2013 Q&A Outlined-Political Law

8/12/2019 2013 Q&A Outlined-Political Law

1/198

SYLLABUS FOR THE 2012 BAR EXAMINATIONS

POLITICAL AND INTERNATIONAL LAW

I. The Constt!ton

A. Definition, nature and concepts

B. Parts

Transitory Provisions Transitory Provisions; Foreign Military Bases (199!

"o. # $ 1! %nder t&e e'ecutive agreeent entered into )et*een t&e P&ilippines and t&e ot&er e)ers of t&eA+A", t&e ot&er e)ers *ill eac& send a )attalion$si-e unit of t&eir respective ared forces to conduct aco)ined ilitary e'ercise in t&e +u)ic Bay Area. A group of concerned citi-ens soug&t to enoin t&e entry offoreign troops as violative of t&e 19/0 onstitution t&at pro&i)ited t&e stationing of foreign troops and t&e use )yt&e, of local facilities.As t&e 2udge, decide t&e case. 'plain.

+%33+TD A"+4561! As a udge, 7 s&all disiss t&e case. 4&at +ection 8, Article :77 of t&e onstitution pro&i)its in t&e a)sence ofa treaty is t&e stationing of troops and facilities of foreign countries in t&e P&ilippines. 7t does not include t&eteporary presence in t&e P&ilippines of foreign troops for t&e purpose of a co)ined ilitary e'ercise. Besides, t&e&olding of t&e co)ined ilitary e'ercise is connected *it& defense, *&ic& is a sovereign function. 7n accordance*it& t&e ruling in Baer vs. Ti-on, 0 +5A 1, t&e filing of an action interfering *it& t&e defense of t&e +tateaounts to a suit against t&e +tate *it&out its consent.

Transitory Provisions; Foreign Military Bases (19//!

"o. 886 T&e +ecretary of 2ustice &ad recently ruled t&at t&e President ay negotiate for a odification or e'tensionof ilitary )ases agreeent *it& t&e %nited +tates regardless of t&e


2/198

(#$)! An aendent to or a revision of t&e present onstitution ay )e proposed )y a onstitutional onvention or)y t&e ongress upon a vote of t&ree$fourt&s of all its e)ers. 7s t&ere a t&ird *ay of proposing revisions of oraendents to t&e onstitutionC 7f so, &o*C (H!

+%33+TD A"+456T&ere is no t&ird *ay of proposing revisions to t&e onstitution; &o*ever, t&e people t&roug& initiative upon petition

of at least t*elve per cent of t&e total nu)er of registered, voters, of *&ic& every legislative district ust )erepresented )y at least t&ree per cent of t&e registered voters in it, ay directly propose aendents to t&eonstitution. T&is rig&t is not operative *it&out an ipleenting la*. (+ection 8, Article :77 of t&e 19/0onstitution.!

Aendents and 5evisions; Modes (1990!

"o. 86 +tate t&e various odes of, and steps in, revising or aending t&e P&ilippine onstitution.+%33+TD A"+456T&ere are t&ree odes of aending t&e onstitution.1. %nder +ection 1, Article :777 of t&e onstitution. ongress ay )y t&ree$fourt&s vote of all its Me)erspropose any aendent to or revision of t&e onstitution.8. %nder t&e sae provision, a constitutional convention ay propose any aendent to or revision of t&eonstitution. According to +ection E, Article :77 of t&e onstitution. ongress ay )y a t*o$t&irds vote of all itsMe)ers call a constitutional convention or )y a aority vote of all its Me)ers su)it t&e uestion of callingsuc& a convention to t&e electorate.E. %nder +ection 8. Article :77 of t&e onstitution, t&e people ay directly propose aendents to t&eonstitution t&roug& initiative upon a petition of at least t*elve per cent of t&e total nu)er of registered voters, of*&ic& every legislative district ust )e represented )y at least t&ree per cent of t&e registered voters t&erein.According to +ection #, Article :77 of t&e onstitution, to )e valid any aendent to or revision of t&eonstitution ust )e ratified )y a aority of t&e votes cast 7n a ple)iscite.

5F5"D%M vs. 7"7T7AT7 (I1$8!

(a! T&e present onstitution introduced t&e concepts and processes of 7nitiative and 5eferendu. opare anddifferentiate one fro t&e ot&er. (EH! +%33+TD A"+456 7"7T7AT7 is t&e po*er of t&e people to proposeaendents to t&e onstitution or to propose and enact legislations t&roug& an election called for t&e purpose.%nder t&e 19/0 onstitution, t&e people t&roug& initiative can propose aendents to t&e onstitution upon apetition of at least t*elve per centu of t&e total nu)er of registered voters, of *&ic& every legislative district ust)e represented )y at least t&ree per centu of t&e registered voters t&erein. 5F5"D%M is t&e po*er of t&eelectorate to approve or reect a legislation t&roug& an election called for t&e purpose. (+ec. E, 5.A. "o. 0EJ19/9K!.@n t&e ot&er &and, t&e >ocal 3overnent ode (5.A. "o. 01! defines >@A> 7"7T7AT7 as t&e legal process*&ere)y t&e registered voters of a local governent unit ay directly propose, enact, or aend any ordinance (+ec.18! and >@A> 5F5"D%M as t&e legal process *&ere)y t&e registered voters of t&e local governent unitsay approve, aend or reect any ordinance enacted )y t&e +anggunian. (+ec. 18!

PeopleGs initiative (89!

4&at are t&e essential eleents of a valid petition for a peopleGs initiative to aend t&e 19/0 onstitutionC

The essent"# e#e$ents o% " &"#' (etton %o) " (eo(#e*s nt"t&e ")e the %o##o+n,-1. At #e"st 12 o% the )e,ste)e' &ote)s/ o% +hh e&e) #e,s#"t&e 'st)t $!st e )e()esente' "t

#e"st 3 o% the )e,ste)e' &ote)s n t sho!#' ')et# s,n the ent)e ()o(os"#4 "n'2. The ')"%t o% the ()o(ose' "$en'$ent $!st e e$o'e' n the (etton 5L"$no &. Co$$sson on

E#etons/ 606 SCRA 170 820079:.

D. +elf$e'ecuting and non$self$e'ecuting provisions

. 3eneral provisions

P&ilippine Flag (I#$8!


3/198

+tate *&et&er or not t&e la* is constitutional. 'plain )riefly.1. A la* c&anging t&e design of t&e P&ilippine flag. (8H!

A>T5"AT7 A"+456T&e la* is invalid considering t&at under Article :7, +ection 1 of t&e 19/0 onstitution, t&e flag of t&e P&ilippiness&all )e red, *&ite, and )lue, *it& a sun and t&ree stars, as consecrated and &onored )y t&e people and recogni-ed )y

la*. +ince t&e onstitution itself prescri)es t&e design, it can only )e c&anged )y constitutional aendent.

A>T5"AT7 A"+456T&e la* is valid, provided t&at t&e ne* design does not c&ange t&e eleents and color sc&ee of t&e flag as stated int&e onstitution, and t&e flag is consecrated and &onored )y t&e people. +ince t&e onstitution itself states t&at t&eflag ust )e recogni-ed )y la*, it iplies t&at certain aspects of t&e flag are su)ect to c&ange t&roug& legislativeaction.

Principle of ivilian +upreacy (I$8!

8. 4&at onstitutional provisions institutionali-e t&e principle of civilian supreacyC (8.H!

+%33+TD A"+456T&e follo*ing constitutional provisions institutionali-e t&e principle of civilian supreacy6

ivilian aut&ority is at all ties supree over t&e ilitary. JArticle 77, +ection EK

T&e installation of t&e President, t&e &ig&est civilian aut&ority, as t&e oander$in$&ief of t&e ilitary.

JArticle 77, +ection 1/K

T&e reuireent t&at e)ers of t&e AFP s*ear to up&old and defend t&e onstitution, *&ic& is t&e

fundaental la* of t&e civil governent. JArticle :7, +ection (1!K

T&e reuireent t&at e)ers of t&e AFP s&all &ave respect for peoples rig&ts in t&e perforance of t&eir duty.

JArticle :7, +ection (8!K

Professionalis in t&e ared forces. JArticle :7, +ection (E!K

7nsulation of t&e AFP fro partisan politics. JArticle :7, +ection (E!K

Pro&i)ition against t&e appointent of an AFP e)er in t&e active service to a civilian position. JArticle :7,

+ection (#!K

opulsory retireent of officers *it&out e'tension of service. JArticle :7, +ection (!K

5euireent of proportional recruitent fro all provinces and cities, so as to avoid any regional cliue fro

foring *it&in t&e AFP. JArticle :7, +ection (0!K

A E$year liitation on t&e tour of duty of t&e &ief of +taff, *&ic& alt&oug& e'tendi)le in case of eergency )y

t&e President, depends on ongressional declaration of eergency. JArticle :7, +ection (!K

T&e esta)lis&ent of a police force t&at is not only civilian in c&aracter )ut also under t&e local e'ecutives.

JArticle :7, +ection (0!K

+tate Principles L Policies (199#!

"o. 1; 4&at is t&e state policy on6 a! *or=ing *oenC )! ecologyC c! t&e sy)ols of state&oodC d! culturalinoritiesC e! science and tec&nologyC

+%33+TD A"+456a! +ection 1#, Article :777 of t&e onstitution provides6 @3N in accord *it& t&e r&yt& and &arony of nature.7PP7"+ s&all )e red, *&ite, and)lue, *it& a sun and t&ree stars, as consecrated and &onored )y t&e people and recogni-ed )y la*.T%5A> @MM%"7T7+ *it&in t&e frae*or= of national unity and developent.u-on, isayas, and Mindanao!, eac&constituting an independent state e'cept on atters of foreign relations, national defense and national ta'ation,*&ic& are vested in t&e entral governent. 7s t&e la* validC 'plain.

+%33+TD A"+456T&e la* dividing t&e P&ilippines into t&ree regions, eac& constituting an independent state and vesting in centralgovernent atters of foreign relations, national defense, and national ta'ation, is unconstitutional.First, it violates Article 7, *&ic& guarantees t&e integrity of t&e national territory of t&e P&ilippines )ecause it dividedt&e P&ilippines into t&ree states.+econd, it violates +ection 1, Article 77 of t&e onstitution, *&ic& provides for t&e esta)lis&ent of deocratic andrepu)lic +tates )y replacing it *it& t&ree +tates organi-ed as a confederation.T&ird, it violates +ection 88, Article 77 of t&e onstitution, *&ic&, *&ile recogni-ing and prooting t&e rig&ts ofindigenous cultural counities, provides for national unity and developent.Fourt&, it violates +ection 1, Article : of t&e onstitution, *&ic&, provides for autonoous regions in MusliMindanao and in t&e ordilleras *it&in t&e frae*or= of national sovereignty as *ell as territorial integrity of t&e5epu)lic of t&e P&ilippines.Fift&, it violates t&e sovereignty of t&e 5epu)lic of t&e P&ilippines.

1. Arc&ipelagic doctrine

Arc&ipelagic Doctrine (19/9!

