Folie 1

Tectonics of IndonesiaLecture 2: Plate Boundaries and Global Tectonic FeaturesRehearsing (1)Definition : The outer rigid layer of the earth (thelithosphere) exist as separated and distinct "plates" that ride on fluid-like astenosphere across the earth's surface relative to each otherCrust: Oceanic crust and Continental crust

19.09.2013Tectonics of Indonesia Semester 1 2013/2014 2The Earths Early CrustOceanic crustContinental crustFirst appearance~4.5 bybp~4.3 bybp

Where formedocean ridgeHigh temperaturesubmarine plateausLower temperatureCompositionbasaltTTG*

Lateral extentwidespread, rapidly recycledlocal, rapidly recycled (?)How generatedpartial melting of ultramafic rock in upper mantlepartial melting of wet mafic rocks19.09.20133Tectonics of Indonesia Semester 1 2013/2014

Origin of the Plate Tectonics TheoryContinental drift (Wegener) Sea floor spreading (Heuss, Ditz)EvidencesMechanism (Holmes, Heuss and Ditz) Convection within the mantle drives the motion of the overlying plates

Rehearsing (2)19.09.2013Tectonics of Indonesia Semester 1 2013/2014 4Rehearsing (3)Evidence of Plate TectonicsEarthquakes and volcanoes places have patterns, absence of deep EQs in some areasHotspots supports that plates moves over Earths surface

19.09.2013Tectonics of Indonesia Semester 1 2013/2014 5Rehearsing (4)Types of Plate BoundaryDivergentConvergentTransform (conservative)Each is characterized by certain types of geological features 19.09.2013Tectonics of Indonesia Semester 1 2013/2014 6Comparing BoundariesDivergentPlates moves apart, in ocean and land, MOR, rift valleys, volcanoes, EQsConvergent C-C collisionCrumples and folds crust, high mountains and EQsConvergent O-O SubductionOlder, denser plate sinks, deep ocean trenches, island arcs above the subduction zoneConvergent O-C SubductionOceanic plate sinks under continental plate, forms deep ocean trenches, continental arcTransformPlates grind past each other in opposite directions, in ocean and landPlate Boundary ZonesBoundaries are not well defined , occurs over a broad belt 19.09.2013Tectonics of Indonesia Semester 1 2013/2014 7Divergent

Thingvellir, an on-land exposure of the Mid-Atlantic RidgePicture and image courtesy of USGS and NEA, Iceland

Krafla Volcano 19.09.2013Tectonics of Indonesia Semester 1 2013/2014 8Divergent

Pictures courtesy of Jupiter Images19.09.2013Tectonics of Indonesia Semester 1 2013/2014 Mt. KilimanjaroVictoria LakeThe Great Rift Valley9Great Rift Valley, Lake Victoria, Mt. Kilimanjaro9

Convergent (C-C)

Courtesy of National geographic19.09.2013Tectonics of Indonesia Semester 1 2013/2014 101019.09.2013Tectonics of Indonesia Semester 1 2013/2014 Converging Boundaries

Oceanic-oceanic convergenceContinental-continental convergenceOceanic-continental convergence11Convergent (O-C)

Pictures and images: Wikipedia, USGS, Rice University19.09.2013Tectonics of Indonesia Semester 1 2013/2014 12

Convergent (O-C)19.09.2013Tectonics of Indonesia Semester 1 2013/2014

Images credit: qwerty image

13Convergent (O-O)

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14Transform Boundary

Pictures and images: Parasnis, Wikipedia19.09.2013Tectonics of Indonesia Semester 1 2013/2014 San Andreas FaultGreat San Fransisco fire196015Transform Boundary19.09.2013Tectonics of Indonesia Semester 1 2013/2014

16Plate Boundary Zone19.09.2013Tectonics of Indonesia Semester 1 2013/2014

Images credit Bolzano Uni Alpine Mediteranean Zone17Hot spots surface expressions of plumesStationary spot and plate moving over it.19.09.2013Tectonics of Indonesia Semester 1 2013/2014 1819.09.2013Tectonics of Indonesia Semester 1 2013/2014 19Tectonics Setting: ImplicationsNatural DisasterNatural ResourcesAmazing Land and Ocean ScapeSocial Economy

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