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Multi-scale method for modeling thin sheet buckling

under residual stress : In the context of cold strip rolling

Rebecca Nakhoul

To cite this version:

Rebecca Nakhoul. Multi-scale method for modeling thin sheet buckling under residual stress: In the context of cold strip rolling. Other. Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris,2014. English. .

HAL Id: pastel-00976843

https://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00976843

Submitted on 10 Apr 2014

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N°: 2009 ENAM XXXX

MINES ParisTechCEMEF – UMR CNRS 7635

1, rue Claude Daunesse, CS 207 – 06904 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France

École doctorale n° 364 : Sciences Fondamentales et Appliquées

présentée et soutenue publiquement par

Rebecca NAKHOUL

le 19 Février 2014

Multi-scale method for modeling thin sheet buckling under residual

stress – In the context of cold strip rolling

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

Méthode multi-échelle pour la modélisation du flambage des tôles

minces sous contraintes résiduelles – Application au laminage à froid

Doctorat ParisTechT H È S E

pour obtenir le grade de docteur délivré par

l’École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris

Spécialité “ Mécanique Numérique ”

Directeur de thèse : Pierre MONTMITONNET

T

H

È

S

E

JuryPr. Ali LIMAM, LGCIE, Insa de Lyon, France RapporteurPr. Jean-Philippe PONTHOT, LTAS-MN2L, Université de Liège, Belgique RapporteurPr. Hachmi BEN DHIA, MSSMat, Ecole Centrale de Paris , France ExaminateurPr. Jean-Michel BERGHEAU, LTDS, ENI Saint-Etienne, France ExaminateurPr. Michel POTIER-FERRY, LEM3, Université de Lorraine, Metz, France ExaminateurDr. Laurent BOISSONNET, Constellium CRV, Voreppe, France Examinateur

Dr. Nicolas LEGRAND, ArcelorMittal Global R&D, Maizières Les Metz, France Examinateur

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❆ ❈ ❑ ◆ ❖ ❲ ▲ ❊ ❉ ● ▼ ❊ ◆ ❚

❋ ✐ ♦ ❢ ❛ ❧ ❧ ✱ ■ ❤ ❛ ♥ ❦ ♠ ② ✉ ♣ ❡ ✈ ✐ ♦ ✱ ♦ ❢ ❡ ♦ ✐ ❡ ❡ ▼ ♦ ♥ ♠ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♥ ❡ ❢ ♦ ❛ ❧ ❧ ♦ ❢ ❤ ✐ ✉ ♣ ✲

♣ ♦ ✱ ✐ ♥ ✈ ❡ ♠ ❡ ♥ ✱ ✐ ♠ ❡ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❣ ✉ ✐ ❞ ❛ ♥ ❝ ❡ ✳ ■ ❤ ❛ ♥ ❦ ❤ ✐ ♠ ♣ ❡ ❝ ✐ ❛ ❧ ❧ ② ❢ ♦ ❤ ✐ ❝ ♦ ♥ ✜ ❞ ❡ ♥ ❝ ❡ ✐ ♥ ♠ ❡ ✇ ❤ ❡ ♥

♣ ♦ ♣ ♦ ✐ ♥ ❣ ✉ ❝ ❤ ❛ ❤ ❡ ❛ ✈ ② ② ❡ ♠ ♦ ✐ ✈ ❛ ✐ ♥ ❣ ✉ ❜ ❥ ❡ ❝ ✳

■ ❧ ✐ ❦ ❡ ♦ ❤ ❡ ❛ ✈ ✐ ❧ ② ❤ ❛ ♥ ❦ ❉ ✳ ❙ ❛ ♠ ✐ ❆ ❜ ❞ ❡ ❧ ❦ ❤ ❛ ❧ ❡ ❦ ❢ ♦ ❛ ❧ ❧ ❤ ❡ ❤ ❡ ❧ ♣ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❣ ✉ ✐ ❞ ❛ ♥ ❝ ❡ ❤ ❡ ♦ ✛ ❡ ❡ ❞

❞ ✉ ✐ ♥ ❣ ♠ ② ❤ ❡ ❡ ② ❡ ❛ ♦ ❢ ❡ ❡ ❛ ❝ ❤ ✳

❚ ❤ ✐ ✇ ♦ ❦ ✇ ♦ ✉ ❧ ❞ ♥ ✬ ❤ ❛ ✈ ❡ ❣ ♦ ❡ ♥ ♦ ❢ ❛ ✇ ✐ ❤ ♦ ✉ ❤ ❡ ✐ ♥ ❡ ❧ ❧ ❡ ❝ ✉ ❛ ❧ ✐ ❣ ♦ ❝ ♦ ♥ ✐ ❜ ✉ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❛ ♥ ❞

❝ ♦ ❧ ❧ ❛ ❜ ♦ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦ ❢ ❜ ♦ ❤ ♦ ❢ ❡ ♦ ▼ ✐ ❝ ❤ ❡ ❧ ♦ ✐ ❡ ✲ ❋ ❡ ② ❛ ♥ ❞ ♦ ❢ ❡ ♦ ❍ ❛ ♠ ✐ ❞ ❩ ❛ ❤ ♦ ✉ ♥ ✐ ✳ ❙ ♦

■ ✇ ♦ ✉ ❧ ❞ ❧ ✐ ❦ ❡ ♦ ❡ ① ♣ ❡ ♠ ② ❣ ❛ ✐ ✉ ❞ ❡ ❢ ♦ ❤ ❡ ♠ ✳

■ ❧ ✐ ❦ ❡ ♦ ❤ ❛ ♥ ❦ ♦ ❢ ❡ ♦ ❏ ❡ ❛ ♥ ✲ ▼ ✐ ❝ ❤ ❡ ❧ ❇ ❡ ❣ ❤ ❡ ❛ ✉ ✐ ♥ ❊ ◆ ■ ❙ ❛ ✐ ♥ ❊ ✐ ❡ ♥ ♥ ❡ ❢ ♦ ❣ ✐ ✈ ✐ ♥ ❣ ♠ ❡

❤ ❡ ❤ ♦ ♥ ♦ ♦ ❢ ❝ ❤ ❛ ✐ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❤ ❡ ❥ ✉ ② ✳ ■ ❤ ❛ ♥ ❦ ❡ ✉ ❛ ❧ ❧ ② ♦ ❢ ❡ ♦ ❆ ❧ ✐ ▲ ✐ ♠ ❛ ♠ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❏ ❡ ❛ ♥ ✲ ❤ ✐ ❧ ✐ ♣ ♣ ❡

♦ ♥ ❤ ♦ ❢ ♦ ❛ ❣ ❡ ❡ ✐ ♥ ❣ ♦ ❜ ❡ ❤ ❡ ❡ ✈ ✐ ❡ ✇ ❡ ♦ ❢ ❤ ✐ ❤ ❡ ✐ ✳ ❋ ♦ ❤ ❡ ✐ ♣ ❛ ✐ ❝ ✐ ♣ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❛ ♠ ❡ ♠ ❜ ❡

♦ ❢ ❤ ❡ ❥ ✉ ② ✱ ■ ❤ ❛ ♥ ❦ ❛ ✇ ❡ ❧ ❧ ♦ ❢ ❡ ♦ ❍ ❛ ❝ ❤ ♠ ✐ ❇ ❡ ♥ ❉ ❤ ✐ ✱ ♦ ❢ ❡ ♦ ▼ ✐ ❝ ❤ ❡ ❧ ♦ ✐ ❡ ✲ ❋ ❡ ② ✱

❉ ♦ ❝ ♦ ▲ ❛ ✉ ❡ ♥ ❇ ♦ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♥ ❡ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❉ ♦ ❝ ♦ ◆ ✐ ❝ ♦ ❧ ❛ ▲ ❡ ❣ ❛ ♥ ❞ ✳

❋ ♦ ❛ ❧ ❧ ❤ ❡ ❣ ♦ ♦ ❞ ✐ ♠ ❡ ✐ ♥ ❈ ❊ ▼ ❊ ❋ ✱ ■ ❛ ② ✬ ❍ ■ ✬ ♦ ♠ ② ❢ ✐ ❡ ♥ ❞ ✱ ❆ ♥ ❛ ✲ ▲ ❛ ✉ ❛ ✱ ❈ ❛ ♦ ❧ ❡ ✱ ● ❤ ❛ ③ ③ ❛ ✱

● ❤ ✐ ♥ ❛ ✱ ❍ ♦ ♥ ❣ ❈ ❤ ❛ ✉ ✱ ❑ ♦ ✣ ✱ ▲ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❡ ❧ ✱ ▼ ❛ ✐ ❡ ❧ ✱ ▼ ❡ ✐ ❡ ♠ ✱ ◆ ❛ ❞ ✐ ♥ ❡ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❯ ❣ ♦ ✳ ■ ✇ ❛ ❛ ♣ ❧ ❡ ❛ ✉ ❡

♠ ❡ ❡ ✐ ♥ ❣ ② ♦ ✉ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❤ ❛ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❧ ♦ ✈ ❡ ❧ ② ✐ ♠ ❡ ❛ ♥ ❞ ♠ ❡ ♠ ♦ ✐ ❡ ✇ ✐ ❤ ② ♦ ✉ ❛ ❧ ❧ ✳

■ ♥ ❛ ❞ ❞ ✐ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✱ ■ ❧ ✐ ❦ ❡ ♦ ❤ ❛ ♥ ❦ ❍ ❛ ② ❋ ❛ ❞ ✐ ❢ ♦ ❜ ❡ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❤ ❡ ❡ ✇ ❤ ❡ ♥ ♥ ❡ ❡ ❞ ❡ ❞ ✉ ♦ ✉ ♥ ❞ ✐ ♥ ❣ ♠ ❡ ✇ ✐ ❤

❛ ❧ ❧ ❤ ❡ ✉ ♣ ♣ ♦ ❛ ♥ ❞ ▲ ♦ ✈ ❡ ❤ ❡ ❝ ♦ ✉ ❧ ❞ ♦ ✛ ❡ ✳

▲ ❛ ❜ ✉ ♥ ♦ ❧ ❡ ❛ ✱ ■ ❤ ❛ ♥ ❦ ♠ ② ❢ ❛ ♠ ✐ ❧ ② ✿ ▼ ♦ ♠ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❞ ❛ ❞ ✱ ❜ ♦ ❤ ❡ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❢ ✐ ❡ ♥ ❞ ❢ ♦ ✉ ♣ ♣ ♦ ✐ ♥ ❣

♠ ❡ ❤ ♦ ✉ ❣ ❤ ❛ ❧ ❧ ❤ ❡ ✉ ♣ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❞ ♦ ✇ ♥ ✳ ■ ♥ ♣ ❛ ✐ ❝ ✉ ❧ ❛ ■ ❡ ♥ ❞ ❛ ❜ ✐ ❣ ❤ ♦ ✉ ♦ ✉ ♦ ❏ ♦ ❡ ♣ ❤ ✱ ❙ ✐ ♠ ♦ ♥

❛ ♥ ❞ ❘ ❛ ❝ ❤ ❡ ❧ ❧ ❡ ✳

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❙ ✿ ● ♦ ❞ ✱ ✐ ❞ ✐ ❞ ♥ ✬ ❢ ♦ ❣ ❡ ❛ ❜ ♦ ✉ ② ♦ ✉ ✳ ■ ❦ ♥ ♦ ✇ ■ ✇ ♦ ✉ ❧ ❞ ♥ ✬ ❤ ❛ ✈ ❡ ❣ ♦ ❡ ♥ ❤ ✐ ❢ ❛ ✇ ✐ ❤ ♦ ✉

② ♦ ✉ ❜ ② ♠ ② ✲ ✐ ❞ ❡ ✳ ❚ ❍ ❆ ◆ ❑ ❨ ❖ ❯ ✦

✈ ✐

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❚ ❖ ▼ ❨ ❋ ❆ ▼ ■ ▲ ❨

✈ ✐ ✐

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✈ ✐ ✐ ✐

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◆ ❖ ▼ ❊ ◆ ❈ ▲ ❆ ❚ ❯ ❘ ❊

▲ ✐ ♦ ❢ ❆ ❝ ♦ ♥ ② ♠

❆ ◆ ▼ ❆ ② ♠ ♣ ♦ ✐ ❝ ◆ ✉ ♠ ❡ ✐ ❝ ❛ ❧ ▼ ❡ ❤ ♦ ❞

❇ ❯ ❘ ❇ ❛ ❝ ❦ ✲ ❯ ♣ ❘ ♦ ❧ ❧

❇ ❯ ❘ ❇ ❇ ❛ ❝ ❦ ✲ ❯ ♣ ❘ ♦ ❧ ❧ ❇ ❡ ♥ ❞ ✐ ♥ ❣

❊ ❆ ❙ ❊ ♥ ❤ ❛ ♥ ❝ ❡ ❞ ❆ ✉ ♠ ❡ ❞ ❙ ❛ ✐ ♥

❋ ❊ ▼ ❋ ✐ ♥ ✐ ❡ ❊ ❧ ❡ ♠ ❡ ♥ ▼ ❡ ❤ ♦ ❞

❋ ❉ ▼ ❋ ✐ ♥ ✐ ❡ ❉ ✐ ✛ ❡ ❡ ♥ ❝ ❡ ▼ ❡ ❤ ♦ ❞

● ❍ ❚ ❙ ● ❡ ♥ ❡ ❛ ❧ ✐ ③ ❡ ❞ ❍ ❡ ❡ ♦ ❣ ❡ ♥ ❡ ♦ ✉ ❚ ✐ ♠ ❡ ❙ ❡ ♣ ♣ ✐ ♥ ❣

■ ❘ ■ ♥ ❡ ♠ ❡ ❞ ✐ ❛ ❡ ❘ ♦ ❧ ❧

■ ❋ ▼ ■ ♥ ✢ ✉ ❡ ♥ ❝ ❡ ❋ ✉ ♥ ❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ▼ ❡ ❤ ♦ ❞

❘ ❉ ❘ ♦ ❧ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❞ ✐ ❡ ❝ ✐ ♦ ♥

❲ ❘ ❲ ♦ ❦ ❘ ♦ ❧ ❧

❲ ❘ ❇ ❲ ♦ ❦ ❘ ♦ ❧ ❧ ❇ ❡ ♥ ❞ ✐ ♥ ❣

▲ ❛ ♠ ✸ ✴ ❚ ❡ ❝ ✸ ❚ ❤ ❡ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❛ ❞ ✈ ❡ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦ ❢ ❤ ❡ ♦ ❧ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ✲ ❛ ❝ ❦ ❞ ❡ ❢ ♦ ♠ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥

♠ ♦ ❞ ❡ ❧

▲ ❛ ♠ ✸ ✴ ❚ ❡ ❝ ✸ ✲ ❆ ❜ ❞ ❡ ❧ ❦ ❤ ❛ ❧ ❡ ❦ ▲ ❛ ♠ ✸ ✴ ❚ ❡ ❝ ✸ ❝ ♦ ✉ ♣ ❧ ❡ ❞ ✇ ✐ ❤ ❤ ❡ ❜ ✉ ❝ ❦ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ♠ ♦ ❞ ❡ ❧ ♣ ❡ ❡ ♥ ❡ ❞

❜ ② ❆ ❜ ❞ ❡ ❧ ❦ ❤ ❛ ❧ ❡ ❦

▲ ❛ ♠ ✸ ✴ ❚ ❡ ❝ ✸ ✲ ▼ ❆ ◆

▲ ❛ ♠ ✸ ✴ ❚ ❡ ❝ ✸ ❝ ♦ ✉ ♣ ❧ ❡ ❞ ✇ ✐ ❤ ❤ ❡ ❤ ❡ ❧ ❧ ❜ ✉ ❝ ❦ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ♠ ♦ ❞ ❡ ❧

▼ ❆ ◆

▲ ❛ ♠ ✸ ✴ ❚ ❡ ❝ ✸ ✲ ▼ ❙ ❇ ▼

▲ ❛ ♠ ✸ ✴ ❚ ❡ ❝ ✸ ❝ ♦ ✉ ♣ ❧ ❡ ❞ ✇ ✐ ❤ ❤ ❡ ♠ ✉ ❧ ✐ ✲ ❝ ❛ ❧ ❡ ❜ ✉ ❝ ❦ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ♠ ♦ ❞ ❡ ❧

▼ ❆ ◆

▼ ❆ ◆

❚ ❤ ❡ ❤ ❡ ❧ ❧ ❜ ✉ ❝ ❦ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ♠ ♦ ❞ ❡ ❧ ❜ ❛ ❡ ❞ ♦ ♥ ❆ ◆ ▼

▼ ❙ ❇ ▼

❚ ❤ ❡ ▼ ✉ ❧ ✐ ✲ ❙ ❝ ❛ ❧ ❡ ❇ ✉ ❝ ❦ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ▼ ♦ ❞ ❡ ❧

✐ ①

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▲ ✐ ♦ ❢ ❙ ② ♠ ❜ ♦ ❧

❛

❞ ✐ ♠ ❡ ♥ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❧ ❡ ❝ ❛ ❧ ❛ ✉ ❡ ❞ ✐ ♥ ▼ ❆ ◆

a ❞ ✐ ♠ ❡ ♥ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❧ ❡ ❛ ♠ ♣ ❧ ✐ ✉ ❞ ❡ ♦ ❢ ❛ ✐ ♥ ✉ ♦ ✐ ❞ ❛ ❧ ❞ ❡ ❢ ❡ ❝ ✉ ❡ ❞ ✐ ♥