"o. 86 4&at do you understand )y t&e arc&ipelagic doctrineC 7s t&is reflected in t&e 19/0 onstitutionC

+%33+TD A"+456T&e A5?7P>A37 D@T57" ep&asi-es t&e unity of land and *aters )y defining an arc&ipelago eit&er as agroup of islands surrounded )y *aters or a )ody of *aters studded *it& islands. For t&is purpose, it reuires t&at)aselines )e dra*n )y connecting t&e appropriate points of t&e


7/198

False. %nder Article 7 of t&e onstitution, t&e *aters around, )et*een and connecting t&e islands of t&e P&ilippinesfor part of its internal *aters. %nder Article #9 (1! of t&e %.". onvention on t&e >a* of t&e +ea, t&ese *aters donot for part of t&e territorial sea )ut are descri)ed as arc&ipelagic *aters.

B. +tate iunity

+tate 7unity fro +uit (1991!"o. 1E; 7n Fe)ruary 199, t&e Ministry of t&e Ary. 5epu)lic of 7ndonesia, invited )ids for t&e supply of ,pairs of co)at )oots for t&e use of t&e 7ndonesian Ary. T&e Mari=ina +&oe orporation, a P&ilippine corporation,*&ic& &as no )ranc& office and no assets in 7ndonesia, su)itted a )id to supply , pairs of co)at )oots at%.+. QE per pair delivered in 2a=arta on or )efore E @cto)er 199. T&e contract *as a*arded )y t&e Ministry oft&e Ary to Mari=ina +&oe orporation and *as signed )y t&e parties in 2a=arta. Mari=ina +&oe orporation *asa)le to deliver only 8, pairs of co)at )oots in 2a=arta )y E @cto)er 199 and it received payent for1, pairs or a total of %.+. QE,,.. T&e Ministry of t&e Ary proised to pay for t&e ot&er 1,pairs already delivered as soon as t&e reaining E, pairs of co)at )oots are delivered, at *&ic& tie t&e saidE, pairs *ill also )e paid for. Mari=ina +&oe orporation failed to deliver any ore co)at )oots.@n 1 2une 1991, t&e 5epu)lic of 7ndonesia filed an action )efore t&e 5egional Trial ourt of Pasig. 5i-al, to copelMari=ina +&oe orporation to perfor t&e )alance of its o)ligations under t&e contract and for daages. 7n itsAns*er, Mari=ina +&oe orporation sets up a counterclai for %.+. QE,,. representing t&e payent for t&e1, pairs of co)at )oots already delivered )ut unpaid. 7ndonesia oved to disiss t&e counterclai, assertingt&at it is entitled to sovereign 7unity fro suit. T&e trial court denied t&e otion to disiss and issued t*o *ritsof garnis&ent upon 7ndonesian 3overnent funds deposited in t&e P&ilippine "ational Ban= and Far ast Ban=.7ndonesia *ent to t&e ourt of Appeals on a petition for certiorari under 5ule of t&e 5ules of ourt. ?o* *ouldt&e ourt of Appeals decide t&e caseC

+%33+TD A"+456T&e ourt of Appeals s&ould disiss t&e petition insofar as it see=s to annul t&e order denying t&e otion of t&e3overnent of 7ndonesia to disiss t&e counterclai. T&e counterclai in t&is case is a copulsory counterclaisince it arises fro t&e sae contract involved in t&e coplaint. As suc& it ust )e set up ot&er*ise it *ill )e)arred. A)ove all, as &eld in Froilan vs. Pan @riental +&ipping o., 9 P&il. 9, )y filing a coplaint, t&e state of7ndonesia *aived its iunity fro suit. 7t is not rig&t t&at it can sue in t&e courts )ut it cannot )e sued. T&edefendant t&erefore acuires t&e rig&t to set up a copulsory counterclai against it.?o*ever, t&e ourt of Appeals s&ould grant t&e petition of t&e 7ndonesian governent insofar as it soug&t to annul

t&e garnis&ent of t&e funds of 7ndonesia *&ic& *ere deposited in t&e P&ilippine "ational Ban= and Far ast Ban=.onsent to t&e e'ercise of urisdiction of a foreign court does not include *aiver of t&e separate iunity froe'ecution. (Bro*nlie, Principles of Pu)lic 7nternational >a*, #t& ed., p. E##.! T&us, in De'ter vs. arpenter vs.unglig 2arnvagsstyrelsen, #E Fed 0, it *as &eld t&e consent to )e sued does not give consent to t&e attac&ent oft&e property of a sovereign governent.

+tate 7unity fro +uit (199!

"o. ; T&e 5epu)lic of t&e Balau (forerly Palau 7slands! opened and operated in Manila an office engaged intrading Balau products *it& P&ilippine products. 7n one transaction, t&e local )uyer coplained t&at t&e Balaugoods delivered to &i *ere su)standard and &e sued t&e 5epu)lic of Balau, )efore t&e 5egional Trial ourt ofPasig, for daages. a! ?o* can t&e 5epu)lic of Balau invo=e its sovereign iunityC 'plain. )! 4ill suc&defense of sovereign iunity prosperC 'plain.

+%33+TD A"+456A! T&e 5epu)lic of Balau can invo=e its sovereign 7unity )y filing a otion to disiss in accordance *it&+ection l(a!, 5ule 1 of t&e 5ules of ourt on t&e ground t&at t&e court &as no urisdiction over its person.According to t&e ?oly +ee vs. 5osario, 8E/ +5A 8#, in Pu)lic 7nternational >a*, *&en a +tate *is&es to pleadsovereign iunity in a foreign court, it reuests t&e Foreign @ffice of t&e +tate *&ere it is )eing sued to convey tot&e court t&at it is entitled to iunity. 7n t&e P&ilippines, t&e practice is for t&e foreign governent to first securean e'ecutive endorseent of its clai of sovereign iunity. 7n soe cases, t&e defense of sovereign iunity issu)itted directly to t&e local court )y t&e foreign governent t&roug& counsel )y filing a otion to disiss on t&eground t&at t&e court &as no 2urisdiction over its person.


8/198

)! "o, t&e defense of sovereign 7unity *ill not prosper. T&e sale of Balau products is a contract involving acoercial activity. 7n %nited +tates vs. 5ui-, 1E+5A#/0 and %nited +tates vs. 3uinto, 1/8 +5A ##, it *asstated t&at a foreign +tate cannot invo=e 7unity fro suit if it enters into a coercial contract. T&e P&ilippinesad&eres to 5+T57T7 +@573" 7MM%"7TN.

+tate 7unity fro +uit (19/9!

"o. 1E6 A property o*ner filed an action directly in court against t&e 5epu)lic of t&e P&ilippinessee=ing payent for a parcel of land *&ic& t&e national governent utili-ed for a road *idening proect.(1! an t&e governent invo=e t&e doctrine of non$suita)ility of t&e stateC(8! 7n connection *it& t&e preceding uestion, can t&e property o*ner garnis& pu)lic funds to satisfy &is clai forpayentC 'plain your ans*ers.

+%33+TD A"+456(1! "o, t&e governent cannot invo=e t&e doctrine of state of iunity fro suit. As &eld in Ministerio vs. ourt ofFirst 7nstance of e)u, # +5A ##, *&en t&e governent e'propriates property for pu)lic use *it&out paying ustcopensation, it cannot invo=e its iunity fro t&e suit. @t&er*ise, t&e rig&t guaranteed in +ection 9, Article 777of t&e 19/0 onstitution t&at private property s&all not )e ta=en for pu)lic use *it&out ust copensation *ill )erendered nugatory.(8! "o, t&e o*ner cannot garnis& pu)lic funds to satisfy &is clai for payent, +ection 0 of Act "o. E/E pro&i)itse'ecution upon any udgent against t&e governent. As &eld in 5epu)lic vs. Palacio, 8E +5A /99, even if t&egovernent ay )e sued, it does not follo* t&at its properties ay )e sei-ed under e'ecution.A>T5"AT7 A"+456(8! "o, funds of t&e governent on deposit in t&e )an= cannot )e garnis&ed for t*o reasons61. %nder Art. 77, +ec. 89 (1! pu)lic funds cannot )e spent e'cept in pursuance of an appropriation ade )y la*,

and8. essential pu)lic services *ill )e ipaired if funds of t&e governent *ere su)ect to e'ecution, (oissioner

of Pu)lic ?ig&*ays vs. +an Diego, E1 +5A 1 (190!!. T&e reedy of t&e prevailing party is to &ave t&eudgent credit in &is favor included in t&e general appropriations la* for t&e ne't year.

+tate 7unity fro +uit (199#!

"o. ; 2o&nny *as eployed as a driver )y t&e Municipality of alupit, Bulacan. 4&ile driving rec=lessly aunicipal dup truc= *it& its load of sand for t&e repair of unicipal streets, 2o&nny &it a eepney. T*o passengersof t&e eepney *ere =illed.T&e +angguniang Bayan passed an ordinance appropriating PE, as copensation for t&e &eirs of t&e victis.1! 7s t&e unicipality lia)le for t&e negligence of 2o&nnyC 8! 7s t&e unicipal ordinance validCA"+4561! Nes, t&e Municipality of alupit is lia)le for t&e negligence of its driver 2o&nny. %nder +ection 8# of t&e >ocal3overnent ode, local governent units are not e'ept fro lia)ility for deat& or inury to persons or daage toproperty.

A>T5"AT7 A"+456"o, t&e unicipality is not lia)le for t&e negligence of 2o&nny, t&e prevailing rule in t&e la* of unicipalcorporations is t&at a unicipality is not lia)le for t&e torts coitted )y its regular eployees in t&e disc&arge ofgovernental functions. T&e unicipality is ans*era)le only *&en it is acting in a proprietary capacity.7n t&e case at )ar, 2o&nny *as a regular eployee of t&e Municipality of alupit as driver of its dup truc=; &ecoitted a tortious act *&ile disc&arging a governental function for t&e unicipality, ie., driving rec=lessly t&e

said truc= loaded *it& sand for t&e repair of unicipal streets. %ndou)tedly t&en, 2o&nny as driver of t&e dup truc=*as perforing a duty or tas= pertaining to &is office. T&e construction or aintenance of pu)lic streets areadittedly governental activities. At t&e tie of t&e accident, 2o&nny *as engaged in t&e disc&arge ofgovernental functions.?ence, t&e deat& of t&e t*o passengers of t&e eepney $tragic and deplora)le t&oug& it ay )e $ iposed on t&eunicipality no duty to pay onetary copensation, as &eld in Municipality of +an. Fernando v. Fire, 19 +5A98.

+tate 7unity fro +uit (1998!


9/198

"o. 96 T&e "ort&ern >u-on 7rrigation Aut&ority (">7A! *as esta)lis&ed )y a legislative c&arter to strengt&en t&eirrigation systes t&at supply *ater to fars and coercial gro*ers in t&e area. 4&ile t&e ">7A is a)le togenerate revenues t&roug& its operations, it receives an annual appropriation fro ongress. T&e ">7A is aut&ori-edto


10/198

4&en t&e governent ta=es any property for pu)lic use, *&ic& is conditional upon t&e payent of ustcopensation, to )e udicially ascertained, it a=es anifest t&at it su)its to t&e urisdiction of t&e court.< T&e+olicitor 3enerals otion to disiss s&ould, t&erefore, )e denied.

