2014 EIA Energy Conference Tight Oil Production Trends · PDF file2014 EIA Energy Conference ....
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2014 EIA Energy Conference
Tight Oil Production Trends
Technology On the Horizon & Over the Horizon
Robert Kleinberg Schlumberger
15 July 2014
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Schlumberger is a provider of hydraulic fracturing services that
• develops and provides fracture fluid chemicals • designs and executes hydraulic fractures
using its own personnel and equipment
The opinions expressed here are my own and do not necessarily reflect the views of Schlumberger.
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Status
Technical Improvements Focused on Efficiency & Cost Reduction
Easy to measure – and reward Pad drilling has been a game-changer and has swept the industry
→ Fewer rigs + more production Equipment design now emphasizes reliability over mobility Supply chain managers are gods
“Amateurs talk strategy; professionals study logistics” Production Enhancement Has Taken a Back Seat
Harder to quantify Initial production is an early indicator, but declines quickly EUR uncertain due to poorly-understood reservoir dynamics
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Annual Decline Rate Recovery Factor
Conventional Oil Wells 5% 50%
Tight Oil Wells 50% 5%
The Pathetic Performance of Tight Oil Wells rough numbers
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Recovery Methods Conventional Oil
Primary Recovery
Lithostatic Pressure
Solution Gas Drive
Artificial Lift
Secondary Recovery
Water Flood
Pressure Maintenance
Water Drive
Gas Drive
Tertiary
Recovery
Steam Carbon Dioxide Surfactant Miscible
Solvent
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Recovery Methods Tight Oil
Primary Recovery
Lithostatic Pressure
Solution Gas Drive
Artificial Lift
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Why Secondary Recovery Doesn’t Work
University of Wyoming
Pressure Maintenance Doesn’t Work: Tight Oil Plays Not Buoyancy Driven
http://www.netl.doe.gov/kmd/cds/disk44/A-Introduction/Waterflood.jpg
Water Flood Doesn’t Work: Formation Permeability Too Low
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Tertiary Recovery
“While oil production from CO2-EOR has steadily increased, its growth has slowed in the past few years. This is due primarily to limits on accessible, affordable supplies of CO2.”
Kuuskraa & Wallace O&GJ, 5 May 2014
CO2-EOR Projects 156
Oil Production kb/d 300
CO2 Natural Sources 5
CO2 Natural mmcf/d 2.8
CO2 Industrial Sources 12
CO2 Industrial mmcf/d 0.7
Steam Unlikely to be economic when oil is 3% of rock volume
CO2 Huff & Puff Many academic/theoretical publications No tertiary recovery field tests (to my knowledge) The oil industry lives in a CO2-constrained world
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Possible Routes to Production Enhancement Refrac
Effectiveness is debated Publications seem to be “success-biased” Will work in selected situations to solve known problems New technology available to improve process (e.g. diversion) Local supply chain has to be restarted Current strategy is to drill a new well elsewhere
Vincent, SPE 134330 after Cipolla, 2005
Barnett
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Woodford Shale, Arkoma Basin, Oklahoma Geophone arrays in vertical sections of two wells and horizontal section of one well
Waters, SPE 119635
In-Fill Drilling
Another raging debate Pressure interference at 1000 ft, but SRV radius < 300 ft A few tests have been performed
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In-Fill Drilling vs Proppant Transport We are fracturing 1000 foot wings to place proppant a few hundred feet Wastes water, sand, chemicals, and time. A problem technologists love to work on
→ fiber fracs, clever pumping schedules, proppant modification Potentially a cheap alternative to in-fill drilling Look for incremental improvements
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0 20 40 60 80 100 120
MENA
ROW Conv
US Offshore
Arctic
Canada Oil Sands
US Tight Oil
Breakeven Oil Price ($/bbl) 140708-01
Consensus of Various Sources
Tight Oil is Competitive with Other High-Price Resources and has the Greatest Potential for Cost Reduction
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Robert L. Kleinberg, Ph.D. Unconventional Resources Schlumberger-Doll Research One Hampshire Street Cambridge, MA 02139 617-768-2277 [email protected] http://www.linkedin.com/pub/robert-kleinberg/19/177/131