❤ ❡ ♠ ✉ ❧ ✐ ✲ ❝ ❛ ❧ ❡ ♠ ❡ ❤ ♦ ❞

b ✐ ③ ❡ ♦ ❢ ❛ ♥ ❍ ❡ ♠ ✐ ❡ ✜ ♥ ✐ ❡ ❡ ❧ ❡ ♠ ❡ ♥

❈

❡ ❧ ❛ ✐ ❝ ✐ ② ❡ ♥ ♦

D❞ ❡ ♣ ❤ ♦ ❢ ❤ ❡ ❞ ❡ ❢ ❡ ❝

❉

✢ ❡ ① ✉ ❛ ❧ ✐ ❣ ✐ ❞ ✐ ② ♦ ❢ ❤ ❡ ♣ ❧ ❛ ❡

E ❨ ♦ ✉ ♥ ❣ ✬ ♠ ♦ ❞ ✉ ❧ ✉

F ♦ ❧ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❢ ♦ ❝ ❡

F c❝ ♦ ♥ ❛ ❝ ❢ ♦ ❝ ❡

❋

❞ ❡ ❢ ♦ ♠ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❡ ♥ ♦

G✐ ♥ ❡ ❣ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ● ❛ ✉ ♣ ♦ ✐ ♥

h ✐ ♣ ❤ ✐ ❝ ❦ ♥ ❡

H ❞ ❡ ❢ ❡ ❝ ❤ ❡ ✐ ❣ ❤

i✱ j

♥ ✉ ♠ ❜ ❡ ✐ ♥ ❣ ✉ ❜ ❝ ✐ ♣

it◆ ❡ ✇ ♦ ♥ ✲ ❘ ❛ ♣ ❤ ♦ ♥ ✐ ❡ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥

l ✐ ♣ ✇ ✐ ❞ ❤

L ✐ ♣ ✴ ❜ ❡ ❛ ♠ ✴ ❝ ♦ ❧ ✉ ♠ ♥ ❧ ❡ ♥ ❣ ❤

Lbite ❜ ✐ ❡ ❧ ❡ ♥ ❣ ❤

Lref ❧ ❡ ♥ ❣ ❤ ♦ ❢ ❛ ❡ ❢ ❡ ❡ ♥ ❝ ❡ ✜ ❜ ❡ ✐ ♥ ❛ ✐ ♣

Lt(.) ❛ ♥ ❣ ❡ ♥ ♦ ♣ ❡ ❛ ♦ ✉ ❡ ❞ ✐ ♥ ▼ ❆ ◆

L0t (.) ✐ ♥ ✐ ✐ ❛ ❧ ❛ ♥ ❣ ❡ ♥ ♦ ♣ ❡ ❛ ♦ ✉ ❡ ❞ ✐ ♥ ▼ ❆ ◆

l̃✇ ❛ ✈ ❡ ❧ ❡ ♥ ❣ ❤ ♦ ❢ ❛ ✐ ♥ ✉ ♦ ✐ ❞ ❛ ❧ ❞ ❡ ❢ ❡ ❝

m✱ n

❤ ❡ ♥ ✉ ♠ ❜ ❡ ♦ ❢ ❤ ❛ ❧ ❢ ✇ ❛ ✈ ❡ ✐ ♥ ❤ ❡ x

✱ y

✲ ❞ ✐ ❡ ❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✳

♠

♥ ✉ ♠ ❜ ❡ ♦ ❢ ❧ ❡ ✈ ❡ ❧ ♦ ❢ ❤ ❡ ❋ ♦ ✉ ✐ ❡ ❡ ✐ ❡ ✉ ❡ ❞ ✐ ♥ ❤ ❡ ♠ ✉ ❧ ✐ ✲

❝ ❛ ❧ ❡ ♠ ❡ ❤ ♦ ❞

N σ.h

N res σres.h

N̄ 0 T 0.h

N 0 ✱ N 2 ❋ ♦ ✉ ✐ ❡ ❝ ♦ ❡ ✣ ❝ ✐ ❡ ♥ ♦ ❢ N ✉ ❡ ❞ ✐ ♥ ❤ ❡ ♠ ✉ ❧ ✐ ✲ ❝ ❛ ❧ ❡ ♠ ❡ ❤ ♦ ❞

q ❤ ❛ ❧ ❢ ✲ ✇ ❛ ✈ ❡ ♥ ✉ ♠ ❜ ❡ ✐ ♥ ❤ ❡

x−❞ ✐ ❡ ❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✉ ❡ ❞ ✐ ♥ ❤ ❡ ♠ ✉ ❧ ✐ ✲

❝ ❛ ❧ ❡ ♠ ❡ ❤ ♦ ❞

q 1 ✱ q 2 ❤ ❛ ❧ ❢ ✲ ✇ ❛ ✈ ❡ ♥ ✉ ♠ ❜ ❡ ✐ ♥ ❤ ❡ x/y− ❞ ✐ ❡ ❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ Qx ✱ Qy ❙ ❤ ❡ ❛ ❢ ♦ ❝ ❡

R ♦ ❧ ❧ ❛ ❞ ✐ ✉

S ✐ ♦ ❧ ❛ ✲ ❑ ✐ ❝ ❤ ❤ ♦ ✛ ❡ ❡ ♥ ♦

①

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S res ❡ ✐ ❞ ✉ ❛ ❧ ❡ ❡ ♥ ♦ ✉ ❡ ❞ ✐ ♥

▼ ❆ ◆

T 0 ✐ ♣ ❡ ♥ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❡

U ♠ ✐ ① ✈ ❛ ✐ ❛ ❜ ❧ ❡ ❝ ♦ ♥ ❛ ✐ ♥ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❤ ❡ ❡ ❧ ❡ ♠ ❡ ♥ ❛ ② ✈ ❛ ✐ ❛ ❜ ❧ ❡ ♦ ❢

▼ ❆ ◆

♦ ❤ ❡ ♠ ✉ ❧ ✐ ✲ ❝ ❛ ❧ ❡ ♠ ❡ ❤ ♦ ❞

U ♠

❋ ♦ ✉ ✐ ❡ ❝ ♦ ❡ ✣ ❝ ✐ ❡ ♥ ♦ ❢ U

❯

❛ ✐ ♥ ❡ ♥ ❡ ❣ ②

❯ b ❜ ❡ ♥ ❞ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ✐ ♥ ❡ ♥ ❡ ❣ ②

❯ m ♠ ❡ ♠ ❜ ❛ ♥ ❡ ❛ ✐ ♥ ❡ ♥ ❡ ❣ ②

V ♦ ❛ ❧ ❡ ♥ ❡ ❣ ②

u✱ v

✱ w

❞ ✐ ♣ ❧ ❛ ❝ ❡ ♠ ❡ ♥ ❝ ♦ ♠ ♣ ♦ ♥ ❡ ♥ ❡ ♣ ❡ ❝ ✐ ✈ ❡ ❧ ② ✐ ♥ ❤ ❡ x

✱ y

✱ z

❞ ✐ ✲

❡ ❝ ✐ ♦ ♥

W ❇ ✉ ❝ ❦ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ♠ ♦ ❞ ❡ ❝ ♦ ♠ ♣ ✉ ❡ ❞ ❜ ②

▼ ❙ ❇ ▼

w0 ✱ w1 ❋ ♦ ✉ ✐ ❡ ❝ ♦ ❡ ✣ ❝ ✐ ❡ ♥ ♦ ❢ w ✉ ❡ ❞ ✐ ♥ ❤ ❡ ♠ ✉ ❧ ✐ ✲ ❝ ❛ ❧ ❡ ♠ ❡ ❤ ♦ ❞ ✿

❤ ❡ ❛ ✈ ❡ ❛ ❣ ❡ ✜ ❡ ❧ ❞ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❤ ❡ ✜ ❡ ♥ ✈ ❡ ❧ ♦ ♣ ❡

x✱ y

✱ z

❙ ♣ ❛ ❝ ❡ ❝ ♦ ♦ ❞ ✐ ♥ ❛ ❡

α✇ ❛ ♣ ❛ ♥ ❣ ❧ ❡ ❜ ❡ ✇ ❡ ❡ ♥ ❤ ❡ ✐ ♣ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❤ ❡ ✢ ❛ ♥ ❡ ♦ ❧ ❧

αB ♣ ❛ ❛ ♠ ❡ ❡ ✉ ❡ ❞ ❜ ② ❇ ✉ ❤ ❡ ❛ ❧ ✳ ♦ ❞ ❡ ✜ ♥ ❡ ❛ ❡ ❞ ✐ ✐ ✲

❜ ✉ ✐ ♦ ♥

αR❛ ♥ ❣ ❧ ❡ ✐ ♥ ♦ ❞ ✉ ❝ ❡ ❞ ❜ ② ❘ ♦ ❞ ❞ ❡ ♠ ❛ ♥ ❡ ❛ ❧ ✳

β β = (N x; x)

β ′ β ′ =

(N x + ∂ N x

∂x dx; x)

β R ❛ ✐ ♦ ❜ ❡ ✇ ❡ ❡ ♥ ❤ ❡ ✜ ❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❛ ❧ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❡ ❛ ❧ ♠ ❡ ♠ ❜ ❛ ♥ ❡ ✐ ♥ ♦ ✲

❞ ✉ ❝ ❡ ❞ ❜ ② ❘ ♦ ❞ ❞ ❡ ♠ ❛ ♥ ❡ ❛ ❧ ✳

γ ● ❡ ❡ ♥ ✲ ▲ ❛ ❣ ❛ ♥ ❣ ❡ ❛ ✐ ♥ ❡ ♥ ♦

γ c❝ ♦ ♠ ♣ ❛ ✐ ❜ ❧ ❡ ♣ ❛ ♦ ❢

γ

γ l❧ ✐ ♥ ❡ ❛ ♣ ❛ ♦ ❢

γ

γ nl ♥ ♦ ♥ ✲ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❡ ❛ ♣ ❛ ♦ ❢ γ

γ wr ❤ ❡ ✇ ✐ ♥ ❦ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❝ ♦ ♥ ✐ ❜ ✉ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✐ ♥

γ

γ̃ ❡ ♥ ❤ ❛ ♥ ❝ ❡ ❞ ♣ ❛ ♦ ❢

γ

∆h ✐ ♣ ❤ ✐ ❝ ❦ ♥ ❡ ❡ ❞ ✉ ❝ ✐ ♦ ♥

∆ε ❛ ✐ ♥ ✐ ♥ ❝ ❡ ♠ ❡ ♥ ❝ ♦ ♠ ♣ ✉ ❡ ❞ ❜ ② ❡ ✐ ❤ ❡

▼ ❙ ❇ ▼

♦ ❤ ❡

❜ ✉ ❝ ❦ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ♠ ♦ ❞ ❡ ❧ ❜ ② ❆ ❜ ❞ ❡ ❧ ❦ ❤ ❛ ❧ ❡ ❦

∆µ❜ ✐ ❢ ✉ ❝ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✐ ♥ ❞ ✐ ❝ ❛ ♦ ✉ ❡ ❞ ✐ ♥

▼ ❆ ◆

∆µf ✜ ❝ ✐ ✈ ❡ ♣ ❡ ✉ ❜ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❢ ♦ ❝ ❡ ✉ ❡ ❞ ✐ ♥

▼ ❆ ◆

ε ❛ ✐ ♥ ❡ ♥ ♦

εms♠ ✐ ❞ ✲ ✉ ❢ ❛ ❝ ❡ ❛ ✐ ♥ ❡ ♥ ♦

① ✐

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θ❛ ♥ ❣ ❧ ❡ ❜ ❡ ✇ ❡ ❡ ♥ ❤ ❡ ♣ ✐ ♥ ❝ ✐ ♣ ❛ ❧ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❤ ❡ ❡ ❢ ❡ ❡ ♥ ❝ ❡ ❛ ① ❡ ✐ ♥

▲ ❛ ♠ ✸ ✴ ❚ ❡ ❝ ✸ ✲ ❆ ❜ ❞ ❡ ❧ ❦ ❤ ❛ ❧ ❡ ❦

λ❧ ♦ ❛ ❞ ✐ ♥ ❣ ♣ ❛ ❛ ♠ ❡ ❡

λcr ❝ ✐ ✐ ❝ ❛ ❧ ❧ ♦ ❛ ❞ ✐ ♥ ❣ ♣ ❛ ❛ ♠ ❡ ❡

λres❧ ♦ ❛ ❞ ✐ ♥ ❣ ♣ ❛ ❛ ♠ ❡ ❡ ❢ ♦ ❤ ❡ ❡ ✐ ❞ ✉ ❛ ❧ ❡ ✉ ❡ ❞ ✐ ♥

▼ ❆ ◆

λten❧ ♦ ❛ ❞ ✐ ♥ ❣ ♣ ❛ ❛ ♠ ❡ ❡ ❢ ♦ ❤ ❡ ✐ ♣ ❡ ♥ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✉ ❡ ❞ ✐ ♥

▼ ❆ ◆

λI ✱ λII ❜ ✉ ❝ ❦ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ✐ ♥ ❝ ♦ ♠ ♣ ✉ ❡ ❞ ✐ ♥ ❤ ❡ ♣ ✐ ♥ ❝ ✐ ♣ ❛ ❧ ❢ ❛ ♠ ❡ ✭ ■ ✱ ■ ■ ✮

❜ ② ▲ ❛ ♠ ✸ ✴ ❚ ❡ ❝ ✸ ✲ ❆ ❜ ❞ ❡ ❧ ❦ ❤ ❛ ❧ ❡ ❦

µ❈ ♦ ✉ ❧ ♦ ♠ ❜ ❢ ✐ ❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❝ ♦ ❡ ✣ ❝ ✐ ❡ ♥

ν ♦ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❝ ♦ ❡ ✣ ❝ ✐ ❡ ♥

σ ❡ ❡ ♥ ♦

σres

❡ ✐ ❞ ✉ ❛ ❧ ❡ ❡ ♥ ♦

σcr ❧ ♦ ❝ ❛ ❧ ❝ ✐ ✐ ❝ ❛ ❧ ❡ ✈ ❛ ❧ ✉ ❡

σMAN ❡ ❡ ❞ ✐ ✐ ❜ ✉ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❛ ❢ ❡ ❜ ✉ ❝ ❦ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❝ ♦ ♠ ♣ ✉ ❡ ❞ ❜ ② ▼ ❆ ◆

Ω ♦ ❡ ♥ ✐ ❛ ❧ ❡ ♥ ❡ ❣ ②

① ✐ ✐

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❈ ❖ ◆ ❚ ❊ ◆ ❚ ❙

❈ ♦ ♥ ❡ ♥

■ ♥ ♦ ❞ ✉ ❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✶

✶ ▼ ♦ ✐ ✈ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦ ❢ ❤ ✐ ✉ ❞ ② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷

✷ ❆ ✐ ♠ ♦ ❢ ❤ ✐ ✉ ❞ ② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸

✸ ❙ ✉ ❝ ✉ ❡ ♦ ❢ ❤ ✐ ♠ ❡ ♠ ♦ ✐ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺

✶ ❆ ♥ ❖ ✈ ❡ ✈ ✐ ❡ ✇ ♦ ♥ ❤ ❡ ❘ ♦ ❧ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ♦ ❝ ❡ ✼

✶ ✳ ✶ ❋ ♦ ♠ ❇ ❧ ❛ ❢ ✉ ♥ ❛ ❝ ❡ ♦ ❝ ♦ ❧ ❞ ♦ ❧ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ✿ ❆ ✉ ✈ ❡ ② ♦ ❢ ❙ ❡ ❡ ❧ ♠ ❛ ❦ ✐ ♥ ❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽

✶ ✳ ✷ ❈ ♦ ❧ ❞ ♦ ❧ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✷

✶ ✳ ✸ ❈ ♦ ❧ ❞ ♦ ❧ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ♠ ✐ ❧ ❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✸

✶ ✳ ✸ ✳ ✶ ❉ ❡ ❝ ✐ ♣ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦ ❢ ❤ ❡ ♠ ❛ ✐ ♥ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❣ ❡ ♦ ♠ ❡ ✐ ❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✸

✶ ✳ ✸ ✳ ✷ ❆ ❜ ✐ ❡ ❢ ✱ ✐ ♠ ♣ ❧ ❡ ❛ ♥ ❛ ❧ ② ✐ ♦ ❢ ❤ ❡ ♦ ❧ ❧ ❛ ❝ ❦ ❞ ❡ ✐ ❣ ♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✺

✶ ✳ ✸ ✳ ✸ ▼ ✉ ❧ ✐ ✲ ❛ ♥ ❞ ♠ ✐ ❧ ❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✽

✶ ✳ ✸ ✳ ✹ ♦ ❜ ❧ ❡ ♠ ❞ ❡ ✜ ♥ ✐ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✾

✶ ✳ ✹ ❋ ❧ ❛ ♥ ❡ ♣ ♦ ❜ ❧ ❡ ♠ ✐ ♥ ❝ ♦ ❧ ❞ ♦ ❧ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷ ✵

✶ ✳ ✹ ✳ ✶ ❤ ❡ ♥ ♦ ♠ ❡ ♥ ♦ ❧ ♦ ❣ ② ♦ ❢ ❋ ❧ ❛ ♥ ❡ ❞ ❡ ❢ ❡ ❝ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷ ✵

✶ ✳ ✹ ✳ ✷ ❋ ❧ ❛ ♥ ❡ ▼ ❡ ❛ ✉ ❡ ♠ ❡ ♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷ ✷

✶ ✳ ✹ ✳ ✷ ✳ ✶ ❖ ♥ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❡ ♠ ❡ ❛ ✉ ❡ ♠ ❡ ♥ ② ❡ ♠ ❢ ♦ ❧ ❛ ❡ ♥ ❞ ❡ ❢ ❡ ❝ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷ ✸

✶ ✳ ✹ ✳ ✷ ✳ ✷ ❖ ♥ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❡ ♠ ❡ ❛ ✉ ❡ ♠ ❡ ♥ ② ❡ ♠ ❢ ♦ ♠ ❛ ♥ ✐ ❢ ❡ ❞ ❡ ❢ ❡ ❝ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷ ✹

✶ ✳ ✹ ✳ ✸ ❖ ♥ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❡ ❋ ❧ ❛ ♥ ❡ ❝ ♦ ♥ ♦ ❧ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❛ ❝ ✉ ❛ ♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷ ✼

✶ ✳ ✹ ✳ ✹ ♦ ✲ ♦ ❧ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❋ ❧ ❛ ♥ ❡ ■ ♠ ♣ ♦ ✈ ❡ ♠ ❡ ♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷ ✽

✶ ✳ ✺ ❘ ✉ ♠ ❡ ♥ ❋ ❛ ♥ ❛ ✐ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷ ✾

✷ ▲ ✐ ❡ ❛ ✉ ❡ ❙ ✉ ✈ ❡ ② ✿ ❤ ❡ ❡ ❛ ♥ ❞ ♣ ❧ ❛ ❡ ❜ ✉ ❝ ❦ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❤ ❡ ♦ ✐ ❡ ✸ ✶

✷ ✳ ✶ ❉ ❡ ❝ ✐ ♣ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦ ❢ ❤ ❡ ♣ ♦ ❜ ❧ ❡ ♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸ ✸

✷ ✳ ✷ ▼ ♦ ❞ ❡ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ♠ ❡ ❤ ♦ ❞ ❢ ♦ ❜ ✉ ❝ ❦ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ♥ ❞ ♣ ♦ ✲ ❜ ✉ ❝ ❦ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ♣ ♦ ❜ ❧ ❡ ♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸ ✹