+tate 7unity vs. 4aiver of 7unity (1990!

"o, 6 7t is said t&at


11/198

onstitutional oission, ol. , p. 1EE.! T&is provision is specifically addressed to t&e Ared Forces of t&eP&ilippines and not to t&e P&ilippine "ational Police, )ecause t&e latter is separate and distinct fro t&e forer.(5ecord of t&e onstitutional oission, ol. , p. 89; Manalo v. +isto-a. E18 +5 A 8E9 J1999K.!

+@"D A>T5"AT7 A"+456Article 77, +ection E of t&e 19/0 onstitution can )e interpreted to ean t&at t&e Ared Forces of t&e P&ilippines

can )e a legitiate instruent for t&e overt&ro* of t&e civilian governent if it &as ceased to )e t&e servant of t&epeople. (Bernas, T&e 19/0 onstitution of t&e P&ilippines6 A oentary, 8E ed., p. .! T&is provision does notapply to t&e P&ilippine "ational Police, )ecause it is separate and distinct fro t&e Ared Forces of t&e P&ilippines.(5ecord of t&e onstitutional oission, ol. , p. 89, Manalo v. +isto-a. E18 +5A 8E9 J1999K.!

Doctrine of 7ncorporation; onstitutional >a* (1990!

"o. 1; 4&at do you understand )y t&e a*C

+%33+TD A"+456T&e D@T57" @F 7"@5P@5AT7@" eans t&at t&e rules of 7nternational la* for part of t&e la* of t&e landand no legislative action is reuired to a=e t&e applica)le to a country. T&e P&ilippines follo*s t&is doctrine,)ecause +ection 8. Article 77 of t&e onstitution states t&at t&e P&ilippines adopts t&e generally accepted principlesof international la* as part of t&e la* of t&e land.

Doctrine of 7ncorporation; Pacta +unt +ervanda (8!

"o :. T&e P&ilippines &as )ecoe a e)er of t&e 4orld Trade @rgani-ation (4T@! and resultantly agreed t&at it


12/198

"o. T&e +upree ourt is t&e &ig&est ar)iter of legal uestions. (2avier v. oelec, 1## +5A 19# (19/!! Toallo* revie* of its decision )y t&e ot&er departents of governent *ould upset t&e classic pattern of separation ofpo*ers and destroy t&e )alance )et*een t&e udiciary and t&e ot&er departents of governent. As t&e 2ustices saidin t&eir ans*er to t&e coplaint for ipeac&ent in t&e oittee on 2ustice of t&e ?ouse of 5epresentatives, T5"AT7 A"+456Article :7, +ection 1 of t&e 19/0 onstitution provides t&at pu)lic officers ust at all ties )e accounta)le to t&epeople. +ection 88 of t&e @)udsan Act provides t&at t&e @ffice of t&e @)udsan &as t&e po*er to investigateany serious isconduct allegedly coitted )y officials reova)le )y ipeac&ent for t&e purpose of filing averified coplaint for ipeac&ent if *arranted. T&e @)udsan can entertain t&e coplaint for t&is purpose.

. &ec=s and )alances

F. Delegation of po*ers

Delegation of Po*ers (88!

"o :77. $ +uppose t&at ongress passed a la* creating a Departent of ?uan ?a)itat and aut&ori-ing t&eDepartent +ecretary to proulgate ipleenting rules and regulations. +uppose furt&er t&at t&e la* declared t&atviolation of t&e ipleenting rules and regulations so issued *ould )e punis&a)le as a crie and aut&ori-ed t&eDepartent +ecretary to prescri)e t&e penalty for suc& violation. 7f t&e la* defines certain acts as violations of t&ela* and a=es t&e punis&a)le, for e'aple, *it& iprisonent of t&ree (E! years or a fine in t&e aount ofP1,., or )ot& suc& iprisonent and fine, in t&e discretion of t&e court, can it )e provided in t&eipleenting rules and regulations proulgated )y t&e Departent +ecretary t&at t&eir violation *ill also )e su)ectto t&e sae penalties as t&ose provided in t&e la* itselfC 'plain your ans*er fully. (H!

+%33+TD A"+456T&e rules and regulations proulgated )y t&e +ecretary of ?uan ?a)itat cannot provide t&at t&e penalties for t&eirviolation *ill )e t&e sae as t&e penalties for t&e violation of t&e la*. As &eld in %nited +tates v. Barrias, 11 P&il.E80 (19/!, t&e fi'ing of t&e penalty for criinal offenses involves t&e e'ercise of legislative po*er and cannot )edelegated. T&e la* itself ust prescri)e t&e penalty.

Delegation of Po*ers; (I$8!

(8! +ection E8 of 5epu)lic Act "o. #0 (T&e Magna arta for Pu)lic +c&ool Teac&ers! reads6+ec. E8. Penal Provision. S A person *&o s&all *illfully interfere *it&, restrain or coerce any teac&er in t&ee'ercise of &is rig&ts guaranteed )y t&is Act or *&o s&all in any ot&er anner coit any act to defeat any of t&eprovisions of t&is Act s&all, upon conviction, )e punis&ed )y a fine of not less t&an one &undred pesos nor ore t&anone t&ousand pesos, or )y iprisonent, in t&e discretion of t&e court.7s t&e proviso granting t&e court t&e aut&ority to ipose a penalty or iprisonent in its discretion constitutionalC'plain )riefly. (#H!


13/198

+%33+TD A"+456T&e proviso is unconstitutional. +ection E8 of 5.A. "o. #0 provides for an indeterina)le period ofiprisonent, *it& neit&er a iniu nor a a'iu duration &aving )een set )y t&e legislative aut&ority. T&ecourts are t&us given *ide latitude of discretion to fi' t&e ter of iprisonent, *it&out even t&e )enefit of anysufficient standard, suc& t&at t&e duration t&ereof ay range, in t&e *ords of respondent udge, fro one inute tot&e life span of t&e accused. T&is cannot )e allo*ed. 7t vests in t&e courts a po*er and a duty essentially legislative

in nature and *&ic&, as applied to t&is case, does violence to t&e rules on separation of po*ers as *ell as t&e non$delega)ility of legislative po*ers. (People v. 2udge Dacuycuy, 3.5. "o. >$#180, May , 19/9!

Delegation of Po*ers; opleteness Test; +ufficient +tandard Test (I$8!

(1! T&e t*o accepted tests to deterine *&et&er or not t&ere is a valid delegation of legislative po*er are t&eopleteness Test and t&e +ufficient +tandard Test. 'plain eac&. (#H!

A>T5"AT7 A"+456%nder t&e @MP>T"++ T+T, a la* ust )e coplete in all its ters and provisions *&en it leaves t&elegislature t&at not&ing is left to t&e udgent of t&e delegate. T&e legislature does not a)dicate its functions *&en itdescri)es *&at o) ust )e done, *&o is to do it, and *&at is t&e scope of &is aut&ority. ?o*ever, a delegation ofpo*er to a=e t&e la*s *&ic& necessarily involves a discretion as to *&at it s&all )e ay not constitutionally )edone. (du v. ricta, 3.5. "o. >$E89, @cto)er 8#, 190!%nder t&e +%FF77"N @F +TA"DA5D+ T+T, t&e statute ust not only define a fundaental legislativepolicy, ar= its liits and )oundaries, and specify t&e pu)lic agency to e'ercise t&e legislative po*er. 7t ust alsoindicate t&e circustances under *&ic& t&e legislative coand is to )e effected. To avoid t&e taint of unla*fuldelegation, t&ere ust )e a standard, *&ic& iplies at t&e very least t&at t&e legislature itself deterines atters ofprinciple and lays do*n fundaental policy. (Free Telep&one 4or=ers %nion v. Minister of >a)or, 3.5. "o. >$/1/#, @cto)er E, 19/1!

A>T5"AT7 A"+456@MP>T"++ T+T. T&e la* ust )e coplete in all its essential ters and conditions *&en it leaves t&elegislature so t&at t&ere *ill )e not&ing left for t&e delegate to do *&en it reac&es &i e'cept to enforce it. (+ee 7T+v. Ang Tang ?o, 3.5. "o. >$10188, Fe)ruary 80, 1988!+%FF77"T +TA"DA5D T+T. A sufficient standard is intended to ap out t&e )oundaries of t&e delegatesaut&ority )y defining t&e legislative policy and indicating t&e circustances under *&ic& it is to )e pursued andeffected; intended to prevent a total transference of legislative po*er fro t&e legislature to t&e delegate. T&e

standard is usually indicated in t&e la* delegating legislative po*er. (+ee Nnot u. 7nterediate Appellate ourt,3.5. "o. 0##0, Marc& 8, 19/0!

3. Fors of governent

3overnent Presidential For vs. Parliaentary For (I$8!

1. a! 4&at is t&e principal identifying feature of a presidential for of governentC 'plain. (8.H!

+%33+TD A"+456T&e principal identifying feature of a presidential for of governent is e)odied in t&e separation of po*ersdoctrine. ac& departent of governent e'ercises po*ers granted to it )y t&e onstitution and ay not control,interfere *it& or encroac& upon t&e acts done *it&in t&e constitutional copetence of t&e ot&ers. ?o*ever, t&eonstitution also gives eac& departent certain po*ers )y *&ic& it ay definitely restrain t&e ot&ers fro

iprovident action, t&ere)y aintaining a syste of c&ec=s and )alances aong t&e, t&us, preserving t&e *ill oft&e sovereign e'pressed in t&e onstitution.)! 4&at are t&e essential c&aracteristics of a parliaentary for of governentC (8.H!

+%33+TD A"+456T&e essential c&aracteristics of a parliaentary for of governent are6 t&e fusion of t&e legislative and e'ecutive)ranc&es in parliaent; t&e prie inister, *&o is t&e &ead of governent, and t&e e)ers of t&e ca)inet, arec&osen fro aong t&e e)ers of parliaent and as suc& are accounta)le to t&e latter; and t&e prie inister ay)e reoved fro office )y a vote of loss of confidence of parliaent. T&ere ay )e a &ead of state *&o ay or aynot )e elected.


14/198

III. Le,s#"t&e De(")t$ent

A. 4&o ay e'ercise legislative po*er1. ongress8. 5egional>ocal legislative po*er

E. PeopleGs initiative on statutesa! 7nitiative and referendu

P&il on /0; People Po*er (19/0!

"o. 1/6 T&e fraers of t&e 19/0 onstitution and t&e people *&o ratified it ade sure t&at provisionsinstitutionali-ing people po*er *ere incorporated in t&e fundaental la*, Briefly discuss at least t*o suc&provisions.

