2014 ANATOMY(B)2014 ANATOMY(B)

Karen LancourKaren Lancour Patty PalmiettoPatty PalmiettoNational Bio Rules National Bio Rules National Event National EventCommittee Chairman Committee Chairman Supervisor – A&P Supervisor – A&P

Event Rules – 2014Event Rules – 2014

DISCLAIMERDISCLAIMERThis presentation was prepared This presentation was prepared using draft rules.  There may be using draft rules.  There may be some changes in the final copy of the some changes in the final copy of the rules.  rules.  The rules which will be in your The rules which will be in your Coaches Manual and Student Coaches Manual and Student Manuals will be the official rules.Manuals will be the official rules.

Event Rules – 2014Event Rules – 2014

BE SURE TO CHECK THE BE SURE TO CHECK THE 2014 EVENT RULES 2014 EVENT RULES FOR FOR EVENT PARAMETERS AND EVENT PARAMETERS AND TOPICS FOR EACH TOPICS FOR EACH COMPETITION LEVELCOMPETITION LEVEL

ANATOMYANATOMY Event ContentEvent Content: : 20142014BASIC ANATOMY (Structure and function)BASIC ANATOMY (Structure and function)

Nervous SystemNervous System Integumentary SystemIntegumentary System(new)(new) Major disorders Major disorders Treatment and prevention of disorders Treatment and prevention of disorders

PROCESS SKILLS PROCESS SKILLS - - observations, observations, inferences, predictions, calculations, inferences, predictions, calculations, data analysis, and conclusions.data analysis, and conclusions.

TRAINING MATERIALS Training Power Point Training Power Point – content overview– content overview Training Handout Training Handout - content information- content information Sample Tournament Sample Tournament – sample problems with key – sample problems with key Event Supervisor Guide Event Supervisor Guide – prep tips, event needs, – prep tips, event needs,

and scoring tips and scoring tips Internet Resource & Training CD’s Internet Resource & Training CD’s – on the – on the

Science Olympiad website at Science Olympiad website at www.soinc.org under under Event InformationEvent Information

Biology-Earth Science CDBiology-Earth Science CD, , Anatomy/A&P CD Anatomy/A&P CD (updated) (updated) as well as the as well as the Division B and Division C Division B and Division C Test PacketsTest Packets are available from SO store atare available from SO store at www.soinc.org

Divisions of the Nervous Divisions of the Nervous SystemSystem

Brain Brain

&&

Spine Spine

Rest Rest of of BodBody y

NeuronNeuron

Dendrite – receive stimulus and carries it impulses carries it impulses toward the cell bodytoward the cell body

Cell Body with nucleus – nucleus & most of cytoplasm Axon – fiber which carries impulses away from cell carries impulses away from cell

bodybody Schwann Cells- cells which produce myelin or fat layer Myelin sheath – lipid layer around the axon Node of Ranvier – gaps or nodes in the myelin sheath Impulses travel from dendrite to cell body to axondendrite to cell body to axon

ImpulseImpulse Self propagatingSelf propagating Mechanism – NaMechanism – Na+ +

KK++ pump pump SynapseSynapse

Junction between Junction between neuronsneurons

NeurotransmittersNeurotransmitters

ImpulsesImpulses

Synapse Synapse

Junction between neuronsJunction between neuronsThe neurons do not actually touch at the The neurons do not actually touch at the synapse synapse Neurotransmitters used to restart impulse Neurotransmitters used to restart impulse in dendrite of 2in dendrite of 2ndnd neuron neuron

NeurotransmittersNeurotransmitters

Chemicals in Chemicals in the junction the junction which allow which allow impulses to impulses to be started in be started in the second the second neuron neuron

Reflex Reflex Arch Arch

Central Nervous Central Nervous SystemSystem

BrainBrain Brain stem Brain stem

medulla, pons, medulla, pons, midbrainmidbrain

Diencephalon Diencephalon thalamus & thalamus & hypothalamus hypothalamus

CerebellemCerebellem CerebrumCerebrum

Spine Spine Spinal Cord Spinal Cord

Cerebrum Regions Cerebrum Regions

Lobes of the Lobes of the CerebrumCerebrum FrontalFrontal ParietalParietal TemporalTemporal OccipitalOccipital

Special regions Special regions Broca’s area Broca’s area Wernicke’s areaWernicke’s area Limbic System Limbic System

