1.Pursuit of coherenceVision towards more compact and cohesive regional spatial development. Case of KaunasDelft University of TechnologyP2 reportViktorija Gailit4187601victoria.gailiute@gmail.com23 January 2013

2. P2 report Studio Coplex Cities and Regions in Transformations Key words:Date: 23 January 2013 Studio supervisors: Prof Vincent Nadin, Francisco Regional spatial strategy, compact development,Delft University of TechnologyColombo, Dr Akkelies van Nes, Dr Qu Lei, Dr Stephen rural areas, economic, social and environmentalFaculty of Architecture Read, Dr Roberto Rocco, Dr Diego SepulvedasustainabilityDepartment of UrbanismChair of Spatial Planning and StrategyContact:Studio Complex Cities and Regions in Transformation Dr. D.A. Sepulveda CarmonaT: +31 (0)15 27 87919AuthorE: D.A.SepulvedaCarmona@tudelft.nlViktorija GailitDr. S.A. Read4187601 T: +31 (0)15 27 88859victoria.gailiute@gmail.com E: S.A.Read@tudelft.nlMentor teamChair: Spatial Planning and Strategy1st mentor: dr Roberto RoccoR.C.Rocco@tudelft.nlChair: Cultural History and Design2nd mentor: Prof. Eric LuitenE.A.J.Luiten@tudelft.nlurbanismImage on the front cover by author2 3. PrefaceThis report including thesis plan is written withinthe framework of the graduation Studio ComplexCities and Regions in Transformation in the TechnicalUniversity Delft, Faculty of Architecture, departmentof Urbanism in MSc 3 and MSc 4. This documentexplains the framework for the development ofthe research and analysis which will lead to thegraduation project. It will be used as a guidance forthe graduation track in direction to the Master thesis.This document is intended for the examination (P2) ofthe graduation track.3 4. 4 5. Table of contents1. Introduction7 3. Kaunas region 531.1 Motivation93.1 Introduction551.2 Context113.2 Green structure 561.3 Problem field 13 3.3 Ecological network 571.4 Aim and goal of the project 21 3.4 Traffic network581.5 Research questions 22 3.5 Economic network 591.6 Societal and academic relevance 23 3.6 Daily urban system 611.7 Theoretical framework25 3.7 Work framework for the strategy 621.8 Involved disciplines 26 3.8 Regional planning in Lithuania631.9 Methodology273.9 Rural development policies641.10 Time schedule28 3.10 Rural development policies1.11 Preliminary literature29 in Lithuania652. Research 334. Rural definition672.1 Introduction35 4.1 Transformation of typologies in Eu 692.2 Spatial transformations during4.2 Classification at national level 73socialism37 4.3 Current rural definition in LT 752.3 New challenges for a country412.4 Democracy and new planningsystem422.5 Free-market economy472.6 Demographic peocesses50 Left Impression showing alternative functions in the village. Source: Image by author5 6. Spot master plans near Kaunas citySource: http://www.bing.com/maps/#6 7. 1. Introduction7 8. 8 9. Motivation1.1Traditionally cities were at the core of their hinterland The motivation for this thesis is two fold. Firstly it Why spatial planning?regions, linked to smaller towns and settlements originates from a desire to understand the effects ofRural and urban areas become complex andthrough a pattern of radial routes and a hierarchy ofspatial transformations taken place after regained diverse systems with growing economic, social andcentres revolving in a centripetal fashion around theindependency in Lithuania and possible methods for spatial interrelations. Separated urban and ruralregional core. Place effects were experienced throughaddressing them. Secondly, it arises from a belief, that development cannot ensure coherent region growthdimension of physical proximity. The closer were two if urban and rural development was more integrated,anymore, therefore integrated strategic spatialphenomena in actual space, the greater their impactit could provide better accessibility of services andplanning becomes an important tool to organiseon each other. The city centre was seen as the site of amenities for the rural society and ensure economicthe city regions and to ensure economic, spatial andgreatest synergy, and the periphery site of greatest vitality of rural areas while sustaining more cohesive environment sustainability.isolation. In recent years, however, a new regionaleconomic, spatial and social growth of the regions inAs Healey describes, the term spatial planning refersgeography has developed to explore the dynamic Lithuania. to:complexity of various relational webs which transectself-conscious collective efforts to re-imagineurban areas. (Healey, 2007) Choice: Complex Cities a city, urban region or wider territory and to Until recently spatial policies and strategies had translate the result into priorities for areaUrbanization accelerates at increasing speed, when envisioned urban and rural development as separate investment, conservation measures, strategicrural turns urban at the pace it is hard to imagine. spatial entities, where the cities were surrounded infrastructure investments and principles ofThough this process is almost finished in Europe,by green, open landscape and rural development land use regulation. The term spatial bringsstill a considerable amount of population lives in the was bound to the agriculture activities (Hidding and into focus the where of things, whether theareas, which are called rural. Moreover after many Teunissen, 2002; Korf and Oughton, 2006; Terluin,static or in the movement; the protection ofdecades of urban expansion, a growth of the rural2003). However as current dynamics of the networkspecial places and sites; the interrelationsareas re-appears (Clark, 2003) as a consequence of society and growing complexity of spatial organization between different activities and networksspatial processes of globalization. Rural areas are notwithin and between urban-rural regions indicates - in an area; and significant intersections andplace of production anymore; instead, they became as rural development is no longer the monopoly of the nodes in an area which are physically co-complex as urban systems, dealing with interrelatedfarmers (Korf and Oughton, 2006, p. 278). Instead, located (Healey, 2004, p. 46).issues of social well-being, economic growth, ecologyaccording to Gallent et al. (2008) rural spaces becomeand sustainable growth, energy production and many increasingly important to regional economies and toothers.environmental quality and liveability(p. 28).LeftImpresion showing alternative future for the villageas science and research centre.Source: Image by author9 10. Former East Block coutries Central and Eastern EuropeScheme of the main transportation axes in Lithuania.Bowth of them crosses Kaunas region.Source: Lietuvos keliu direkcija www.lra.ltMap of Europe: Central and Eastern Europen countriessource: Cartographic Research Lab University ofAlabama; The Regional Environmental Centre forCentral and Eastern Europe, 2010drawing by Vytas Buinevicius10 11. Context1.2Geographical context PlanningLithuania is a country in the North-East Europe. It is a The new planning system was introduced in 1995part of The Baltic Sea Region and the southernmost - during the period of developing marker andcountry of the Baltic states, situated on the easterndemocracy and it is still being shaped.side of the Baltic sea. With the position on the edge of Due to considerably new urban planning andthe central Europe Lithuania holds a strategic locationmanagement system, spatial patterns in Lithuaniain the region, functioning as the transition south-changes rapidly. Similarly to many cities of Central andnorth and east-west directions.Eastern Europe, urbanisation level increases despite the fact that already nearly 70% of inhabitants live inDemography the cities.With the population of 3 043 000 inhabitants and areaof 65 300 km2 Lithuania is the largest of theFactsheet:Baltic States. However since the last decade total Lithuania [Lietuva]number of inhabitants in Lithuania is shrinking. language: LithuanianAccording to Eurostat prognosis, only 2.5 millioncapital: Vilniusinhabitants will live in this country by the year 2060.population: 3 043 429 inh.Furthermore predictions show that the number ofarea: 65 300 km2elderly people of retiring age has greatly grown updensity: 46.6 inh/km2(dependence on the factor will increase three times)and the possibility to use public funds for infrastructure source: Department of Statistics, www.stat.gov.ltdevelopment will be continuously decreasing. (2010)Political-economical contextOn March 11, 1990 Lithuania re-established theindependent state declaring independence from theUSSR. In the political- economical context of the post-communist countries Lithuania is regarded as a Centraland Eastern European Country (CEE), not as FormerSoviet Union (FSU) country as not being a memberof Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). Since2004 Lithuania is also a member of European Union(EU) and NATO.11 12. Past two decades have marked significant political, socio-economic, spatial and cultural changes in Lithuania as well as in other post-socialist countries (Kay, Shubin, & Thelen, 2012). Yet despite the historical legacy, on-going spatial transformations in the urban and rural areas in Lithuania are similar to the processes occurring in many capitalist based countries. Driven by free-market economy, increasing importance of networks and competition for global attention, economic growth concentrates in urban regions while creating vacuum in the periphery, thus economic and social disparities between urban and rural areas become even greater now than during the socialist regime (Tsenkova, 2006). Moreover lack of public planning, individual pursue of fast economic profit, dependency on private transportation, societal norms and increasing life standards result in rapid suburban expansion around previously compact cities and increasing tension between urban and rural areas.12 13. Problem field1.3Backwardness of remote rural areasOn the one hand locations with highest concentrationof population, skilled labour, capital and accessto global communication- the capital and the fewlargest urban centres attracts people, concentratesurban activities and experience economic growth(Stanilov, 2007). Whereas development of the ruralareas is largely dependent on their proximity to theurban centre: remote rural areas experience economicand social backwardness comparing to urban regions,underinvestment and decay or even desertion of ruralsettlements due to extreme rural population loses.Income differences between growing regions andperipheral rural ares indicates the increasing gap Foreign direct investment per district shows evenbetween economic development as well.higher disparities between economic growth betweenSource: Department of Statistics, www.stat.gov.ltthe regions.