+%33+TD A"+456Art. 7, +ec. 1, *&ile vesting in ongress t&e legislative po*er, nonet&eless states t&at suc& conferent of po*ers&all )e su)ect to t&e reservation ade in favor of t&e people )y provisions on initiatives and referendu. For t&ispurpose, ongress is reuired, as early as possi)le, to provide for a syste of initiative of referendu *&ere)y t&epeople can directly propose and enact la*s or approve or reect an act or la* or part t&ereof passed )y t&e ongressor t&e legislative )odies after t&e registration of a petition t&erefor, signed )y at least 1H of t&e total nu)er ofregistered voters, of *&ic& every legislative district ust )e represented )y at least EH of t&e registered voters. (7d.,sec. E8! T&e onstitution also provides t&at t&roug& initiative, upon a petition of at least 18H of t&e total nu)ers ofregistered voters, of *&ic& every legislative district ust )e represented )y at least EH of t&e registered voterst&erein, aendents to t&e onstitution ay )e directly proposed )y t&e people.Art, :777, sec. 1 states t&at t&e state s&all respect t&e role of independent peoples organi-ation to ena)le t&e topursue and protect, *it&in t&e deocratic frae*or=, t&eir legitiate and collective interests and aspirationst&roug& peaceful la*ful eans. For t&is purpose, t&e onstitution guarantees to suc& organi-ations t&e rig&t toparticipate at all levels of social, political and econoic decision$a=ing and t&e state is reuired to validate t&eesta)lis&ent of adeuate ec&anis for t&is purpose. (7d., sec, 1!

P&il on /0; People Po*er (8!

"o 7:. 7s t&e concept of People Po*er recogni-ed in t&e onstitutionC Discuss )riefly. (EH!

+%33+TD A"+456Nes, t&e concept of People Po*er is recogni-ed in t&e onstitution. %nder +ection E8. Article 7 of t&eonstitution, t&roug& initiative and referendu, t&e people can directly propose and enact la*s or approve or reectany act or la* or part t&ereof passed )y t&e ongress or local legislative )ody after t&e registration of a petitiont&erefor signed )y at least ten per centu of t&e total nu)er of registered voters, of *&ic& every legislative districtust )e represented )y at least t&ree per centu of t&e registered voters t&ereof. %nder +ection 1, Article :777 oft&e onstitution, t&e rig&t of t&e people and t&eir organi-ations to effective and reasona)le participation at all levelsof social, political and econoic decision$a=ing s&all not )e a)ridged. T&e +tate s&all, )y la* facilitate t&eesta)lis&ent of adeuate consultation ec&aniss. %nder +ection 8. Article :77 of t&e onstitution, t&e peopleay directly propose aendents to t&e onstitution t&roug& initiative upon a petition of at least t*elve per centuof t&e total nu)er of registered voters, of *&ic& every legislative district ust )e represented )y at least t&ree percentu of t&e registered voters t&erein.

B. ?ouses of ongress1. +enate8. ?ouse of 5epresentatives

Iualifications; ongressen (19//!

"o. 1E6 $5o)ert Bro*n *as )orn in ?a*aii on May 1, 198, of an Aerican fat&er and a Filipina ot&er. @n May1, 19/E *&ile &olding an Aerican passport, &e registered as a Filipino *it& t&e P&ilippine onsulate at ?onolulu,?a*aii. 7n +epte)er, 19/E &e returned to t&e P&ilippines, and too= up residence at Boac, Marinduue, &oeto*nof &is ot&er. ?e registered as a voter, voted, and even participated as a leader of one of t&e candidates in t&atdistrict in t&e 19/# Batasan elections. 7n t&e elections of 19/0, &e ran for ongressan, and *on. ?is sole opponent


15/198

is no* uestioning &is ualifications and is trying to oust &i on t*o )asic clais6 ?e is not a natural )orn Filipinociti-en, )ut is in fact, an Aerican, )orn in ?a*aii, an integral portion of t&e %.+.A., *&o &olds an Aericanpassport; ?e did not eet t&e age reuireent; and ?e &as a a*, 5uffa autoatically )ecae a &inese citi-en. T&ecouple resided in ?ong=ong, *&ere on May 9, 19, 5uffa gave )irt& to a )oy naed rnest. %pon reac&ing t&e ageof aority, rnest elected P&ilippine citi-ens&ip. After t&e D+A

+%33+TD A"+456

1! rnest cannot )e disualified.8! rnest is not under$aged. ?aving )een )orn on May 9, 19, &e *as over t*enty$five years old on t&e date of t&eMay 11, 199E election. (lection *as &eld on May 11, 1998!. +ection , Article 7 of t&e onstitution, reuirescongressen to )e at least t*enty$five years of age on t&e day of t&e election.

Iualifications; ongressen; (1999!

"o 777 $ . ictor A&ad *as )orn on Dece)er 1, 1908 of a Filipino ot&er and an alien fat&er. %nder t&e la* of&is fat&ers country, &is ot&er did not acuire &is fat&ers citi-ens&ip. ictor consults you on Dece)er 81, 199Eand infors you of &is intention to run for ongress in t&e 199 elections. 7s &e ualified to runC 4&at advice *ouldyou give &iC 4ould your ans*er )e t&e sae if &e &ad seen and consulted you on Dece)er 1, 1991 andinfored you of &is desire to run for ongress in t&e 1998 electionsC Discuss your ans*er. (EH!

F75+T A>T5"AT7 A"+456

. "o, ictor A&ad is not ualified to run for ongress in t&e 199 elections. %nder +ection , Article 7 of t&eonstitution, a e)er of t&e ?ouse of 5epresentatives ust )e at least t*enty$five (8! years of age on t&e day oft&e election. +ince &e *ill )e less t&an t*enty$five (8! years of age in 199, ictor A&ad is not ualified to run.%nder +ection 8, Article 7 of t&e onstitution, to )e deeed a natural$)orn citi-en, ictor A&ad ust electP&ilippine citi-ens&ip upon reac&ing t&e age of aority. 7 s&all advise &i to elect P&ilippine citi-ens&ip, if &e &asnot yet done so, and to *ait until t&e 199/ elections.My ans*er *ill )e t&e sae if &e consulted e in 1991 and infored e of &is desire to run in t&e 1998 elections.

+@"D A>T5"AT7 A"+456


16/198

. %nder +ection 8, Article 7 of t&e onstitution, ictor A&ad ust &ave elected P&ilippine citi-ens&ip uponreac&ing t&e age of aority to )e considered a natural )orn citi-en and ualified to run for ongress. 5epu)lic Act"o. /9 reduced t&e aority age to eig&teen(1/! years. uenco v. +ecretary of 2ustice, +5A 1/ recogni-ed t&ree (E! years fro reac&ing t&e age of aorityas t&e reasona)le period for electing P&ilippine citi-ens&ip. +ince 5epu)lic Act "o. /9 too= effect in 19/9 andt&ere is no s&o*ing t&at ictor A&ad elected P&ilippine citi-ens&ip *it&in t&ree (E! years fro t&e tie &e reac&ed

t&e age of aority on Dece)er 1, 199, &e is not ualified to run for ongress.7f &e consulted e on Dece)er 1, 1991, 7 *ould infor &i t&at &e s&ould elect P&ilippine citi-ens&ip so t&at &ecan )e considered a natural )orn citi-en.

T&ree$Ter >iit6 ongressen (199!

"o. 1E6 $ :, a e)er of t&e ?ouse of 5epresentatives, *as serving &is t&ird consecutive ter in t&e ?ouse. 7n2une 199 &e *as appointed +ecretary of "ational Defense. an &e run for election to t&e +enate in t&e 199/electionsC 'plain.

+%33+TD A"+456Nes, : can run for t&e +enate in t&e 19// election. %nder +ection 0, Article : of t&e onstitution, &aving served fort&ree consecutive ters as Me)er of t&e ?ouse of 5epresentatives. : is only pro&i)ited fro running for t&e saeposition.

T&ree$Ter >iit; ongressen (81!

"o $ During &is t&ird ter,


17/198

as a special discretionary fund of t&e 3overnor, to. )e spent )y &i in leading a pilgriage of &is provinceates toMecca, +audi Ara)ia, 7slas &oliest city.P&ilconsa, on constitutional grounds, &as filed suit to nullify t&e resolution of t&e +angguniang Panlala*igan givingt&e special discretionary fund to t&e 3overnor for t&e stated purpose. ?o* *ould you decide t&e caseC 3ive yourreasons.

+%33+TD A"+456T&e resolution is unconstitutional First, it violates art. 7, sec. 89(8! of t&e onstitution *&ic& pro&i)its t&eappropriation of pu)lic oney or property, directly or indirectly, for t&e use, )enefit or support of any syste ofreligion, and, second, it contravenes art. 7, sec, 8(! *&ic& liits t&e appropriation of discretionary funds only forpu)lic purposes. T&e use of discretionary funds for purely religious purpose is t&us unconstitutional, and t&e fact t&att&e dis)urseent is ade )y resolution of a local legislative )ody and not )y ongress does not a=e it any lessoffensive to t&e onstitution. A)ove all, t&e resolution constitutes a clear violation of t&e "on$esta)lis&ent lause(art. 777, sec. ! of t&e onstitution.

>a* passed )enefitting t&e interests of a e)er of ongress (81!

"o. . ongress*oan A is a co$o*ner of an industrial estate in +ta. 5osa, >aguna *&ic& s&e &ad declared in &er+tateent of Assets and >ia)ilities. A e)er of &er political party aut&ored a )ill *ould provide a $yeardevelopent plan for all industrial estates in t&e +out&ern Tagalog 5egion to attract foreign investors. T&e planincluded an appropriation of 8 )illion pesos for construction of roads around t&e estates. 4&en t&e )ill finally)ecae la*, a civil society *atc&dog uestioned t&e constitutionality of t&e la* as it o)viously )enefittedongress*oan AGs industrial estate. Decide *it& reasons.

+%33+TD A"+456The #"+ s onstt!ton"#. Seton 12/ A)t#e ;I o% the Constt!ton 'oes not ()oht the en"t$ent

o% " #"+ +hh +## ene%t the nte)est o% " $e$e) o% the Sen"te o) the Ho!se o% Re()esent"t&es. It on#)e

+%33+TD A"+456A ulti$party syste provides voters *it& a greater c&oice of candidates, ideas, and platfors instead of liitingt&eir c&oice to t*o parties, *&ose ideas ay )e sterile. 7t also leaves roo for deserving candidates *&o are notaccepta)le to t&ose *&o control t&e t*o doinant parties to see= pu)lic office.@n t&e ot&er &and, a ulti$party syste ay a=e it difficult to o)tain a sta)le and *or=a)le aority, sincepro)a)ly no party *ill get a aority. >i=e*ise, t&e opposition *ill )e *ea=ened if t&ere are several inorityparties.

Party supported )y foreign funds (81!

"o. 1. 5udy Doingo, E/ years old, natural$)orn Filipino and a resident of t&e P&ilippines since )irt& is a Manila$)ased entrepreneur *&o runs ABAA, a coalition of peopleGs organi-ations fro fis&er fol= counities.

