2015 Changing the Debate on Migration (MRN)
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Transcript of 2015 Changing the Debate on Migration (MRN)
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September 2015
Produced in
association with:
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2
Class
The Centre for Labour and Social Studies is a
new trade-
union based think tank established in2012 to act as a centre for le debate and
discussion. Originang in the labour movement,
Class works with a broad coalion of
supporters, academics and experts to develop
and advance alternave policies for today.
www.classonline.org.uk @classthinktank
Migrants' Rights Network is a young, dynamic
naonal NGO working and campaigning in
support of migrants in the UK. Our work brings
together migrant acvists and support
organizaons, think tanks, academics, faith
groups and public sector representaves to
advocate for a rights-based approach towards
migraon in the UK.
www.migrantsrights.org.uk @migrants_rights
Migrants' Rights Network
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Foreword
3
Immigraon is one of the topics that
dominated the 2015 General Elecon. When
the rst edion of this pamphlet was released
last year, the myths around this subject were
entrenched in public consciousness. Over a
year later we have seen the horrifying eects
of this: nearly four million people turned out
to vote for an-immigraon party UKIP while
the Government has looked the other way as
desperate asylum seekers and migrants have
been killed trying to make it to Europe.
The one-sided migraon ‘debate’ is
characterised by myths and stereotypes. It
has proved extremely damaging – and atmes fatal – to migrants’ and asylum seekers’
lives. This updated pamphlet provides some
important facts which are sorely needed in
this increasingly an-immigraon climate.
The refugee crisis that has escalated in
Europe due to conict across the Middle East
and North Africa has further shown the
human consequences of Britain’s xenophobic
rhetoric. The Conservave Government met
lile opposion when it chose to withdraw
support for Mare Nostrum, the search and
rescue opposion for people drowning in the
Mediterranean. Thousands of desperate
people are living in a camp in Calais; Britain’s
response was to ‘strengthen borders’. Whilethe swell of public opinion has recently forced
the Government’s hand in comming to take
more refugees, they have consistently
refused to take part in a fair asylum system.
In the rst three months of this year they
rejected 64% of asylum cases – even though
the UK gets a relavely small number of
asylum applicaons.
Meanwhile, the reality for far too many of the
people from abroad who make it into Britain’s
rigorous immigraon system is one of
destuon and discriminaon. Countless
asylum seekers and refugees are held in
detenon centres and face abuse of a
physical and psychological nature. State
support for asylum seekers has been cut;
projecons suggest they will receive around
50% less than Brish benet claimants. While
asylum seekers, who could face persecuon
at home, are forcibly removed from the
country in the dead of night.
We have reached this point because of a
weakness on the Le. A signicant number of
By Maya
Goodfellow,
LabourList
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4
policians who claim to be pro-immigraon
accept immigraon myths in some form or
another. For instance, many ignore thebenets of mul-language society and
adamantly proclaim that immigrants must
learn English, despite the fact that only a ny
number can’t and that the Coalion
government cut funding for English classes in
2011. This buys into the idea that ‘they’ are
dierent from ‘us’ and that ‘they’ cause
Brish society’s problems.
The absent response to the misleading, oen
hysterical, coverage of migraon has
exacerbated prejudice and strengthened the
toxic an-‘foreigner’ feeling in this country.
Far too many perpetuate the myth that
people from abroad move to Britain to claim
from the system. The reality is only 1% ofmigrants claim benets, in comparison to 4%
of the Brish populaon. Most immigrants
are in work and they are key to running
public services, like the NHS.
Yet policians sll rounely use the word
‘immigrant’ as if it were a dirty word. It has
become so powerful in its negavity that they
go so far as to interchange two very dierent
terms: ‘asylum seeker’ and ‘migrant’. The
former are forced to leave their country of
origin due to persecuon, the laer make the
choice to leave. Purposefully confusing these
two terms minimises the human suering
that exists just beyond this country’s borders
and sends a message to the public that all
people from abroad are out for what they can
get. And so, unless they have wealth to buy
them privilege, Brish immigrants and asylumseekers have become less than human.