(2010) Source: Department of Statistics, www.stat.gov.ltAttractive regions (2010) Rural Rural-urban UrbanUnattractive regions Rural Rural-urban UrbanThis scheme above shows the most attractive andunattractive regions. Mapping is based on netomigration saldo from and to the region for 2006-2008.Attractive regions that have population growth, arethose in the vicinity of urban centre. The rest regionsin most cases looses population. Previous pageSource: Lithuanian Institute of Agrarian Economics,Abandoned village. Some rights reserved by2010 cindy47452, source: www.flickr.com13 14. 14 15. 1.3home Homogeneity of rural areas close to the city CC Secon-daryDue to a vicinity of an urban centre other ruralC Secon-daryCulturareas experience population growth and increasinghomePrimaryschool Primary Primary Secon- HighSecon- school school dary daryschool High C Voca- tionalschoolCuse of a landscapes through spatial and economic Secon- dary Primary school Cdevelopment and growing recreational industry. High school CCulturhome Secon- dary Cultur homeKinderHowever proximity of urban centre has negativeSecon-gardendary CSecon-dary Cultur Secon- home dary Secon- daryPrimary C schoolC Ceffects on rural development as well: due to sparse Secon- daryCHighschool C Primary school Secon- daryrural population and better-developed service sector Kinder garden CulturPrimary homeschoolCC KinderHigh Secon-CulturC Primary garden school schooldaryhomein the cities, services in adjacent rural areas encounter C C Primary school Primary Primary Secon- High school school dary High school schoolPrimaryC Voca- schoolUtional Secon- Kinder Primary schoolCultur Primaryschool Cdifficulties to sustain. Vicinity of urban centre creates home dary gardenVoca-Kinder Culturtional gardenPrimaryhome Primaryschool Secon-High Voca-HighC schooldarySanaschool tional school toriumCSecon-C Secon- Cdary darydependency on the city for employment, accessibilityof commercial and social services and culturalSecon-dary Primary Primary school school CKindergarden C Secon- daryCultur Secon-home dary Kinder Kinder garden garden CHighschoolactivities thus increasing homogeneity in rural areas. C Primary school C High KinderKindergarden school gardenKinder PrimaryPrimaryPrimary garden school schoolschool Voca-KinderHigh CCo Hightional garden Kinder schoolschoolC High CC Secon- garden school C C daryKaunas District Development Strategy (2008) statesKinder Secon-Primary Primary High Secon-Secon- Primary PrimaryHighgarden daryschool schooldarydary school schoolHigh school schoolschoolSana HighHigh High High High Secon- Secon-High High High Secon- C Secon-dary dary darytorium schoolschool school school schoolschool school school dary Kindergarden Co High Primary Primary High HighSecon- KinderHigh High High dary school school schoolschool schoolschoolschool school CCo garden High High HighPrimary Secon-Secon- Secon- Primary Secon-schoolschool dary dary dary school dary school school C High CHigh HighCo Highschool U school schoolPrimarythat already 42 per cent of towns can be counted asschoolSecon-C High C school daryschool school U school U school HighHigh HighKinder Primarygarden schoolschool Co school UHighHighSecon-Highdary U PrimaryHighschool Secon- schoolC schoolPrimary High daryHighschool CHighschoolschoolKinderSanagardenschoolHightoriumC Primaryschool school Primary HighPrimary PrimarySecon- High Primarysatellite cities sleeping areas of Kaunas.school daryschoolschool schoolSecon- school school Sana daryHigh Voca- C torium HighSecon-daryschool tionalschoolU Co KinderSecon- Secon-gardenPrimaryHighdary daryschool schoolPrimary Primary schoolCo C school Kinder gardenHighschoolC Secon-Secon-daryUdaryC Secon- daryHigh schoolPrimaryschool CHighAs map on the closer right indicates, these satteliteschoolPrimaryschool Primary schoolC High Primary school schoolC Secon-dary C Primarycities are located on the highest accessibility routes schoolSecon-n- Secon- daryCulturhomedaryC CHighschool High school CSecon-HighCdaryschool- highways, or in the beautiful environment - near Secon- daryC Secon- darySecon-daryrivers, lakes, yet still close to the city.High Cultur school home Secon- darySecon- dary Secon- daryC Secon- dary C Secon- dary Secon-High dary school Secon- Voca- tionalC dary Secon- darySanatorium Secon- daryC C CHighschoolCSecon-HighdaryschoolSecon-darySecon-daryAbove The map above shows organisationof health care,location of settlements that developed high educational and cultural services inKaunas region.dependency on the city. Bigger settlement and cities canprovide theseSource: image by author activities, however many dispersedhousehold arequite remote from them.Source: image by authorPrevious pageSpot master plans near Kaunas citySource: http://www.bing.com/maps/# 15 16. Spot master plans near Kaunas city Source: http://www.bing.com/maps/#16 17. 1.3SuburbanisaionOn the other hand, process of suburbanizationMap on the left indicates new areas, where, according Due to insufficient civic planning perspective,disperses previously compact cities and changesto comprehensive plans of the municipalities, suburban areas are extremely mono-functionalurban pattern. Suburban expansion consumes agricultural land use can be changed to residential.with little physical, economic and social diversityagricultural land and fragments the landscape. Major developers in Lithuania are private investors and activities. Moreover, due to a suburban growth, that favours small scale development. Not all areas maintenance of infrastructure, public transportation will be converted , but it is most likely that owners and social services in suburbs become less effective of the best accessible areas will use their chance to and more costly for a city, thus increasing demand for pursue short term profit and built a house to sell. Itprivate transportation furthermore. means that the landscape will become even more fragmented than it is now. Images on the left (p.16) illustrates the consequence of spot master plans - plans that appear due to considerably easy process of land use change. Scheme below indicates the trends of land use change from rural towards urban in the last two decades.Residential areas, that appear inween the agricultural land usually have no city infrastructure, or basic services, like water, sewage, internet, cable.Areas, where land use change to residential use is Land designated for constructionpossible Source: Department of Statistics, www.stat.gov.lt AboveSource: image by author(2010)Author: Tadas Jonauskis17 18. 18 19. 1.3 Deconcentration of inner cityLastly suburban sprawl not only changes ruralRecent official statistical data shows that only one citylandscape around the cities but also strongly affects- capital Vilnius manages to hold unchanging numberthe inner city as well. Social mix, achieved due toof residents. The rest cities experience populationsocialist regime, decreases as richer and more mobileloses. Kaunas among them experience considerablepeople exchange the city life to the suburban dreamloss of inhabitants - between 2001-2009 decreaseleaving weaker social class in the inner city. Secondlyof population in Kaunas was 17%. It is nearly 67 400as the inner city depopulates, its residential areas start inhabitants. The large amount of this migration endsdecaying, thus making the city even less attractive to in the suburban areas around Kaunas.stay.The graph below shows that major growth between1959 - 1989 and 2001-2009 was in the cities, whilelater growth is orientied only in the suburbs. -17%+ 8.7% Source: Department of Statistics, www.stat.gov.lt (2010) Author: Vytas BuineviciusAboveUrban and suburban growth before and after Previous pageindependency Decaying buildings in the inner citySource: Department of Statistics, www.stat.gov.ltSource: http://www.miestai.net/forumas/showthread.(2010) php?p=129977 19 20. R=30km Product: regional spatial strategy R=10km Product: elaborated strategy in selected area R=3km Product: design for specific settlement Spatial strategy for kaunas region Source: http://www.kaunoplanas.lt20 21. Aim and goal of the project 1.4Aim of the master thesis to develop an approach, which addresses The final product will be based on a planning and these spatial changes in urban regions throughdesign through three different scales:The major aim of the master thesis is to learn the more compact urban development while1.Spatial strategy based on long-term visionprinciples of academic research in the field ofsupporting economic, social and environmental for Kaunas regional development will provideurbanism and to develop critical and analytical skills sustainability in the region. guidelines for urban development and environmentneccessary in the practice or academic work in the protection from its negative impactsareas of spatial planning and urban design. Outcomes of the research will facilitate the spatial 2.It will be elaborated in more detail in aThis master thesis intends to provide an insight to planning, which intends to answer the main researchselected area, which has highest demand for newa variety of research methods and techniques andquestion:urbanisation and where conflicts between urban andpractice them in academic field.to optimize urban growth;rural development are the strongest.Lastly the thesis aims to understand the governance to ensure accessibility of services to rural society 3.Concept of more organised and compactprinciples of urban region and planning tools, whichandurbanisation patterns will be developed and testedcould be applied to the region. to strengthen economic vitality of the rural areas through a design in selected rural settlements.while increasing environmental qualities and The research and analysis leading to the draft ofProject