2015-11-08 Case Study No. 1 - High Rise Willis Tower
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Transcript of 2015-11-08 Case Study No. 1 - High Rise Willis Tower
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Willis Tower, formerly Sears Tower
Quick Facts:
Location: 233 S. Wacker Drive,Chicago, Illinois, US
Architect: Bruce Graham, DesignPartner at Skidmore,!ings, " #erill $S..#%
Engineer: &a'lur (ahman )han o*S..#
Architectural Height: ++2. m
Floor Count: - store/s 0 31asement oors
uil!ing Foot "rint: 44ro5 --- m
2
#ross Floor Area: +6,--- m2
Leasa$le Floor Area: 373,--- m2
%etail S&aces: +3,-- m2
'se: Commercial, 8ce, Broadcast,
9i*est/le, :vents
(um$er of Lifts: -+ !ith 6 dou1le;decker li*ts
Conce&t:
Steel &rame
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)ntro!uction
=he su1?ect o* this case stud/
is the Willis Tower, formerly Sears
Tower in Chicago, Illinois, US. It
!as once the tallest 1uilding in the
!orld, having an architectural
height of ++-. m !ith a oor
count o* ./0 1oors &lus 2
$asement 1oors. It held this
distinction *or more than t!ent/
/ears. It !as !esigne! $y ruce
#raham an! Fa3lur %ahman 4han
of Ski!more, 5wings, an! 6errill.
=he !esign $rief!as develo4ed 1/ the clients Sears (oe1uck and
Com4an/, a hugel/ 4ro@ta1le retail
com4an/ in the US. =he com4an/
!anted an e5clusive o8ce 1uilding and thus hired interior design com4an/
SLS En7ironetics to conduct detailed studies on the s4ace reAuirements o*
the com4an/. =his stud/ determined that Sears reAuired 0/,/// m of
o8ce s&ace!ith oors o* +67- m2 to accommodate its 3,--- em4lo/ees.
=o achieve this, Skidmore !ings and #errill, through &a'lur (ahman
)han, develo4ed a ne! *orm o* structural su44ort *or sk/scra4ers allo!ing
ne! 1uildings to 1e 1uilt to un4recedented heights the Bundled =u1e
Vicinity Map
Location Map
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Structural S/stem. Because o* this 1reakthrough, Sears reali'ed that !hat
the/ !ant !as not an e5clusive o8ce 1uilding 1ut a taller 1uilding !ith
s4aces a1ove the levels occu4ied 1/ Sears leasa1le to tenants.
Conce&t
=he conce4t o* the 1uilding is the $un!le! tu$e. =he tu1e
s/stem comes *rom the idea that a structure can resist lateral
loads 1/ designing it as a hollow cantile7er &er&en!icular
to the groun!. =he 1undled tu1e is an evolution o* this idea.
Instead o* one tu1e, a 1uilding can 1e 1uilt as several tu1es
tied together to act as one structure to resist the lateral
*orces.
=his allo!ed lesser columns and there*ore less steel
consum4tion and 1etter economic e8cienc/. &urthermore,
sk/scra4ers no longer had to 1e
1o5;sha4ed.
In the Willis =o!er, nine $% structural
tu1es,E each 23 m across, are grou4ed together
as one rigid structure in a three;1/;three grid
arrangement. =he/ are strengthened through
truss connections.
=he darker lines in the diagram on the le*t
re4resent the truss connection.
Willis Tower Concept Sheet
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Floor&lan
=he Willis =o!erFs oor 4lan comes in four
7ariationat dierent levels. &rom the ground oor
u4 to the 7-thstore/, the oor 4lan consists o* all the
nine $% structural tu1e. =he central tu1e acts as the
1uilding core !here the ma?orit/ o* the 1uilding
services and vertical circulation are located. =he to4
le*t and 1ottom right tu1es !ould terminate at the
7-thoor !hile the others continue. In the 66 thoor,
the to4 right and 1ottom le*t tu1es !ould terminate
leaving 1ehind a cruci*orm oor 4lan !hich !ould
e5tend u4 to the -thoor !here the center;to4 and
the center;1ottom tu1e !ould terminate leaving the t!o remaining tu1es to
e5tend u4 to the -thand @nal oor.
=here are two 9 reasons for this staggere! a&&roachH
First, Sear;s original &lan was to occu&y only one half of the
$uil!ing, lea7ing the other half for lease to tenants- Since tenants
!ould need much smaller s4aces than !hat Sears !ould need, it !ould onl/
make sense to create smaller and smaller oor 4lates. =he !a/ S..# did this
not onl/ solved the oor 4late issue, it also led to the creation o* more
4erimeter o8ces, a much more attractive sell in real;estate. Secon!, in a
1undled tu1e structure, it is o* 4aramount im4ortance to $alance the
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!istri$ution of the loa!s es4eciall/ considering the structureFs
as/mmetrical design. s a solution, the design called *or a rotation of the
framingever/ @ve oors and the !iminishing of the 1oor &late si3e in
s4eci@c areas.
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=he s4atial organi'ation is mostl/ o4en;4lan oor area. =ake note o* the4rominent 1uilding core $shaded in gra/% !here most 1uilding servicesincluding vertical circulation and su44ort *acilities are concentrated.
Figure 2 - 38th Floor PlanFigure 1 - roun! Floor Plan
Figure 3 - "3r! Floor Plan Figure # - 8"th Floor Plan
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2< Form
=he resulting 3D *orm
o* the 1uilding is a strong
architectural statement
!hich roared skyscra&ers
no longer ha! to $e
s=uare>like. =he
as/mmetrical design
resulted in the *orm o* multi4le to!ers reaching u4 to the sk/.
=he $lack hori3ontal $an!s on the fa?a!eas scene on the diagram
re4resent the truss oors !hich act as the main hori'ontal connectors in the
1uildings. =he architects also *ound it convenient to 4lace the mechanical
services on these oors as illustrated 1/ the stacking diagram.
s *or st/le, the Willis to!er *ollo!ed the then reigning International
St/le, s4orting clean vertical lines and *enestration on the !hole 4erimeter o*
the 1uilding !all.
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=hough
Sears !anted to
1uild higher, the
height !as
limited 1/ the
aviation authorit/
in the US *or
sa*et/ 4ur4oses.
uil!ing Skin
=he =o!er uses 9ight!eight Black nodi'ed luminum S4andrel Panels and
Bron'e;=inted Glare;(educing ision Glass *or its Building Skin. =hese !ere
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standard in the industr/ at that time es4eciall/ in International St/le
Buildings and are not o* note as the/ are 1asic curtain !all details toda/.
@ertical Circulation
=he Willis =o!er em4lo/s a ./+>ca$ ele7ator system-=here are dierent
t/4es o* elevator used.
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=here are !ou$le !eck shuttle ele7atorsserving sk/ lo11ies. =here are
single !eck ele7ators*or intra;'onal travel. =here are e&ress ele7ators
that take 6 seconds to reach an o1servation deck at the -3rd oor. It
em4lo/s the sky lo$$yconce4t. =here are sk/ lo11ies at level 3+ and levels
66;6J.
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Sources
htt4HKK!!!.som.comK4ro?ectsK!illisLto!erL*ormerl/LsearsLto!er
htt4HKK!!!.!illisto!er.comK1uilding;in*ormationKhistor/;and;*acts
htt4HKK!!!.great1uildings.comK1uildingsKSearsL=o!er.html
htt4HKKkhan.4rinceton.eduKkhanSears.html
htt4HKK!!!.slideshare.netKneel-+Ksears;to!er