✷ ✳ ✷ ✳ ✶ ● ❡ ♥ ❡ ❛ ❧ ♠ ❡ ❤ ♦ ❞ ❢ ♦ ❞ ❡ ❡ ♠ ✐ ♥ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❤ ❡ ❝ ✐ ✐ ❝ ❛ ❧ ❧ ♦ ❛ ❞ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸ ✹

✷ ✳ ✷ ✳ ✶ ✳ ✶ ❈ ♦ ❧ ✉ ♠ ♥ ❜ ✉ ❝ ❦ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ✿ ❊ ✉ ✐ ❧ ✐ ❜ ✐ ✉ ♠ ▼ ❡ ❤ ♦ ❞ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸ ✹

✷ ✳ ✷ ✳ ✶ ✳ ✷ ❈ ♦ ❧ ✉ ♠ ♥ ❜ ✉ ❝ ❦ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ✿ ❊ ♥ ❡ ❣ ② ▼ ❡ ❤ ♦ ❞ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸ ✻

✷ ✳ ✷ ✳ ✶ ✳ ✸ ❧ ❛ ❡ ❜ ✉ ❝ ❦ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ✿ ❊ ✉ ✐ ❧ ✐ ❜ ✐ ✉ ♠ ▼ ❡ ❤ ♦ ❞ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸ ✼

✷ ✳ ✷ ✳ ✶ ✳ ✹ ❧ ❛ ❡ ❜ ✉ ❝ ❦ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ✿ ❊ ♥ ❡ ❣ ② ▼ ❡ ❤ ♦ ❞ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸ ✽

✷ ✳ ✷ ✳ ✷ ♦ ✲ ❜ ✉ ❝ ❦ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ♠ ❡ ❤ ♦ ❞ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹ ✵

① ✐ ✐ ✐

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❈ ❖ ◆ ❚ ❊ ◆ ❚ ❙

✷ ✳ ✷ ✳ ✷ ✳ ✶ ❆ ② ♠ ♣ ♦ ✐ ❝ ◆ ✉ ♠ ❡ ✐ ❝ ❛ ❧ ▼ ❡ ❤ ♦ ❞ ✭ ❆ ◆ ▼ ✮ ❜ ❛ ❡ ❞ ♦ ♥ ❤ ❡ ❡ ✲

✉ ❜ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❤ ❡ ♦ ② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹ ✵

✷ ✳ ✷ ✳ ✷ ✳ ✷ ▼ ✉ ❧ ✐ ✲ ❝ ❛ ❧ ❡ ▼ ❡ ❤ ♦ ❞ ❜ ❛ ❡ ❞ ♦ ♥ ❋ ♦ ✉ ✐ ❡ ❡ ✐ ❡ ❡ ① ♣ ❛ ♥ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✳ ✳ ✹ ✷

✷ ✳ ✷ ✳ ✷ ✳ ✸ ❆ ♥ ❛ ❧ ② ✐ ❝ ❛ ❧ ▼ ❡ ❤ ♦ ❞ ❜ ❛ ❡ ❞ ♦ ♥ ❤ ❡ ▼ ❡ ♠ ❜ ❛ ♥ ❡ ❚ ❤ ❡ ♦ ② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹ ✼

✷ ✳ ✸ ❘ ❡ ✈ ✐ ❡ ✇ ♦ ❢ ♠ ❡ ❤ ♦ ❞ ❛ ♣ ♣ ❧ ✐ ❡ ❞ ♦ ♦ ❧ ❧ ❡ ❞ ✐ ♣ ❞ ❡ ❢ ❡ ❝ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺ ✵

✷ ✳ ✸ ✳ ✶ ❯ ♥ ❝ ♦ ✉ ♣ ❧ ❡ ❞ ❛ ♣ ♣ ♦ ❛ ❝ ❤ ❡ ❢ ♦ ❘ ♦ ❧ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ✲ ❜ ✉ ❝ ❦ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ♣ ♦ ❜ ❧ ❡ ♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺ ✵

✷ ✳ ✸ ✳ ✶ ✳ ✶ ❙ ❡ ♠ ✐ ✲ ❛ ♥ ❛ ❧ ② ✐ ❝ ❛ ❧ ✉ ❞ ② ❜ ② ❇ ✉ ❤ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺ ✵

✷ ✳ ✸ ✳ ✶ ✳ ✷ ❙ ❡ ♠ ✐ ✲ ❛ ♥ ❛ ❧ ② ✐ ❝ ❛ ❧ ✉ ❞ ② ❜ ② ❋ ✐ ❝ ❤ ❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺ ✷

✷ ✳ ✸ ✳ ✶ ✳ ✸ ❇ ✉ ❝ ❦ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ♥ ❛ ❧ ② ✐ ♣ ♦ ❜ ❧ ❡ ♠ ✇ ✐ ❤ ❤ ❡ ❧ ❧ ✜ ♥ ✐ ❡ ❡ ❧ ❡ ♠ ❡ ♥ ♠ ❡ ❤ ♦ ❞ ✺ ✸

✷ ✳ ✸ ✳ ✶ ✳ ✸ ✳ ✶ ■ ❡ ❛ ✐ ✈ ❡ ♠ ❡ ❤ ♦ ❞ ❢ ♦ ♣ ❧ ❛ ❡ ❜ ✉ ❝ ❦ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ✉ ♥ ❞ ❡ ❡ ✐ ❞ ✲

✉ ❛ ❧ ❡ ❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺ ✸

✷ ✳ ✸ ✳ ✶ ✳ ✸ ✳ ✷ ▼ ❆ ◆ ♠ ♦ ❞ ❡ ❧ ❜ ❛ ❡ ❞ ♦ ♥ ❛ ♥ ❛ ② ♠ ♣ ♦ ✐ ❝ ❛ ♥ ❛ ❧ ② ✐

❛ ♥ ❞ ❤ ❡ ❧ ❧ ✜ ♥ ✐ ❡ ❡ ❧ ❡ ♠ ❡ ♥ ❢ ♦ ♠ ✉ ❧ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺ ✼

✷ ✳ ✸ ✳ ✷ ❈ ♦ ✉ ♣ ❧ ❡ ❞ ❛ ♣ ♣ ♦ ❛ ❝ ❤ ❡ ❢ ♦ ❘ ♦ ❧ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ✲ ❜ ✉ ❝ ❦ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ♣ ♦ ❜ ❧ ❡ ♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻ ✵

✷ ✳ ✸ ✳ ✷ ✳ ✶ ❘ ♦ ❧ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ✲ ❜ ✉ ❝ ❦ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ♠ ♦ ❞ ❡ ❧ ❜ ② ❈ ♦ ✉ ♥ ❤ ❛ ② ❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻ ✵

✷ ✳ ✸ ✳ ✷ ✳ ✷ ❘ ♦ ❧ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ✲ ❜ ✉ ❝ ❦ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ♠ ♦ ❞ ❡ ❧ ▲ ❛ ♠ ✸ ✴ ❚ ❡ ❝ ✸ ❜ ② ❆ ❜ ❞ ❡ ❧ ❦ ❤ ❛ ❧ ❡ ❦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻ ✷

✷ ✳ ✸ ✳ ✷ ✳ ✷ ✳ ✶ ▲ ❛ ♠ ✸ ✴ ❚ ❡ ❝ ✸ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻ ✷

✷ ✳ ✸ ✳ ✷ ✳ ✷ ✳ ✷ ❘ ♦ ❧ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ✲ ❜ ✉ ❝ ❦ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ♠ ♦ ❞ ❡ ❧ ▲ ❛ ♠ ✸ ✴ ❚ ❡ ❝ ✸ ✲ ❆ ❜ ❞ ❡ ❧ ❦ ❤ ❛ ❧ ❡ ❦ ✻ ✹

✷ ✳ ✸ ✳ ✷ ✳ ✸ ❘ ♦ ❧ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ✲ ❇ ✉ ❝ ❦ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ♠ ♦ ❞ ❡ ❧ ▲ ❛ ♠ ✸ ✴ ❚ ❡ ❝ ✸ ✲ ▼ ❆ ◆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻ ✼

✷ ✳ ✹ ❈ ♦ ♥ ❝ ❧ ✉ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼ ✷

✷ ✳ ✺ ❘ ✉ ♠ ❡ ♥ ❋ ❛ ♥ ❛ ✐ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼ ✹

✸ ❋ ❧ ❛ ♥ ❡ ❛ ❝ ✉ ❛ ♦ ♦ ♥ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❡ ✿ ❯ ✐ ♥ ❣ ▲ ❛ ♠ ✸ ✴ ❚ ❡ ❝ ✸ ✲ ❆ ❜ ❞ ❡ ❧ ❦ ❤ ❛ ❧ ❡ ❦ ✼ ✼

✸ ✳ ✶ ❋ ✐ ❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❋ ❧ ❛ ♥ ❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼ ✾

✸ ✳ ✷ ❘ ♦ ❧ ❧ ❜ ❡ ♥ ❞ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❋ ❧ ❛ ♥ ❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽ ✷

✸ ✳ ✸ ❇ ❡ ✲ ❛ ❞ ❛ ♣ ❡ ❞ ❲ ❘ ❜ ❡ ♥ ❞ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❢ ♦ ❝ ❡ ❢ ♦ ❛ ❣ ✐ ✈ ❡ ♥ ❢ ✐ ❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❧ ❡ ✈ ❡ ❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽ ✹

✸ ✳ ✹ ❚ ❡ ♥ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❋ ❧ ❛ ♥ ❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽ ✺

✸ ✳ ✺ ❚ ❡ ♠ ♣ ❡ ❛ ✉ ❡ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❋ ❧ ❛ ♥ ❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽ ✼

✸ ✳ ✻ ❈ ♦ ♥ ❝ ❧ ✉ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽ ✾

✸ ✳ ✼ ❘ ✉ ♠ ❡ ♥ ❋ ❛ ♥ ❛ ✐ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽ ✾

✹ ❋ ♦ ♠ ✈ ♦ ♥ ❑ ♠ ♥ ❊ ✉ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦ ▼ ✉ ❧ ✐ ✲ ❝ ❛ ❧ ❡ ❇ ❛ ❡ ❞ ❜ ✉ ❝ ❦ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ♠ ♦ ❞ ❡ ❧ ✾ ✶

✹ ✳ ✶ ❱ ♦ ♥ ❑ ♠ ♥ ❊ ✉ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾ ✸

✹ ✳ ✷ ❱ ♦ ♥ ❑ ♠ ♥ ❊ ✉ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❢ ♦ ❜ ✉ ❝ ❦ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ♣ ❧ ❛ ❡ ✉ ♥ ❞ ❡ ❡ ✐ ❞ ✉ ❛ ❧ ❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾ ✹

✹ ✳ ✸ ❊ ① ✐ ❡ ♥ ❝ ❡ ❛ ♥ ❞ ♥ ♦ ♥ ✲ ✉ ♥ ✐ ✉ ❡ ♥ ❡ ♦ ❧ ✉ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦ ❢ ❤ ❡ ✈ ♦ ♥ ❑ ♠ ♥ ❡ ✉ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✵ ✵

✹ ✳ ✹ ❤ ② ✐ ❝ ❛ ❧ ✲ ❊ ♥ ❡ ❣ ❡ ✐ ❝ ❢ ♦ ♠ ✉ ❧ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦ ❢ ❤ ❡ ♣ ♦ ❜ ❧ ❡ ♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✵ ✶

✹ ✳ ✺ ❋ ♦ ♠ ✈ ♦ ♥ ❑ ♠ ♥ ❡ ✉ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦ ❤ ❡ ▼ ✉ ❧ ✐ ✲ ❝ ❛ ❧ ❡ ♣ ♦ ❜ ❧ ❡ ♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✵ ✷

✹ ✳ ✺ ✳ ✶ ❋ ✐ ♥ ✐ ❡ ❡ ❧ ❡ ♠ ❡ ♥ ❞ ✐ ❝ ❡ ✐ ③ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✶ ✵

① ✐ ✈

8/17/2019 2014 en Mp 0005 Diffusion

16/214

❈ ❖ ◆ ❚ ❊ ◆ ❚ ❙

✹ ✳ ✺ ✳ ✷ ❉ ✐ ❝ ❡ ✐ ③ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✿ ❇ ✉ ❝ ❦ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ♦ ❜ ❧ ❡ ♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✶ ✷

✹ ✳ ✺ ✳ ✸ ❇ ♦ ✉ ♥ ❞ ❛ ② ❝ ♦ ♥ ❞ ✐ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✿ ❇ ✉ ❝ ❦ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ♦ ❜ ❧ ❡ ♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✶ ✸

✹ ✳ ✺ ✳ ✹ ❉ ✐ ❝ ❡ ✐ ③ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✿ ♦ ✲ ❜ ✉ ❝ ❦ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ♦ ❜ ❧ ❡ ♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✶ ✹

✹ ✳ ✺ ✳ ✺ ❇ ♦ ✉ ♥ ❞ ❛ ② ❝ ♦ ♥ ❞ ✐ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✿ ♦ ✲ ❜ ✉ ❝ ❦ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ♦ ❜ ❧ ❡ ♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✶ ✺

✹ ✳ ✻ ◆ ✉ ♠ ❡ ✐ ❝ ❛ ❧ ❡ ✉ ❧ ✿ ◗ ✉ ❛ ❧ ✐ ❛ ✐ ✈ ❡ ❛ ♣ ♣ ❡ ❝ ✐ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✶ ✺

✹ ✳ ✻ ✳ ✶ ❲ ❛ ✈ ② ❡ ❞ ❣ ❡ ❡ ① ❛ ♠ ♣ ❧ ❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✶ ✻

✹ ✳ ✻ ✳ ✷ ❈ ❡ ♥ ❡ ❜ ✉ ❝ ❦ ❧ ❡ ❡ ① ❛ ♠ ♣ ❧ ❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✶ ✽

✹ ✳ ✻ ✳ ✸ ❙ ✐ ♣ ❡ ♥ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❤ ❡ ❜ ✉ ❝ ❦ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ♠ ♦ ❞ ❡ ✴ ❛ ♠ ♣ ❧ ✐ ✉ ❞ ❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✷ ✶

✹ ✳ ✻ ✳ ✹ ❈ ♦ ♠ ♣ ❡ ✐ ♦ ♥ ③ ♦ ♥ ❡ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❤ ❡ ❜ ✉ ❝ ❦ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ♠ ♦ ❞ ❡ ✴ ❛ ♠ ♣ ❧ ✐ ✉ ❞ ❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✷ ✸

✹ ✳ ✼ ◆ ✉ ♠ ❡ ✐ ❝ ❛ ❧ ❡ ✉ ❧ ✿ ◗ ✉ ❛ ♥ ✐ ❛ ✐ ✈ ❡ ✈ ❛ ❧ ✐ ❞ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✷ ✼

✹ ✳ ✼ ✳ ✶ ❇ ✉ ❝ ❦ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❱ ❛ ❧ ✐ ❞ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✈ ✐ ❛ ❡ ♠ ✐ ✲ ❛ ♥ ❛ ❧ ② ✐ ❝ ❛ ❧ ♦ ❧ ✉ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✷ ✽

✹ ✳ ✼ ✳ ✷ ♦ ✲ ❇ ✉ ❝ ❦ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❱ ❛ ❧ ✐ ❞ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✈ ✐ ❛ ❤ ❡ ❤ ❡ ❧ ❧ ❡ ❧ ❡ ♠ ❡ ♥ ♠ ♦ ❞ ❡ ❧ ▼ ❆ ◆ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✷ ✾

✹ ✳ ✼ ✳ ✸ ❱ ❛ ❧ ✐ ❞ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✈ ✐ ❛ ❛ ✐ ♠ ♣ ❧ ❡ ❆ ❜ ❛ ✉ ❡ ① ❛ ♠ ♣ ❧ ❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✸ ✶

✹ ✳ ✽ ❉ ✐ ❝ ✉ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✸ ✹

✹ ✳ ✽ ✳ ✶ ❇ ✉ ❝ ❦ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❝ ✐ ❡ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✸ ✹

✹ ✳ ✽ ✳ ✷ ❈ ♦ ♥ ❝ ❧ ✉ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✸ ✻

✹ ✳ ✾ ❘ ✉ ♠ ❡ ♥ ❋ ❛ ♥ ❛ ✐ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✸ ✻

✺ ❯ ♥ ❝ ♦ ✉ ♣ ❧ ❡ ❞ ❘ ♦ ❧ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ✲ ❇ ✉ ❝ ❦ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ▼ ♦ ❞ ❡ ❧ ✶ ✸ ✾

✺ ✳ ✶ ❖ ♥ ✲ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❡ ❋ ❧ ❛ ♥ ❡ ♣ ❡ ❞ ✐ ❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✉ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❤ ❡ ❞ ❡ ❝ ♦ ✉ ♣ ❧ ❡ ❞ ❛ ♣ ♣ ♦ ❛ ❝ ❤ ▲ ❛ ♠ ✸ ✴ ❚ ❡ ❝ ✸ ✲ ▼ ❙ ❇ ▼ ✶ ✹ ✶

✺ ✳ ✷ ❋ ❧ ❛ ♥ ❡ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❋ ✐ ❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✹ ✷

✺ ✳ ✸ ❋ ❧ ❛ ♥ ❡ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❲ ♦ ❦ ❘ ♦ ❧ ❧ ❇ ❡ ♥ ❞ ✐ ♥ ❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✹ ✼

✺ ✳ ✸ ✳ ✶ ❲ ❛ ✈ ② ❡ ❞ ❣ ❡ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❲ ♦ ❦ ❘ ♦ ❧ ❧ ❇ ❡ ♥ ❞ ✐ ♥ ❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✹ ✼

✺ ✳ ✸ ✳ ✷ ❈ ❡ ♥ ❡ ❜ ✉ ❝ ❦ ❧ ❡ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❲ ♦ ❦ ❘ ♦ ❧ ❧ ❇ ❡ ♥ ❞ ✐ ♥ ❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✺ ✶

✺ ✳ ✹ ❈ ♦ ♥ ❝ ❧ ✉ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✺ ✺

✺ ✳ ✺ ❘ ✉ ♠ ❡ ♥ ❋ ❛ ♥ ❛ ✐ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✺ ✺

✻ ❈ ♦ ✉ ♣ ❧ ❡ ❞ ❘ ♦ ❧ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ✲ ❇ ✉ ❝ ❦ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ▼ ♦ ❞ ❡ ❧ ▲ ❛ ♠ ✸ ✴ ❚ ❡ ❝ ✸ ✲ ▼ ❙ ❇ ▼ ✶ ✺ ✼

✻ ✳ ✶ ▼ ❙ ❇ ▼ ✐ ♠ ♣ ❧ ❡ ♠ ❡ ♥ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✐ ♥ ❤ ❡ ♦ ❧ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ♠ ♦ ❞ ❡ ❧ ▲ ❛ ♠ ✸ ✴ ❚ ❡ ❝ ✸ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✺ ✾