objectivesassets of the region.regional spatial strategy will be presented in a thesis plan for P2 presentation.Project objectives reffer to the main elements of the Lastly the main objective of design for selected The final project report for P5 will include:project, particularly to research, strategy and design. settlement is to illustrate possible and desirable Completed research and analysis ofThe main objectives of research are : outputs of the strategy. literature regarding a) political, economic, social and to understand current spatial transformations,spatial trends applying both to the urban as well as underlaying reasons and their effects in therural areas in the post-socialist countries; b) rural urban regions in Lithuania anddevelopment theories; c) current regional and rural development policies, strategies and d) network based development and landscape urbanism theories. Regional spatial strategy and design, elaborated through three different scales from the region to the settlement. Impact evaluation of spatial strategy for Kaunas region and its applicability to other regions.LeftDifferent scales for spatial strategy, its elaborationand design 21 22. Research questions1.5Main research question Sub-research questionsDuring the research and analysis of the region and of existing body of literature on urban and regionalThe main research question arises from the two spatial Following sub-questions will be answered to definedevelopment, specific question arise. These questionsdevelopment issues, namely, increasing economiccertain issues related to the main research question. will be answered in order get better understandingand social inequalities between urban and rural areason issues, regarding spatial development in Kaunasand suburban expansion into the rural landscapes:What characteristics define an urban region and can region: this definition be applied to Kaunas region? What rural definition applies in Lithuanias plannigHow to manage the future urban growth To what extent legal acts and planning can influencesystem and how does it influence on-going regionaland ensure accessibility of services tospatial development of the region?development policies and strategies?rural inhabitants through regional spatial What defines rural economy in Kaunas region?How can landscape urbanism theory be adapted tostrategy, while strengthening rural economya region with low density and sparse development What are natural environment assets that could form a patterns?and improving environmental quality in backbone for region strategy in Kaunas?Kaunas region? Source: Image by author22 23. Societal and academic relevance1.6As current dynamics of the network society andin the rural environment should become equally agean vill ncegrowing complexity of spatial organization within important to urban development while seekinganiand between urban-rural regions indicates - ruralcohesion between rural and urban areas.development is no longer the monopoly of the The researches on spread of post-socialist cities Lithu on-exista onfarmers (Korf and Oughton, 2006, p. 278). Instead,are quite new. Analyses of Daily Urban Systems ofaccording to Gallent et al. (2008) rural spaces becomeincreasingly important to regional economies and toLjubljana and Belgrade (Pichler-Milanovic and Krevs,2010; Stamenkovic and Gataric, 2010) are one of fewsi nks intenvironmental quality and liveability (p. 28). early examples of the urban region in post-socialistYet in Lithuanias case, the post-industrial reality countries. In Lithuania, only Vilnius region has beenwhere there is no fundamental living qualityanalysed in similar manner (Ubareniien, Burneikadifferences between the village and the city, is yetand Kriauinas, 2011).to come: remote rural regions experience economic This thesis aims to develop a vision for a more balancedand social backwardness comparing to urban ones,and compact regional growth that would ensureunderinvestment and decay or even desertion ofaccessibility for services to rural society, strengthen Printschreen from newspaper website. Title saysrural settlements due to extreme rural population rural economic diversification while improving natural Lithuanian village sinks to nonexistence. Source:loses. While lack of planning perspective, individual environment qualities in the region. www.lzinios.ltpursue of fast economic profit, dependency on Project intends to add collected academic andprivate transportation, societal norms and increasing empirical observations, gained during the research,life standards result in rapid suburban expansion planning and design, to the existing body ofaround previously compact cities and increasing knowledge of regional development concepts in post-tension in land use between urban and rural areas socialist countries, hoping that it would contributeby consuming and fragmenting the landscape andto more integrated spatial-economic regionalincreasing economic and social homogeneity of rural development strategies in the future.settlements.Lastly the regional spatial strategy for Kaunas regionThese economic and spatial processes affect nearlycould be adapted to other regions in Lithuania thata million rural inhabitants and are incompatibleface similar issues of unbalanced economic andwith a countrys pursue for economic, social andspatial growth and rural population outmigration.environmental sustainable development goals set inComprehensive plan of the territory of the Republic ofLithuania (Ministry of Environment of the Republic ofLithuania, 2004). Rural areas can no longer be seen asplaces of production; instead environmental agenda,rural economic vitality and increasing physical quality23 24. This thesis is based on two main groups of theories. Theoretical frameworkOutcome Research, spatial planning The first one focuses on transformations in economic,and design spatial and social dimensions in socialist and post- Socialist city Literature review paperResearchsocialist cities and countries. The works of Stanilov Context, problem field Main spatial transformations (2007), Andrusz et al. (1996), Tsenkova (2006), Vanagas Post socialist cityThesis plan Trends and problems et al. (2002) Kay et al. (2012) among others are analysed Research questionsto form a background for thesis plan.Project report Research approach (methodology) Second group of theories focus on later phase of the project, which includes defining the guidelines for Urban netoworksVision for the regionResearchthe spatial strategy and the strategy itself. This group Element Scale consists of the landscape urbanism(Waldheim, 2006), Landscape urbanism Guidelines for regionalspatial strategy Socialist legacyNationalurban networks(Dupuy, 1998; Rocco, 2007) and rural Post-socialist city Regional Rural development conceptsUrban regionCitydevelopment (Terluin, 2003; Ploeg and Renting, 2000, Urban networks Landscape networksGallent et al., 2008). Rural developmetRegional spatial strategyDesign proposal for thePlanning and designsettlement Regional spatial strategy Urban designEvaluation Above Principal scheme of project framework Source: Image by author Right Images group 1. Theories on post-socialist cities. Images group 2. Theories on urban networks, landscape urbanism and rural development. 2 1 Source: http://books.google.nl; www.scopus.com24 25. Theoretical framework1.7Landscape urbanism aims at an integrated approach ofthe urban and nature functions, where infrastructureas carrying structure to organise different functionsdoes open up possibilities for new combinationsof rural and urban development (Hidding andTeunissen, 2002, p. 302).Urban networks development concept, accordingto Hidding and Teunissen (2002) can help achievinga more balanced regional development as theysubscribe to principles like concentration ofurban functions, spatial differentiation and spatialcoherence (p. 307). Similarly polycentric developmentaims at diminishing urban disparities to enhancecohesion (Meijers et al., 2007, p. 4).Although in general network and polycentricconcepts are aimed at European and national scales,they can contribute to regional development throughimproving urban-rural partnership and strengtheninglinks between agricultural and non-agriculturalsectors. As Murdoch (2000) states, rural developmentstrategies have to benefit from networks bystrengthening rural economies. The levels of spatial analyses based on the Levels Scheme above briefly explanes city landscapeof Network Operation (Dupuy, 1998) with two concept, which preserves qualities of a landscape supplementary levels: The First Nature and while constructing urban developmentGovernance. Image by Rocco, 2007 Source: (Hidding and Teunissen, 2002) Source: (Rocco, 2007)25 26. Involved disciplines 1.8 Chair: Spatial Planning & StrategyLiterature review First mentor: Roberto Rocco Statistics and data Roberto Rocco is specialised in regional planning in the framework of emerging city regions andanalyses metropolises under conditions of globalisation. His background is on spatial planning and new economicMapping geography applied to strategic planning. He is particularly interested in the planning and governance of networked city regions like the Randstad. He also SWOT analyses specialises in research methodology and academic writing skills. Chair: Cultural History & DesignInterviews and Second mentor: Prof. Eric Luitenobservations Prof. Eric Luiten is landscape architect and strategic planner with experience on the regional scale. His research focuses on landscape and urban heritage preservation and revitalisation in the context of spatial transformations.Research Urban and Regional development Urban designDesign Ecology Sustainable development Rural developmentEvaluation26 27. Methodology 1.9Literature and case studies Statistical data ObservationsIn the large body of literature on rural transformationsStatistical information on economic profile, General observation about the issues and problemsin the post-socialist countries, rural changes aredemographic processes and spatial restructuringin the region will be made from personal experience,mostly explored through a narrow perspective of anwill help to evaluate current trends in the region.since I am familiar with region as a former resident ofagricultural