Peripheral Peripheral Nervous Nervous System System

Cranial nervesCranial nerves 12 pair 12 pair Attached to Attached to

undersurface of undersurface of brainbrain

Spinal nervesSpinal nerves 31 pair31 pair Attached to spinal Attached to spinal

cordcord

Autonomic Nervous Autonomic Nervous System System

Regulates bodies involuntary Regulates bodies involuntary responsesresponses

Two divisionsTwo divisions Sympathetic nervous systemSympathetic nervous system

Emergency responseEmergency response Fight or flight Fight or flight

Parasympathetic nervous systemParasympathetic nervous system Normal everyday conditions Normal everyday conditions

Autonomic Nervous Autonomic Nervous System System

Major Sense OrgansMajor Sense Organs

Vision Vision – Eye– Eye HearingHearing – Ear – Ear TasteTaste – Taste receptors (new) – Taste receptors (new) SmellSmell – Olfactory system – Olfactory system SkinSkin – Hot, cold, pressure, pain – Hot, cold, pressure, pain

EyeEye

ImagesImages

CorneaCornea and the and the lens lens help to produce the help to produce the imageimage ImagesImages are are upside down and upside down and backwardsbackwards when they reach the retina when they reach the retina

Visual Pathway Visual Pathway

EaEarr

Taste BudsTaste Buds

Chemical Chemical ReceptorsReceptors SweetSweet SourSour BitterBitter SaltySalty MSGMSG

Olfactory ReceptorsOlfactory Receptors

Chemical ReceptorsChemical Receptors Top of nasal cavity Top of nasal cavity Extremely sensitiveExtremely sensitive Easily fatiguedEasily fatigued Much of “taste” involves smell Much of “taste” involves smell

SensesSensesin Skinin Skin

HeatHeat ColdCold Light Light

pressurepressure Heavy Heavy

PressurePressure Pain Pain

Disorders of the Disorders of the Nervous SystemNervous System

Epilepsy, Epilepsy, Seizures, Seizures, Alzheimer’s DiseaseAlzheimer’s Disease Multiple SclerosisMultiple Sclerosis Parkinson’s Disease, Parkinson’s Disease, Shingles (herpes zoster), Shingles (herpes zoster), Cerebral palsy, Cerebral palsy, Glaucoma, Glaucoma, Pink eye (conjunctivitis)Pink eye (conjunctivitis) Symptoms of disordersSymptoms of disorders Treatments and prevention Treatments and prevention

Effects of Drugs Effects of Drugs

Effects of drugs on the Effects of drugs on the nervous systemnervous system

AlcoholAlcohol CaffeineCaffeine NicotineNicotine MarijuanaMarijuana

INTEGUMENTARY INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM SYSTEM

Karen LancourKaren Lancour Patty PalmiettoPatty PalmiettoNational Bio Rules National Bio Rules National Event National EventCommittee Chairman Committee Chairman Supervisor – A&P Supervisor – A&P

Integumentary SystemIntegumentary System

The integumentary system consists of the skin, hair, nails, the subcutaneous tissue below the skin, and assorted glands.

SkinSkin FunctionsFunctions

Protection from injury Protection against infection Regulates body temperature Regulates water loss Chemical synthesis Sensory perception

Types of MembranesTypes of Membranes Serous Membranes

Line body cavities that have no opening to the outside

Secrete a watery fluid called serous fluid that lubricates surfaces.

Mucous Membranes Line cavities and tubes

that open to the outside Synovial Membranes

Form the inner lining of joint cavities

Secrete a thick fluid called synovial fluid

Cutaneous Membrane – also known as skin

Skin Layers and Skin Layers and Attachment Layer Attachment Layer

Epidermis Covers internal +

external surfaces of body

Dermis Inner layer – Contains

accessory skin structures

Hypodermis or subcutaneous layer Attaches the skin to underlying organs & tissues

Thin skin vs. Thick skin Thin skin vs. Thick skin

Thin - 1-2 mm on most of the body and 0.5 mm in eyelids – Hairy; Covers all parts of the body except palms, soles; Thin epidermis and lacks stratum lucidum; Lacks dermal papillae; Has more sebaceous glands; Fewer sweat glands, sensory receptors than thick skin 

Thick - up to 6 mm thick on palms of hands and soles of feet; Hairless; Covers palms, and soles; Thick epidermis and a distinct stratum lucidum; Epiderma; ridges are present due to well-developed, numerous dermal papillae.; Lacks sebaceous glands, has more sweat glands; Sense receptors are also more densely packed

Epidermal Cell Types Epidermal Cell Types Keratinocytes - 90 % of epidermal

cells are keratinized contains keratin (fibrous protein) protects and waterproofs the skin

Melanocytes - 8% of the epidermal cells produces melanin contributes to skin color and absorbs UV light