✻ ✳ ✷ ■ ♠ ♣ ❧ ❡ ♠ ❡ ♥ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❞ ✐ ✣ ❝ ✉ ❧ ✐ ❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✻ ✶

✻ ✳ ✸ ❘ ❡ ✉ ❧ ✿ ❖ ♥ ✲ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❡ ❋ ❧ ❛ ♥ ❡ ♣ ❡ ❞ ✐ ❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✉ ✐ ♥ ❣ ▲ ❛ ♠ ✸ ✴ ❚ ❡ ❝ ✸ ✲ ▼ ❙ ❇ ▼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✻ ✸

✻ ✳ ✹ ❘ ❡ ✉ ❧ ✿ ▲ ❛ ♠ ✸ ✴ ❚ ❡ ❝ ✸ ✲ ▼ ❙ ❇ ▼ ✈ ✳ ▲ ❛ ♠ ✸ ✴ ❚ ❡ ❝ ✸ ✲ ❆ ❜ ❞ ❡ ❧ ❦ ❤ ❛ ❧ ❡ ❦ ❛ ♥ ❞ ▲ ❛ ♠ ✸ ✴ ❚ ❡ ❝ ✸ ✲

▼ ❆ ◆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✻ ✽

✻ ✳ ✹ ✳ ✶ ▲ ❛ ♠ ✸ ✴ ❚ ❡ ❝ ✸ ✲ ▼ ❙ ❇ ▼ ✈ ✳ ▲ ❛ ♠ ✸ ✴ ❚ ❡ ❝ ✸ ✲ ❆ ❜ ❞ ❡ ❧ ❦ ❤ ❛ ❧ ❡ ❦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✻ ✽

✻ ✳ ✹ ✳ ✷ ▲ ❛ ♠ ✸ ✴ ❚ ❡ ❝ ✸ ✲ ▼ ❙ ❇ ▼ ✈ ✳ ▲ ❛ ♠ ✸ ✴ ❚ ❡ ❝ ✸ ✲ ▼ ❆ ◆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✼ ✶

✻ ✳ ✹ ✳ ✸ ❉ ✐ ❝ ✉ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✼ ✹

✻ ✳ ✺ ❈ ♦ ♥ ❝ ❧ ✉ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✼ ✼

✻ ✳ ✻ ❘ ✉ ♠ ❡ ♥ ❋ ❛ ♥ ❛ ✐ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✼ ✽

① ✈

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❈ ❖ ◆ ❚ ❊ ◆ ❚ ❙

❈ ♦ ♥ ❝ ❧ ✉ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❘ ❡ ❝ ♦ ♠ ♠ ❡ ♥ ❞ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✶ ✼ ✾

✶ ❈ ♦ ♥ ❝ ❧ ✉ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✼ ✾

✷ ❘ ❡ ❝ ♦ ♠ ♠ ❡ ♥ ❞ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✽ ✶

❆ ♣ ♣ ❡ ♥ ❞ ✐ ① ❆ ✶ ✽ ✸

❆ ✳ ■ ❘ ♦ ❧ ❧ ❝ ♦ ✇ ♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✽ ✸

❆ ✳ ■ ■ ❙ ✐ ♣ ❝ ♦ ✇ ♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✽ ✸

❆ ♣ ♣ ❡ ♥ ❞ ✐ ① ❇ ✶ ✽ ✺

❇ ✳ ■ ▲ ❛ ♠ ✸ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✽ ✺

❇ ✳ ■ ■ ❚ ❡ ❝ ✸ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✽ ✻

❇ ✳ ■ ■ ■ ❙ ❤ ❡ ❧ ❧ ❡ ❧ ❡ ♠ ❡ ♥ ❞ ❡ ❝ ✐ ♣ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✉ ❡ ❞ ❜ ② ▼ ❆ ◆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✽ ✼

❇ ✐ ❜ ❧ ✐ ♦ ❣ ❛ ♣ ❤ ② ✶ ✽ ✾

① ✈ ✐

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■ ◆ ❚ ❘ ❖ ❉ ❯ ❈ ❚ ■ ❖ ◆

M❡ ❛ ❧ ❤ ❡ ❡ ❛ ❡ ✇ ✐ ❞ ❡ ❧ ② ✉ ❡ ❞ ✐ ♥ ♠ ❛ ♥ ② ❞ ✐ ✛ ❡ ❡ ♥ ✐ ♥ ❞ ✉ ✐ ❡ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❤ ❛ ✈ ❡ ♠ ❛ ♥ ② ❛ ♣ ♣ ❧ ✐ ❝ ❛ ✲

✐ ♦ ♥ ✭ ❡ ❡ ❋ ✐ ❣ ✉ ❡ ✶ ✮ ✿ ❝ ♦ ♥ ✉ ❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✭ ❝ ♦ ✈ ❡ ✐ ♥ ❣ ♦ ♦ ❢ ✱ ❞ ❡ ❝ ♦ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✮ ✱ ❛ ✉ ♦ ♠ ♦ ✐ ✈ ❡ ✱ ❛ ❡ ♦ ♥ ❛ ✉ ✐ ❝ ❛ ❧

❛ ♥ ❞ ♠ ♦ ❡ ❣ ❡ ♥ ❡ ❛ ❧ ❧ ② ❛ ♥ ♣ ♦ ✐ ♥ ❞ ✉ ② ✱ ❞ ♦ ♠ ❡ ✐ ❝ ❡ ❧ ❡ ❝ ✐ ❝ ❛ ❧ ❛ ♣ ♣ ❧ ✐ ❛ ♥ ❝ ❡ ✱ ♣ ❛ ❝ ❦ ❛ ❣ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ♥ ❞ ♠ ❛ ♥ ②

♦ ❤ ❡ ❛ ♣ ♣ ❧ ✐ ❝ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✐ ♥ ❝ ❧ ✉ ❞ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ❜ ❧ ❡ ✱ ♦ ❛ ❣ ❡ ✉ ♥ ✐ ✳ ✳ ✳

❋ ✐ ❣ ✉ ❡ ✶ ✿ ❉ ✐ ✛ ❡ ❡ ♥ ✉ ❡ ♦ ❢ ♠ ❡ ❛ ❧ ❤ ❡ ❡ ✳

❋ ♦ ♠ ❧ ❡ ❢ ♦ ✐ ❣ ❤ ✿ ■ ♥ ❝ ♦ ♥ ✉ ❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✱ ❢ ♦ ♠ ❡ ❞ ✐ ❝ ❛ ❧ ♦ ❛ ❣ ❡ ✱ ✐ ♥ ❛ ✉ ♦ ♠ ♦ ✐ ✈ ❡ ❜ ♦ ❞ ✐ ❡ ✱ ✐ ♥ ❛ ✐ ❝ ❛ ❢

♣ ❛ ✱ ✐ ♥ ♣ ❛ ❝ ❦ ❛ ❣ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ♥ ❞ ♦ ❤ ❡ ❛ ♣ ♣ ❧ ✐ ❝ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✉ ❝ ❤ ❛ ❛ ❜ ❧ ❡ ✳

✶

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❈ ❖ ◆ ❚ ❊ ◆ ❚ ❙

✶ ▼ ♦ ✐ ✈ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦ ❢ ❤ ✐ ✉ ❞ ②

T ❤ ❡ ♠ ❛ ♥ ✉ ❢ ❛ ❝ ✉ ✐ ♥ ❣ ♦ ❢ ❛ ❧ ❧ ❤ ❡ ❡ ❣ ♦ ♦ ❞ ✐ ♥ ❝ ❧ ✉ ❞ ❡ ❝ ♦ ❧ ❞ ♦ ❧ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ❛ ♠ ❛ ❥ ♦ ❡ ♣ ✱ ♣ ♦ ❞ ✉ ❝ ✐ ♥ ❣

❤ ❡ ❡ ♠ ✐ ✲ ✜ ♥ ✐ ❤ ❡ ❞ ♣ ♦ ❞ ✉ ❝ ✇ ❤ ✐ ❝ ❤ ❛ ❡ ❤ ❡ ♥ ❛ ♠ ♣ ❡ ❞ ♦ ❞ ❡ ❡ ♣ ✲ ❞ ❛ ✇ ♥ ✱ ❜ ❡ ♥ ✱ ✜ ♥ ❡ ❝ ✉ ❡ ❝ ✳

✭ ❤ ❡ ❡ ♠ ❡ ❛ ❧ ❢ ♦ ♠ ✐ ♥ ❣ ✮ ✳ ❙ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❡ ♥ ✉ ❛ ❧ ✐ ② ❡ ✉ ✐ ❡ ♠ ❡ ♥ ❛ ❡ ✐ ♠ ♣ ♦ ❡ ❞ ♦ ♥ ❤ ❡ ❡ ❡ ♠ ✐ ✲ ✜ ♥ ✐ ❤ ❡ ❞

♣ ♦ ❞ ✉ ❝ ✳ ❚ ❤ ❡ ❣ ❡ ♦ ♠ ❡ ② ✐ ♦ ♥ ❡ ♦ ❢ ❤ ❡ ♠ ♦ ❝ ✐ ✐ ❝ ❛ ❧ ✳ ❚ ❤ ❡ ❢ ♦ ♠ ❛ ♦ ❢ ❤ ❡ ❤ ❡ ❡ ✭ ✇ ✐ ❞ ❤ ✴

❤ ✐ ❝ ❦ ♥ ❡ ✮ ♠ ✉ ❜ ❡ ♦ ❜ ❛ ✐ ♥ ❡ ❞ ♣ ❡ ❝ ✐ ❡ ❧ ② ❛ ♥ ❞ ✇ ✐ ❤ ❛ ❧ ✐ ❧ ❡ ♦ ✈ ❡ ✐ ③ ❡ ❛ ♣ ♦ ✐ ❜ ❧ ❡ ✿ ❡ ① ❛ ✲ ✇ ✐ ❞ ❤

✐ ❣ ✐ ✈ ❡ ♥ ❢ ♦ ❢ ❡ ❡ ✭ ♠ ❛ ❡ ✐ ❛ ❧ ❝ ♦ ✮ ♦ ❤ ❛ ♦ ❜ ❡ ✐ ♠ ♠ ❡ ❞ ✭ ♣ ♦ ❝ ❡ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❝ ♦ ❛ ♥ ❞ ♠ ❛ ❡ ✐ ❛ ❧ ❧ ♦ ✮ ✳

❚ ❤ ❡ ❤ ✐ ❝ ❦ ♥ ❡ ♠ ✉ ❜ ❡ ✈ ❡ ② ♣ ❡ ❝ ✐ ❡ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❤ ✐ ✐ ❡ ① ♣ ❡ ❡ ❞ ✐ ♥ µm

✳ ▼ ♦ ❡ ♦ ✈ ❡ ✱ ❢ ♦ ❡ ❛ ❡ ♦ ❢

♠ ❛ ♥ ✐ ♣ ✉ ❧ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❛ ❤ ❡ ❝ ✉ ♦ ♠ ❡ ✱ ❤ ❡ ❤ ✐ ❝ ❦ ♥ ❡ ✈ ❛ ✐ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❛ ❝ ♦ ❤ ❡ ✇ ✐ ❞ ❤ ✭ ✧ ✐ ♣ ♣ ♦ ✜ ❧ ❡ ✧ ✱

♦ ✧ ✐ ♣ ❝ ♦ ✇ ♥ ✧ ✮ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❛ ❧ ♦ ♥ ❣ ❤ ❡ ❧ ❡ ♥ ❣ ❤ ♠ ✉ ❜ ❡ ❦ ❡ ♣ ♦ ❛ ♠ ✐ ♥ ✐ ♠ ✉ ♠ ✳

❋ ✐ ❣ ✉ ❡ ✷ ✿ ❉ ✐ ✛ ❡ ❡ ♥ ② ♣ ❡ ♦ ❢ ✢ ❛ ♥ ❡ ❞ ❡ ❢ ❡ ❝ ❡ ♥ ❝ ♦ ✉ ♥ ❡ ❡ ❞ ❞ ✉ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❝ ♦ ❧ ❞ ♦ ❧ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ✳

❋ ♦ ♠ ❧ ❡ ❢ ♦ ✐ ❣ ❤ ✿ ❲ ❛ ✈ ② ❡ ❞ ❣ ❡ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❝ ❡ ♥ ❡ ❜ ✉ ❝ ❦ ❧ ❡ ❬ ■ ❍ ■ ✇ ❡ ❜ ✐ ❡ ❪ ✳

❚ ❤ ❡ ❤ ❛ ♣ ❡ ♦ ✢ ❛ ♥ ❡ ✐ ♠ ♦ ❝ ✐ ✐ ❝ ❛ ❧ ✱ ❛ ❛ ♥ ② ❞ ❡ ♣ ❛ ✉ ❡ ❢ ♦ ♠ ✢ ❛ ♥ ❡ ♠ ❛ ② ❡ ✉ ❧ ✐ ♥

♣ ♦ ♦ ❢ ✉ ❤ ❡ ♣ ♦ ❝ ❡ ❛ ❜ ✐ ❧ ✐ ② ❛ ♥ ❞ ✉ ♥ ❛ ❝ ❝ ❡ ♣ ❛ ❜ ❧ ❡ ❞ ❡ ❢ ❡ ❝ ♦ ❢ ❤ ❡ ✜ ♥ ❛ ❧ ♣ ♦ ❞ ✉ ❝ ✳ ❚ ❤ ✐ ✐ ❤ ❡ ✉ ❜ ✲

❥ ❡ ❝ ♦ ❢ ❤ ✐ ♠ ❡ ♠ ♦ ✐ ✳ ❚ ❤ ❡ ♠ ❛ ✐ ♥ ❝ ❛ ❡ ❣ ♦ ✐ ❡ ♦ ❢ ✢ ❛ ♥ ❡ ❞ ❡ ❢ ❡ ❝ ❛ ❡ ❤ ♦ ✇ ♥ ✐ ♥ ❋ ✐ ❣ ✉ ❡ ✷ ✳ ❚ ❤ ❡ ②

❝ ❛ ✉ ❡ ♠ ❛ ♥ ② ♣ ♦ ❜ ❧ ❡ ♠ ❢ ♦ ❜ ♦ ❤ ♣ ♦ ❞ ✉ ❝ ❡ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❝ ✉ ♦ ♠ ❡ ✳ ❚ ❤ ❡ ② ❣ ❡ ♥ ❡ ❛ ❡ ❡ ✳ ❣ ✳ ♠ ❛ ♥ ✐ ♣ ✉ ❧ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥

♦ ❛ ❡ ♠ ❜ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❞ ✐ ✣ ❝ ✉ ❧ ✐ ❡ ✱ ♣ ✉ ❢ ✉ ❤ ❡ ♣ ♦ ❝ ❡ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ✐ ❦ ✭ ❛ ♠ ♣ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❡ ✳ ❣ ✳ ✮ ❀ ♠ ♦ ❡ ♦ ✈ ❡ ❤ ❡ ✐

✇ ❛ ✈ ② ❛ ♣ ❡ ❝ ♠ ❛ ② ❡ ♠ ❛ ✐ ♥ ❡ ✈ ❡ ♥ ❛ ❢ ❡ ♣ ❛ ✐ ♥ ✐ ♥ ❣ ✱ ✇ ❤ ✐ ❝ ❤ ✐ ♥ ♦ ❛ ❝ ❝ ❡ ♣ ❛ ❜ ❧ ❡ ❜ ② ❤ ❡ ❜ ✉ ② ❡ ♦ ❢ ❛ ♥

❡ ① ♣ ❡ ♥ ✐ ✈ ❡ ❝ ❛ ♦ ❡ ✈ ❡ ♥ ❛ ❜ ❡ ✈ ❡ ❛ ❣ ❡ ❝ ❛ ♥ ✳

❚ ❤ ❡ ❝ ♦ ♠ ♠ ♦ ♥ ♥ ❛ ✉ ❡ ♦ ❢ ❤ ❡ ❡ ❞ ✐ ✛ ❡ ❡ ♥ ❤ ❛ ♣ ❡ ✐ ❡ ❧ ❛ ✐ ❝ ❜ ✉ ❝ ❦ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ✱ ❛ ♠ ❡ ❝ ❤ ❛ ♥ ✐ ❝ ❛ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❛ ❜ ✐ ❧ ✐ ②

✇ ❤ ✐ ❝ ❤ ✐ ♥ ❞ ✉ ❝ ❡ ♣ ✉ ✐ ♦ ✉ ♦ ✉ ✲ ♦ ❢ ✲ ♣ ❧ ❛ ♥ ❡ ❞ ✐ ♣ ❧ ❛ ❝ ❡ ♠ ❡ ♥ ✇ ❤ ❡ ♥ ❛ ❝ ✐ ✐ ❝ ❛ ❧ ✐ ♥ ✲ ♣ ❧ ❛ ♥ ❡ ❝ ♦ ♠ ♣ ❡ ✐ ✈ ❡

❧ ♦ ❛ ❞ ✐ ❛ ♣ ♣ ❧ ✐ ❡ ❞ ♦ ♥ ❛ ❤ ✐ ♥ ♣ ♦ ❞ ✉ ❝ ✳ ❚ ❤ ❡ ✐ ♦ ✐ ❣ ✐ ♥ ✐ ❤ ❡ ♦ ❧ ❧ ❡ ❧ ❛ ✐ ❝ ❞ ❡ ❢ ♦ ♠ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✇ ❤ ✐ ❝ ❤ ❡ ✉ ❧

✐ ♥ ❛ ❤ ❡ ❡ ♦ ❣ ❡ ♥ ❡ ♦ ✉ ❤ ✐ ❝ ❦ ♥ ❡ ❡ ❞ ✉ ❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦ ❢ ❤ ❡ ❤ ❡ ❡ ✱ ❤ ❡ ♥ ❝ ❡ ❞ ✐ ✛ ❡ ❡ ♥ ✐ ❛ ❧ ❡ ❧ ♦ ♥ ❣ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✳ ❚ ❤ ✐ ✐ ♥

✉ ♥ ❝ ❛ ✉ ❡ ❡ ❧ ❢ ✲ ❜ ❛ ❧ ❛ ♥ ❝ ❡ ❞ ❡ ✐ ❞ ✉ ❛ ❧ ❡ ✜ ❡ ❧ ❞ ✐ ♥ ❤ ❡ ♣ ❡ ✲ ❛ ♥ ❞ ♣ ♦ ✲ ❜ ✐ ❡ ❛ ❡ ❛ ✱ ✇ ✐ ❤ ♣ ❛