ABAAGs operations consist of epo*ering fis&erfol= leaders t&roug& liveli&ood proects and trainings on goodgovernance. T&e Dutc& foundation for 3lo)al 7nitiatives, a private organi-ation registered in t&e "et&erlands,receives a &uge su)sidy fro t&e Dutc& Foreign Ministry, *&ic&, in turn is allocated *orld*ide to t&e FoundationGspartners li=e ABAA. 5udy see=s to register ABAA as a party$list *it& &iself as a noinee of t&e coalition.4ill ABAA and 5udy )e ualified as a party$list and a noinee, respectivelyC Decide *it& reasons.

+%33+TD A"+456=ABA=A "n' R!' ")e not


18/198

Constt!ton/ " (o#t"# (")t +hh s s!((o)te' "n %o)e,n ,o&e)n$ent "nnot e )e,ste)e' +ththe Co$$sson on E#etons.

. >egislative privileges, in&i)itions and disualifications

>oans 'tended to Me)ers of ongress (1991!

"o. 96 A. After 8 Fe)ruary 19/0, t&e P&ilippine "ational Ban= (P"B! grants a loan to ongressan :. 7s t&e loanviolative of t&e onstitutionC+uppose t&e loan &ad instead )een granted )efore 8 Fe)ruary 19/0, )ut *as outstanding on t&at date *it& areaining )alance on t&e principal in t&e aount of P,., can t&e P"B validly give ongressan : ane'tension of tie after said date to settle t&e o)ligationC

+%33+TD A"+456A. 4&et&er or not t&e loan is violative of t&e 19/0 onstitution depends upon its purpose. 7f it *as o)tained for a)usiness purpose, it is violative of t&e onstitution. 7f it *as o)tained for soe ot&er purpose, e.g., for &ousing. 7t isnot violative of t&e onstitution )ecause under +ection 1, Article :7. Me)ers of ongress are pro&i)ited froo)taining loans fro governent$o*ned )an=s only if it is for a )usiness purpose.

7f t&e loan *as granted )efore t&e effectivity of t&e onstitution on Fe)ruary 8, 19/0, t&e P&ilippine "ational Ban=cannot e'tend its aturity after Fe)ruary 8, 19/0, if t&e loan *as o)tained for a )usiness purpose. 7n suc& a case t&ee'tension is a financial accoodation *&ic& is also pro&i)ited )y t&e onstitution.

Pro&i)itions and 7n&i)itions of Pu)lic @ffice (8#!

(E$a! 2A5 faces a dilea6 s&ould &e accept a a)inet appointent no* or run later for +enatorC ?aving succeededin la* practice as *ell as prospered in private )usiness *&ere &e and &is *ife &ave su)stantial investents, &e no*conteplates pu)lic service )ut *it&out losing t&e fle'i)ility to engage in corporate affairs or participate inprofessional activities *it&in et&ical )ounds.Ta=ing into account t&e pro&i)itions and in&i)itions of pu)lic office *&et&er as +enator or +ecretary, &e turns to youfor advice to resolve &is dilea. 4&at is your adviceC 'plain )riefly. (H!

+%33+TD A"+4567 s&all advise 2A5 to run for +"AT@5. As a +enator, &e can retain &is investents in &is )usiness, alt&oug& &eust a=e a full disclosure of &is )usiness and financial interests and notify t&e +enate of a potential conflict ofinterest if &e aut&ors a )ill. (+ection 18, Article 7 of t&e 19/0 onstitution.! ?e can continue practicing la*, )ut &ecannot personally appear as counsel )efore any court of ustice, t&e lectoral Tri)unals, or uasi$udicial and ot&eradinistrative )odies. (+ection 1#, Article 7 of t&e 19/0 onstitution.!As a e)er of t&e a)inet, 2A5 cannot directly or indirectly practice la* or participate in any )usiness. ?e *ill&ave to divest &iself of &is investents in &is )usiness. (+ection 1E, Article 77 of t&e 19/0 onstitution.! 7n fact,t&e onstitutional pro&i)ition iposed on e)ers of t&e a)inet covers )ot& pu)lic and private office oreployent. (ivil >i)erties %nion v. 'ecutive +ecretary, 19# +5A E10!

D. Iuoru and voting aorities

. Discipline of e)ers

Discipline; Modes of 5eoval (199E!

"o. 116 $ ?o* ay t&e follo*ing )e reoved fro office61! +enators L ongressen8! 2udges of lo*er courtsE! @fficers and eployees in t&e ivil +ervice

+%33+TD A"+4561! 7n accordance *it& Art. 777, section 1(E!, of t&e onstitution, +enators and ongressen ay )e reoved )yt&eir :P%>+7@" for disorderly )e&avior, *it& t&e concurrence of at least t*o$t&irds of all t&e e)ers of t&e?ouse to *&ic& t&ey )elong. 7n addition, t&ey ay also )e reoved in conseuence of an election contest filed *it&t&e +enate or ?ouse of 5epresentatives lectoral Tri)unal.


19/198

8! As to 2udges, Art. 777, sec. 11 of t&e onstitution, ....E! As to ivil +ervice ployees, Art. 7:$B. +ec. 8(E! of t&e onstitution.

Discipline; +uspension of a Me)er of t&e ongress (88!

"o 77. $ +ieon alera *as forerly a Provincial 3overnor *&o ran and *on as a Me)er of t&e ?ouse of5epresentatives for t&e +econd ongressional District of lloilo. For violation of +ection E of t&e Anti$3raft and

orrupt Practices Act (5.A. "o.E19!, as aended, allegedly coitted *&en &e *as still a Provincial 3overnor, acriinal coplaint *as filed against &i )efore t&e @ffice of t&e @)udsan for *&ic&, upon a finding of pro)a)lecause, a criinal case *as filed *it& t&e +andigan)ayan. During t&e course of trial, t&e +andigan)ayan issued anorder of preventive suspension for 9 days against &i.5epresentative alera uestioned t&e validity of t&e +andigan)ayan order on t&e ground t&at, under Article 7,+ection 1(E! of t&e onstitution, &e can )e suspended only )y t&e ?ouse of 5epresentatives and t&at t&e criinalcase against &i did not arise fro &is actuations as a e)er of t&e ?ouse of 5epresentatives. 7s 5epresentativealeras contention correctC 4&yC (H!

+%33+TD A"+456T&e contention of 5epresentative alera is not correct As &eld in +antiago v. +andigan)ayan, E +5A E, t&esuspension conteplated in Article 7, +ection 1(E! of t&e onstitution is a punis&ent t&at is iposed )y t&e+enate or ?ouse of 5epresentatives upon an erring e)er, it is distinct fro t&e suspension under +ection 1E oft&e Anti$3raft and orrupt Practices Act, *&ic& is not a penalty )ut a preventive easure. +ince +ection 1E of t&eAnti$3raft and orruption Practices Act does not state t&at t&e pu)lic officer ust )e suspended only in t&e office*&ere &e is alleged to &ave coitted t&e acts *&ic& &e &as )een c&arged, it applies to any office *&ic& &e ay )e&olding.

F. lectoral tri)unals and t&e coission on appointents1. "ature

oission on Appointents (88!

"o 777 $ +uppose t&ere are 88 e)ers in t&e ?ouse of 5epresentatives. @f t&is nu)er, 1/ )elong to t&eProgressive Party of t&e P&ilippines or PPP, *&ile 10 )elong to t&e iti-ens Party or P. ?o* *ould you ans*er t&efollo*ing uestions regarding t&e representation of t&e ?ouse in t&e oission on AppointentsCA. A ?o* any seats *ould t&e PPP )e entitled to &ave in t&e oission on AppointentsC 'plain your ans*erfully. (H!B. +uppose 1 of t&e P representatives, *&ile aintaining t&eir party affiliation, entered into a political alliance*it& t&e PPP in order to for t&e


20/198

"o 7. 7n an election case, t&e ?ouse of 5epresentatives lectoral Tri)unal rendered a decision up&olding t&eelection protest of protestant A, a e)er of t&e Freedo Party, against protestee B, a e)er of t&e Federal Party.T&e deciding vote in favor of A *as cast )y 5epresentative :, a e)er of t&e Federal Party .For &aving voted against &is party ate, 5epresentative : *as reoved )y 5esolution of t&e ?ouse of5epresentatives, at t&e instance of &is party (t&e Federal Party!, fro e)ers&ip in t&e ?5T. 5epresentative :protested &is reoval on t&e ground t&at &e voted on t&e )asis of t&e evidence presented and contended t&at &e &ad

security of tenure as a ?5T Me)er and t&at &e cannot )e reoved e'cept for a valid cause.4it& *&ose contention do you agree, t&at of t&e Federal Party or t&at of 5epresentative :C 4&yC (H!

+%33+TD A"+4567 agree *it& t&e contention of 5epresentative :. As &eld 7n Bondoc v. Pineda, 81 +5A 098 (1991!, t&e e)ersof t&e ?ouse of 5epresentatives lectoral Tri)unal are entitled to security of tenure li=e e)ers of t&e udiciary.Me)ers&ip in it ay not )e terinated e'cept for a ust cause. Disloyalty to party is not a valid ground for t&ee'pulsion of a e)er of t&e ?ouse of 5epresentatives lectoral Tri)unal. 7ts e)ers ust disc&arge t&eirfunctions *it& ipartiality and independence fro t&e political party to *&ic& t&ey )elong.

lectoral Tri)unal; +enate; 2urisdiction (199!

"o. E6 N *as elected +enator in t&e May 19/0 national elections. ?e *as )orn out of *edloc= in 19#9 of anAerican fat&er and a naturali-ed Filipina ot&er. N never elected P&ilippine citi-ens&ip upon reac&ing t&e age ofaority. Before *&at )ody s&ould T, t&e losingcandidate, uestion t&e election of NC+tate t&e reasons for your ans*er. 7s N a Filipino citi-enC 'plain your ans*er. +%33+TD A"+456(1! T, t&e losing candidate, s&ould uestion t&e election of N )efore t&e +enate lectoral Tri)unal, )ecause t&e issueinvolved is t&e ualification of N to )e a +enator. +ection 10, Article 7 of t&e 19/0 onstitution provides t&at. T&e+enate and t&e ?ouse of 5epresentatives s&all eac&$&ave an lectoral Tri)unal *&ic& s&all )e t&e sole udge of allcontests relating to t&e election, returns, and ualifications of t&eir respective Me)ers.iitations on legislative po*er

(i! >iitations on revenue, appropriations and tariff easures

Appropriation of Pu)lic Funds (19//!

"o. 6 $ Metropolitan ne*spapers &ave reported t&at t&e P&ilippine 3aes and Auseent orporation (PA3@5!gives &efty contri)utions to Malacanang, to fund


25/198

+ection 8(0!, Article 7 of t&e onstitution provides6 a* for Near 88, in t&e portion pertaining to t&eDepartent of ducation, ulture and +ports, *ill contain a provision to t&e effect t&at t&e 5eserve @fficersTraining ourse (5@T! in all colleges and universities is &ere)y a)olis&ed, and in lieu t&ereof all ale collegestudents s&all )e reuired to plant ten(1! trees every year for t*o (8! years in areas to )e designated )y t&e Departent of nvironent and "atural5esources in coordination *it& t&e Departent of ducation, ulture and +ports and t&e local governent unitconcerned. 7t furt&er provides t&at t&e sae provision s&all )e incorporated 7n future 3eneral appropriations Acts.T&ere is no specific ite of appropriation of funds for t&e purpose.oent on t&e constitutionality of saidprovision. (H!