Langerhans cells - Arise from red bone marrow and migrate to the epidermis -Constitute small portion of epidermal cells -Participate in immune responses Easily damaged by UV light

Merkel cells - Least numerous of the epidermal cells Found in the deepest layer of the epidermis-Along with tactile discs, they function in sensation of touch

Epidermal LayersEpidermal LayersStratum corneum - nuclei and organelles

are destroyed by lysosomes and the cells fill with keratin

Stratum lucidum - only found in the palms and soles of feet 3-5 layers of clear, flat, dead keratinocytes -Dense packed intermediate filaments Thick plasma membranes

Stratum granulosum - cells start to become keritanized -Marks the transition between deeper metabolically active strata and the dead cells of the superficial strata -Secretes lipid-rich secretion that acts as a water sealant

Stratum spinosum - 8-10 layers of keratinocytesCells have spine-like projections (bundles of filaments of the cytoskeleton) tightly joins cells to each other-Provides skin both strength and flexibility

Stratum basale - Also referred to as stratum germinatum -where new cells are formed - Deepest layer of the epidermis -Single row of cuboidal or columnar keratinocytes

Growth of EpidermisGrowth of Epidermis Newly formed cells in the stratum basale

undergo keratinazation as they are pushed to the surface and accumulate more keratin during the process

Then they undergo apoptosis or death Eventually they slough off and are

replaced The process takes about 4 weeks Rate of cell division in the stratum

basale increases during injury

Dermis Dermis Second deepest part of the skin Composed mainly of connective

tissues (collagen and elastic fibers) Collagen fibers make up 70% of the

dermis and give structural toughness and strength

Elastin fibers are loosely arranged in all directions and give elasticity to the skin.

Papillary Layer Papillary Layer – Surface area is increased due to projections called dermal papillae which contains capillaries or tactile receptors -Epidermal ridges conforms to the dermal papillae

Reticular Layer Reticular Layer -Contains hair follicles, nerves, sebaceous and sudoriferous glands

HypodermisHypodermis

(subcutaneous) Attaches the skin to underlying organs and tissues

Not part of the skin - lies below the dermis

Contains connective tissue and adipose tissues (subcutaneous fat) for insulation

Infants and elderly have less of this than adults and are therefore more sensitive to cold

Skin Color

Skin ColorSkin Color

Genetic Factors – Skin pigmentation All humans have the same number of

melanocytes How much melanin they produce is

controlled by several genes Lack of pigment is called albinism Environmental Factors - Exposure to

sunlight Volume of Blood – Hemoglobin in blood

Skin Pigments – Skin Pigments – Melanin Melanin

Located mostly in epidermis Number of melanocytes are about the same in

all races Difference in skin color is due to the amount of

pigment that melanocytes produce and disperse to keratinocytes.

Freckles are caused by the accumulation of melanin in patches

Liver spots are also caused by the accumulation of melanin

Melanocytes synthesize melanin from an amino acid called tyrosine along with an enzyme called tyrosinase. All this occurs in the melanosome which is an organelle in the melanocyte.

Two types of melanin: eumelanin which is brownish black and pheomelanin which is reddish yellow

Fair-skinned people have more pheomelanin and dark skinned people have more eumelanin

Aging Aging Skin Skin

•In our 20s, the effects of aging begin to be visible in the skin. •Stem cell activity declines: skin thin, repair difficult•Epidermal dendritic cells decrease: reduced immune response•Vitamin D3 production declines: calcium absorption declines and brittle bones•Glandular activity declines: skin dries, body can overheat•Blood supply to dermis declines: tend to feel cold•Hair follicles die or produce thinner hair•Dermis thins and becomes less elastic – wrinkles

SensesSensesin Skinin Skin

HeatHeat ColdCold Light Light

pressurepressure Heavy Heavy

PressurePressure Pain Pain

Skin Skin Receptors Receptors

Heat Cold Light

pressure Heavy

Pressure Pain

Environmental Factors Environmental Factors Affect Affect Melanin Melanin ProductionProduction

UV light increases enzyme activity in melansomes – increased melanin production

A tan = amount of melanin increases + darkness of melanin

Eumelanin = protection from UV radiation but pheomelin breaks down with too much UV

Too much UV radiation may cause skin cancer

Other Skin Pigments Other Skin Pigments

Carotene = yellow -orange pigmentprecurser of Vitamin A – important for visionFound in Stratum corneum and fatty areas of dermis and hypodermal layer