Sadly, some believe that while all of this may
be true, the electorate won’t listen to the
truth about migraon. But public opinion is
not rigid and social change is not achieved by
simply pandering to opinion polls. On
immigraon we must challenge, confront and
transform misconcepons, to prove that
people from abroad – whether they are
classied as immigrants, asylum seekers or
refugees – have not caused low wages or this
country’s housing crisis. Wealthy landlords,
voracious employers and a deregulated
market have laid the ground for inequality to
breed. In fact, migrants and asylum seekersshare common ground with Britons who bore
the brunt of the economic crisis: both are
exploited and used as scapegoats for this
country’s problems. But mistruths about
immigraon shroud this potenal base for
solidarity.
That is why the facts in this pamphlet are so
important. We must use them to inject
raonality and humanity into the migraon
‘debate’. It is only with such facts that we can
create a rival narrave, in which we remind
the public that immigrants and asylum
seekers are human beings too.
Maya Goodfellow
Changing the debate
on migration
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Too oen, terms with very dierent meanings are used interchangeably to describe
migrants. This can result in confusion and create an inaccurate percepon of what is
going on. There are many dierent reasons people move from one country to another,
some people choose to move and some are forced.
Migrants: An umbrella term to describe those who move from one place to
another to nd work or beer living condions.
Immigrants: Those who come to a country mainly for work, generally to sele.
Asylum Seekers: Those who apply for protecon under the United NaonsConvenon on the Status of Refugees and are awaing a decision from the
government as to whether they are recognised as a refugee.
Refugees: People eeing their country of origin due to fear of persecuon forreasons of race, religion, naonality, membership in a parcular social group, or
polical opinion and who have ocially been given permission to stay in the country.
Migrants or refugees?
There is no such thing as an
‘illegal’ or ‘bogus’ asylum
seeker. Under internaonal
law, anyone has the right to
apply for asylum in any
country that has signed the
1951 Convenon and to
remain there unl their
claim has been assessed.
5
Source: Refugee Council1
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Media coverage of migraon is oen misleading and increasingly hysterical. Instead of
empathising with the plight of desperate migrants, the media, unl very recently, has
chosen to stoke up prejudice. The refugee crisis escalang in Europe due to conicts
across the Middle East and North Africa has been ignored to the point this became
impossible, showing just how far this xenophobic atude has skewed percepons. These
atudes eecvely shut down any real discussion about how, or why, Britain should play
a part in supporng refugees and migrants.
Despite a promise to give 20,000 people
’humanitarian status’ in the face of huge public
support for refugees, the Government is sll refusing
to take part in a fair asylum
system. In the rst 3 months
of 2015 they rejected 64%
of asylum cases and have
restricted the already basic
rights of those who are
granted asylum3.
Asylum seekers are not allowed to work while their
claim is processed. The Government is cung the
already limited support to the few asylum seekers
who have come to Britain – those with children now
have to live on £73.90 a week as a result of cuts of up
to 30% in their support payments4.
The truth about refugees
and asylum seekers
In the rst 3
months of 2015
the UK
Government
rejected 64% of
asylum cases.
6
Changing the debate
on migration
62%
What people think
4%
The reality
Source: IPPR, ONS2
Perceptions on the
share of asylum seekers
as % of migrants (UK)
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Britain
France
Sweden
Germany
Refugees in Turkey
In reality the number of refugees coming to Britain is
an incredibly small percentage of the world’s refugee
populaon. The vast majority – 86% – of refugees are
taken in by developing countries with far fewer
resources than Britain5. In 2014, Turkey – whose GDP
per capita is about four mes less than Britain’s –
hosted the largest number at 1.59 million refugees6.