and land ownership reforms (Kay et al.,Information will be used from official departmentKaunas.2012). However the fundamental political, economic, of statistics of Lithuania (2005) and Statistical Officesocial and spatial trends apply both to the urban asof the European Union (Eurostat, 2012). Additional Design/ drawingwell as rural areas and are highlighted in the literature information from regional policy documents (KaunoDesign proposal a method of communicatingexploring post-socialist cities by Stanilov (2007), Rajono Vietos Veiklos Grup, 2008) (Ministry ofbetween a strategy and its implementation will beTsenkova (2006) Andrusz et al. (2011) Vanagas etAgriculture, 2007) and others) will be used in case of used to test whether a strategy is viable and suitableal. (2002) and others. Rural development concepts a lack of data.for an area. This evaluation can be used in reversedand economic, spatial and social rural development order as well: strategy can be improved according toperspectives by contrast, are well documented in aMapping the region a design proposal.large volume of works. Works of Terluin (2003), Ploeg Mapping will be used to show results of analyses ofand Renting (2000), Hidding and Teunissen (2002), statistical data. Analysis on the Kaunas region sizeKorf and Oughton (2006) among others will be studiedand its influence to the surrounding rural areas will beas their researches provide comparative review andtranslated into drawings as well.critical analyses of European rural developmenttheories and practices. Literature regarding networkInterviews and questionnairesbased development model and landscape urbanismPractical knowledge about specific issues concerningtheory will be reviewed to form draft guidelines for athe development plans of the citiy and its region willregional spatial strategy.be obtained through interviews with governmentalAdditionally, current regional and rural developmentofficials. Interview in a form of questionnaire will bepolicies, strategies and their evaluations (whenproceeded during the site visit to get the opinionavailable) will be reviewed to understand to what about their living conditions from local residents.extent do they impact development in Kaunas regionand whether they bring positive effects to sustainableSWOT analysisregional development. It is hoped that successful SWOT analysis will explore the weaknesses anddevelopment examples in terms of economic, social threats of current urban structure in rural areas withand environmental sustainability, will give an insightand provides the support for regional spatial strategy Leftto which direction could rural areas in Lithuania by revealing areas strengths and opportunities. Scheme, explaning relation among research, designdevelop and what economic and spatial consequences and evaluation stagesit would bring to them.Source: Image by author 27 28. Time schedule1.10 DesignConcept of a regional strategyRegional strategyElaboration of regionalfinal design refinementstrategy in detail Evaluation ofin selected area regional strategy Problem statement & through research Design forDefining main research question research questions and sub-research questions questionsselected settlementAnalysis of :Evaluation of design- rural development theories- regional / rural developmentpolicies and strategies- network based development modelConclusions- landscape urbanism theoryLiterature review on:political, economic, social and spatialtransformations in post-socialist countriesLiterature review paper Graduation plan Project report Research Thesis plan Project reportFinal thesis report and analysis2 weeks beforeP1 1 week beforeP2P3 1 week before P41 week before P5 Scheme showing intended time schedule of the project. Scheme by author28 29. Preliminary literature1 1.11Andersen, E., Elbersen, B., Godeschalk, F., andLuxembourg: Office for Official Publications agriculture/rurdev/countries/lt/index_ Verhoog, D. (2007). Farm management of the European Communities. en.htm indicators and farm typologies as a basisCouncil. (2006, February 20). CommunityEuropean Communities. (2009). Common for assessments in a changing policystrategic guidelines for rural development policies. Retrieved November 20, 2012 from environment. Journal of environmental (programming period 2007 to 2013). European Parliament: http://circa.europa. management , 82, 353-362. Retrieved November 20, 2012 from eu/irc/opoce/fact_sheets/info/data/Andrusz, G., Harloe, M., and Szelenyi, I. (Eds.),European Union: http://eur-lex.policies/agriculture/article_7208_en.htm (2011). Cities After Socialism: Urban and europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.Eurostat. (2012). Eurostat. 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Barselona: Mcrit SL.Vanagas, J. (2003). Miest teorija. Vilnius: Vilniaus Dails Akademijos Leidykla.Vanagas, J., Krijane, Z., Noorkoiv, R., and Staninas, E. (2002). Planning urban systems in Soviet times and in the era of transition: the case of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. (C. B. Nowosielska E., Ed.) Geographia Polonica , 75 (2).Vaznonis, V., and itait, D. (2010). Kaimo vietovi ekonominio konkurencingumo ir vietos gyventoj verslumo ssajos. Management theory and studies for rural business and infrastructure , 22 (3), 181-188.Vidickien, D., Melninkien, R., Gedminait- Raudon, ., and Ribaauskien, E. (2012).31 32. Call for Independency Author: Gediminas Bartuka, source: http://www. diena.lt/vaizdai/albumai/ivykiai-lietuvoje/sausio-13- ivykiu-minejimas-prie-televizijos-6549 On the right Shortages in department store in the capital, circa 1990s source: http://www.viv.lt/vilniaus_fenomenai/vilnius_ ir_frank_zappa32 33. 2. Research33 34. 34 35. Introduction2.1To analyze the spatial patterns of post-socialist(Stanilov, 2007, p. 29-30)regional development one needs to begin with anunderstanding of the main principles of socialisturbanization, which determined the postwar patternsof regional growth in Central and Eastern Europe ina way markedly different from the logic of regionalspatial organization in the Western countries. Enyedihas described spatial development under socialismas reverse urbanization, in the sense that it was aprocess designed to concentrate growth in the largestregional centers at the expense of the development ofall other settlements (Enyedi, 1996).Many villages in the suburban periphery of the largesocialist cities were annexed in the 1960s and 1970sto the urban territory in order to increase the share ofthe urban population and to assure land reserves forfuture urban growth. This type of forced urbanizationcontrasted sharply with the one observed in WesternEurope, which proceeded from below as thegrowth of the largest centers was feeding from thedevelopment of the smaller settlements in the urbanhierarchy. While urbanization in Western Europereflected a long process of organic growth, undersocialist rule the growth of the urban settlementsin Eastern Europe depended on decisions made bythe state authorities on investments in a system ofplanned industrial centers. The role of cities was notdetermined by their importance as market places,but by their economic designation assigned in theCommunist Party headquarters. Thus, no marketbased economic relations between cities wereformed, which made the whole settlement networkvery vulnerable to system change.35 36. Map showing Lithuanias possition in Soviet Union. From http://www.philatelicdatabase.com/history/soviet-communications-1965/36 37. Spatial transformations during socialism 2.2 Spatial transformations due to the collective farmingAnnexation of the Eastern Block countries in 1940s Image below shows the town in Kaunas district, Collectivization was followed by large-scale landimmediately brought their spatial and economic Lithuania that was expanded and built-up withreclamation that was implemented in the followingstructures into line with the USSR. This meant uniform socialist housing to accommodate few decadesin order to provide more arable land.centralisation of the government and economicnewcomers. During the occupation, Ziezmariai townUntil 1978 2 million ha land was reclamed in Lithuaniarestructuring based on the principles of planned was the central settlement of Kaisiadoriai collective(which consist nearly one third of all area in a country).economy in the Soviet Union, with a disregard to the farms, specialized in horticulture and had largestThough economic objectives were reached (drainedlocal conditions, historical and national traditions and flower plantations in Lithuania. Today the small fields in some regions appeared to be as productiveeconomic efficiency (Stanilov, 2007).town is shrinking though the horticulture industry as in Western European countries, the effect for managed to survive restructuring.the environment was intense: regulation of waterDue to a strong political influence to economic state streams, destruction of valleys due to the constructionand planning, spatial changes between annexationof dams, and large-scale reclamation significantlyof Lithuania and its regained independency were reduced natural habitats, like meadows, marshesextremely rapid and large scale.and swamps, resulting in biodiversity decrease anddamage to ecologic corridor systems.One of the major political drivers of the rural space Land reclamation was, and is, at times very strictlytransformation since 1940s were nationalisation,criticized. From the perspective of todays conceptwhich resulted in the abolition of private property,of environmental exposures and requirements, landand the establishment of the collective farms.reclamation patterns should have been adapted toBetween 1940-1950s numbers of previous historically the landscape, not vice versa.formed villages were re-planned and adapted toserve as a central settlements and to accommodatemanagement and other major facilities of thecollective farms (Kocik, 1996). At the same time othervillages and farmsteads were abandoned due torelocation of rural inhabitants to central settlements(Vanagas et al., 2002). View to the central settlement of the collective farm in Kaunas district. Historical settlement was extended Destroyed river by the dam with socialist houses to accommodate new rural Source:http://mokslasplius.lt/mokslo- workers. lietuva/2006-2011/node/26787e91. Source: (Buchaveckas, 1989)html?page=0%2C1&%24Version=1&%24Path=/ 37 38. First picture on the left shows polycentric urban development model that was introducen in 1967 and implemented through centrally planned industrialization and forced migration. Second picture on the left show the outcomes of this planning. First picture on the right illustrates the urban expansion of rural settlements in lithuania, while picture below shows current condition of this estate. 