♦ ❢ ❤ ❡ ❤ ❡ ❡ ❜ ❡ ✐ ♥ ❣ ✐ ♥ ❝ ♦ ♠ ♣ ❡ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✳ ❈ ♦ ♠ ♣ ❡ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦ ❢ ❛ ✈ ❡ ② ❤ ✐ ♥ ❤ ❡ ❡ ❛ ❧ ♠ ♦ ♥ ❡ ❝ ❡ ❛ ✐ ❧ ②

♠ ❡ ❛ ♥ ❜ ✉ ❝ ❦ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ✳

✷

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❈ ❖ ◆ ❚ ❊ ◆ ❚ ❙

❖ ♥ ❝ ❡ ❣ ❡ ♥ ❡ ❛ ❡ ❞ ✱ ❤ ❡ ❡ ❞ ❡ ❢ ❡ ❝ ❛ ❡ ❞ ✐ ✣ ❝ ✉ ❧ ♦ ❡ ❧ ✐ ♠ ✐ ♥ ❛ ❡ ✳ ❚ ❤ ✐ ❡ ✉ ✐ ❡ ❝ ❛ ❡ ❢ ✉ ❧ ✐ ♥ ♣ ❡ ❝ ✲

✐ ♦ ♥ ✱ ❢ ✉ ❤ ❡ ♣ ♦ ❝ ❡ ✐ ♥ ❣ ✉ ❝ ❤ ❛ ❧ ❡ ✈ ❡ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ✱ ✇ ✐ ❤ ❤ ❡ ❝ ♦ ❡ ♣ ♦ ♥ ❞ ✐ ♥ ❣ ✐ ♥ ✈ ❡ ♠ ❡ ♥ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❧ ❛ ❜ ♦

❝ ♦ ✳ ❋ ❧ ❛ ♥ ❡ ❞ ❡ ❢ ❡ ❝ ❤ ♦ ✉ ❧ ❞ ❤ ❡ ❡ ❢ ♦ ❡ ❜ ❡ ♣ ❡ ✈ ❡ ♥ ❡ ❞ ✱ ♦ ❛ ❧ ❡ ❛ ❦ ❡ ♣ ♦ ✉ ❝ ❤ ❛ ❧ ♦ ✇ ❧ ❡ ✈ ❡ ❧

❤ ❛ ❤ ❡ ✐ ❝ ♦ ❡ ❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✇ ✐ ❧ ❧ ❜ ❡ ❛ ❜ ❡ ♥ ✐ ❣ ♥ ♦ ♣ ❡ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✳ ❚ ❤ ✐ ✐ ❞ ♦ ♥ ❡ ❜ ② ✐ ♠ ♣ ❧ ❡ ♠ ❡ ♥ ✐ ♥ ❣ ♣ ♦ ✇ ❡ ❢ ✉ ❧

❛ ♥ ❞ ❝ ♦ ♠ ♣ ❧ ❡ ① ♦ ♥ ✲ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❡ ♠ ❡ ❛ ✉ ❡ ♠ ❡ ♥ ② ❡ ♠ ✭ ❡ ✲ ♠ ❡ ❡ ♦ ❧ ❧ ✮ ✱ ❝ ♦ ♠ ♣ ❧ ❡ ① ❛ ♥ ❞ ✇ ✐ ❤ ♥ ✉ ✲

♠ ❡ ♦ ✉ ❛ ❝ ✉ ❛ ♦ ✭ ♦ ❧ ❧ ❜ ❡ ♥ ❞ ✐ ♥ ❣ ✱ ❤ ✐ ❢ ❛ ❜ ❧ ❡ ♦ ❧ ❧ ❡ ❝ ✳ ✮ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❛ ✉ ♦ ♠ ❛ ✐ ❝ ❝ ♦ ♥ ♦ ❧ ❡ ❝ ❤ ♥ ✐ ✉ ❡ ❛ ♥ ❞

❛ ❧ ❣ ♦ ✐ ❤ ♠ ✱ ❛ ♥ ♦ ✈ ❡ ✈ ✐ ❡ ✇ ♦ ❢ ✇ ❤ ✐ ❝ ❤ ✐ ❣ ✐ ✈ ❡ ♥ ✐ ♥ ❤ ❡ ♥ ❡ ① ❝ ❤ ❛ ♣ ❡ ✳

❆ ❧ ❧ ❤ ✐ ❡ ✉ ✐ ♣ ♠ ❡ ♥ ✐ ❜ ❡ ✉ ❡ ❞ ✐ ❢ ❤ ❡ ♠ ❡ ❝ ❤ ❛ ♥ ✐ ❝ ♦ ❢ ❤ ❡ ✢ ❛ ♥ ❡ ❞ ❡ ❢ ❡ ❝ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❤ ❡ ❡ ♣ ♦ ♥ ❡

♦ ❛ ❝ ✉ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❛ ❡ ❛ ❝ ❝ ✉ ❛ ❡ ❧ ② ❦ ♥ ♦ ✇ ♥ ✳ ❖ ♥ ❡ ✇ ❛ ② ♦ ❣ ❛ ✐ ♥ ❡ ① ♣ ❡ ✐ ❡ ✐ ♥ ❤ ✐ ♠ ✉ ❧ ✐ ❢ ❛ ❝ ♦ ✐ ❛ ❧ ✱ ❤ ✐ ❣ ❤ ❧ ②

❝ ♦ ✉ ♣ ❧ ❡ ❞ ♣ ♦ ❜ ❧ ❡ ♠ ✐ ♦ ❞ ❡ ✈ ❡ ❧ ♦ ♣ ❛ ♦ ❧ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ♠ ♦ ❞ ❡ ❧ ❝ ❛ ♣ ❛ ❜ ❧ ❡ ♦ ❢ ♣ ❡ ❞ ✐ ❝ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❤ ❡ ❛ ❡ ♦ ❢ ❤ ❡ ❝ ♦ ❧ ❞

♦ ❧ ❧ ❡ ❞ ✐ ♣ ✳ ❇ ❛ ❡ ❞ ♦ ♥ ✐ ♥ ❢ ♦ ♠ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❡ ① ❛ ❝ ❡ ❞ ❢ ♦ ♠ ✉ ❝ ❤ ❛ ♠ ♦ ❞ ❡ ❧ ✱ ♦ ♥ ❡ ❝ ♦ ✉ ❧ ❞ ❛ ❞ ❥ ✉ ❤ ❡

♦ ❧ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❝ ♦ ♥ ❞ ✐ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❛ ♥ ❞ ♣ ❡ ✈ ❡ ♥ ✢ ❛ ♥ ❡ ♣ ♦ ❜ ❧ ❡ ♠ ✳

❚ ♦ ❜ ❡ ❝ ♦ ♠ ♣ ❧ ❡ ❡ ✱ ✉ ❢ ❛ ❝ ❡ ❛ ♣ ❡ ❝ ❛ ♥ ❞ ♠ ❡ ❝ ❤ ❛ ♥ ✐ ❝ ❛ ❧ ♣ ♦ ♣ ❡ ✐ ❡ ❛ ❡ ♦ ❤ ❡ ✐ ♠ ♣ ♦ ❛ ♥ ❡ ✉ ✐ ❡ ✲

♠ ❡ ♥ ✳ ❚ ❤ ❡ ❧ ❛ ❡ ✐ ♦ ❢ ✐ ♥ ❡ ❡ ♦ ✉ ❛ ♥ ❡ ✇ ✱ ❤ ❛ ❞ ❡ ❛ ❧ ❧ ♦ ② ❛ ❡ ❜ ❡ ✐ ♥ ❣ ♣ ✉ ✐ ♥ ❡ ✈ ✐ ❝ ❡ ♦ ❤ ❡ ❧ ♣

❜ ✉ ✐ ❧ ❞ ❧ ✐ ❣ ❤ ❡ ❝ ❛ ❡ ✳ ❣ ✳ ❢ ♦ ❡ ♥ ✈ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♠ ❡ ♥ ❛ ❧ ❡ ❛ ♦ ♥ ✳ ❍ ❛ ❞ ❡ ❛ ❧ ❧ ♦ ② ✱ ❧ ❡ ❛ ❞ ✐ ♥ ❣ ♦ ❤ ✐ ❣ ❤ ❡ ♦ ❧ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣

❧ ♦ ❛ ❞ ❛ ♥ ❞ ♠ ♦ ❡ ♦ ❧ ❧ ❞ ❡ ❢ ♦ ♠ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✱ ❡ ✉ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❡ ♥ ❤ ❛ ♥ ❝ ❡ ❞ ✢ ❛ ♥ ❡ ❝ ♦ ♥ ♦ ❧ ❞ ✐ ✣ ❝ ✉ ❧ ✐ ❡ ✳

❆ ✜ ♥ ❛ ❧ ❡ ♠ ❛ ❦ ✿ ❛ ❧ ❧ ❤ ❡ ❡ ❡ ❝ ❤ ♥ ✐ ❝ ❛ ❧ ❝ ♦ ♥ ❛ ✐ ♥ ♠ ✉ ❜ ❡ ❝ ♦ ♠ ❜ ✐ ♥ ❡ ❞ ✇ ✐ ❤ ♠ ❛ ① ✐ ♠ ✉ ♠

♣ ♦ ❞ ✉ ❝ ✐ ✈ ✐ ② ✐ ♥ ♦ ❞ ❡ ♦ ♣ ♦ ❞ ✉ ❝ ❡ ❡ ✈ ❡ ♥ ❝ ❤ ❡ ❛ ♣ ❡ ✳

✷ ❆ ✐ ♠ ♦ ❢ ❤ ✐ ✉ ❞ ②

A ❝ ❡ ❧ ♦ ▼ ✐ ❛ ❧ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❈ ♦ ♥ ❡ ❧ ❧ ✐ ✉ ♠ ✱ ✇ ♦ ♠ ❛ ❥ ♦ ♠ ❡ ❛ ❧ ❤ ❡ ❡ ♣ ♦ ❞ ✉ ❝ ❡ ✱ ♦ ✇ ♥ ❛ ❋ ✐ ♥ ✐ ❡ ❊ ❧ ❡ ✲

♠ ❡ ♥ ▼ ❡ ❤ ♦ ❞ ✭ ❋ ❊ ▼ ✮ ❜ ❛ ❡ ❞ ♦ ❧ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ♠ ♦ ❞ ❡ ❧ ♥ ❛ ♠ ❡ ❞ ▲ ❛ ♠ ✸ ✴ ❚ ❡ ❝ ✸ ✳ ■ ♥ ❤ ❡ ❝ ❛ ❡ ♦ ❢ ❤ ❡ ❡ ♦ ❧ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ✱

❤ ❡ ❚ ❡ ❝ ✸ ♠ ♦ ❞ ✉ ❧ ❡ ❝ ♦ ✉ ♣ ❧ ❡ ♦ ❧ ❧ ❤ ❡ ♠ ♦ ✲ ❡ ❧ ❛ ✐ ❝ ❞ ❡ ❢ ♦ ♠ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✇ ✐ ❤ ✐ ♣ ♣ ❧ ❛ ✐ ❝ ❞ ❡ ❢ ♦ ♠ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✳

❚ ❤ ✐ ❛ ❧ ❧ ♦ ✇ ❝ ♦ ♠ ♣ ✉ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❤ ❡ ❡ ❡ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❛ ✐ ♥ ✐ ♥ ❤ ❡ ♦ ❧ ❧ ❜ ✐ ❡ ✱ ♦ ❧ ❧ ❧ ♦ ❛ ❞ ❛ ♥ ❞ ♦ ✉ ❡ ✱ ♦ ❧ ❧

❞ ❡ ❢ ♦ ♠ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❛ ♥ ❞ ✐ ♣ ❛ ♥ ✈ ❡ ❡ ❤ ✐ ❝ ❦ ♥ ❡ ♣ ♦ ✜ ❧ ❡ ✱ ❤ ❡ ♠ ❛ ❧ ✜ ❡ ❧ ❞ ✳ ✳ ✳ ■ ❛ ❧ ♦ ❞ ❡ ❡ ♠ ✐ ♥ ❡ ❤ ❡

❝ ♦ ♠ ♣ ❧ ❡ ① ♣ ♦ ✲ ❜ ✐ ❡ ❡ ✜ ❡ ❧ ❞ ❡ ✉ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❢ ♦ ♠ ❤ ❡ ❡ ♦ ❣ ❡ ♥ ❡ ♦ ✉ ❛ ✐ ♥ ✳

❚ ❤ ✐ ❝ ❛ ♣ ❛ ❝ ✐ ② ✐ ❡ ❛ ✐ ❧ ② ❡ ① ♣ ❧ ♦ ✐ ❡ ❞ ❢ ♦ ❤ ❡ ✐ ♠ ✉ ❧ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦ ❢ ♦ ❧ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❝ ❛ ❡ ✇ ❤ ❡ ❡ ❤ ❡ ❡ ❡ ♠ ❛ ✐ ♥ ✢ ❛

♦ ♥ ❤ ❡ ♠ ✐ ❧ ❧ ✭ ✉ ♥ ❞ ❡ ✐ ♥ ❡ ❛ ♥ ❞ ♦ ❝ ♦ ✐ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ✐ ♣ ❡ ♥ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❢ ♦ ❝ ❡ ✮ ✳ ❇ ✉ ❤ ❡ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❛ ❞ ✈ ❡ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦ ❢

▲ ❛ ♠ ✸ ✴ ❚ ❡ ❝ ✸ ❬ ❍ ❛ ❝ ✉ ✐ ♥ ✱ ✶ ✾ ✾ ✻ ❪ ✐ ♥ ♦ ❡ ✉ ✐ ♣ ♣ ❡ ❞ ♦ ♣ ❡ ❞ ✐ ❝ ❞ ❡ ❢ ❡ ❝ ✐ ❢ ❤ ❡ ❡ ❞ ♦ ❜ ✉ ❝ ❦ ❧ ❡ ♦ ♥ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❡ ✳

■ ♥ ✉ ❝ ❤ ❝ ❛ ❡ ✱ ♦ ♥ ❡ ✜ ♥ ❞ ♠ ❛ ❥ ♦ ❞ ✐ ✛ ❡ ❡ ♥ ❝ ❡ ❜ ❡ ✇ ❡ ❡ ♥ ❝ ♦ ♠ ♣ ✉ ❡ ❞ ❛ ♥ ❞ ♠ ❡ ❛ ✉ ❡ ❞ ♣ ♦ ✲ ❜ ✐ ❡ ❡

♣ ♦ ✜ ❧ ❡ ✱ ❜ ❡ ❝ ❛ ✉ ❡ ❛ ❜ ✉ ❝ ❦ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ❤ ♦ ♦ ✉ ❣ ❤ ❡ ❡ ❞ ✐ ✐ ❜ ✉ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦ ❝ ❝ ✉ ✱ ✇ ❤ ✐ ❝ ❤ ✐ ♥ ♦ ❝ ❛ ♣ ✉ ❡ ❞

✐ ♥ ❤ ❡ ❛ ❜ ❡ ♥ ❝ ❡ ♦ ❢ ❛ ❜ ✉ ❝ ❦ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❝ ♦ ♠ ♣ ✉ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ❧ ❣ ♦ ✐ ❤ ♠ ✳ ■ ❤ ❛ ❜ ❡ ❡ ♥ ❤ ♦ ✇ ♥ ❬ ❆ ❜ ❞ ❡ ❧ ❦ ❤ ❛ ❧ ❡ ❦ ✱ ✷ ✵ ✶ ✵ ❪

✸

8/17/2019 2014 en Mp 0005 Diffusion

21/214

❈ ❖ ◆ ❚ ❊ ◆ ❚ ❙

❤ ❛ ❢ ♦ ✉ ♥ ❛ ❡ ❧ ② ✱ ❤ ✐ ❡ ♦ ♠ ❛ ❞ ❡ ♦ ♥ ❤ ❡ ♦ ✉ ✲ ♦ ❢ ✲ ❜ ✐ ❡ ✜ ❡ ❧ ❞ ❤ ❛ ♥ ♦ ✐ ❣ ♥ ✐ ✜ ❝ ❛ ♥ ✐ ♠ ♣ ❛ ❝ ♦ ♥ ❤ ❡

✐ ♥ ✲ ❜ ✐ ❡ ❡ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❛ ✐ ♥ ✜ ❡ ❧ ❞ ✱ ❡ ✛ ♦ ❛ ♥ ❞ ♦ ❧ ❧ ❞ ❡ ❢ ♦ ♠ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✱ ♦ ✜ ♥ ❛ ❧ ✐ ♣ ♣ ♦ ✜ ❧ ❡ ✳ ■ ❢ ❤ ❡

❛ ♠ ❜ ✐ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✐ ❧ ✐ ♠ ✐ ❡ ❞ ♦ ✉ ❝ ❤ ❡ ✉ ❧ ✱ ❤ ❡ ♦ ❢ ✇ ❛ ❡ ✇ ♦ ❦ ♣ ❡ ❢ ❡ ❝ ❧ ② ✳

■ ❢ ❤ ❡ ♣ ♦ ✲ ❜ ✐ ❡ ❡ ✜ ❡ ❧ ❞ ✐ ❛ ♥ ❡ ① ♣ ❡ ❝ ❡ ❞ ❡ ✉ ❧ ✱ ♦ ✐ ❢ ❛ ❢ ♦ ✐ ♦ ✐ ✢ ❛ ♥ ❡ ❞ ❡ ❢ ❡ ❝ ❛ ❡ ❛

❛ ❦ ❡ ✱ ❤ ❡ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❛ ❞ ✈ ❡ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✐ ♥ ♦ ♠ ♦ ❡ ✉ ✣ ❝ ✐ ❡ ♥ ✳ ❚ ❤ ✐ ❧ ✐ ♠ ✐ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✐ ✉ ✉ ❛ ❧ ❧ ② ❢ ♦ ✉ ❣ ❤ ❜ ②

❛ ♥ ♣ ♦ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❤ ❡ ✭ ✐ ♥ ❝ ♦ ❡ ❝ ✮ ❡ ✜ ❡ ❧ ❞ ✐ ♥ ♦ ❛ ✉ ❝ ✉ ❛ ❧ ♠ ❡ ❝ ❤ ❛ ♥ ✐ ❝ ♦ ♦ ❧ ✇ ❤ ✐ ❝ ❤ ❞ ❡ ❡ ❝

❤ ❡ ❜ ✉ ❝ ❦ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❜ ✐ ❢ ✉ ❝ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✱ ❡ ❧ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ✐ ❢ ❛ ❞ ❡ ❢ ❡ ❝ ✇ ✐ ❧ ❧ ❜ ❡ ❢ ♦ ✉ ♥ ❞ ♦ ♥ ♦ ❀ ✐ ❢ ✐ ❤ ❛ ❛ ♣ ♦ ✲ ❜ ✉ ❝ ❦ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣

❝ ❛ ♣ ❛ ❝ ✐ ② ✱ ✐ ✇ ✐ ❧ ❧ ❛ ❧ ♦ ② ✐ ❡ ❧ ❞ ❤ ❡ ❤ ❛ ♣ ❡ ♦ ❢ ❤ ❡ ❞ ❡ ❢ ❡ ❝ ✭ ♠ ♦ ❞ ❡ ✱ ✇ ❛ ✈ ❡ ❧ ❡ ♥ ❣ ❤ ✱ ❛ ♠ ♣ ❧ ✐ ✉ ❞ ❡ ✮ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❤ ❡

✭ ❝ ♦ ❡ ❝ ❡ ❞ ✮ ❡ ✜ ❡ ❧ ❞ ✳ ◆ ♦ ❡ ❤ ❛ ❜ ♦ ❤ ❤ ❡ ❤ ❛ ♣ ❡ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❡ ❡ ✉ ♥ ❞ ❡ ✐ ♣ ❡ ♥ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❢ ♦ ❝ ❡

✭ ♦ ♥ ❤ ❡ ♠ ✐ ❧ ❧ ✮ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❛ ❢ ❡ ❡ ♥ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❝ ❛ ♥ ❝ ❡ ❧ ❧ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✭ ❛ ❤ ❡ ❝ ✉ ♦ ♠ ❡ ✮ ❛ ❡ ♦ ❢ ✐ ♥ ❡ ❡ ✳

❆ ❜ ❞ ❡ ❧ ❦ ❤ ❛ ❧ ❡ ❦ ❡ ① ❡ ♥ ❞ ❡ ❞ ❤ ❡ ❝ ❛ ♣ ❛ ❝ ✐ ② ♦ ❢ ▲ ❛ ♠ ✸ ✴ ❚ ❡ ❝ ✸ ♦ ✇ ❛ ❞ ✢ ❛ ♥ ❡ ♣ ♦ ❜ ❧ ❡ ♠ ❜ ② ✐ ♠ ✲

♣ ❧ ❡ ♠ ❡ ♥ ✐ ♥ ❣ ✇ ♦ ♠ ♦ ❞ ❡ ❧ ✿

✶ ✮ ▲ ❛ ♠ ✸ ✴ ❚ ❡ ❝ ✸ ✲ ❆ ❜ ❞ ❡ ❧ ❦ ❤ ❛ ❧ ❡ ❦ ♣ ❡ ❢ ♦ ♠ ❛ ♦ ♥ ❣ ❝ ♦ ✉ ♣ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ♦ ❢ ❛ ❢ ❛ ✐ ❧ ② ✐ ♠ ♣ ❧ ❡ ❜ ✉ ❝ ❦ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ♠ ♦ ❞ ❡ ❧

✇ ✐ ❤ ❤ ❡ ❡ ✜ ❡ ❧ ❞ ❞ ❡ ❡ ♠ ✐ ♥ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✱ ✐ ♥ ✐ ❞ ❡ ▲ ❛ ♠ ✸ ✴ ❚ ❡ ❝ ✸ ✳ ❚ ❤ ❡ ♦ ♥ ❣ ❝ ♦ ✉ ♣ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ✱ ❛

❝ ♦ ♥ ✐ ✉ ✐ ✈ ❡ ♠ ♦ ❞ ❡ ❧ ❧ ❡ ✈ ❡ ❧ ✱ ❛ ❧ ❧ ♦ ✇ ❛ ♥ ② ♣ ♦ ✐ ❜ ❧ ❡ ❡ ❧ ❛ ✐ ❝ ✲ ♣ ❧ ❛ ✐ ❝ ❞ ❡ ❢ ♦ ♠ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✴ ❜ ✉ ❝ ❦ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣

✐ ♥ ❡ ❛ ❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦ ❜ ❡ ❛ ❦ ❡ ♥ ✐ ♥ ♦ ❛ ❝ ❝ ♦ ✉ ♥ ✳ ❖ ♥ ❤ ❡ ♦ ❤ ❡ ❤ ❛ ♥ ❞ ✱ ❤ ✐ ♠ ♦ ❞ ❡ ❧ ✐ ❧ ✐ ♠ ✐ ❡ ❞ ♦

❜ ✉ ❝ ❦ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ♦ ♥ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❡ ✱ ✉ ♥ ❞ ❡ ❡ ♥ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❢ ♦ ❝ ❡ ✳ ■ ❝ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❡ ❡ ❝ ❜ ✉ ❝ ❦ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ✱ ❜ ✉ ❞ ♦ ❡ ♥ ♦ ❣ ✐ ✈ ❡ ❤ ❡

❤ ❛ ♣ ❡ ♦ ❢ ❤ ❡ ❞ ❡ ❢ ❡ ❝ ✳ ■ ❞ ♦ ❡ ♥ ♦ ❡ ✉ ✐ ❡ ♠ ✉ ❝ ❤ ♠ ♦ ❡ ✐ ♠ ❡ ❤ ❛ ♥ ▲ ❛ ♠ ✸ ✴ ❚ ❡ ❝ ✸ ✐ ❡ ❧ ❢ ✳

✷ ✮ ▲ ❛ ♠ ✸ ✴ ❚ ❡ ❝ ✸ ✲ ▼ ❆ ◆ ❝ ♦ ✉ ♣ ❧ ❡ ✐ ♥ ❛ ❛ ❣ ❣ ❡ ❡ ❞ ❝ ❤ ❡ ♠ ❡ ❤ ❡ ♦ ❧ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ♦ ❢ ✇ ❛ ❡ ✇ ✐ ❤ ❛ ♣ ♦ ✇ ❡ ❢ ✉ ❧

❤ ❡ ❧ ❧ ❋ ❊ ▼ ♦ ❢ ✇ ❛ ❡ ❝ ♦ ♥ ❝ ❡ ♥ ❛ ✐ ♥ ❣ ♦ ♥ ❜ ✉ ❝ ❦ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ♥ ❞ ♣ ♦ ✲ ❜ ✉ ❝ ❦ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ✉ ❞ ✐ ❡ ❤ ❛ ♥ ❦ ♦ ❛ ♥

❛ ❞ ✈ ❛ ♥ ❝ ❡ ❞ ♥ ♦ ♥ ✲ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❡ ❛ ♦ ❧ ✈ ❡ ❜ ❛ ❡ ❞ ♦ ♥ ❛ ♠ ❡ ❤ ♦ ❞ ❝ ❛ ❧ ❧ ❡ ❞ ❆ ◆ ▼ ✭ ❆ ② ♠ ♣ ♦ ✐ ❝ ◆ ✉ ♠ ❡ ✐ ❝ ❛ ❧

▼ ❡ ❤ ♦ ❞ ✮ ✳ ❚ ❤ ❡ ❝ ♦ ✉ ♣ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ♣ ♦ ❝ ❡ ❞ ✉ ❡ ✐ ✉ ♥ ❢ ♦ ✉ ♥ ❛ ❡ ❧ ② ❝ ♦ ♠ ♣ ❧ ❡ ① ❛ ♥ ❞ ❡ ❞ ✐ ♦ ✉ ✱ ❛ ♥ ❞ ✐

❡ ✉ ✐ ❡ ❧ ♦ ♥ ❣ ❝ ♦ ♠ ♣ ✉ ✐ ♥ ❣ ✐ ♠ ❡ ✳ ❇ ✉ ✐ ✐ ❛ ❜ ❧ ❡ ♦ ❢ ✉ ❛ ♥ ✐ ❢ ② ❞ ❡ ❢ ❡ ❝ ✐ ♥ ❛ ❧ ❧ ❡ ♣ ❡ ❝ ✱

❞ ❡ ❝ ✐ ❜ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❤ ❡ ♣ ♦ ✲ ❜ ✉ ❝ ❦ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ❡ ♦ ❢ ❤ ❡ ✐ ♣ ✉ ♥ ❞ ❡ ❡ ♥ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❛ ✇ ❡ ❧ ❧ ❛ ❛ ❢ ❡ ❡ ♥ ✐ ♦ ♥

❝ ❛ ♥ ❝ ❡ ❧ ❧ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✱ ✐ ♥ ❛ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❧ ❡ ❝ ♦ ♠ ♣ ✉ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✳

❚ ❤ ❡ ❛ ✐ ♠ ♦ ❢ ❤ ✐ ✉ ❞ ② ✐ ♦ ❞ ❡ ✈ ❡ ❧ ♦ ♣ ❛ ❜ ✉ ❝ ❦ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ♠ ♦ ❞ ❡ ❧ ❝ ♦ ♠ ❜ ✐ ♥ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❤ ❡ ❛ ❞ ✈ ❛ ♥ ❛ ❣ ❡ ♦ ❢ ❜ ♦ ❤

♠ ♦ ❞ ❡ ❧ ✳ ■ ❤ ♦ ✉ ❧ ❞ ❜ ❡ ❛ ❜ ❧ ❡ ♦ ❞ ❡ ❡ ❝ ❤ ❡ ❞ ❡ ❢ ❡ ❝ ✐ ✈ ❡ ③ ♦ ♥ ❡ ✱ ❞ ❡ ❝ ✐ ❜ ❡ ❤ ❡ ✢ ❛ ♥ ❡ ❞ ❡ ❢ ❡ ❝ ✭ ♠ ♦ ❞ ❡ ✮

❛ ♥ ❞ ✉ ❛ ♥ ✐ ❢ ② ✐ ✭ ❛ ♠ ♣ ❧ ✐ ✉ ❞ ❡ ❛ ♥ ❞ ✇ ❛ ✈ ❡ ❧ ❡ ♥ ❣ ❤ ✮ ✱ ♣ ❡ ❞ ✐ ❝ ❤ ❡ ♣ ♦ ✲ ❜ ✉ ❝ ❦ ❧ ❡ ❞ ❛ ❡ ♦ ❢ ❤ ❡ ✐ ♣

✭ ✐ ♥ ❝ ❧ ✉ ❞ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❡ ❧ ❛ ① ❡ ❞ ❡ ❡ ✮ ✳ ❨ ❡ ✐ ❤ ♦ ✉ ❧ ❞ ❜ ❡ ✐ ♠ ♣ ❧ ❡ ❡ ♥ ♦ ✉ ❣ ❤ ♦ ❜ ❡ ❝ ♦ ♠ ♣ ❧ ❡ ❡ ❧ ② ✐ ♠ ♠ ❡ ❡ ❞ ✐ ♥

❤ ❡ ♦ ❧ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ♠ ♦ ❞ ❡ ❧ ▲ ❛ ♠ ✸ ✴ ❚ ❡ ❝ ✸ ✐ ♥ ❛ ♦ ♥ ❣ ❝ ♦ ✉ ♣ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ✇ ✐ ❤ ❡ ❞ ❡ ❡ ♠ ✐ ♥ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✳ ■ ♥ ❞ ❡ ❡ ❞ ✱ ❤ ❡

♦ ❜ ❥ ❡ ❝ ✐ ✈ ❡ ✐ ♦ ♣ ♦ ✈ ✐ ❞ ❡ ❤ ❡ ✐ ♥ ❞ ✉ ✐ ❛ ❧ ♣ ❛ ♥ ❡ ✇ ✐ ❤ ✇ ♦ ♦ ♦ ❧ ❜ ❛ ❡ ❞ ♦ ♥ ❤ ❡ ❛ ♠ ❡ ❜ ✉ ❝ ❦ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣

❤ ❡ ♦ ② ✿

⋄ ❛ ❞ ❡ ❝ ♦ ✉ ♣ ❧ ❡ ❞ ✈ ❡ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✇ ❤ ✐ ❝ ❤ ❝ ❛ ♥ ❜ ❡ ✉ ❡ ❞ ❛ ❛ ♣ ♦ ✲ ♣ ♦ ❝ ❡ ♦ ❢ ♦ ❤ ❡ ❡ ✜ ❡ ❧ ❞ ❞ ❡ ❡ ♠ ✐ ♥ ❡ ❞ ❜ ② ▲ ❛ ♠ ✸ ✴ ❚ ❡ ❝ ✸ ❀

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❈ ❖ ◆ ❚ ❊ ◆ ❚ ❙

⋄❛ ❝ ♦ ✉ ♣ ❧ ❡ ❞ ✈ ❡ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✱ ❛ ♦ ❧ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ✲ ❜ ✉ ❝ ❦ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ♠ ♦ ❞ ❡ ❧ ✱ ✐ ♠ ✐ ❧ ❛ ♦ ▲ ❛ ♠ ✸ ✴ ❚ ❡ ❝ ✸ ✲ ❆ ❜ ❞ ❡ ❧ ❦ ❤ ❛ ❧ ❡ ❦ ❜ ✉

✇ ✐ ❤ ❛ ♥ ❛ ❞ ❞ ✐ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❛ ❧ ❝ ❛ ♣ ❛ ❝ ✐ ② ♦ ✉ ❛ ♥ ✐ ❢ ② ❤ ❡ ❣ ❡ ♦ ♠ ❡ ② ♦ ❢ ✢ ❛ ♥ ❡ ❞ ❡ ❢ ❡ ❝ ✳

✸ ❙ ✉ ❝ ✉ ❡ ♦ ❢ ❤ ✐ ♠ ❡ ♠ ♦ ✐

⋄❈ ❤ ❛ ♣ ❡ ✶ ♣ ❡ ❡ ♥ ❛ ♥ ♦ ✈ ❡ ✈ ✐ ❡ ✇ ♦ ❢ ❤ ❡ ♦ ❧ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ♣ ♦ ❝ ❡ ❢ ♦ ✉ ♥ ❢ ❛ ♠ ✐ ❧ ✐ ❛ ❡ ❛ ❞ ❡ ✱ ✇ ✐ ❤ ❛

❢ ♦ ❝ ✉ ♦ ♥ ✢ ❛ ♥ ❡ ❞ ❡ ❢ ❡ ❝ ✿ ❤ ❡ ♦ ❧ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ♠ ✐ ❧ ❧ ✐ ♥ ♦ ❢ ❛ ❛ ❤ ❡ ✐ ❢ ❡ ❛ ✉ ❡ ❛ ❡ ❝ ♦ ♥ ♥ ❡ ❝ ❡ ❞

✇ ✐ ❤ ✢ ❛ ♥ ❡ ❞ ❡ ❢ ❡ ❝ ✱ ❤ ❡ ♠ ❡ ❝ ❤ ❛ ♥ ✐ ❝ ❛ ❧ ♦ ✐ ❣ ✐ ♥ ♦ ❢ ✢ ❛ ♥ ❡ ❞ ❡ ❢ ❡ ❝ ✱ ❤ ❡ ✐ ♠ ❡ ❛ ✉ ❡ ♠ ❡ ♥ ✱

❝ ♦ ♥ ♦ ❧ ② ❡ ♠ ✳

⋄❈ ❤ ❛ ♣ ❡ ✷ ✉ ✈ ❡ ② ❧ ✐ ❡ ❛ ✉ ❡ ♦ ♥ ❤ ❡ ❞ ✐ ✛ ❡ ❡ ♥ ♠ ❡ ❤ ♦ ❞ ❞ ❡ ❛ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ✇ ✐ ❤ ❜ ✉ ❝ ❦ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ✱ ❡ ♣ ❡ ❝ ✐ ❛ ❧ ❧ ②

❤ ♦ ❡ ✇ ❤ ✐ ❝ ❤ ❤ ❛ ✈ ❡ ❜ ❡ ❡ ♥ ❛ ♣ ♣ ❧ ✐ ❡ ❞ ♦ ✢ ❛ ♥ ❡ ❞ ❡ ❢ ❡ ❝ ✐ ♥ ♦ ❧ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ♣ ♦ ❝ ❡ ❡ ✳

⋄❈ ❤ ❛ ♣ ❡ ✸ ❝ ♦ ♠ ♣ ❧ ❡ ❡ ❤ ❡ ❞ ❡ ❝ ✐ ♣ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✱ ❡ ① ♣ ❧ ♦ ✐ ✐ ♥ ❣ ♦ ♥ ❡ ♦ ❢ ❤ ♦ ❡ ✱ ❤ ❡ ❜ ✉ ❝ ❦ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ♠ ♦ ❞ ❡ ❧ ✐ ♠ ✲

♣ ❧ ❡ ♠ ❡ ♥ ❡ ❞ ✐ ♥ ▲ ❛ ♠ ✸ ✴ ❚ ❡ ❝ ✸ ❜ ② ❆ ❜ ❞ ❡ ❧ ❦ ❤ ❛ ❧ ❡ ❦ ✱ ✐ ♥ ❛ ✉ ✐ ❝ ❦ ✉ ❞ ② ♦ ❢ ❤ ❡ ❡ ✛ ❡ ❝ ♦ ❢ ❞ ✐ ✛ ❡ ❡ ♥

♦ ❧ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ♠ ✐ ❧ ❧ ❛ ❝ ✉ ❛ ♦ ♦ ♥ ✢ ❛ ♥ ❡ ❞ ❡ ❢ ❡ ❝ ✳

⋄❈ ❤ ❛ ♣ ❡ ✹ ❞ ❡ ❝ ✐ ❜ ❡ ❤ ❡ ♠ ✉ ❧ ✐ ✲ ❝ ❛ ❧ ❡ ❜ ✉ ❝ ❦ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ♠ ♦ ❞ ❡ ❧ ✭

▼ ❙ ❇ ▼

✮ ✱ ❤ ❡ ❝ ❡ ♥ ❛ ❧ ❞ ❡ ✈ ❡ ❧ ♦ ♣ ♠ ❡ ♥

♦ ❢ ❤ ✐ ❤ ❉ ✇ ♦ ❦ ✳ ❚ ❤ ❡ ❤ ❡ ♦ ❡ ✐ ❝ ❛ ❧ ♣ ❡ ❡ ♥ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✐ ❝ ♦ ♠ ♣ ❧ ❡ ❡ ❞ ✇ ✐ ❤ ✐ ♠ ♣ ❧ ❡ ❛ ♣ ♣ ❧ ✐ ❝ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥

♦ ❛ ❝ ❛ ❞ ❡ ♠ ✐ ❝ ❡ ① ❛ ♠ ♣ ❧ ❡ ✱ ✇ ✐ ❤ ❛ ❝ ♦ ♠ ♣ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦ ❡ ✉ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❤ ❡ ❧ ✐ ❡ ❛ ✉ ❡ ✳