Britain had 31,945 applicaons for asylum in 2014; but
in Sweden – whose populaon is nearly seven mes smaller than ours – there were
81,325 such applicaons. France had more than twice as many, and Germany – with
202,851 applicaons – had more than six mes the Brish rate7.
Asylum and new asylum applicants 2014
7
Developing
countries host
of the world’s
refugees
Adjusng the gures for each
country’s populaon, thecountry that received by far
the most applicants was
Sweden with 8,365 per
million people living there.
The UK received just 494,
which compares to 2,513 for
Germany and 972 for France.
64,310
202,815
81,325
31,945
Italy
64,625
1,590,000
The UK has one of the lowest
rates of applicaons per
resident in Europe at just 0.5
per 1,000 – 1 asylum
applicaon for every 2,000
residents.
Source: Eurostat8
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Patterns of migration The distorted debate around migraon is clearly evidenced by the gulf between public
percepon around numbers, versus the reality. Polls show that people think there are
far more immigrants in Britain than there really are. On average people think that
immigrants make up a quarter – 24.4% – of the populaon when it is actually half that,
at just over 12%9. In a global context, Britain has a smaller proporon of migrants in the
populaon than the US (13%)10
, Canada (20.6%)11
and Australia (25%)12
.
The movement of migrants is not just
one way. Large numbers of people
emigrate from Britain every year. An
esmated 323,000 people
emigrated from the UK in 2014,
joining the almost 1 in 10 Brish
cizens that already live overseas13.
Internal migraon within Britain is
also an important factor. 2.85
million residents moved between
local authories in England and
Wales last year, an increase of 5%
compared with a year earlier14
.
Migraon ows are
complex and there is broad
consensus that the net
migraon target is
unhelpful and shouldn’t
guide future policy.
5.5 million or
8% of the UK
population live
abroad - compared
to just 0.8% of
Americans.15
Changing the debate
on migration
The reality
12.5%
8
What proportion of
Britain’s population
are immigrants?
24.4%
What people think
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Migrants increase the labour supply of a country and help to
grow the economy through increased consumer demand,
which leads to the creaon of more jobs16
. Some argue that
there is a xed amount of work to be done in the economy,
and that more migrants means less jobs for those already
living in Britain. In reality, migrants not only increase the
size of the economy but also the number of jobs
available17
.
Despite the myths, the majority of new jobs created are not taken up by immigrants.
The immigrant share in new jobs is – and always has been – broadly the same as the
share of immigrants in the working age populaon
18
.
Between 2005 and 2008, generally a period of economic
strength and high migraon in Britain, employment of
exisng Brish workers increased by 116,00019
. Even in
2008, when migraon was high, the number of UK
unlled vacancies reached almost three quarters of a
million20
.
All the evidence suggests that migrants – especially
migrants from the new EU member states – are net
contributors to the public purse. In fact, new EU
migrants paid in via taxes about 30% more than they
cost public services21
. In parcular, they were far
less likely to claim benets and tax credits.
The real impact of migration
on the economy and jobs
of EU citizens comingto the UK for work
have a denite job
to go to22
9
New EU migrants paid
in taxes about
than they cost public
services.
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In total, there is evidence that migraon has posive eects on the average wage23
. By
adding the skill sets of migrant workers to exisng sectors, there is an increase in overall
producvity, which in turn increases the average wage. In some sectors, if migrants have
skills that are direct substutes for exisng workers, and if collecve agreements are not
enforced, then a slight downward pressure on wages at the lower end of the labourmarket might be felt
24.
But the race to the boom in wages began for many
reasons. The root of this can be found in the
deregulaon of labour markets and the introducon
of a ra of an-union laws25
. This gave employers the
go-ahead to push back against decent wages and
working condions. Deregulaon, the reducon in
trade-unionism and the failure to upgrade or enforce
the minimum wage, has been to blame for this race
to the boom.
Changing the debate
on migration
What’s the real reason for the
race to the bottom in wages?