1. Central collective farms settlement. Expanded with uniform socialist housing 1. Central place theory model adapted to Lithuania. Source: http://www.miestai.net/forumas/showthread. Author Vanagas J., source: (Vanagas, 2003)php?p=598630 1. Current condition of socialist housing in the rural areas. 2. Current urban structure in Lithuania in 2006. Source: http://www.miestai.net/forumas/showthread. Author Corine land Cover, source: http://eea.maps. php?p=598630 arcgis.com38 39. 2.2Spatial transformations due to the urbanisationBesides direct changes of the rural space, causedIt is important to mention that such polycentric Residential extensions was the most significant ele-by collectivization and land reclamation, rural areas urbanisation was driven first and foremost by centrally ment of the socialist construction. This developmentwere affected by transformations of urban system as planned industrial growth.was based on the modernistic planning principleswell. In 1967 Lithuania introduced even development of highrise residential blocks in green surroundings.system based on Christallers central place theory, Possitive aspect of polycentric development model,However adapted to soviet ideology and practicalitieswhich enabled rapid urban population growth: in lessthat was implemented in Lithuania is that it halted such as shortage of housing, enforced industrializationthan 30 years (between 1940 and 1970) previouslyexpansion of the biggest urban centres in this wayand urbanization as well as limited financial capacities,considerable small urban population, reaching avoided growth of only one strong centre (as it it produced extensive monofunctional areas withonly 20 per cent, levelled and finally exceeded rural happened in the case of Latvia).dense patterns of identical apartment blocks, muchinhabitants. In Lithuanias case urban population grewmore dense and monotonous that their westernmainly at the expense of rural population (Vanagas et However some deviations in Lithuanias polycentriccounterparts (Di Maio 1974; Morton, 1984; French andal., 2002). This was done in two ways: a) by artificially settlement system occurs as well as top-downHamilton, 1979).joining adjacent villages to cities or b) the urban administration had huge influence on urbanisation Socialist housing neighborhoods in the cities as wellgrowth was impossible without huge amounts of process: central government had influencedas in the rural areas we were built starting from theblue-collar workers; therefore numbers of redundant development of this polycentric urban system by sixties until the late eighties. These neighborhoodsrural inhabitants migrated to urban areas (Tsenkova,orienting industry to central state, not to regionare also called sleeping districts because of mono2006) (Jukeviius, 2003).and decentralizing it, this way preventing region tofunctional, residential only functions. Over timeFurthermore, as Enyedi (2011) indicates, accelerating become independent (Vanagas, 2003). Kaunas grew most in this period from 80.000 tourbanisation was penetrated by heavily taxed450.000 therefore most of the people were placed inagriculture, which resulted in a low standard of living these new neighborhoods.of rural population.New housing areas were planned according toAs a consequence, forced urbanisation resulted in modernistic principles with high rise residential blocksbroken social ties in former rural communities and in in the green environment. Moreover public transportdrastically reduced rural population. was the main feature which enabled to spread theseneighborhoods further away form the industrial areas,where most jobs were concentrated and enabled toconnect them with the city centre.39 40. 40 41. New challenges for a country2.3Socialist regime was as extremely repelling to the Country now pursues to anchor its position in new In international scale, Lithuania has extravertsociety as an example of countries of Western Europe system- European Union (EU). It means participating structure, which actively participates and reacts towas appealing. As Stanilov points out: the post-in EU network socially (through politics), economically European context (Vanagas, Krijane, Noorkoiv, &socialist reforms in the CEE region can be depicted as (participating in EU market and exchangingStaninas, 2002). At the same time spatial structurean attempt to make a desperate leap from totalitarianproduction) and spatially (integrating physical as well in regional scale changes in completely differentexistence to capitalism in a matter of only a few years. as urban structure of a country into Europe network). direction and becomes more and more introvert:Therefore, it is not surprising that the post-socialistAs a consequence physical connection to Europebiggest centres have highest concentration ofcity takes on many of the characteristics of the North becomes significantly important and is reflected in functions while periphery becomes less active partAmerican patterns of urban development, rather thanemergence of three transport corridors that cross of urban structure. Moreover, urban centres tend tosettling in on the more balanced model of WesternLithuania: Via Baltica, Via Hanseatica and Klaipeda de-concentrate: some functions shifts to the ring ofEuropean urbanization. (Stanilov, 2007, p. 7) Minsk connection. Increasing importance of transportan urban centre and a core becomes less compact. corridors and market economy create specific spatialTo sum up, shift in activities concentration changes development patterns that appear in Lithuania in past the whole urban model of a country: morphologically two decades.even development structure is still there, however functionally it does not perform like one anymore. Image showing Lithuanias position in European Union physical network. Source: http://ec.europa.eu/transport/themes/ infrastructure/connecting_en.htm41 42. Democracy and new planning system2.4After the fall of Soviet Union, Lithuania re-Decentralization of government caused unequalestablished political, fiscal and administrative urban development patterns between anddecentralization in order to make governance within the regions in Lithuania. EconomicallyCentral planningboth more democratic and more efficient. stronger regions (capital Vilnius and a few largestDecentralizationHowever the downside of this trend was thecities) had the economic and social capital togeneral retreat of public authorities from urban maintain public facilities and economic activities,planning (Stanilov, 2007, p. 10). while weaker ones faced difficulties sustaining employment, educational, health care andOn the one hand democratic government system other public facilities due to the increased localallowed transferring part of the power and governments expenditures and lower governingresponsibility for urban planning, management, knowledge (Tsenkova, 2006; Stanilov 2007). Nationalisationmaintenance of infrastructure, public and socialservices to local governments, thus providingThis differentiation especially visible betweenPrivatisationmore freedom for regions to grow and develop urban and rural areas.economically (Tsenkova, 2006). first image on the right shows Central Square ofOn the other hand due to weak publicthe Dainava, former collective farm settlement insupport for comprehensive planning and lackKaunas rural region. During the socialism, villageof funds needed for planning activities, thehad secondary school, kindergarden, first aid Publiceffectiveness of urban development regulations medical centre, culture house, post office, shops,development has been seriously undermined and theetc. Transition period led to closure of mostprovision of public services drastically curtailed. of the services in the settlement due to lack ofPrivate(Stanilov, 2007 p. 10).funding and high explotation costs. Now villagedevelopmenthas only primary school, post office and culture house. On the other hand services (especially commercial) in the city expands yearly. Picture on the bottom right shows one of the largest Urbanisationshopping malls in the country - Kauno Akropolis.SuburbanisationLeftthe most important political and planningtransformations in Lithuania. Image by author42 43. 2.4Secondly, privatisation Law, issued in 1994,caused rapid fragmentation of resources inthe whole Lithuania affecting rural spaceand rural economy, previously dominated bythe collective farming estates and industries.Socialist state enterprises and farms were basedon extensive hand labour, lacking innovation andurging for re-organisation, moreover emergingmultiple owners found it difficult to find mutualagreements to continue economic activities insocialist corporations. Consequently only a fewDainava central square now. agricultural and industrial businesses managed Picture 1. Unattended ruins of socialist heritage thatSource:http://www.miestai.net/forumas/showthread. to be reorganised in most cases socialist-basedcaused fatal injuries for two Czech cyclists, trying tophp?t=12936andpage=2farms and industry collapsed (Vanagas et al.,hide from the storm.2002) leaving a lot of derelict buildings. Source: http://www.15min.lt/gallery/show/ Kauno-rajone-dviratininku-is-Cekijos-nelaime-Vast numbers of poorly maintained or 12443?p=2#21abandoned land or real estate properties fromsocialist era not only degrades the countrysidebut also sometimes become even the cause ofdeath. Picture 1 on the right illustrates one ofthe recent accidents, when two Czech cyclistswere fatally injured in one of the socialist ruinsin Kaunas region.Though there are many of such crumbling relictsacross the rural areas, the situation changesLarge shopping mall in the inner city very slow. In most of the cases any efforts toSource: http://www.15min.lt/naujiena/aktualu/ regenerate decaying properties and land are putlietuva/paslaptingas-akropolio-nuomininku-down due to lack of political support or (and)maistas-56-29101funding. Picture 2 illustrates typical crumblingbuildings across the rural regions.Picture 2. Source: http://www.ukioklubas.lt/straipsniai/gaires/ apleisti%20pastatai 43 44. Pictures 3, 4 and 5 above, show newly emerging houses in the Kaunas district. The newcomers prefer to live in the natural surroundings, yet they are completely dependent on the city, which provides work, shopping, services and culture. This hectic development not only fragments the landscape, but also do not contribute to creating rural communities. Source: http://www.bing.com/maps/# Right Current master plans for municipalities in Kaunas region. Source: www.kaunoplanas.lt44 45. 