⋄ ❈ ❤ ❛ ♣ ❡ ✺ ❤ ❡ ♠ ✉ ❧ ✐ ✲ ❝ ❛ ❧ ❡ ❜ ✉ ❝ ❦ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ♠ ♦ ❞ ❡ ❧ ✐ ✉ ❡ ❞ ✐ ♥ ❛ ❞ ❡ ❝ ♦ ✉ ♣ ❧ ❡ ❞ ♠ ❛ ♥ ♥ ❡ ♦ ♣ ❡ ❞ ✐ ❝ ♦ ♥ ✲ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❡ ✢ ❛ ♥ ❡ ❞ ❡ ❢ ❡ ❝ ❢ ♦ ❛ ❡ ❛ ❧ ♦ ❧ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ♦ ♣ ❡ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✱ ❡ ✐ ♥ ❣ ✐ ♥ ❛ ❞ ❞ ✐ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✐ ❡ ♣ ♦ ♥ ❡

♦ ❝ ❤ ❛ ♥ ❣ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❢ ✐ ❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❛ ♥ ❞ ✇ ♦ ❦ ♦ ❧ ❧ ❜ ❡ ♥ ❞ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❢ ♦ ❝ ❡ ✳

⋄❈ ❤ ❛ ♣ ❡ ✻ ❡ ① ♣ ❧ ♦ ❡ ❤ ❡ ❝ ♦ ✉ ♣ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ♦ ❢ ▲ ❛ ♠ ✸ ✴ ❚ ❡ ❝ ✸ ❛ ♥ ❞

▼ ❙ ❇ ▼

✱ ❛ ❣ ❛ ✐ ♥ ❝ ♦ ♥ ❢ ♦ ♥ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❤ ❡

❡ ✉ ❧ ✇ ✐ ❤ ♣ ❡ ✈ ✐ ♦ ✉ ✇ ♦ ❦ ✳

⋄❋ ✐ ♥ ❛ ❧ ❧ ② ✱ ❣ ❡ ♥ ❡ ❛ ❧ ❝ ♦ ♥ ❝ ❧ ✉ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❡ ❝ ♦ ♠ ♠ ❡ ♥ ❞ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❛ ❡ ❞ ❛ ✇ ♥ ✳

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❈ ❖ ◆ ❚ ❊ ◆ ❚ ❙

✻

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❈ ❍ ❆ ❚ ❊ ❘ ✶

❆ ◆ ❖ ❱ ❊ ❘ ❱ ■ ❊ ❲ ❖ ◆ ❚ ❍ ❊ ❘ ❖ ▲ ▲ ■ ◆ ●

❘ ❖ ❈ ❊ ❙ ❙

▲ ✐ ❢ ❡ ✐ ♥ ♦ ❛ ❜ ♦ ✉ ✇ ❛ ✐ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❢ ♦ ❤ ❡ ♦ ♠ ♦ ♣ ❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ■ ✐ ❛ ❜ ♦ ✉ ❧ ❡ ❛ ♥ ✐ ♥ ❣ ♦

❞ ❛ ♥ ❝ ❡ ✐ ♥ ❤ ❡ ❛ ✐ ♥ ✳

❜ ② ❛ ✉ ❧ ♦ ❈ ♦ ❡ ❧ ❤ ♦

❈ ♦ ♥ ❡ ♥

✶ ✳ ✶ ❋ ♦ ♠ ❇ ❧ ❛ ❢ ✉ ♥ ❛ ❝ ❡ ♦ ❝ ♦ ❧ ❞ ♦ ❧ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ✿ ❆ ✉ ✈ ❡ ② ♦ ❢ ❙ ❡ ❡ ❧ ♠ ❛ ❦ ✐ ♥ ❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳✽

✶ ✳ ✷ ❈ ♦ ❧ ❞ ♦ ❧ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳✶ ✷

✶ ✳ ✸ ❈ ♦ ❧ ❞ ♦ ❧ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ♠ ✐ ❧ ❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳✶ ✸

✶ ✳ ✸ ✳ ✶ ❉ ❡ ❝ ✐ ♣ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦ ❢ ❤ ❡ ♠ ❛ ✐ ♥ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❣ ❡ ♦ ♠ ❡ ✐ ❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✸

✶ ✳ ✸ ✳ ✷ ❆ ❜ ✐ ❡ ❢ ✱ ✐ ♠ ♣ ❧ ❡ ❛ ♥ ❛ ❧ ② ✐ ♦ ❢ ❤ ❡ ♦ ❧ ❧ ❛ ❝ ❦ ❞ ❡ ✐ ❣ ♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✺

✶ ✳ ✸ ✳ ✸ ▼ ✉ ❧ ✐ ✲ ❛ ♥ ❞ ♠ ✐ ❧ ❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✽

✶ ✳ ✸ ✳ ✹ ♦ ❜ ❧ ❡ ♠ ❞ ❡ ✜ ♥ ✐ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✾

✶ ✳ ✹ ❋ ❧ ❛ ♥ ❡ ♣ ♦ ❜ ❧ ❡ ♠ ✐ ♥ ❝ ♦ ❧ ❞ ♦ ❧ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳✷ ✵

✶ ✳ ✹ ✳ ✶ ❤ ❡ ♥ ♦ ♠ ❡ ♥ ♦ ❧ ♦ ❣ ② ♦ ❢ ❋ ❧ ❛ ♥ ❡ ❞ ❡ ❢ ❡ ❝ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷ ✵

✶ ✳ ✹ ✳ ✷ ❋ ❧ ❛ ♥ ❡ ▼ ❡ ❛ ✉ ❡ ♠ ❡ ♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷ ✷

✶ ✳ ✹ ✳ ✸ ❖ ♥ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❡ ❋ ❧ ❛ ♥ ❡ ❝ ♦ ♥ ♦ ❧ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❛ ❝ ✉ ❛ ♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷ ✼

✶ ✳ ✹ ✳ ✹ ♦ ✲ ♦ ❧ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❋ ❧ ❛ ♥ ❡ ■ ♠ ♣ ♦ ✈ ❡ ♠ ❡ ♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷ ✽

✶ ✳ ✺ ❘ ✉ ♠ ❡ ♥ ❋ ❛ ♥ ❛ ✐ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳✷ ✾

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❈ ❤ ❛ ♣ ❡ ✶ ✳ ❆ ♥ ❖ ✈ ❡ ✈ ✐ ❡ ✇ ♦ ♥ ❤ ❡ ❘ ♦ ❧ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ♦ ❝ ❡

I ♥ ❤ ✐ ❝ ❤ ❛ ♣ ❡ ✱ ❛ ✉ ✐ ❝ ❦ ♦ ✈ ❡ ✈ ✐ ❡ ✇ ♦ ❢ ❤ ❡ ♦ ❧ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ♣ ♦ ❝ ❡ ✐ ♣ ❡ ❡ ♥ ❡ ❞ ♦ ✐ ♠ ♣ ❧ ✐ ❢ ② ❤ ❡ ✉ ❜ ✲

❥ ❡ ❝ ♦ ✉ ♥ ❢ ❛ ♠ ✐ ❧ ✐ ❛ ❡ ❛ ❞ ❡ ✳ ❚ ❤ ❡ ♦ ❜ ❥ ❡ ❝ ✐ ✈ ❡ ♦ ❢ ❤ ✐ ❜ ✐ ❡ ❢ ❞ ❡ ❝ ✐ ♣ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✐ ❛ ❜ ❡ ❡ ✉ ♥ ❞ ❡ ❛ ♥ ❞ ✐ ♥ ❣

♦ ❢ ❤ ❡ ♣ ♦ ❝ ❡ ❞ ✉ ❡ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❤ ❡ ♦ ✐ ❣ ✐ ♥ ♦ ❢ ❤ ❡ ✢ ❛ ♥ ❡ ♣ ♦ ❜ ❧ ❡ ♠ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❤ ❡ ✐ ❞ ✐ ✛ ❡ ❡ ♥ ② ♣ ❡ ✳ ❋ ♦

♠ ♦ ❡ ❞ ❡ ❛ ✐ ❧ ❡ ❞ ❞ ❡ ❝ ✐ ♣ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✱ ❤ ❡ ❡ ❛ ❞ ❡ ❛ ❡ ✐ ♥ ✈ ✐ ❡ ❞ ♦ ❡ ❢ ❡ ♦ ♠ ♦ ❡ ❝ ♦ ♠ ♣ ❧ ❡ ❡ ♦ ✉ ❝ ❡ ✉ ❝ ❤

❛ ❬ ❘ ♦ ❜ ❡ ✱ ✶ ✾ ✼ ✽ ❪ ✱ ❬ ❘ ♦ ❜ ❡ ✱ ✶ ✾ ✽ ✽ ❪ ✱ ❬ ● ✐ ♥ ③ ❜ ✉ ❣ ✱ ✷ ✵ ✵ ✾ ❪ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❬ ✐ ♥ ❡ ✫ ❙ ✐ ♠ ❛ ❛ ♥ ✱ ✷ ✵ ✶ ✶ ❪ ✳

❋ ♦ ♠ ❛ ♦ ✜ ♥ ✐ ❤ ✱ ❤ ❡ ♠ ❡ ❛ ❧ ❢ ♦ ♠ ✐ ♥ ❣ ♣ ♦ ❝ ❡ ✐ ❛ ❡ ✉ ❡ ♥ ❝ ❡ ♦ ❢ ❝ ♦ ♥ ✐ ♥ ✉ ♦ ✉ ✉ ❜ ✲ ♣ ♦ ❝ ❡ ❡

❛ ♥ ❢ ♦ ♠ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ✇ ♠ ❛ ❡ ✐ ❛ ❧ ♦ ❡ ♠ ✐ ✲ ✜ ♥ ✐ ❤ ❡ ❞ ❤ ❡ ♥ ✱ ✜ ♥ ✐ ❤ ❡ ❞ ♣ ♦ ❞ ✉ ❝ ❡ ❛ ❞ ② ♦ ✉ ❡ ✳ ❚ ❤ ❡ ♠ ♦

✐ ♠ ♣ ♦ ❛ ♥ ♦ ♥ ❡ ❛ ❡ ✿

✲ ❊ ① ❛ ❝ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❤ ❡ ♠ ❡ ❛ ❧ ❢ ♦ ♠ ✐ ♦ ❡ ✳

❋ ♦ ❙ ❡ ❡ ❧

✿ ❇ ❧ ❛ ❢ ✉ ♥ ❛ ❝ ❡ ✴ ❊ ❧ ❡ ❝ ✐ ❝ ❢ ✉ ♥ ❛ ❝ ❡ ✱ ❖ ① ② ❣ ❡ ♥ ❢ ✉ ♥ ❛ ❝ ❡ ✭ ❋ ✐ ❣ ✉ ❡ ✶ ✳ ✶ ✮ ✳

❋ ♦ ❆ ❧ ✉ ♠ ✐ ♥ ✉ ♠ ✿

❊ ❧ ❡ ❝ ♦ ❧ ② ✐ ♠ ❡ ❤ ♦ ❞ ✳ ❆ ♥ ❆ ❧ ✉ ♠ ✐ ♥ ✉ ♠ ♦ ❡ ✐ ✜ ❝ ♦ ♥ ✈ ❡ ❡ ❞ ✐ ♥ ♦ ♣ ✉ ❡ ❛ ❧ ✉ ✲

♠ ✐ ♥ ✉ ♠ ♦ ① ✐ ❞ ❡ Al2O3 ❜ ② ❤ ❡ ❇ ❛ ② ❡ ♦ ❝ ❡ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❤ ❡ ♥ ❡ ❧ ❡ ❝ ♦ ❧ ② ③ ❡ ❞ ✐ ♥ ♦ ♠ ♦ ❧ ❡ ♥ ❛ ❧ ✉ ♠ ✐ ♥ ✉ ♠ ✳

✲ ❈ ♦ ♥ ✐ ♥ ✉ ♦ ✉ ❝ ❛ ✐ ♥ ❣

✲ ❘ ❡ ❤ ❡ ❛ ✐ ♥ ❣

✲ ❉ ❡ ❝ ❛ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣

✲ ❍ ♦ ♦ ❧ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❝ ♦ ♦ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣

✲ ✐ ❝ ❦ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ✴ ❘ ✐ ♥ ✐ ♥ ❣ ♦ ♣ ❡ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥

✲ ❈ ♦ ❧ ❞ ♦ ❧ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣

✲ ◗ ✉ ❛ ❧ ✐ ② ■ ♠ ♣ ♦ ✈ ❡ ♠ ❡ ♥ ❛ ♥ ❞ ✜ ♥ ✐ ❤ ✐ ♥ ❣

◆ ❡ ① ✱ ✇ ❡ ♠ ❛ ✐ ♥ ❧ ② ❢ ♦ ❝ ✉ ♦ ♥ ❤ ❡ ❡ ❡ ❧ ♠ ❛ ❦ ✐ ♥ ❣ ♣ ♦ ❝ ❡ ❛ ❛ ♥ ❡ ① ❛ ♠ ♣ ❧ ❡ ✳

✶ ✳ ✶ ❋ ♦ ♠ ❇ ❧ ❛ ❢ ✉ ♥ ❛ ❝ ❡ ♦ ❝ ♦ ❧ ❞ ♦ ❧ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ✿ ❆ ✉ ✈ ❡ ② ♦ ❢

❙ ❡ ❡ ❧ ♠ ❛ ❦ ✐ ♥ ❣

I ♥ ❤ ❡ ❜ ❧ ❛ ❢ ✉ ♥ ❛ ❝ ❡ ✱ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦ ❡ ✱ ❝ ♦ ❛ ❧ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❧ ✐ ♠ ❡ ♦ ♥ ❡ ✭ ❤ ❡ ❛ ✇ ♠ ❛ ❡ ✐ ❛ ❧ ♦ ❢ ❡ ❡ ❧ ✮ ❛ ❡

❝ ♦ ♥ ✐ ♥ ✉ ♦ ✉ ❧ ② ✉ ♣ ♣ ❧ ✐ ❡ ❞ ❤ ♦ ✉ ❣ ❤ ❤ ❡ ♦ ♣ ♦ ❢ ❤ ❡ ❢ ✉ ♥ ❛ ❝ ❡ ✳ ❋ ♦ ♠ ❜ ❡ ❧ ♦ ✇ ✱ ❛ ❝ ♦ ♥ ✐ ♥ ✉ ♦ ✉ ❜ ❧ ❛

♦ ❢ ✉ ♣ ❡ ❤ ❡ ❛ ❡ ❞ ❛ ✐ ♦ ❢ ❡ ♥ ❤ ❡ ❛ ✇ ♠ ❛ ❡ ✐ ❛ ❧ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❤ ❡ ❝ ❤ ❡ ♠ ✐ ❝ ❛ ❧ ❡ ❛ ❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❛ ♥ ❢ ♦ ♠ ❤ ❡ ♠

✐ ♥ ♦ ♠ ♦ ❧ ❡ ♥ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✳ ❚ ❤ ❡ ♠ ♦ ❧ ❡ ♥ ♠ ❡ ❛ ❧ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❧ ❛ ❣ ❛ ❡ ❛ ♣ ♣ ❡ ❞ ❢ ♦ ♠ ❤ ❡ ❜ ♦ ♦ ♠ ❛ ♥ ❞ ✇ ❛ ❡

❣ ❛ ❡ ❡ ① ✐ ❢ ♦ ♠ ❤ ❡ ♦ ♣ ✳ ❆ ❞ ❞ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❡ ❡ ❧ ❝ ❛ ♣ ♦ ♠ ♦ ❧ ❡ ♥ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✐ ♥ ♦ ❛ ♥ ♦ ① ② ❣ ❡ ♥ ❢ ✉ ♥ ❛ ❝ ❡ ✱ ✐ ✐

♥ ♦ ✇ ❛ ♥ ❢ ♦ ♠ ❡ ❞ ✐ ♥ ♦ ♠ ♦ ❧ ❡ ♥ ❡ ❡ ❧ ✭ ❡ ❡ ❋ ✐ ❣ ✉ ❡ ✶ ✳ ✶ ✮ ✳ ❚ ❤ ❡ ♠ ♦ ❧ ❡ ♥ ♠ ❡ ❛ ❧ ❢ ❡ ❡ ❞ ❛ ❝ ♦ ♥ ✐ ♥ ✉ ♦ ✉

❝ ❛ ✐ ♥ ❣ ♣ ♦ ❝ ❡ ❝ ♦ ♥ ❛ ✐ ♥ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❞ ✐ ✛ ❡ ❡ ♥ ♠ ♦ ❧ ❞ ✳ ❚ ❤ ❡ ❤ ❛ ♣ ❡ ♦ ❢ ❤ ❡ ♠ ♦ ❧ ❞ ✇ ✐ ❧ ❧ ❞ ❡ ❡ ♠ ✐ ♥ ❡ ❤ ❡

❢ ♦ ♠ ♦ ❢ ❤ ❡ ❡ ♠ ✐ ✲ ✜ ♥ ✐ ❤ ❡ ❞ ♣ ♦ ❞ ✉ ❝ ✳ ❆ ❢ ❡ ❝ ♦ ♦ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ✱ ❛ ✐ ❣ ❤ ❡ ♥ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❝ ✉ ✐ ♥ ❣ ✱ ❜ ❧ ♦ ♦ ♠

✶

✱

❧ ❛ ❜

✷

❛ ♥ ❞ ❜ ✐ ❧ ❧ ❡

✸

❛ ❡ ❡ ❛ ❞ ② ♦ ❜ ❡ ❢ ✉ ❤ ❡ ♣ ♦ ❝ ❡ ❡ ❞ ♦ ♣ ♦ ❞ ✉ ❝ ❡ ♠ ❛ ❡ ✐ ❛ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❛ ❞ ❢ ♦ ♠

✽

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❈ ❤ ❛ ♣ ❡ ✶ ✳ ❆ ♥ ❖ ✈ ❡ ✈ ✐ ❡ ✇ ♦ ♥ ❤ ❡ ❘ ♦ ❧ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ♦ ❝ ❡

✉ ❝ ❤ ❛ ♣ ❧ ❛ ❡ ✱ ❤ ❡ ❡ ✱ ❛ ✐ ❧ ✱ ✉ ❜ ❡ ❛ ♥ ❞ ✉ ❝ ✉ ❛ ❧ ❡ ❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✳

❚ ❤ ❡ ❢ ♦ ❝ ❡ ❤ ✐ ❢ ♦ ❢ ♦ ♠ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ♥ ❞ ✜ ♥ ✐ ❤ ✐ ♥ ❣ ✇ ❤ ✐ ❝ ❤ ❞ ❡ ❡ ♠ ✐ ♥ ❡ ❡ ✈ ❡ ♥ ♠ ♦ ❡ ♦ ❢ ❤ ❡ ❡ ❡ ❧ ❝ ❤ ❛ ✲