10
Deregulation of
labour markets
Failure to implement
the Agency WorkersDirective
Reduction in
trade unionism
Failure to enforce
minimum wage
WA G E S:
T he race to t he
bo t tom
The only way to
ensure decent wages
and working conditions for
all workers is to: renew theregulation of employment
conditions; ensure a
stronger role for trade
unions; and put policies in
place to tackle
the squeeze on living
standards across
the board.
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Migration and public
servicesHousing
Successive government failure has meant that not
enough housing has been built over a long period
and there are now desperate shortages of
aordable housing across the country. In some areas
this has led to anger at the lack of housing being
misdirected towards migrants. The majority of new
immigrants are not eligible for social housing and
myths of migrants ‘jumping’ social housing waing
lists are completely untrue. On average, immigrants
are less likely to be in social housing than people
born in the UK26
. Likewise, immigrants are much less
likely to own their home and immigraon is unlikely
to have an impact on overall house prices27
.
Social Security The term ‘benet tourism’ is oen
bandied around to conjure up
images of lazy migrants heading
abroad to live o benets. But
‘benet tourism’ does not exist.
The UK is the only EU country to
have a lower unemployment rate
for migrants – 7.5% – than
naonals – 7.9%
28
.
U K
- b o r n
h e a d s o f h o u
s e h o l d
Source: EHRC
Owner
Occupiers
74% 17%
Social
Housing
Tenants
17% 11%
Private
Tenants
7% 64%
F o r e i g n - b o r n
h e a d s o f h
o u s e h o l d
11
of migrants claim
unemployment
benets
of UK nationals
compared to
Source: European Commission29
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About 2.5% of Britons in other EU countries are
claiming unemployment benets – the same level as
the number of EU naonals claiming jobseeker’sallowance (JSA) in the UK
30.
The UK has some of the lowest benets in Europe and
the government has introduced harsher rules on
claiming support31
. These include EU migrants having to
wait three months before they can claim for JSA, Child
Benet and Child Tax Credits.
National Health Service
The phrase ‘health tourism’
refers to the idea that migrants
come to the UK with the sole
intenon of accessing free
healthcare. We are told it is a major problem, but in reality this is not the case. A
government report idened a "plausible range for health tourism" of just 5,000 to
20,000 visitors a year32
. This equals just 0.3% of total NHS spending33
– far from the
billions of pounds we are led to believe is being spent. In reality, the UK is a net
beneciary of so-called ‘health tourism’. More Brish
people receive treatment abroad than the number of
foreign born who receive treatment on the NHS
34
.
Immigrants resident in England account for 4.5% of the
populaon but are responsible for less than 2% of NHS
spending, meaning migrants cost the NHS less than
Brish-born residents35
. In the NHS, you are far more
likely to be treated by a migrant worker than meet one
in the waing room.
Overseas visitors
currently accountfor about
of total NHS
expenditure
12
Changing the debate
on migration
"Epidemics of health tourists cost us billions"
The Daily Mail, 3rd April 2013
Around the
same number ofBritons are claiming
unemployment benets
in other EU countries
as there are EU
nationals claiming
JSA in the UK
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On average migrants are younger and beer educated
than their UK-born counterparts. The most recent
immigrants are beer educated sll. While more than half
of the UK-born workforce le school at 16 or earlier, fewer
than 1 in 6 new immigrants nished their educaon by theage of 16
36. In 2012, just over 1 in 5 UK-born members of
the workforce nished educaon at 21 or later compared
with more than 40% of all immigrants and more than 50%
of all new immigrants37
.
While English may not be the rst
language of many migrants, the
overwhelming majority speak English.
Just 0.3% of the total UK populaon
don't speak English at all38
.
The UK points-based system for non-EU immigrants means that
migrants are only permied to take jobs where there are recognised skill shortages and
if they can prove, before entering the UK, that
they have the necessary qualicaons. Unlike in
the United States, where the skill composion of
migrants is lted towards the unskilled, migrants
in the UK are over-
represented in very
high-skilled
occupaons.
