ahmed Khan, Floating Ring Magnets, Bulletin of the IAPT, 4 (6), 145 (June 2012). (IAPT: Indian Association of Physics Teachers). http://www.iapt.org.in/
7. Hajira Khan and Sameen Ahmed Khan, Floating Magnets, BaKhabar, Vol 7, Issue 06, pp 7-8 (June 2014). Published by Bihar Anjuman, http://bakhabar.biharanjuman.org/.
8. Sameen Ahmed Khan, Speed of Sound in Air at varying Temperatures, Bulletin of the IAPT, 4 (5), 116-117 (May 2012). (IAPT: Indian Association of Physics Teachers). http://www.iapt.org.in/
9. Salalah Collge of Technology, E-Learning Website: http://www.sct.edu.om/
10. Websites of one of the authors, Sameen Ahmed Khan, http://SameenAhmedKhan.webs.com/ http://inspirehep.net/author/S.A.Khan.5/ and http://scholar.google.com/citations?user=hZvL5eYAAAAJ
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