❛ ❝ ❡ ✐ ✐ ❝ ✳ ❚ ❤ ❡ ❡ ♠ ✐ ✲ ✜ ♥ ✐ ❤ ❡ ❞ ❤ ❛ ♣ ❡ ❛ ❡ ❡ ✜ ♥ ❡ ❞ ♦ ✜ ♥ ❛ ❧ ♣ ❡ ❝ ✐ ✜ ❝ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✉ ✐ ❧ ✐ ③ ✐ ♥ ❣ ✇ ♦ ♠ ❛ ✐ ♥

♦ ❧ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ♣ ♦ ❝ ❡ ❡

✹

✿ ✐ ♥ ✐ ✐ ❛ ❧ ♦ ❧ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❡ ♣ ❛ ❡ ❞ ♦ ♥ ❡ ❜ ② ❍ ♦ ❘ ♦ ❧ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❤ ❡ ♥ ❢ ♦ ❧ ❧ ♦ ✇ ❡ ❞ ❜ ② ❈ ♦ ❧ ❞

❘ ♦ ❧ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ✐ ❢ ♥ ❡ ❡ ❞ ❡ ❞ ✭ ❡ ❡ ❋ ✐ ❣ ✉ ❡ ✶ ✳ ✷ ✮ ✳ ❚ ❤ ✐ ♣ ❡ ❡ ♥ ✉ ❞ ② ✐ ❞ ❡ ❞ ✐ ❝ ❛ ❡ ❞ ♦ ✢ ❛ ♦ ❧ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ♣ ♦ ❝ ❡ ❡ ❀

✐ ♥ ♣ ❛ ✐ ❝ ✉ ❧ ❛ ✱ ♦ ❝ ♦ ❧ ❞ ♦ ❧ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ♦ ❢ ❤ ✐ ♥ ✐ ♣ ❛ ♥ ❞ ♦ ❤ ❡ ✐ ♥ ❞ ✉ ✐ ❛ ❧ ❞ ✐ ✣ ❝ ✉ ❧ ✐ ❡ ❡ ♥ ❝ ♦ ✉ ♥ ❡ ❡ ❞

❞ ✉ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❤ ✐ ♣ ♦ ❝ ❡ ✱ ✉ ❝ ❤ ❛ ✢ ❛ ♥ ❡ ❞ ❡ ❢ ❡ ❝ ✳ ❋ ♦ ♠ ♥ ♦ ✇ ♦ ♥ ✱ ♦ ♥ ❧ ② ✢ ❛ ♦ ❧ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ✐ ❝ ♦ ♥ ✐ ❞ ❡ ❡ ❞ ✳

❙ ✐ ♥ ❝ ❡ ❛ ♠ ❡ ❛ ❧ ✐ ❤ ✐ ❣ ❤ ❧ ② ❡ ✐ ❛ ♥ ♦ ❤ ❛ ♣ ✐ ♥ ❣ ✇ ❤ ❡ ♥ ❝ ♦ ❧ ❞ ✱ ✐ ♠ ✉ ❜ ❡ ❤ ♦ ♦ ❧ ❧ ❡ ❞ ✜ ✳ ❚ ❤ ✉ ✱

❧ ❛ ❜ ❛ ❡ ❡ ❤ ❡ ❛ ❡ ❞ ✐ ♥ ❢ ✉ ♥ ❛ ❝ ❡ ✇ ❤ ❡ ❡ ❤ ❡ ❡ ✈ ♦ ❧ ✉ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦ ❢ ❤ ❡ ♣ ✐ ❡ ❝ ❡ ❡ ♠ ♣ ❡ ❛ ✉ ❡ ✐ ♠ ♦ ♥ ✐ ♦ ❡ ❞ ✳

❖ ♥ ❝ ❡ ❤ ❡ ✐ ❣ ❤ ❡ ♠ ♣ ❡ ❛ ✉ ❡ ✐ ❡ ❛ ❝ ❤ ❡ ❞ ✱ ❤ ❡ ♣ ✐ ❡ ❝ ❡ ✐ ❞ ❡ ❝ ❛ ❧ ❡ ❞ ♦ ❡ ♠ ♦ ✈ ❡ ❛ ♥ ② ❜ ✉ ✐ ❧ ✉ ♣ ❝ ❛ ❧ ❡

❤ ❡ ♥ ❢ ❡ ❞ ✐ ♥ ♦ ❤ ♦ ♦ ❧ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ♠ ✐ ❧ ❧ ✳ ❉ ✉ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❤ ✐ ❡ ♣ ✱ ♣ ✐ ❡ ❝ ❡ ❛ ❡ ❞ ❡ ❢ ♦ ♠ ❡ ❞ ❛ ❜ ♦ ✈ ❡ ❤ ❡ ✐ ❡ ❝ ② ✲

❛ ❧ ❧ ✐ ③ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❡ ♠ ♣ ❡ ❛ ✉ ❡ ✳ ❚ ❤ ❡ ♠ ❛ ✐ ♥ ❡ ❛ ♦ ♥ ❢ ♦ ❤ ♦ ♦ ❧ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ✐ ❤ ❛ ❛ ❡ ❧ ❡ ✈ ❛ ❡ ❞ ❡ ♠ ♣ ❡ ❛ ✉ ❡ ✱

♠ ❡ ❛ ❧ ✇ ❡ ❛ ❦ ❡ ♥ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❜ ❡ ❝ ♦ ♠ ❡ ♠ ♦ ❡ ❞ ✉ ❝ ✐ ❧ ❡ ✳ ❚ ❤ ✉ ✱ ❤ ❡ ❤ ✐ ❝ ❦ ♥ ❡ ❡ ❞ ✉ ❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✇ ✐ ❧ ❧ ❜ ❡ ♠ ✉ ❝ ❤

❡ ❛ ✐ ❡ ✳

❍ ♦ ♦ ❧ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ♦ ✛ ❡ ❤ ❡ ♣ ♦ ✐ ❜ ✐ ❧ ✐ ② ♦ ❢ ♣ ♦ ❞ ✉ ❝ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ✈ ❡ ② ❧ ❛ ❣ ❡ ❤ ❛ ♣ ❡ ❝ ❤ ❛ ♥ ❣ ❡ ❛ ♥ ❞ ✴ ♦ ❡ ❞ ✉ ❝ ✐ ♦ ♥

✐ ♥ ❛ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❧ ❡ ✇ ♦ ❦ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❡ ♣ ✱ ✇ ✐ ❤ ♦ ✉ ❝ ❛ ✉ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❧ ❛ ❣ ❡ ❛ ♠ ♦ ✉ ♥ ♦ ❢ ✐ ♥ ❡ ♥ ❛ ❧ ❡ ♦ ❝ ❛ ❝ ❦ ✳ ❍ ♦

♦ ❧ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❝ ❛ ♥ ❡ ♠ ♦ ✈ ❡ ♦ ♠ ❡ ❞ ❡ ❢ ❡ ❝ ❤ ❛ ♦ ❝ ❝ ✉ ✐ ♥ ❝ ❛ ♠ ❡ ❛ ❧ ✳ ■ ❝ ❛ ♥ ❝ ❧ ♦ ❡ ❣ ❛ ♣ ♦ ❝ ❦ ❡ ✭ ❜ ✉ ❜ ✲

❜ ❧ ❡ ✮ ♦ ✈ ♦ ✐ ❞ ✐ ♥ ❛ ❝ ❛ ❜ ✐ ❧ ❧ ❡ ❀ ❛ ♥ ❞ ✐ ♠ ❛ ② ❛ ❧ ♦ ❜ ❡ ❛ ❦ ✉ ♣ ♥ ♦ ♥ ✲ ♠ ❡ ❛ ❧ ❧ ✐ ❝ ❧ ❛ ❣ ✇ ❤ ✐ ❝ ❤ ♦ ♠ ❡ ✐ ♠ ❡

❣ ❡ ❝ ❛ ✉ ❣ ❤ ✐ ♥ ❤ ❡ ♠ ❡ ❧ ✭ ✐ ♥ ❝ ❧ ✉ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✮ ✳

❚ ❤ ❡ ✉ ❢ ❛ ❝ ❡ ✜ ♥ ✐ ❤ ♦ ❢ ❤ ♦ ✇ ♦ ❦ ❡ ❞ ♠ ❡ ❛ ❧ ❡ ♥ ❞ ♦ ❜ ❡ ❝ ♦ ❛ ❡ ❛ ♥ ❞ ♦ ✉ ❣ ❤ ❜ ❡ ❝ ❛ ✉ ❡ ✿ ✐ ✮ ❚ ❤ ❡ ♦ ❧ ❧

✇ ❡ ❛ ❛ ♥ ❞ ✐ ✐ ✮ ❤ ❡ ❡ ✐ ❤ ❡ ❝ ♦ ♥ ❛ ♥ ♣ ♦ ❜ ❧ ❡ ♠ ♦ ❢ ❝ ❛ ❧ ❡ ❢ ♦ ♠ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ♦ ♥ ❤ ❡ ✉ ❢ ❛ ❝ ❡ ♦ ❢ ❤ ❡ ❤ ♦

♠ ❡ ❛ ❧ ❞ ✉ ❡ ♦ ♦ ① ✐ ❞ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✳

❉ ✉ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❤ ♦ ♦ ❧ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❡ ♣ ✱ ❝ ❛ ❧ ❡ ✐ ❢ ♦ ♠ ❡ ❞ ♦ ♥ ❤ ❡ ♠ ❡ ❛ ❧ ✳ ❚ ❤ ❡ ❝ ❛ ❧ ❡ ♠ ✉ ❜ ❡ ❡ ♠ ♦ ✈ ❡ ❞ ❜ ❡ ❢ ♦ ❡

❝ ♦ ❧ ❞ ♦ ❧ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ✱ ♦ ❤ ❡ ✇ ✐ ❡ ✉ ❢ ❛ ❝ ❡ ❞ ❡ ❢ ❡ ❝ ♦ ❝ ❝ ✉ ✳ ❙ ❡ ✈ ❡ ❛ ❧ ♣ ♦ ❝ ❡ ❡ ❛ ❡ ✉ ❡ ❞ ✳ ■ ♥ ❤ ❡ ❛ ❧ ✉ ♠ ✐ ♥ ✉ ♠

✐ ♥ ❞ ✉ ② ❡ ✳ ❣ ✳ ✱ ❤ ❡ ❦ ✐ ♥ ♦ ❢ ❤ ❡ ❥ ✉ ❝ ❛ ♣ ❧ ❛ ❡ ✐ ❝ ❛ ♣ ❡ ❞ ✭ ♠ ❛ ❝ ❤ ✐ ♥ ❡ ❞ ❛ ✇ ❛ ② ✮ ✱ ♥ ♦ ❢ ✉ ❤ ❡ ❞ ❡ ❝ ❛ ❧ ✲

✐ ♥ ❣ ♦ ♣ ❡ ❛ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✐ ♥ ❡ ❡ ❞ ❡ ❞ ✳ ■ ♥ ❡ ❡ ❧ ❤ ♦ ♦ ❧ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ✱ ✇ ❛ ❡ ❥ ❡ ❞ ❡ ❝ ❛ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ✐ ❜ ② ❢ ❛ ❤ ❡ ♠ ♦ ❢ ❡ ✉ ❡ ♥ ✿

❛ ❤ ✐ ❣ ❤ ♣ ❡ ✉ ❡ ✇ ❛ ❡ ❥ ❡ ✭ ✶ ✺ ✵ ❜ ❛ ✮ ✐ ♠ ♣ ❛ ❝ ❤ ❡ ❧ ❛ ❜ ✴ ✐ ♣ ✉ ❢ ❛ ❝ ❡ ❀ ❤ ❡ ❡ ✉ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❜ ✉ ❛ ❧

❝ ♦ ♦ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❤ ❡ ❡ ♠ ♣ ❡ ❛ ✉ ❡ ❣ ❛ ❞ ✐ ❡ ♥ ❜ ✉ ✐ ❧ ❞ ✉ ♣ ✈ ❡ ② ❤ ✐ ❣ ❤ ❡ ❡ ✇ ❤ ✐ ❝ ❤ ❢ ❛ ❝ ✉ ❡ ❤ ❡ ♦ ① ✐ ❞ ❡ ✱

♣ ❡ ❡ ❧ ✐ ♦ ✛ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❤ ❡ ❢ ❛ ❣ ♠ ❡ ♥ ❛ ❡ ✜ ♥ ❛ ❧ ❧ ② ✇ ❛ ❤ ❡ ❞ ❛ ✇ ❛ ② ❜ ② ❤ ❡ ✇ ❛ ❡ ✳ ❚ ❤ ✐ ✐ ❞ ♦ ♥ ❡ ✜ ❛

❤ ❡ ❡ ① ✐ ♦ ❢ ❤ ❡ ❡ ❤ ❡ ❛ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❢ ✉ ♥ ❛ ❝ ❡ ✱ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❤ ❡ ♥ ❛ ❡ ❝ ♦ ♥ ❞ ✐ ♠ ❡ ❛ ❢ ❡ ❤ ❡ ♦ ✉ ❣ ❤ ✐ ♥ ❣ ♠ ✐ ❧ ❧ ✭ ✐ ✳ ❡ ✳

❜ ❡ ❢ ♦ ❡ ❤ ❡ ❡ ♥ ② ✐ ♥ ♦ ❤ ❡ ✜ ♥ ✐ ❤ ✐ ♥ ❣ ♠ ✐ ❧ ❧ ✮ ✳ ❆ ♦ ① ✐ ❞ ❡ ❡ ✲ ❣ ♦ ✇ ✐ ♥ ❤ ❡ ✜ ♥ ✐ ❤ ✐ ♥ ❣ ♠ ✐ ❧ ❧ ❛ ♥ ❞ ♦ ♥

❤ ❡ ✉ ♥ ✲ ♦ ✉ ❛ ❜ ❧ ❡ ✱ ❞ ❡ ❝ ❛ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ✐ ♥ ❡ ❡ ❞ ❡ ❞ ❛ ❣ ❛ ✐ ♥ ❥ ✉ ❜ ❡ ❢ ♦ ❡ ❝ ♦ ❧ ❞ ♦ ❧ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ✳ ❚ ❤ ✐ ✐ ✉ ✉ ❛ ❧ ❧ ② ❞ ♦ ♥ ❡

❜ ② ♣ ✐ ❝ ❦ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ✐ ♥ ❛ ♥ ❤ ② ❞ ♦ ❝ ❤ ❧ ♦ ✐ ❝ ❛ ❝ ✐ ❞ ❜ ❛ ❤ ✱ ❤ ❡ ♥ ✱ ❤ ❡ ✐ ♣ ✐ ✐ ♥ ❡ ❞ ♦ ❡ ♠ ♦ ✈ ❡ ❛ ♥ ② ❡ ① ❝ ❡

❛ ❝ ✐ ❞ ✳

✶

❇ ❧ ♦ ♦ ♠ ✿ ❜ ❛ 150 ♦ 400 mm2

✷

❙ ❧ ❛ ❜ ✿ ♣ ❛ ❛ ❧ ❧ ❡ ❧ ❡ ♣ ✐ ♣ ❡ ❞

500 ♦

1800 mm✇ ✐ ❞ ❡ ❛ ♥ ❞

50 ♦

300 mm ❤ ✐ ❝ ❦

✸

❇ ✐ ❧ ❧ ❡ ✿ ❜ ❛ 40 ♦ 150 mm2

✹

❘ ♦ ❧ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ♣ ♦ ❝ ❡ ✐ ❤ ❡ ♣ ♦ ❝ ❡ ♦ ❢ ♣ ❧ ❛ ✐ ❝ ❛ ❧ ❧ ② ❞ ❡ ❢ ♦ ♠ ✐ ♥ ❣ ♠ ❡ ❛ ❧ ❞ ❛ ✇ ♥ ❜ ② ♠ ❡ ❛ ♥ ♦ ❢ ❢ ✐ ❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ✐ ♥ ♦ ❤ ❡ ❣ ❛ ♣

✾

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❈ ❤ ❛ ♣ ❡ ✶ ✳ ❆ ♥ ❖ ✈ ❡ ✈ ✐ ❡ ✇ ♦ ♥ ❤ ❡ ❘ ♦ ❧ ❧ ✐ ♥ ❣ ♦ ❝ ❡

❋ ✐ ❣ ✉ ❡ ✶ ✳ ✶ ✿ ❚ ❤ ❡ ❙ ❡ ❡ ❧ ♠ ❛ ❦ ✐ ♥ ❣ ♣ ♦ ❝ ❡ ❬ ❧ ✈ ❡ ❡ ❧ ✇ ❡ ❜ ✐ ❡ ❪

❢ ♦ ♠ ❡ ❞ ❜ ② ✇ ♦ ❡ ✈ ♦ ❧ ✈ ✐ ♥ ❣ ♦ ❧ ❧ ✳ ❚ ❤ ❡ ❝ ♦ ♠ ♣ ❡ ✐ ✈ ❡ ❢ ♦ ❝ ❡ ❛ ♣ ♣ ❧ ✐ ❡ ❞ ❜ ② ❤ ❡ ♦ ❧ ❧ ❡ ❞ ✉ ❝ ❡ ❤ ❡ ❤ ✐ ❝ ❦ ♥ ❡ ♦ ❤ ❛ ♣ ❡

❤ ❡ ❝ ♦ ❡ ❝ ✐ ♦ ♥ ❛ ❡ ❛ ♦ ❢ ❤ ❡ ♦ ❧ ❧ ❡ ❞ ♠ ❛ ❡ ✐ ❛ ❧ ✱ ✇ ❤ ❡ ❡ ❤ ❡ ✜ ♥ ❛ ❧ ❣ ❡ ♦ ♠ ❡ ② ♦ ❢ ❤ ❡ ♣ ♦ ❞ ✉ ❝ ❞ ❡ ♣ ❡ ♥ ❞ ♦ ♥ ❤ ❡

❝ ♦ ♥ ♦ ✉ ♦ ❢ ❤ ❡ ♦ ❧ ❧ ❣ ❛ ♣ ✳ ❋ ♦ ❛ ❜ ❡ ❡ ✉ ♥ ❞ ❡ ❛ ♥ ❞ ✐ ♥ ❣ ❛ ♥ ❞ ❡ ① ❛ ♠ ♣ ❧ ❡ ✱ ❡ ❡ ❋ ✐ ❣ ✉ ❡ ✶ ✳ ✷

✶ ✵

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❈ ❤ ❛

2014 en Mp 0005 Diffusion

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