+%33+TD A"+456T&e provision is unconstitutional, )ecause it is a rider. +ection 8(8!, Article 7 of t&e onstitution provides,


26/198

separate veto. Moreover, t&e vetoed provision does not relate to any particular appropriation and is ore ane'pression of a congressional policy in respect of augentation fro savings t&an a )udgetary provision. 7t ist&erefore an inappropriate provision and it s&ould )e treated as an ite for purposes of t&e veto po*er of t&ePresident. T&e +upree ourt s&ould up&old t&e validity of t&e veto in t&e event t&e uestion is )roug&t )efore it.

>a*$Ma=ing; Passage of a >a* (19//!

"o. 186 $ 8. A )ill upon filing )y a +enator or a Me)er of t&e ?ouse of 5epresentatives goes t&roug& specifiedsteps )efore it leaves t&e ?ouse of 5epresentatives or t&e +enate, as t&e case ay )e. After leaving t&e legislature,please nae t&e t&ree et&ods )y *&ic& said )ill ay )ecoe a la*.

+%33+TD A"+456A )ill passed )y ongress ay )ecoe a la* in any of t&e follo*ing cases6 7f it is signed into la* )y t&e President.(Art. 7, sec. 80(1!!. 7f it is re$passed over t&e Presidents veto )y t&e vote of t*o t&irds of all t&e e)ers of t&e?ouse of 5epresentatives and of t&e +enate. (7d.! 7f t&e President fails to veto it *it&in t&irty days after receiptt&ereof and counicate t&e veto to t&e ?ouse fro *&ic& it originated, (7d.!

President; Participation; >egislative Process (199!

"o. 06 an t&e President ta=e active part in t&e legislative processC 'plain.

+%33+TD A"+456Nes, T&e President can ta=e active part in t&e legislative process to t&e e'tent allo*ed )y t&e onstitution. ?e canaddress ongress at any tie to propose t&e enactent of certain la*s. ?e recoends t&e general appropriations)ill. ?e can call a special session of ongress at any tie. ?e can certify to t&e necessity of t&e iediateenactent of a )ill to eet a pu)lic calaity or eergency. ?e can veto a )ill.

Poc=et eto and >ine ite eto (81!

Distinguis& )et*een Upoc=et vetoV and Uite vetoV.

A (o@et &eto s +hen the ()es'ent s ons'e)e' to h"&e )eete' " ## s!$tte' to h$ %o) hs"(()o&"# +hen Con,)ess "'o!)ns '!)n, the (e)o' ,&en to the P)es'ent to "(()o&e o) )eet " ##.

On the othe) h"n'/ "n te$ &eto/ o) " (")t"# &eto s the (o+e) o% the P)es'ent to n!##% o) "ne#s(e% ()o&sons o% " ##/ !s!"## " !',et "(()o()"tons ##/ +tho!t &eton, the ent)e #e,s#"t&e("@",e.

8. "on$legislativea! 7nforing function

"on$>egislative Po*ers (19//!

"o. 186 >egislative po*ers &ad )een vested )y t&e onstitution in t&e ongress of t&e P&ilippines. 7n addition, t&eonstitution also granted t&e la*a=ing )ody, non$legislative po*ers. indly nae five of t&e latter.

+%33+TD A"+456ongress &as t&e follo*ing non$legislative po*ers6(1! To act as national )oard of canvassers for President and ice President. (Art. 77, sec. #!.(8! To decide *&et&er t&e President is teporarily disa)led in t&e event &e reassues &is office after t&e a)inet, )ya aority of vote of its e)ers, declared t&at &e is una)le to disc&arge t&e po*ers and duties of &is office and no**it&in five days insists t&at t&e President is really una)le to disc&arge t&e po*ers and duties of t&e presidency. (Art.77, sec. 11!(E! To concur in t&e grant of anesty )y t&e President. (Art. 77, sec. 19!,(#! To initiate t&roug& t&e ?ouse of 5epresentatives and, t&roug& t&e +enate, to try all cases of ipeac&ent againstt&e President, ice President, t&e Me)ers of t&e +upree ourt, t&e Me)ers of t&e onstitutional oissionsand t&e @)udsan, for culpa)le violation of t&e onstitution, treason, )ri)ery, graft and corruption, ot&er &ig&cries, or )etrayal of pu)lic trust. (Art. :7, secs. 8$E!.(! To act as a constituent asse)ly for t&e revision or aendent of t&e onstitution. (Art. :77!.


27/198

"on$>egislative Po*ers; ergency Po*ers; 5euisites (1990!

"o. 116 During a period of national eergency. ongress ay grant eergency po*ers to t&e President, +tate t&econditions under *&ic& suc& vesture is allo*ed.

+%33+TD A"+456%nder +ection 8E(8!, Article 7 of t&e onstitution. ongress ay grant t&e President eergency po*ers su)ect to

t&e follo*ing conditions6(1! T&ere is a *ar or ot&er national eergency6(8! T&e grant of eergency po*ers ust )e for a liited period;(E! T&e grant of eergency po*ers is su)ect to suc& restrictions as ongress ay prescri)e; and(#! T&e eergency po*ers ust )e e'ercised to carry out a declared national policy.

I;. E?e!t&e De(")t$ent

A. Privileges, in&i)itions and disualifications1. Presidential iunity

Presidential 7unity fro +uit (1990!

"o. 1E6 %pon coplaint of t&e incu)ent President of t&e 5epu)lic, $"@n, o% e?e!t&e o%%"#s. Un#@e the 'e#e)"t&e ()oess ()e,e/the ()es'ent"# o$$!n"tons ()e,e "((#es to 'o!$ents n the) ent)et "n' o&e)s %n"# "n' (ost>'eson"# $"tte)s/ "s +e## "s ()e>'e#e)"t&e ones. The 'e#e)"t&e ()oess ()e,e n#!'es "'&so)o(nons/ )eo$$en'"tons "n' 'e#e)"tons o$()sn, (")t o% " ()oess +hh ,o&e)n$ent"# 'esons"n' (o#es ")e %o)$!#"te'. 5Ne) &. Sen"te Co$$ttee on Ao!nt"#t o% P!# O%%e)s "n'In&est,"tons/ 6 SCRA 82009:

B. Po*ers1. 'ecutive and adinistrative po*ers in general

Adin >a*; Po*er of t&e President to 5eorgani-e Adinistrative +tructure (8E!"o 7 $ T&e President a)olis&ed t&e @ffice of t&e Presidential +po=esan in MalacanangPalace and a long$standing Bureau under t&e Departent of 7nterior and >ocal 3overnents. T&e eployees of )ot&

offices assailed t&e action of t&e President for )eing an encroac&ent of legislative po*ers and t&ere)y void. 4ast&e contention of t&e eployees correctC 'plain.+%33+TD A"+456T&e contention of t&e eployees is not correct. As &eld in Bu=lod ng a*aning ?B v. Raora. E +5A 01/J81K, +ection E1, Boo= 777 of t&e Adinistrative ode of 19/0 &as delegated to t&e President continuing aut&orityto reorgani-e t&e adinistrative structure of t&e @ffice of t&e President to ac&ieve siplicity, econoy andefficiency. +ince t&is includes t&e po*er to a)olis& offices, t&e President can a)olis& t&e @ffice of t&e Presidential+po=esan, provided it is done in good fait&. T&e President can also a)olis& t&e Bureau in t&e Departent of7nterior and >ocal 3overnents, provided it is done in good fait& )ecause t&e President &as )een granted continuingaut&ority to reorgani-e t&e adinistrative structure of t&e "ational 3overnent to effect econoy and proote


28/198

efficiency, and t&e po*ers include t&e a)olition of governent offices. (Presidential Decree "o. 1#1, as aended)y Presidential Decree "o. 1008; >arin v. T&e 'ecutive +ecretary. 8/ +5A 01E J1990K!.

8. Po*er of appointenta! 7n general

Appointing Po*er; ategories of @fficials (1999!

A. 1.! 4&at are t&e si' categories of officials *&o are su)ect to t&e appointing po*er of t&e PresidentC (8H!8.! "ae t&e category or categories of officials *&ose appointents need confiration )y t&e oission onAppointentsC (8H!

+%33+TD A"+456%nder +ection 1, Article 77 of t&e onstitution, t&e si' categories of officials *&o are su)ect to t&e appointingpo*er of t&e President are t&e follo*ing61. ?ead of e'ecutive departents;8. A)assadors, ot&er pu)lic inisters and consuls;E. @fficers of t&e ared forces fro t&e ran= of colonel or naval captain;#. @t&er officers *&ose appointents are vested in &i )y t&e onstitution;. All ot&er officers of t&e governent *&ose appointents are not ot&er*ise provided )y la*; and. T&ose *&o &e ay )e aut&ori-ed )y la* to appoint. (ru-, P&ilippine Political >a*, 199/ ed., pp. 8#$8!(7t is suggested t&at if t&e e'ainee follo*ed t&e classification in +ariento v. Mison, 1 +5A #9 and naed

only four categories, )ecause &e co)ined t&e first t&ree categories into one, &e )e given full credit.!8.! According to +ariento v. Mison, 1 +5A #9, t&e only officers *&ose appointents need(7t is suggested t&at if t&e e'ainee follo*ed t&e classification in +ariento v. Mison, 1 +5A #9 and naedonly four categories, )ecause &e co)ined t&e first t&ree categories into one, &e )e given full credit.!8.! According to +ariento v. Mison, 1 +5A #9, t&e only officers *&ose appointents needconfiration )y t&e oission on Appointents are t&e &ead of e'ecutive departents,a)assadors, ot&er pu)lic inisters and consuls, officers of t&e ared forces fro t&e ran= ofcolonel or naval captain, and ot&er officials *&ose appointents are vested in t&e President )y t&e onstitution.

)! oission on appointents confiration

Appointing Po*er; ad interi appointents (1991!

