2014 evolution-week1

SBC174 Evolution (& Ecology)

Taking notes...

Being a student...

Course Outline and Timetable

http://qmplus.qmul.ac.uk/course/view.php?id=3972

Yannick Wurm

YW

Dave Hone

DH


http://qmplus.qmul.ac.uk/course/view.php?id=3972Semester A: Evolution

20% WorkshopFinal Grade:

80% Exam

Lectures from Yannick Wurm (YW), and David Hone (DH).!Week 1: YW – Introduction, Historical context, Neo Darwinism!Week 2: YW – Geological Aspects, Drivers of Evolution, Levels of Evolution!Week 3: YW – Ultimate vs Proximate, learning from fossils, learning from DNA!Week 4: YW – Human Evolution!Week 5: YW - Genetic Basis of Evolution!Week 6: DH – Selection, Gene Flow, and Mutation!Week 7: Mid semester break, no lectures.!Week 8: DH – Founder Effects, Inbreeding, and Hybrid Zones!Week 8: Computer Practical (afternoon) [PopG Tutorial]!Week 9: DH – Evolution of Sex, Sexual Selection!Week 10: DH – Systematics, Speciation!Week 11: DH - Evolution of Parasites, Antibiotics!Week 12: DH – Convergence, Revision Session

Mondays: 9-10 a.m in Maths MLT (Maths Lecture Theatre) 12-1pm in Laws 2.10!Note: the workshops will be in week 8 of Semesters A and B.


Semester B: Ecology

Final Grade: 80% Exam; 5% Workshop; 15% Fieldcourse

Week 1: Introduction to the course, Introduction to ecology!!Week 2: Survivorship curves, Food webs and interactions!!Week 3: Niches, Biomes and Habitats!!Week 4: Ecosystem Services, Productivity!!Week 5: Extinctions, Global Warming!!Week 6: Invertebrates & global warming, Pollinators!!Week 7: READING WEEK!!Week 8: Invertebrate Ecology, Plants (global view) - WORKSHOP!!Week 9: Microbes, Plankton!!Week 10: Salt Marshes, Woodlands,!!Week 11: Invasive species, Ecological Solutions!!Week 12: UK Conservation, Review session

All lectures by David Hone

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Math Lecture Theater

SBC174/SBS110: Evolution (& Ecology)

“Nothing in Biology Makes Sense Except in the Light of Evolution”

Theodosius Dobzhansky 1973

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodosius_Dobzhansky

Recommended Reading

Paperback 352 pages (2010)!Publisher : Profile Books!!Amazon price: £5.89

Paperback 596 pages !(11 Aug 2005)!!Publisher : Oxford University Press!Amazon price: £26.99

+Lots of stuff on youtube.

+Anything in Nature, Science, Trends in Ecology & Evolution…

Lecture 1: Introduction and some historical perspectives

Early ideasTwo camps: Fixity of species or change?

350 B.C. Aristotle:!individuals in a “Species” are identical and unchanging

1749 Buffon Histoire Naturelle encyclopedia: !The earth is very old. Species change.

1785 Hutton. Geologist: !Uniformitarianism: Changes in nature are gradual.

1798 Cuvier : !Fossils show extinct species (due to catastrophe). !Species don’t change.

Define: “Evolution by Natural Selection”

Are there other types of evolution?

3 Schools of evolutionary thought

1. Linnaeus:1700s

2. Lamarck: 1744—1829!

3. Darwin & Wallace: 1800s

Carolus Linnaeus (1707—1778)• Swedish!

• 180 books classified nature: “revealing the order of life created by God.”: “God created, Linnaeus arranged”!

• Devised the binomial naming system: Genus species !

• Thought that species do not change.

3 Schools of evolutionary thought• Linneaus: each species was

separately created.

J-B. de Lamarck (1744—1829)

• Worked most of his life at the Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle (Paris)!

• He promoted the idea that species change.


1. Linnaeus:1700s!

2. Lamarck: 1744-1829



• Lamarck: characteristics acquired by an individual are passed on to offspring.

• Linneaus: each species was separately created.

Giraffe necks• Lamarck: stretching giraffes

lengthened their necks to reach tree-top vegetation. This acquired characteristic is passed to offspring.!

• Darwin & Wallace: giraffes with long necks out-compete those with short necks.


1. Linnaeus:1700s!

2. Lamarck: 1744—1829!


Thomas Malthus (1766-1834)

Published on “principle of population”:!Human populations increase faster (geometrically=exponentially) !than food production (increases arithmetically = linearly)!

Charles Lyell (1797-1875)

Uniformitarianism. 4 ideas: !• Accepted by all scientists:!

1. Natural laws are constant across space and time!2. Principle of parsimony: try to explain the past by causes

now in operation without inventing extra, fancy, or unknown causes, however plausible in logic, if available processes suffice. !

• Debatable:!3. Change is slow, steady, and gradual.!4. Change is evenly distributed throughout space and time.!