2.4Though some rural areas experience the declineThis fragmention is intended to increase furthermore:and poorer accessibility of social services, privateaccording to the future urbanisation plans, Kaunasdevelopment patterns in other rural areas increases could settle 1.4 times more residents than has nowyearly. and Kaunas region could increase even 2.5 times.Although the demographic situation is completelyThere are several underlaying reasons whe oposite to the development trends and in some casessuburbanisation flourishes in Lithuania.it would wise to revise extreme urbanisation plans,it is not an easy task to reject the foreseen hyper 1. Some outhors name privatization as a driving force development, largely because of the landowners whofor suburban expansion (Stanilov, 2007; Tsenkova, think that it is their legal expectation (Bardauskien,2006).and Pakalnis, 2012).The insufficient investigation into the demographic2. Other authors (Bardauskien, and Pakalnis, trend, overreacted expectations of municipality2012) claim that national planning system creates authorities and citizens pursue to have as manythe backbone for sprawling development. Thisterritories as they want for their bare land investmentclaim in general is true: as of the year 2009, not alldo not contribute to sustainable growth of the region.municipalities had comprehensive developmentInstead they pushes environment of the region to theplans while longer term strategies and visions canfurther exploitation.be found just for a few cities (Vilnius region, Kaunas,Klaipeda and few others). 3. Moreover, intention to use the land for constructionThe development after 1990s was driven merely byis being considered as the perfect investment inprivately developed detailed plans, where citizens or comparison with the agricultural use. Pursue of fastinvestors had their parcels and their own vision. economic profit is considered as one of the drivingEven now due to lack of motivation for a long-termforces of suburbanisation.planning, most of the master plans in municipalitiesforesee extreme suburbanization. On the other hand4. Rapid increase in automobile ownership andAreas, where according to master plans, land usesociety shows no interesting in changing that asdecrease in public transport uses are among the thechange to residential use is possiblea private estate in a countryside is a part of a social most important suburban development reasons asSource: image by author, based on master plansmentality.well.analysis 45 46. Due to insufficient civic planning perspective, today Lastly suburban sprawl not only changes ruralNot only suburban growth has direct effect on land rural areas around the biggest Lithuanian cities arelandscape around the cities but also strongly affectsfragmentation and provision of public services in fragmented by hectic urban development withoutthe inner city as well. Social mix, achieved due toLithuania, it affects rural society as well. any urban infrastructure, public spaces or any othersocialist regime, decreases as richer and more mobile amenities.people exchange the city life to the suburban dreamFirstly as the focus of development is concentrated These suburban areas are extremely mono-functionalleaving weaker social class in the inner city. Secondlyto serve the needs of the newly emerging upper and with little physical, economic and social diversity and as the inner city depopulates, its residential areas start middle class inhabitants, investments are concentrated activities. decaying, thus making the city even less attractive to in certain, more prestigious places (Stanilov, 2007). stay.This leads to spatial and social stratification of the Another issue related with suburban growthThe graph below shows that major growth betweenrural areas where segmented individuals replace rural is provision of public services. Maintenance of 1959 - 1989 and 2001-2009 was in the cities, while communities. infrastructure, public transportation and sociallater growth is orientied only in the suburbs. Secondly significant decrease of public transportation services in suburbs become less effective and moreRecent official statistical data shows that only one services pushes marginal rural communities further costly for a city, thus increasing demand for private city - capital Vilnius manages to hold unchangingdown the edge: those, who cannot afford a private transportation furthermore. number of residents. The rest of the cities experience transport, encounter difficulties accessing and using population loses. Kaunas among them experience social services. considerable loss of inhabitants - between 2001-2009 decrease of population in Kaunas was 17%. It is nearly 67 400 inhabitants. The large amount of this migration ends in the suburban areas around Kaunas. -17% + 8.7%Source: Department of Statistics, www.stat.gov.lt(2010)Author: Vytas BuineviciusLeftUrban and suburban growth before and afterindependency AboveSource: Department of Statistics, www.stat.gov.lt Author: Tadas Jonauskis(2010)46 47. Free-market economy 2.5Lithuania today has service-based economy where The last few decades technological progress andthe service sector accounts for more than a half of the production intensification allowed agricultural sector Agriculture andregions GDP. The shift from industrial towards service employing less rural inhabitants while increasingindustry economybased economic activities affected regions in the economic growth. Emerging excess of rural workforcecountry differently: rural areas have more difficulties was a relevant stimulus for rural economy to beService basedduring this change than the urban ones. On the onediversified, to offer new services for increasing socialeconomyhand, as Tsenkova (2006) concludes the ideas of Adair needs.et al. (1999), General Council for St Petersburg (1998) However, differently from the western democracies,and Ghanbari-Parsa and Moatazed-Keivani (1999): rural areas in Lithuania experience some issues inthe transition to service based rural economy. For Within the service economy, the capital cities example, instead of experiencing economic growth,Polycentric across the region are regaining their position asless skilled and less flexible rural society (compared todevelopment financial, business and administrative centres the urban one) experiences growth of unemployment of the nation-state. Some (Prague, Budapest, and income polarization, where few residents involved Network Warsaw, Vilnius) clearly state their ambitions in agricultural activities have higher incomes thanbased model to become the springboard for internationalurban inhabitants, while at the same time large part investors; others market themselves as the of rural inhabitants not involved in agriculture gain regional centres of command and controlonly half of income of those in cities (Department of for head offices and servicing operations in Statistics, 2005). This trend is shown in a table below. Planned resource-rich countries and other regional sub- markets (p. 33).1200 economyIncome, in Litas 1000 MarketOn the other hand, until recent years rural areas inLithuania were dependent on primary economic800 economy600 Urban residentssector, such as agriculture, forestry and fishery400(Vanagas et al., 2002). In the context of increasingFarmers200demand for services, economic state, based on Rural residentsprimary sector, became a halt forutilizing economicYears2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 20072008potential of an area.Source: Lithuanian Institute of Agrarian Economics,2010 47 48. Despite the historical legacy, on-going economicRemote rural areas experience economic and social transformations in the urban and rural areas in backwardness (comparing to urban regions or the Lithuania are similar to the processes occurring in regions that are proximate to major transport and many capitalist based countries. Driven by free-economic flows), underinvestment and decay or even market economy, increasing importance of networks desertion of rural settlements due to extreme rural and competition for global attention, economicpopulation loses. growth concentrates in urban regions while creating vacuum in the periphery, thus economic and social disparities between urban and rural areas become even greater now than during the socialist regime (Tsenkova, 2006). Increasing importance of networks is visible not only in traffic flows in the transport networks, but also in different economic growth rates between areas. Attractive regions Rural Foreign direct investment per district shows even Rural-urban higher disparities between economic growth UrbanUnattractive regions between the regions. Rural Rural-urban Source: Department of Statistics, www.stat.gov.lt Urban (2010) The scheme above shows the most attractive and unattractive regions. Mapping is based on neto migration saldo from and to the region for 2006-2008. Attractive regions that have population growth, are those in the vicinity of urban centre. The rest regions in most cases looses population. Source: Lithuanian Institute of Agrarian Economics, 2010 Right Income differences between growing regions and peripheral rural ares indicates the increasing gap Scheme of the main transportation axes in Lithuania.between economic development as well. Bowth of them crosses Kaunas region.Source: Department of Statistics, www.stat.gov.lt Source: Lietuvos keliu direkcija www.lra.lt (2010)48 49. 