Hemoglobin = oxygen carrying pigment in red blood cells

Skin MarkingsSkin Markings friction ridges: markings on fingertips

characteristic of primates - allow us to manipulate objects more easily-fingerprints are friction ridge skin impressions

flexion lines: on flexor surfaces of digits, palms, wrists, elbows etc.- skin is tightly bound to deep fascia at these points

freckles: flat melanized patches vary with heredity or exposure to sun

moles: elevated patch of melanized skin, of the with hair mostly harmless, beauty marks

Skin Derivatives Skin Derivatives

During embryonic development thousands of small groups of epidermal cells from stratum basale push down into dermis to form hair follicles and glands

Functions – Hair & Nails Functions – Hair & Nails Functions of Hair

Hair on the head protects scalp from injury and sunlight

Eyelashes and eyebrows protect eyes Nostril and ear hairs protect from foreign particles Help in sensing light touch due to the touch

receptors associated with the hair root plexuses. Functions of the Nails

Grasping objects Manipulating objects Protects ends of digits from trauma Scratching

Hair Hair FeaturesFeatures & Texture & Texture

About 100,000 hairs are on the scalpAlmost every part of body is covered with hair

except palms of hands, soles of feet, sides of fingers and toes, lips and parts of genitals.

Hair shafts differ in size, shape, and color. In the eyebrows they are short and stiff while on the scalp they are longer and more flexible. Over the rest of the body they are fine and nearly invisibleOval shaped hair shafts produce wavy hair, Flat or ribbon-like hair shafts produce curly or kinky

hairRound hair shafts produce straight hair.

Roughly 5 million hairs cover the body of an average individual

Hair GrowthHair Growth

Hair follicles grow in repeated cycles. One cycle can be broken down into three phases.Anagen - Growth Phase Catagen – Transitional PhaseTelogen - Resting PhaseEach hair passes through the phases independent of the neighboring hairs

Skin Glands Sudoriferous - sweat glands

Eccrine sweat glands -Secretes cooling sweatAppocrine sweat glands - during emotional stress/excitement

Sebaceous - oil glands –Acne - inflammation of sebaceous gland ducts

Ceruminous - modified sweat glands of the external ear that produce ear wax

NailsNails

Made of tightly packed, hard, keratinized epidermal cells

Consist of:Nail body: portion of the nail that is visible- Free edge: part that extends past the distal end of the digitNail root: portion buried in a fold of skinLunula: means little moon - Crescent shaped area of the nailHyponychium: secures the nail to the fingertip -Thickened stratum corneumEponychium or cuticle: narrow band of epidermis-Growth of nails is in the nail matrix.

Skin Imbalances Skin Leisons Skin Infections

Viral as cold sores, herpes simplex, warts (HPV)Bacterial as bioles, carbuncles, inflammmation of hair follicles and subaceous glands. Impetigo Fungal as athletes food, Tinea

Contact DermatitisIrritant Dermatitis as soaps, detergents, shampooAllergic Dermatitis as poison ivy, poison oak, rubber gloves, nickel and other metals, fragrances

Genetic Genetic DisordersDisorders

Psoriasis chronic, noninfectious skin

disease skin becomes dry and scaly, often

with pustules and many varieties cycle of skin cell production

increases by 3-4x’s normal stratum corneum gets thick as

dead cells accumulate often triggered by trauma,

infection , hormonal changes or stress

Vitiligo – a autoimmune pigmentation disorder where melanocytes in the epidermis are destroyed eg Michael Jackson

BurnsBurns

BURN CLASSIFICATION BURN CLASSIFICATION First-degree – only epidermis (sunburn)Second-degree burn – destroys entire epidermis & part of dermis – fluid-filled blisters separate epidermis & dermis – epidermal derivatives are not damaged – heals without grafting in 3 to 4 weeks & may scarThird-degree or full-thickness – destroy epidermis, dermis & epidermal derivatives -Skin may appear black, white, or red. Large amounts

of fluid is lost, infection is likely – damaged area is numb due to loss of sensory nervesFourth –degree burns Fourth –degree burns When body parts are partially or completely burned

away

Skin Skin cancercancer

Types of Skin CancerTypes of Skin Cancer

Basal Cell Carcinoma Spread uncommon, very curable if found early

Squamous Cell Carcinoma Occurs parts exposed to the sun

Types of Skin Cancer Types of Skin Cancer (cont.)(cont.)

Malignant Melanoma Most common in southern hemisphere where the ozone layer is thin.

Deadly if not caught early!!

Very commonVery common ABCDABCD

AAsymmetrysymmetry BBordersorders CColorolor DDiameteriameter

Skin CancerSkin Cancer

Skin Cancer Skin Cancer PreventionPrevention

Use SPF 15 minimum. Wear hats and shirts with sleeves.

Wear sunglasses to protect eyes from UV.

Avoid tanning beds