"o. E6 $ @n E May 1998, *&ile ongress is on a s&ort recess for t&e elections, t&e president appoints 5enato de +ilvato t&e ran= of 3eneral (#$star! in t&e Ared Forces. +&e also designates &i as &ief of +taff of t&e AFP. ?e

iediately ta=es &is oat& and assues t&at office, *it& t&e ran= of #$star 3eneral of t&e AFP.4&en ongress resues its session on 10 May 1998, t&e oission on Appointents infors t&e @ffice of t&ePresident t&at it &as received fro &er office only t&e appointent of De +ilva to t&e ran= of #$star 3eneral and t&atunless &is appointent to t&e @ffice of t&e &ief of +taff of t&e AFP is also su)itted, t&e oission *ill not acton t&e atter.T&e President aintains t&at s&e &as su)itted to t&e oission all t&at t&e onstitution calls for.(a! 4&o is correctC()! Did 3en. de +ilva violate t&e onstitution in iediately assuing office prior to a confiration of &isappointentC(c! Are t&e appointent and designation validC

+%33+TD A"+456(a! T&e President is correct. %nder Presidential Decree "o. E, t&e grade of four$star general is conferred only upon

t&e &ief of +taff. ?ence, t&e appointent of 5enato de +ilva as a four$star general ust )e deeed to carry *it& it&is appointent as &ief of +taff of t&e AFP,()! 3en. 5enato de +ilva did not violate t&e onstitution *&en &e iediately assued office )efore t&econfiration of &is appointent, since &is appointent *as an ad interi appointent. %nder Article 7 7, +ec. 1of t&e onstitution, suc& appointent is iediately effective and is su)ect only to disapproval )y t&e oissionon Appointents or as a result of t&e ne't adournent of t&e ongress.(c! T&e appointent and designation of 3en. de +ilva are valid for reasons given a)ove. ?o*ever, fro anot&erpoint of vie* t&ey are not valid )ecause t&ey *ere ade *it&in t&e period of t&e )an for a=ing appointents.%nder Article 77, +ec. 1 t&e President is pro&i)ited fro a=ing appointents *it&in t&e period of t*o (8!ont&s preceding t&e election for President and ice President. T&e appointent in t&is case *ill )e ade on May


29/198

E, 1998 *&ic& is ust / days a*ay fro t&e election for President and ice President on May 11, 1998. For t&isreason t&e appointent and designation of 3en. de +ilva are after all invalid.J"ote6 May E, 1991 and May 10, 1998 are +undays. ?o*ever t&e oittee finds no relevance in t&e fact t&at t&eseare &olidays and t&erefore decided to ignore t&is fact.K

Appointing Po*er; Ad 7nteri Appointents (199#!

"o. 1; 7n Dece)er 19//, *&ile ongress *as in recess, A *as e'tended an ad interi appointent as Brigadier3eneral of t&e P&ilippine Ary, in Fe)ruary 19/9. 4&en ongress *as in session, B *as noinated as Brigadier3eneral of t&e P&ilippine Ary. Bs noination *as confired on August , 19/9 *&ile As appointent *asconfired on +epte)er , 19/9. 4&o is deeed ore senior of t&e t*o, A or BC +uppose ongress adourned*it&out t&e oission on Appointents acting on )ot& appointents, can A and B retain t&eir original ran=s ofcolonelC

+%33+TD A"+4561! A is senior to B. 7n accordance *it& t&e ruling in +uers vs. @-aeta. /1 P&il. 0#, t&e ad interi appointente'tended to A is peranent and is effective upon &is acceptance alt&oug& it is su)ect to confiration )y t&eoission on Appointents.8! 7f ongress adourned *it&out t&e appointents of A and B &aving )een confired )y t&e oission onAppointents, A cannot return to &is old position. As &eld in +uers vs. I-aeta, /1 P&il. 0#, )y accepting an adinteri appointent to a ne* position, A *aived &is rig&t to &old &is old position. @n t&e ot&er &and, since B didnot assue t&e ne* position, &e retained &is old position.

Appointing Po*er; Appointents 5euiring onfiration; 5A 90$%nconstitutional (88!

"o $ @n Dece)er 1E, 199, t&e President signed into la* 5epu)lic Act "o. 90 (su)seuently aended )y 5A"o. /1! creating t&e Departent of 7nterior and >ocal 3overnent. +ections 8 and E1 of t&e la* provide t&atsenior officers of t&e P&ilippine "ational Police (P"P!, fro +enior +uperintendent, &ief +uperintendent, DeputyDirector 3eneral to Director 3eneral or &ief of P"P s&all, aong ot&ers, )e appointed )y t&e President su)ect toconfiration )y t&e oission on Appointents.7n 1991 t&e President prooted &ief +uperintendent 5o)erto Matapang and +enior +uperintendent onradoMa&igpit to t&e positions of Director and &ief +uperintendent of t&e P"P, respectively. T&eir appointents *ere ina peranent capacity. 4it&out undergoing confiration )y t&e oission on Appointents, Matapang andMa&igpit too= t&eir oat& of office and assued t&eir respective positions. T&ereafter, t&e Departent of Budget andManageent aut&ori-ed dis)urseents for t&eir salaries and ot&er eoluents.2uan Bantay filed a ta'payers suit uestioning t&e legality of t&e appointents and dis)urseents ade. Bantayargues t&at t&e appointents are invalid inasuc& as t&e sae &ave not )een confired )y t&e oission onAppointents, as reuired under +ections 8 and E1 of 5.A. "o. 90.Deterine *it& reasons t&e legality of t&e appointents and t&e dis)urseents for salaries )y discussing t&econstitutional validity of +ections 8 and E1 of 5.A. "o. 90. (H!

+%33+TD A"+456T&e appointents of Matapang and Ma&igpit are valid even if t&ey *ere not confired )y t&e oission onAppointents, )ecause t&ey are not aong t&e pu)lic officials *&ose appointents are reuired to )e confired )yt&e first sentence of Article 77, +ection 1 of t&e onstitution. According to Manalo v. +isto-a, E18 +5A 8E9(1999!, +ections 8 and E1 of 5epu)lic Act 90 are unconstitutional, )ecause ongress cannot )y la* e'pand t&elist of pu)lic officials reuired to )e confired )y t&e oission on Appointents. +ince t&e appointents of

Matapang and Ma&igpit are valid, t&e dis)urseents of t&eir salaries and eoluents are valid.

c! Midnig&t appointents

Appointing Po*er; >iitations on Presidential Appointents (1990!

"o. 06 A ont& )efore a fort&coing election, , died*&ile in office and


30/198

ad interi oissioner to succeed oissioner A and designated )y *ay of a teporary easure. Associate2ustice D of t&e ourt of Appeals as acting Associate oissioner during t&e a)sence of oissioner B.Did t&e President do t&e rig&t t&ing in e'tending suc& ad interi appointent in favor of oissioner anddesignating 2ustice D acting oissioner of t&e @M>C

+%33+TD A"+456

"o. T&e President *as *rong in e'tending an ad interi appointent in favor of oissioner . 7n +uers vs.@-aeta, /1 P&il. 0#, it *as &eld t&at an ad interi appointent is a peranent appointent.%nder +ection 1, Article 77 of t&e onstitution, *it&in t*o ont&s iediately )efore t&e ne't presidentialelections and up to t&e end of &is ter, t&e President cannot a=e peranent appointents. T&e designation of2ustice D as acting Associate oissioner is also invalid. +ection 1(8!. Article 7:$ of t&e onstitution pro&i)itst&e designation of any oissioner of t&e @M> in a teporary or acting capacity. +ection 18, Article 777of t&e onstitution pro&i)its t&e designation of any e)er of t&e 2udiciary to any agency perforing uasi$udicialor adinistrative functions.

d! Po*er of reovalE. Po*er of control and supervision

a! Doctrine of ualified political agency)! 'ecutive departents and officesc! >ocal governent units

3overnent Appointent of Budget @fficer; control vs supervision (1999!

"o $ D. @n May 10, 19//, t&e position of Provincial Budget @fficer of Province : )ecae vacant. Pedroasta&on, governor of t&e province, pursuant to +ec. 1 of .@. "o. 118, su)itted t&e naes of t&ree noinees fort&e aforesaid position to t&e Departent of Budget Manageent (DBM!, one of *&o *as t&at of MartaMa&on&on. A ont& later, asta&on infored t&e DBM t&at Ma&on&on &ad assued t&e office of PB@ andreuested t&at s&e )e e'tended t&e appropriate appointent. T&e DBM +ecretary appointed 2osefa alayon instead.asta&on protested t&e appointent of alayon insisting t&at it is &e *&o &ad t&e rig&t to c&oose t&e PB@ )ysu)itting t&e naes of &is t&ree noinees and alayon *as not one of t&e. T&e DBM countered t&at none of t&egovernors noinees &ave t&e necessary ualifications for t&e position. +pecifically, Ma&on&on lac=ed t&e five$yeare'perience in )udgeting. ?ence, t&e DBM *as left *it& no alternative )ut to nae one *&o possesses all t&ereuisite ualifications in t&e person of alayon. 7t cited +ection . of t&e DBM >ocal Budget ircular "o. E1*&ic& states, ocal Budget ircular "o. E1C 'plain yourans*ers. (8H!

+%33+TD A"+456D. (a! %nder +ection 1 of 'ecutive @rder "o. 118, t&e Provincial Budget @fficer ust )e recoended )y t&e3overnor. +ince 2osefa alayon *as not recoended )y t&e 3overnor, &er appointent is not valid. As &eld in+an 2uan v. ivil +ervice oission, 19 +5A 9, if t&e person recoended )y t&e 3overnor is not ualified,*&at t&e +ecretary of Budget and Manageent s&ould do is to as= &i to recoend soeone *&o is eligi)le.()! DBM >ocal Budget ircular "o. E1 is not valid, since it is inconsistent *it& 'ecutive @rder "o. 118, *&ic&reuires t&at t&e appointee for Provincial Budget @fficer )e recoended )y t&e 3overnor. (%nder t&e >ocal3overnent ode, it is no* t&e local c&ief e'ecutive *&o is epo*ered to appoint t&e )udget officer!.

>ocal 3overnent Po*ers (81!

AB operates an industrial *aste processing plant *it&in >aoag ity. @ccasionally, *&enever fluid su)stances are

released t&roug& a near)y cree=, o)no'ious odor is eitted causing di--iness aong residents in Brangay >a Pa-.

@n copliant of t&e Punong Barangay, t&e ity Mayor *rote AB deanding t&at it a)ate t&e nuisance. T&is *as

ignored. An invitation to attend a &earing called )y t&e +angguniang Panglunsod *as also declined )y t&e president

of AB. T&e city governent t&ereupon issued a cease and desist order to stop t&e operations of t&e plant,

propting AB to file a petition for inunction )efore t&e 5egional Trial ourt, arguing t&at t&e city governent did

not &ave any po*er to a)ate t&e alleged nuisance. Decide *it& reasons.


31/198

The t ,o&e)n$ent h"s no (o+e) to sto( the o(e)"tons o% the (#"nt. Sne ts o(e)"tons s not "n!s"ne (e) se/ the t ,o&e)n$ent "nnot ""te t e?t)"!'"##. A s!t $!st e %#e' n o!)t. 5ACEnte)()ses/ In. &. F)"e##e P)o(e)tes Co)(o)"ton/ 607 SCRA 726 820079:

#. Military po*ers

alling$out Po*er; President (I1$8!

1. 4&at do you ean )y t&e egal ffects (I1$8!

()! To give t&e uc& needed &elp to t&e Province of Aurora *&ic& *as devastated )y typ&oons and torrential rains,t&e President declared it in a ito and Bong *ere arrested )y t&e police for acts of terroris.7s t&e arrest legalC 'plain. (8.H!

+%33+TD A"+456T&e arrest, apparently done *it&out a valid *arrant, is illegal. ?o*ever, a *arrantless arrest *ould )e valid if t&oseaccused are caug&t coitting cries en flagrante delicto. @n t&e ot&er &and, if t&e arrest is ade pursuant to a


32/198

valid *arrant, t&en it is la*ful. T&e ter a* L +uspension of 4rit of ?a)eas orpus (19/0!