2.5home CC Secon-daryOn the other hand, due to a vicinity of an urbanC Secon-daryCulturcentre or major networks, other rural areas experiencehomePrimaryschool Primary Primary Secon- HighSecon- school school dary daryschool High C Voca- tionalschoolCgrowth and increasing use of a landscapes through Secon- dary Primary school C Highspatial and economic development. school CCulturhome Secon- dary Cultur homeKindergardenHowever proximity of urban centre has negative effectsSecon-dary CSecon-dary Cultur Secon- home dary Secon- daryPrimary C schoolC Con economic rural development as well: due to sparse Secon- daryCHighschool C Primary school Secon- daryrural population and better-developed service sector Kinder garden CulturPrimary homeschoolCC KinderHigh Secon-CulturC Primary garden school schooldaryhomein the cities, services in adjacent rural areas encounter C C Primary school Primary Primary Secon- High school school dary High school schoolPrimaryC Voca- schoolUtional Secon- Kinder Primary schoolCultur homePrimaryschool Cdifficulties to sustain. Vicinity of urban centre creates dary gardenVoca-Kinder Culturtional gardenPrimaryhome Primaryschool Secon-High Voca-HighC schooldarySanaschool tional school toriumCSecon-C Secon- Cdary darydependency on the city for employment, accessibilityof commercial and social services and culturalSecon-dary Primary Primary school school CKindergarden C Secon- daryCultur Secon-home dary Kinder Kinder garden garden CHighschoolactivities thus increasing homogeneity in rural areas. C Primary school C High KinderKindergarden school gardenKinder PrimaryPrimaryPrimary garden school schoolschool Voca-KinderHigh CCo Hightional garden Kinder schoolschoolC High CC Secon- garden school C C daryKaunas District Development Strategy (2008) statesKinder Secon-Primary Primary High Secon-Secon- Primary PrimaryHighgarden daryschool schooldarydary school schoolHigh school schoolschoolSana HighHigh High High High Secon- Secon-High High High Secon- C Secon-dary dary darytorium schoolschool school school schoolschool school school dary Kindergarden CoHigh PrimaryPrimary High HighSecon- KinderHigh High High dary school school school school school schoolschool school CCo garden High High HighPrimary Secon-Secon- Secon- Primary Secon-schoolschool dary dary dary school dary school school C High CHigh HighCo Highschool U school schoolPrimarythat already 42 per cent of towns can be counted asschoolSecon-CC school dary U High U schoolHigh High HighKinderschool schoolschoolPrimarygarden schoolschool Co school UHighHighSecon-Highdary U PrimaryHighschool Secon- schoolC schoolPrimary High daryHighschool CHighschoolschoolKinderSanagardenschoolHightoriumC Primaryschool school Primary HighPrimary PrimarySecon- High Primarysatellite cities sleeping areas of Kaunas.school daryschoolschool schoolSecon- school school Sana daryHigh Voca- C torium HighSecon-daryschool tionalschoolU Co KinderSecon- Secon-gardenPrimaryHighdary daryschool schoolPrimary Primary schoolCo C school Kinder gardenHighschoolC Secon-Secon-daryUdaryC Secon- daryHigh schoolPrimaryschool CHighAs map on the closer right indicates, these satteliteschoolPrimaryschool Primary schoolC High Primary school schoolCSecon- dary C Primarycities are located on the highest accessibility routes schoolSecon-n- Secon- daryCulturhomedaryC CHighschool High school CSecon-HighCdaryschool Secon-- highways, or in the beautiful environment - near daryC Secon- darySecon-daryrivers, lakes, yet still close to the city.High Cultur school home Secon- darySecon- dary Secon- daryC Secon- dary C Secon- darySecon-Highdaryschool Secon-Voca-tionalCdary Secon- darySanatorium Secon- daryC C CHighschoolCSecon-HighdaryschoolSecon-darySecon-daryAbove The map above shows organisationof health care,location of settlements that developed high educational and cultural services inKaunas region.dependency on the city. Bigger settlement and cities canprovide theseSource: image by author activities, however many dispersedhousehold arequite remote from them.Source: image by author 49 50. Demographic processes2.6On 1 March 2011, the population of Lithuania totalledGrowing 3 million 43 thousand. The highest population was inthe urban and peri-urban regions, while the lowest - in population remote rural areas. ShrinkingAccording to the 2011 Census data, two-thirds of the population countrys population (66.7 per cent) lived in urbanareas, out of which 40.2 per cent in the major cities.Over the decade, the population decreased by 12.6per cent (440.6 thousand). The urban population Relocactiondecreased by 300.9 thousand, while rural by 139.7 of rural thousand. population Migration caused 77 per cent of total population loss. Internal migration rates, 2008Out migration During the last few years migration tends to stabilise,Source: Department of Statistics, www.stat.gov.lthowever the majority of immigrated people chooses(2011)to reside in urban areas. It means that in case ofpopulation growth, number of rural inhabitants willGrowing remain stable or even decreases further. population Aging populationUrban and rural population, 19592011Population densitySource: Department of Statistics, www.stat.gov.ltSource: Department of Statistics, www.stat.gov.lt(2011) (2011)50 51. 2.6The map below shows saldo migration between j Kedainiu rajage group change 2001-2011,Raseiniu rajregions in Lithuania. It is visible that the only growing-7% -5% percent from total populationregions are close to the urban centre. Largely it is +3% +6% 0-15caused by suburbanisation as immigration to the+2% +1%16-45country is yet not increasing. Jurbarko raj > 45 -6.5%The scheme on the right shows more detailed analysison demographic changes in Kaunas region in the +5% Kauno raj -5%last 10 years. Kaunas district municipality, which +1.5% -4%surrounds Kaunas city, is the only growing district inSakiu raj +4% +1.5%this region.This happens due to growing suburban-7%+3.5% 0Kauno mexpansion around the city.+7.5% -4%-0.5% 0The general trend in the region is shrinking Kazlu rudos raj -5.5%population, especially decreasing is the youngest age-6.6% +4% +6.%group. Working age people increases in all parts, while+5.5% -1%senior group increases in all districts except few.0 Total inhabitants 2001 2011Kauno apskritis 702 090 600 363 -6%Birstono sav. 5 458 4 542Jonavos r. sav.52 25845 775The tendency that this scheme shows is that if the +7%Kaisiadoriu r. sav.37 63233 425Kauno m. sav. 379 706 311 148general demographic trends in Lithuania will not Birstono raj Kauno r. sav.81 37386 200 -1%Kedainiu r. sav. 65 71752 997change in the near future, region will experience-8%Prienu r. sav. 35 76929 391Raseiniu r. sav. 44 17736 885shrinking and rapidly aging population.+6%Skuodo r. sav.Kazlu Rudos sav. 25 637 14 934 20 164 13 039Sakiu r. sav.38 78832 052 +2%Jurbarko r. sav. 37 79529 693This process will alter region development, especiallyhuge challenge can be maintaining social servicesand social safety net. Furthermore aging society willincrease a demand for health care facilities. This bringsattention to alternative regional development modelsince current suburban development pattern cannot Scheme showing demographic changes in the regionensure proper accessibility of services for seniors.Source: Image by author51 52. Both pages The Kaunas Free Economic Zone (FEZ) - a 534 ha industrial development area which provides tax incentives. Source: http://www.investkaunasregion.lt/english/ business-oppurtunities/kaunas-free-economic-zone/52 53. 3. Kaunas region 53 54. 54 55. KedainiaiIntroduction 3.1Kaunas region is one of the most important regions inLithuania, consisting of administrative centre Kaunasand region sub-centres of Raseiniai, Kdainiai, Jonava,Kaiiadorys, Prienai and Birtonas town.The region is home to 600 000 people. Kaunas districtwith sub-centres are considerably dense, e.g. Kaunascity - 2 000 inh./km2, however density in the whole Jonavaregion berely excedes 75 inh./km2. KaunasKaisiadorysPrienai55 Birstonas 56. Green structure3.2 Kaunas region is located on the confluence of the two largest rivers in Lithuania - Nemunas and Neris. In 1960 hydropower plant was built and Nemunas river was dammed. 20 villages in the west of Kaunas had to be relocated due to the the formation of Kaunas lagoon. Today Kaunas Lagoon is among the protected environments in Kaunas region. Forests cover nearly two third of the whole land, the second largest group is agricultural land. The land productivity rate is one of the highest, therefore level of land use in Kaunas region is one of the most intensive in the country. 6 % urban and industryOtherWater bodiesForestsAgriculture 94 % rural56 57. Ecological network3.3River habitats in Kaunas region belongs to nationalecological frame.They also serve as migration corridors for the birds.Confluence of two largest rivers in LithuaniaAuthor: Giedriusok, source: www.efoto.ltDubrius river entering Kauno marios. Dubrava forest,vilage and forest enterprise were named after thename of this riverAuthor: Pliura A., Source: www.panoramio.com57 58. Traffic network3.4 Two international multimodal transport corridors cross Kaunas region. Via Baltica, crosses the Region from north to south and serves as a connection between Nordic countries and Central and Western Europe. Corridor No. 9B is the main corridor crossing the Region from east to west (Kiev - Klaipeda). Moreover, two roads of TEN-T road network (Kaunas- Daugavpils and Vilnius-Marijampole) cross the Region. Kaunas region has a highly developed railway infrastructure. There is a local waterway Kaunas-Birstonas and one of the most important waterways connecting Kaunas with sea port. However water network is reletively underused. Kaunas International Airport is the biggest cargo airport in the Baltics. It can serve practically all types of aircraft and has passenger air connections to major cities in Europe. There are also several local airports that are widely used for aerial tourism (Pociunai Airport in Prienai district, Darius and Girenas Airport in Kaunas city).58 59. Economic network 3.5The main economic sectors (input to GDP) in Kaunasregion are:Agriculture 4%Industry and Construction 34,5%Services 60,2%Region produces one fifth of Lithuanian GDP.The most important products are: furniture, yarn,pharmaceuticals, meat and its products, milkproduction, flour, combined fodder, sulphuric andphosphoric acids, lasting food products, buildingbricks, industrial wood, peat, paper, beer and non-alcoholic drinks, firewater and liqueur products,textile, mineral waters.Kaunas has concentration of manufacturers; Kdainiaidistrict has well developed canning industry; thelargest fertilizer producer is in Jonava and Kaiiadoryshas well developed meat production.Only 7 per cent of regions population is employedin agriculture. Main production consists of livestock,horticulture and agriculture, however primary sectoradds only four per cent to regions GDP one of thelowest values in the country. 