13
Students, migration and the
skills shortage
More than 1 in 4 doctors in the UK
are foreign-born nationals
1 in 7 qualied clinical staff in hospitals and surgeries are
foreign-born nationals
Just 0.3%
of the UKpopulation is
unable to speak
English
of recent EU
migrants and
of recent non-EU
migrants
have a university
degree
Source: HSCIC39
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Sources and References
The following footnotes refer to sourcesand reports quoted in the text:
1. See Refugee Council hp://
www.refugeecouncil.org.uk/glossary
2. See IPPR (2014) Percepons and Reality: Public
Atudes to Immigraon hps://www.ipsos-
mori.com/DownloadPublicaon/1634_sri -
percepons-and-reality-immigraon-report-
2013.pdf
3.
See Refugee Council (2015) Quarterly AsylumStascs hp://www.refugeecouncil.org.uk/
assets/0003/4620/
Asylum_Stascs_May_2015.pdf
4. See hp://www.theguardian.com/uk -
news/2015/jul/16/asylum-seekers-with-children
-to-see-support-payments-cut
5. UNHCR (2014) Refugee Stascs hp://
www.unhcr.org.uk/about-us/key-facts-and-
gures.html
6.
See UNHCR above
7. See Eurostat (2015) Asylum and new asylum
applicants hp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/
stascs-explained/index.php/
Asylum_quarterly_report
8. See Eurostat (2015) above and Guardian (2015)
hp://www.theguardian.com/world/
datablog/2015/may/11/which-eu-countries-
receive-the-most-asylum-seekers
9.
See House Of Commons Brieng (2015)Migraon Stascs using Ipsos Mori and Census
2011 data hp://
researchbriengs.parliament.uk/
ResearchBrieng/Summary/SN06077#fullreport
10. See hp://www.americanprogress.org/issues/
immigraon/report/2013/04/03/59040/the -
facts-on-immigraon-today-3/
11. See hp://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/canada-s-
foreign-born-populaon-soars-to-6-8-million-
1.1308179 12. See hp://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/[email protected]/
Lookup/by%
20Subject/1370.0~2010~Chapter~Overseas%
20born%20populaon%20%283.6%29
13. ONS Migraon Quarterly Report (May 2015)
hp://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/migraon1/
migraon-stascs-quarterly-report/may-2015/
stb-msqr-may-2015.html
14. ONS (2014) Internal Migraon by Local
Authories in England and Wales hp://
www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/migraon1/internal -
migraon-by-local-authories-in-england-and-
wales/year-ending
- june
-2014/index.html
15. Royal Stascal Society analysis of ONS data
(2014) hp://www.statslife.org.uk/social -
sciences/1910-how-many-brish-immigrants-
are-there-in-other-people-s-countries
16. Benne, A. (2014), Does Immigraon From EU
Countries Cause Unemployment In The UK? ,
Hungton hp://
www.hungtonpost.co.uk/2014/01/21/
immigraon-ids-may_n_4632089.html
17. See Benne, A. Hungton Post above
18. Centre for Economic Performance, LSE (2015)
Immigraon and the UK Labour Market hp://
cep.lse.ac.uk/pubs/download/ea019.pdf
19. Benne, A. (2014), Does Immigraon From EU
Countries Cause Unemployment In The UK? ,
Hungton hp://
www.hungtonpost.co.uk/2014/01/21/
immigraon-ids-may_n_4632089.html
20.