"o. :776 @ne of t&e features of t&e governent esta)lis&ed under t&e 19/0 onstitution is t&e restoration of t&eprinciple of c&ec=s and )alances. T&is is especially note*ort&y in t&e oander$in$&ief po*ers of t&e President*&ic& su)stantially affects *&at *as styled under t&e past dispensation as t&e > @%T t&e ared forces to prevent or suppress la*less violence,invasion or re)ellion; (8! T@ +%+P"D t&e privilege of t&e *rit of &a)eas corpus or (E! T@ P5@>A7M artialla*. T&e last t*o options can )e resorted to only in cases of invasion or re)ellion *&en pu)lic safety reuires eit&ert&e supension of t&e privilege or t&e proclaation of artial la*.7t is su)itted t&at t&e ost effective eans of eeting t&e current eergency *&ic& is )roug&t a)out )y re)ellion,

li)eration oveents, and terroris is to siply call out t&e ared forces for t&e follo*ing reasons61! t&e e'igencies to )e et are not solely t&ose caused )y invasion or re)ellion )ut terroris and ot&er cries.8! +uspension of t&e privilege *ill only )e for a liited period and t&en t&e period of retention is liited to E days*&ic& ay not really )e effective. @n t&e ot&er &and, pu)lic criticis of t&e action ay only erode t&e Presidentsaut&ority.E! T&ere is practically little difference, as far as t&e a)ility of t&e President to eet an eergency is concerned,)et*een option 1, on t&e ot&er &and, t&e options 8 and E.T&e President ay *ell ta=e cofort in t&e follo*ing t&oug&t6


33/198

a=ing us feel safe to live under it a=es for its )etter support.< (4est s. +tate Brd. of duc. v. Barnette, E19 %.+.8# (19#E!!

Martial >a*; >iitations (8!

"o :77. Declaring a re)ellion, &ostile groups &ave opened and aintained ared conflicts on t&e 7slands of +uluand Basilan.

a! To uell t&is, can t&e President place underartial la* t&e islands of +ulu and BasilanC 3ive your reasonsC (EH!)! 4&at are t&e constitutional safeguards on t&e e'ercise of t&e Presidents po*er to proclai artial la*C (8H!

+%33+TD A"+456a! 7f pu)lic safety reuires it, t&e President can place +ulu and Basilan under artial la* since t&ere is an actualre)ellion. %nder +ection 1/, Article 77 of t&e onstitution, t&e President can place any part of t&e P&ilippines underartial la* in case of re)ellion, *&en pu)lic safety reuires it.)! T&e follo*ing are t&e constitutional safeguards on t&e e'ercise of t&e po*er of t&e President to proclai artialla*6 a! T&ere ust )e actual invasion or re)ellion; )! T&e duration of t&e proclaation s&all not e'ceed si'ty days6c! 4it&in forty$eig&t &ours, t&e President s&all report &is action to ongress. 7f ongress is not in session, it ustconvene *it&in t*enty$four &ours;d! ongress ay )y aority vote of all its e)ers voting 2ointly revo=e t&e proclaation, and t&e Presidentcannot set aside t&e revocation;e! By t&e sae vote and in t&e sae anner, upon 7nitiative of t&e President, ongress ay e'tend t&e proclaation7f t&e invasion or re)ellion continues and pu)lic safety reuires t&e e'tension;f! T&e +upree ourt ay revie* t&e factual sufficiency of t&e proclaation, and t&e +upree ourt ust decidet&e case *it&in t&irty days fro t&e tie it *as filed;g! Martial la* does not autoatically suspend t&e privilege of t&e *rit of &a)eas corpus or t&e operation of t&eonstitution.&! 7t does not supplant t&e functioning of t&e civil courts and of ongress. Military courts &ave no 2urisdiction overcivilians *&ere civil courts are a)le to function. (ru-, P&ilippine Political >a*, 199 ed., pp. 81E81#.!

Martial >a*; +ufficiency of t&e Factual Basis (IE$8!

T&e President issued a Proclaation "o. 11/ placing t&e P&ilippines under Martial >a* on t&e ground t&at are)ellion staged )y la*less eleents is endangering t&e pu)lic safety. Pursuant to t&e Proclaation, suspected re)els*ere arrested and detained and ilitary tri)unals *ere set up to try t&e. 5o)ert dela ru-, a citi-en, filed *it& t&e+upree ourt a petition uestioning t&e validity of Proclaation "o. 11/.1. Does 5o)ert &ave a standing to c&allengeProclaation "o. 11/C 'plain. (8.H!

+%33+TD A"+456Nes, 5o)ert &as standing. %nder Article 777, +ection 10 of t&e 19/0 onstitution, t&e +upree ourt ay revie*,in an appropriate proceeding filed )y any citi-en, t&e sufficiency of t&e factual )asis of t&e proclaation of artialla*. As citi-en t&erefore, 5o)ert ay file t&e petition uestioning Proclaation "o. 11/.8. 7n t&e sae suit, t&e +olicitor 3eneral contends t&at under t&e onstitution, t&e President as oander$in$&ief,deterines *&et&er t&e e'igency &as arisen reuiring t&e e'ercise of &is po*er to declare Martial >a* and t&at &isdeterination is conclusive upon t&e courts. ?o* s&ould t&e +upree ourt ruleC (8.H!

+%33+TD A"+456

T&e +upree ourt s&ould rule t&at &is deterination is not conclusive upon t&e courts. T&e 19/0 onstitutionallo*s a citi-en, in an appropriate proceeding, to file a petition uestioning t&e sufficiency of t&e factual )asis ofsaid proclaation. Moreover, t&e po*er to suspend t&e privilege of t&e *rit of &a)eas corpus and t&e po*er toipose artial la* involve t&e curtailent and suppression of certain )asic civil rig&ts and individual freedos, andt&us necessitate safeguards )y ongress and revie* )y t&e +upree ourt (7BP v. Raora, 3.5. "o. 1#18/#,August 1, 8!.E. T&e +olicitor 3eneral argues t&at, in any event, t&e deterination of *&et&er t&e re)ellion poses danger to pu)licsafety involves a uestion of fact and t&e +upree ourt is not a trier of facts. 4&at s&ould )e t&e ruling of t&eourtC (8.H!


34/198

+%33+TD A"+4562udicial po*er includes t&e duty of t&e courts of ustice to settle actual controversies involving rig&ts *&ic& arelegally deanda)le and enforcea)le, and to deterine *&et&er or not t&ere &as )een a grave a)use of discretionaounting to lac= or e'cess of urisdiction on t&e part of any )ranc& or instruentality of t&e 3overnent (Art. in,+ec. 1, par. 8,19/0 onstitution!. 4&en t&e grant of po*er is ualified, conditional or su)ect to liitations, t&eissue of *&et&er t&e prescri)ed ualifications or conditions &ave )een et or t&e liitations respected, is usticia)le

S t&e pro)le )eing one of legality or validity, not its *isdo.Article 77, +ection 1/ of t&e 19/0 onstitution specifically grants t&e +upree ourt t&e po*er to revie*, in anappropriate proceeding filed )y any citi-en, t&e sufficiency of t&e factual )asis of t&e proclaation of artial la*.T&us, in t&e atter of suc& declaration, t*o conditions ust concur6 (1! t&ere ust )e an actual invasion orre)ellion; and (8! pu)lic safety ust reuire it. T&e +upree ourt cannot renege on its constitutional duty todeterine *&et&er or not t&e said factual conditions e'ist (7BP v. Raora, 3.5. "o. 1#18/#, August 1, 8!.#. Finally, t&e +olicitor 3eneral aintains t&at t&e President reported to ongress suc& proclaation of Martial >a*,)ut ongress did not revo=e t&e proclaation. 4&at is t&e effect of t&e inaction of ongress on t&e suit )roug&t )y5o)ert to t&e +upree ourtC (8.H!

+%33+TD A"+456T&e inaction of ongress &as no effect on t&e suit )roug&t )y 5o)ert to t&e +upree ourt as Article 777, +ection1/ provides for c&ec=s on t&e Presidents po*er to declare artial la* to )e e'ercised separately )y ongress andt&e +upree ourt. %nder said provision, t&e duration of artial la* s&all not e'ceed si'ty days )ut ongress &as

t&e po*er to revo=e t&e proclaation or e'tend t&e period. @n t&e ot&er &and, t&e +upree ourt &as t&e po*er torevie* t&e said proclaation and proulgate its decision t&ereon *it&in t&irty days fro its filing (Article 777,+ection 1/!.

. Pardoning po*era! "ature and liitations

Pardoning Po*er; Anesty (199E!

"o 86 $ T&e "ational %nification oission &as recoended t&e grant of a)solute and unconditional anestyto all re)els. T&ere is t&e vie* t&at it is not necessary for t&e re)els to adit t&e coission of t&e crie c&arged, it)eing enoug& t&at t&e offense falls *it&in t&e scope of t&e anesty proclaation follo*ing t&e doctrine laid do*n inBarriouinto vs. Fernande-, /8 P&il. #8. 7n ot&er *ords, adission of guilt is not a condition sine ua non for t&eavailent of anesty. 7s t&is correctC 'plain.

+%33+TD A"+456T&e vie* t&at it is not necessary for re)els to adit t&e coission of t&e crie c&arged in order to availt&eselves of t&e )enefits of anesty is not correct. As stated in era v. People, 0 +5A 1, t&e doctrine laiddo*n in Borriouinto vs. Fernande-, /8 P&il. #8 &as )een overturned. Anesty presupposes t&e coission of acrie. 7t is inconsistent for soeone to see= for forgiveness for a crie *&ic& &e denies &aving coitted. (Peoplevs. Pasilan, 1# +5A 9#!.

Pardoning Po*er; Anesty (199!

"o. 6 >ucas, a ran=ing e)er of t&e "DF, *as captured )y policeen *&ile a)out to )oard a passenger )us)ound for +orsogon. &arged *it& re)ellion &e pleaded not guilty *&en arraigned. Before trial &e *as granteda)solute pardon )y t&e President to allo* &i to participate in t&e peace tal=s )et*een t&e governent and t&ecounist re)els.

E. 7nstead of a pardon, ay t&e President grant t&e accused anesty if favora)ly recoended )y t&e "ationalAnesty oissionC 'plain.#. May t&e accused avail of t&e )enefits of anesty despite t&e fact t&e &e continued to profess innocenceC 'plain.

+%33+TD A"+456E. T&e President ay grant t&e accused anesty. According to Barriouinto vs. Fernande-, /8 P&il. #8, Anestyay )e granted )efore or after t&e institution of t&e criinal prosecution.#. "o, t&e accused cannot avail of t&e )enefits of anesty if &e continues to profess &is innocence. 7n era vs.People, 0 +5A 18. since anesty presupposes t&e coission of a crie. 7t is inconsistent for an accused to see=forgiveness for soet&ing *&ic& &e clais &e &as not coitted.

8/12/2019 2013 Q&A Outlined-Political La

2013 Q&A Outlined-Political Law

Documents

Transcript of 2013 Q&A Outlined-Political Law