59 60. commuting zone/ car commuting zonecommuting zone/ public tr commuting zone/ public transportintensive intensive intensive intensive extensive extensiveextensive extensive commuting zone/ public tr commuting cars to urbanbusesintensivelast city bus stop centre, per daymicrobuses extensive train station > 8 000 public transport frequency, development planper daybusesexpansion zone> 60 microbuses highest real estate value disparities trains apartments6 000 - 8 00040 public transport frequency, houses per day commercial > 60 industrial4 000 - 6 00020 40 combined influence zone2 000 - 4 000 202 highest real estate valuelast city bus stop 2apartmentshousescommercialindustrial60 61. Daily urban system3.6One of the major intentions while analysing Kaunasregion was to understand what commuting patternsexist, do they consist Daily Urban System (DUS) forthe whole region or whether the region is largelymonocentric with Kaunas as the main centre.The findings of this research helps to understandto what extent regional strategy can influencedevelopment in the region: combined influence zoneindicates approximate area in which the commutingflows are the highest. Conclusion can be drawn thatthis zone is preferred by inhabitants as still closeto the city and has the highest potential for newdevelopment. It also means that the impact of theregional strategy is likely to be the largest inside thisarea, because the pressure for the land is highest here.This analysis was carried out using methodology ofcommuting zone/ carUbareviien, Burneika and Kriauinas (2011) where commuting zonecommuting zone/ public tr intensive intensive intensivecity functional region, is treated as functionallyextensiveunited spatial system, where capital city is one of the extensiveextensivemain factors of development of the area and vicecommuting zone/ public trcommuting cars to urbanbuses intensivecentre, per dayversa. (p.98).microbusesextensive> 8 000 public transport frequency,development planper day expansion zone> 60highest real estate value disparitiesapartments6 000 - 8 000 40housescommercialindustrial4 000 - 6 000 20combined influencezone2 000 - 4 000 2highest real estate value apartmentslast city bus stop houses 61 commercial industrial 62. Work framework for the strategy3.7Urban network Kaunas region Landscape architecturedevelopment approachanalysisapproachAnalysis of areas for urban Analysis of the landscape assets indevelopment in relation to: relation to:- connectivity (physical access)- ecological network- access to public transport- production network (agriculture,- access to social services forestry, industry, energy)- proximity to other settlements- consumption network (recreation,- landscape assetstourism, herritage)Types of urban developmentAreas with different urbanisationwith different set of rules:impact on the landscape:- highest level of urbanisation - no negative impact on theallowed (in relation to density,landscape (a)height, built up area percent) (1)- priority to the landscape and urban- moderate urban developmentequal (urbanisation can be used to(lower density, adittionalimprove the landscape) (b)investment for public services, - priority to the landscape (urbanlandscape from developers) (2)development has largest negative- low level of urbanisation (loweffect) (c)density, priority to landscape) (3) Matrix of combined types of areas from urban and landscape approach maximum urban largest conflict betweenlandscape typesprogramme space use abca1c1urban types1a1 b1 c12a2 b2 c23a3 b3 c3c3a3restricted urbanisation no conflict for space use62 63. Regional planning in Lithuania3.8Until 1990 regional planning in Lithuania was based Legal basisThere are two main policy tools in Lithuania at theon planned economy model, which consideredRegional planing in Lithuania is based on themoment:development to be adequate to the whole country.Comprehensive plan of the territory of the Republicof Lithuania issued in 2002. The document presents 1. From EU perspective: Structural EU regional policy.After 1990, 10 Counties were formed (culturally the main solutions of the territory in the following Lithuania reaches only 55 per cent of EU averageterritory of Lithuania consists of 4 ethnic sub-regions). main directions: GDP per person (EU27, 2010). The main tool to raise- common territorial structures; the level of socio-economic development is throughFrom 2000 Regional Development Law was issued - specialised territorial structures;Structural Funds (Cohesion policy implementationand Regional Development Councils were formed to- spatial integration of the development of thethrough State investments).each County. These were delegated from Municipalteritory of the state;councils, not directly elected. - reserving the territories for the common needs of 2. From national perspective: regional developmentthe state. policy.In 2010 July Administrative reform was held. With the issue of Regional Development Law in 2000Administrations of Counties Governor were cancelled.The Comprehensive plan: increasing disparities of development level withinFunctions from County Governors administration - is obligatory for state governmental institutionsthe country were recognized (for example Taurage(which do not involve EU funding, for example healthtaking decisions on national level related to thereaches 49 per cent of LT average GDP, while Vilnius -care, education) delegated to local municipal level.use, management and protection of the territory of 153 per cent) and policy was aimed at reducing them.Other functions (land reform, coordination of EUthe country, forming regional policy;support at regional level) are transfered to central- forms planning conditions for national level special Kaunas Regional Development Plan 2003 2013;level - ministries. plans, long term programmes and strategies and 2014-2020 (under preparations, 2012);for regional level comprehensive and special plans.Strategy of tourism development in Kaunas Region 2007 2013;All development strategies of economy sectors, Strategy of Kaunas Region Image (2007-2013).other strategic plans and programmes of stateStrategicdevelopmentplans for separateinstitutions have to rest upon the Comprehensive municipalities and areas (Jonava District, Rukla,plan of the territory of the Republic of Lithuania. Kaiiadorys District, etc.)(Ministry of Environment of the Republic ofLithuania, 2004, p.68).63 64. Rural development policies3.9Rural development in Europe has undergone severalobjectives; Improving the quality of life in rural areas andreforms since the common market Treaty, establishede. strengthening rural development, allowingencouraging diversification of the rural economy;in Rome in 1958. The underlying reasons for this the creation of additional income and jobs in Building local capacity for employment andtreaty arose from instability of agricultural market agriculture and contributing to the economic anddiversification (Leader programme).and were to control agricultural supply, provide price social cohesion of the Union;Following these guidelines, Member States hasguarantees and assure income support for the farmers.f. increasing the EUs negotiating position during developed their own national or regional ruralFor agricultural production to be included in the free World Trade Organisation (WTO) talks;development programmes for 2007-2013 based onmovement of goods, suitable national interventiong. simplifying administrative provisions relatingkey actions for each axis. Since this project eventuallymechanisms were to be established in EU member to market management and payments made towill concentrate on dealing with spatial planning andstates through common agricultural policy (CAP)producers; design, the emphasis in the analysis will be given to(European Communities, 2009).h. incorporating the agricultural sectors of the new spatial issues.Initial objectives of CAP, laid in the Treaty: Member States into the single market.a. to increase agricultural productivity byGenerally aim of new CAP, also known as the Secondpromoting technical progress and ensuring thePillar of the CAP, was to establish a model foroptimum use of the factors of production, in European agriculture that would be closely linkedparticular labour; to the balanced development of rural land, whichb. to ensure a fair standard of living for farmers;covers 90% of the Communitys territory (Europeanc. to stabilize markets; Communities, 2009). Cohesive and sustainable futured. to assure the availability of supplies; of rural areas is based on agricultural multifunctionalitye. to ensure reasonable prices for consumers. the ability of the rural economy to create newThough these objectives are still valid today, following income and employment whilst conserving theCAP reforms, particularly the 2003 mid-term review,culture, environment and heritage of rural areasadapted different mechanisms to attain those (European Communities, 2009).goals more successfully and introduced some newSince the enlargement of European Union in 2004,objectives into CAP (European Communities, 2009):scale and intensity of rural development in EU hada. improving competitiveness by gearingchanged; therefore new strategic guidelines were setagriculture more to the market;up for the upcoming period starting 2007. Europeanb. producing safe, good quality food in line withRural Development Policy for 2007 to 2013 focusesthe expectations and needs of society; on four themes (known as thematic axes) (Council,c. stabilising farmers incomes while covering 2006):budgetary