Geologist, strong proponent of uniformitarianism (slow gradual change)

Darwin & the Voyage of the Beagle

1831-1836

Galápagos finches

• Analysis -> finches derived from one ancestral species arriving from the mainland to populate and diversify across the islands (adaptive radiation).

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Fernandina(Marlborough)

Isabela(Albemarle)

San Cristóbal(Chatham)

Floreana(Santa María / Charles)

Española(Hood)

Rábida(Jervis)

Pinzón(Duncan)

Tortuga(Brattle)

Baltra (South Seymour)

Darwin(Culpepper)

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Isabela(Albermarle)

Darwin!1837

Charles Darwin (1809-1882)

• Darwin at about 30 years old, three years since returning from his voyage aboard HMS Beagle (1831-1836)!

• The Origin of Species was published several decades later in 1859 (prompted by competition from Alfred Russel Wallace).

Alfred Russel Wallace (1823-1913)

• Wallace in his thirties. (National Portrait Gallery, London.)!

• In 1858 he came up with similar ideas to Darwin about the mechanism of evolutionary change

BBC Two - Bill Bailey's Jungle Hero, Wallace in Borneo

http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p0160p0s

BBC Two - Bill Bailey's Jungle Hero, Wallace in Borneo

Read at the Linnean Society

Under optimal conditions, populations indefinitely increase in size.

Because they do not:! * either not all animals reach maturity! * and/or some animals breed less

Individuals within a population differ (natural variation)Some differences (traits) affect survival/reproductionSome of these traits are heritable: passed on from parents to offspring

Advantageous traits lead to increased relative survival of certain lineages

Evolution by natural selection


• Lamarck: characteristics acquired by an individual are passed on to offspring.

• Linneaus: each species was separately created.

• Darwin & Wallace: viewed evolution as descent with modification.

Giraffe necks• Lamarck: stretching giraffes

lengthened their necks to reach tree-top vegetation. This acquired characteristic is passed to offspring.!

• Darwin & Wallace: giraffes with long necks have more offspring than those with short necks.

Actually: sexual selection??

(1859) "The Origin of Species"

A scheme or system of ideas or statements held as an explanation or account of a group of facts or phenomena; a hypothesis that has been confirmed or established by observation and experiment, and is propounded or accepted as accounting for the known facts.

theory |ˈTHēərē, ˈTHi(ə)rē| noun ( pl. theories )

Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection

(Oxford English Dictionary)

Darwin's Theory of Evolution (1859) "The Origin of Species"

• There is inherited variation within species.!

• There is competition for survival within species.!

• Natural selection is the process whereby genetically inherited characteristics become more or less common in a population as a function of the differential reproductive success of the bearers of these characteristics.!

•This process occurring independently on two populations of a single species leads to the accumulation of differences between the populations - and ultimately to speciation.

Summary

Ideas on how the diversity of life was/is produced date back to the ancient Greeks!

! These ideas developed considerably in the 1800s,

culminating in the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection

!

• Also: !• genetic drift!• (sexual selection)!• artificial selection (selective breeding)!• mutation

Natural selection leads to adaptive change

• But environmental conditions change: What was advantageous yesterday may be a disadvantage today.

Evolution=change doesn’t only occur by natural selection!!

1. The Fossil Record2. Comparative Anatomy3. Comparative Embryology4. Vestigial Structures5. Domestication (artificial selection)

Darwin’s evidence for evolution

1. The Fossil Record: Palaeontology

Random order Reality: there is

sequential order to the fossil record

2. Comparative anatomy

• Comparison of forelimbs among 4 vertebrates.

Homology vs. analogy

• Homology - vertebrate forearms: the bat wing, mouse forearm, and human arm are homologous structures as all are composed of similar bones inherited from a recent common ancestor.

Homology vs. analogy

• Analogy: The wings of bats, butterflies, and birds evolved independently, not from a recent common ancestor. But they have a similar function, flight, and so are analogous.

(convergent evolution)

Morphological series - evolution of limbs from fins

• Note homology of structures

3. Comparative Embryology

• Embryonic retention of ancestral characteristics in vertebrates (e.g. gills and tails)

4. Vestigial features I • Whales: hips and hind limbs are reduced to small bones with no function. !• In primitive snakes, the remnants of hind limbs persist (forelimbs are

absent).

Femur Pelvis

Vestigial features II

• The human appendix is a vestigial structure, reduced from the caecum of primate ancestors.

• Others: muscles to move ears, “goose bumps”

Von Holdt et al. (2010) Nature 464, 898-903

5. Domestication (artificial selection)

Brassica oleracea

Patterns and processes in evolutionary thought

New hypotheses

New understanding

of evolutionary!processes

New research

New findings/

observations

“Neo-Darwinism”or

“The Modern Synthesis”The same thing... but with better understanding of

how things work.

• Darwin’s Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection!• Mendel’s Laws of Heredity (1866, 1900; see SBS 008)!• Cytogenetics (1902, 1904 - )!• Population Genetics (1908; see later lectures) !• Molecular genetics (1970s- ; see SBS 633/210 and later lectures)

2014 evolution-week1

Science

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