See Benne, A. Hungton Post above
21. Dustmann, C. and Frani, T. (2013), The Fiscal
Eects of Immigraon to the UK, Discussion
Paper Series CDP No 22/13, Centre for Research
and Analysis of Migraon, UCL: hp://
www.cream-migraon.org/publ_uploads/
CDP_18_09.pdf
22. ONS Quarterly Report (Aug 2015) hp://
www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/migraon1/migraon -
stascs-quarterly-report/august-2015/
index.html
14
Changing the debate
on migration
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15/16
15
23. See Dustmann, C. and Frani, T. UCL above
24. Dustmann, C., Frani, T. and Preston, I. (2013),
‘The Eect of Immigraon along the Distribuon
of Wages’, Review of Economic Studies, Vol 80
(1), pp. 145-173. and Lemos, S. and Portes, J.
(2008), New Labour? The Impact of Migraon
from Central and Eastern European Countries on
the UK Labour Market , Discussion Paper No.
3756, IZA, Germany. Available: hp://
p.iza.org/dp3756.pdf
25. See Migrants Rights Network (2013) hp://
www.migrantsrights.org.uk/blog/2013/11/
migrants-are-undermining-working-condions-
no-blame-30-years-government-deregulaon
26. See Centre for Economic Performance, LSE
Immigraon and the UK Labour Market (2013)
hp://cep.lse.ac.uk/pubs/download/pa014.pdf
27.
Ruer, J. and Latorre, M. (2009), Social housingallocaon and immigrant communies, Equality
and Human Rights Commission, available:
hp://www.equalityhumanrights.com/
uploaded_les/ehrc_report_ -
_social_housing_allocaon_and_immigrant_co
mmunies.pdf
28. ICF GHK (2013), A fact nding analysis on the
impact on the Member States' social security
systems of the entlements of non-acve intra-
EU migrants to special non-contributory cash
benets and healthcare granted on the basis of
residence: hp://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?
langId=en&catId=89&newsId=1980&furtherNew
s=yes
29. See ICF GHK above
30. Guardian analysis of EU countries (2015) via
stascs oces, ministries and government
authories hp://www.theguardian.com/uk -
news/2015/jan/19/-sp-thousands-britons-claim-
benets-eu
31. See New Statesman (2015) hp://
www.newstatesman.com/polics/2014/11/
what-are-eu-migrants-entled-terms-benets-
and-housing-and-when and Stovicek, K. and
Turrini, A. (2012), Benchmarking Unemployment
Benet Systems: European Economy Economic
Papers 454, European Commission: hp://
ec.europa.eu/economy_nance/publicaons/
economic_paper/2012/pdf/ecb454_en.pdf
32. Prederi (2013), Quantave Assessment of
Visitor and Migrant use of the NHS In England:
Exploring the data hps://www.gov.uk/
government/uploads/system/uploads/
aachment_data/le/251909/
Quantave_Assessment_of_Visitor_and_Migra
nt_Use_of_the_NHS_in_England_ -
_Exploring_the_Data_- _FULL_REPORT.pdf
33. See Channel 4 Full Fact hps://fullfact.org/
health/costs_health_tourism-37227
34. See Hanefeld, J; Horsfall, D; Lunt, N and Smith,
R (2013) Medical Tourism: A Cost or Benet to
the NHS? hp://journals.plos.org/plosone/
arcle?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0070406
35. Royal Society of Medicine (2014) hps://
www.rsm.ac.uk/about-us/media-
informaon/2014-media-releases/immigraon-
bill-will-pose-risk-to-public-health.aspx
36. Centre for Economic Performance, LSE
Immigraon and the UK Labour Market (2012)
hp://cep.lse.ac.uk/pubs/download/pa014.pdf
37. See Centre for Economic Performance above
38. NIESR analysis of ONS 2011 Census data (2014)
hp://www.niesr.ac.uk/blog/speaking -english-
does-maer-almost-all-immigrants-uk-
do#.Vds4bVikp
39. Health and Social Care Informaon Centre
(HSCIC) research (2014) hp://
www.hscic.gov.uk/
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8/18/2019 2015 Changing the Debate on Migration (MRN)
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The views, policy proposals and comments in this piece do not represent the collecve views of Class or Migrants’
Rights Network but have been approved as worthy of consideraon by the labour movement.