2013 AFS Sustained Noise Effects_Christa Woodley
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The Application of the FIT Model to Sustained Noise CHRISTA M. WOODLEY, MARK A. WEILAND, ALLISON B. COFFIN*, MICHELE B. HALVORSEN, THOMAS J. CARLSON 6/20/22 1 Pacific Northwest National Laboratory *Washington State University, Vancouver AFS, Preparing for the Challenges Ahead, Little Rock, AR
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In recent years, the potential impact of underwater sounds associated with drilling and dredging operations are under scrutiny by regulatory agencies. Underwater noise generated from petroleum industry seismic surveys and construction activities such as pile-driving have been identified sublethal and lethal to fish and marine mammals. The NMFS is currently developing guidelines for determining sound pressure level thresholds for fishes and marine mammals. Most scientific literature pertaining underwater sound effects on fishes have largely resulted from pile driving operations. Drilling sound ranges from 100 to 220 dB re 1 µPa up to distance of 800 m. To better understand the effects of underwater sound from hydraulic drilling operations, a long-term monitor approach is needed using passive acoustics (PAM) combined with the FIT (Fish Index of Trauma) model. This presentation focuses on the development of this model system with a case study of fish injury from underwater noise. The critical issues addressed are generated sounds relative to ambient noise, and how to assess sound effects on fish.
Transcript of 2013 AFS Sustained Noise Effects_Christa Woodley
April 13, 2023 1
The Application of the FIT Model to Sustained Noise
CHRISTA M. WOODLEY, MARK A. WEILAND, ALLISON B. COFFIN*, MICHELE B. HALVORSEN, THOMAS J. CARLSONPacific Northwest National Laboratory*Washington State University, Vancouver
AFS, Preparing for the Challenges Ahead, Little Rock, AR
April 13, 2023 2
Soundscape: Aquatic Ecology
AIRPLANE
GRASS &
WIND
BIRD
HumansECHO
OF AIRPLA
NE
WIND
WAVES
J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 133, 2586 (2013)
Underwater Soundscape
Perspective on SPL
Oil-prospecting, air guns, lightening 260
Cargo Ship 192
Tissue Damage 170
Instant Perforation of Eardrum 160
Jet at Takeoff 140
Threshold of Pain 130
Threshold of Discomfort 120
Front Row of Rock Concert
Large Orchestra 100
Vacuum Cleaner 80
Busy Street Traffic
Normal Conversation 60
Wind Blowing
Quiet Library 40
Whisper 20
Rustling Leaves
Threshold of Hearing 0
ESTIMATED Sound Pressure Level (dB)
Coastal Pacific Ocean waves (80-108 dB)
5
Hearing Capabilities
2009 Nat. Geo.
Lateral Lines + Otoliths
Sound Stressor- Loudness (dB)- Spectral Content (frequencies, amplitudes, range)- Temporal Content (millisecond or hours, mo.s)
Environment- Temp., DO, Light, Season, Turbidity- Habitat stability- Chemical or Predator presence- Intraspecific reaction
Physiological and Behavioral State- Activity State- Foraging State- Reproduction State- Age- Exposure and Experience
Perception of Sound
7
Sustained Noise Knowledge
Drilling/fracking noise can be +55 dB at setback distance 1067m
The compressor stations are constant and semi-permanent sound sources
No current estimates dB or spectral content
Current regulations are based on single source estimates
Fail to sum the various processes together
Few regulations on proximity to neighboring water bodies
No current monitoring of noise effects on neighboring water bodies
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Effects of sustained sound:
Is there evidence of sound effects: on development
to describe the onset of effects
sub-lethal and lethal effects
Woodley et al. 2013
Hatchery steelhead have fewer neuromasts
# of
neu
rom
asts
Brown et al. 2013 PLoS One
Onset of effects- tidal turbine noise
10
SPL
(dB
re 1
µPa
)
Frequency (Hz)Halvorsen et al. 2013 in reviewHalvorsen et al. 2013 in review
Halvorsen et al. 2013 in review
MORTAL INJURY Rank Wt
Dead or moribund 1 5
Damage: Liver 2 5
Damage: Kidney 3 5
Embolism: Heart 4 5
Hemorrhage: Heart 5 5
Hemorrhage: Liver 6 5
Hemorrhage: Kidney 7 5
SIGNIFICANT INJURY Rank Wt
Embolism: Kidney 8 3
Damage: Swimbladder 9 3
Damage: Spleen 10 3
Hemorrhage: Spleen 11 3
Hemorrhage: GI Tract 12 3
Hemorrhage: Swimbladder 13 3
Damage: Vent (Prolapse) 14 3
Hemorrhage: Fat 15 3
Embolism: Swimbladder 16 3
Hemorrhage: Capillaries 17 3
Hemorrhage: Isthmus 18 3
Hemorrhage: Gill(s) 19 3
Hemorrhage: Eye(s) 20 3
Hematoma: Heart 21 3
SLIGHT INJURY Rank Wt
Hematoma: Liver 22 1
Embolisms: Fat 23 1
Hematoma: GI Tract 24 1
Hemorrhage: Caudal Peduncle 25 1
Hematoma: Swimbladder 26 1
Hematoma: Fat 27 1
Hemorrhage: Dorsal Fin 28 1
Hematoma: Vent 29 1
Hematoma: Operculum 30 1
Hemorrhage: Fins 31 1
Hematoma: Caudal Peduncle 32 1
Hematoma: Fins 33 1
F.I.T. (Fish Index of Trauma)
Reduced to 33 injuries
Ranked by physiological costs
Ranked for severity of injury (~8400 observations)
Grouped by “Mortal”, “Significant”, “Slight”Woodley et al. 2013
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24 hrs sustained noise exposure
Renal hemorrh
age
Capillary
hemorrhage
Eye hemorrh
age
Hepatic hematoma
Renal hematoma
Gonad hematoma
Pelvic fi
n hemorrhage
Pectoral fi
n hemorr...
Anal Fin hemorrh
age
Deflated Swim
bladder
Enlarged Capillarie
s0.0
10.020.030.040.050.060.070.080.090.0
CONTROL BASS EXPOSED BASS
Prop
ortio
n of
inju
ry o
ccur
ance
(u
nwei
ghte
d)
Halvorsen et al. 2013 in review
13Peric
ardial hemorr.
..
Hepatic hemorrh
age
Renal hemorrh
age
Capillary
hemorrhage
Eye hemorrh
age
External H
emorrhage
Eye damage
Vent hematoma
Pectoral fi
n hemorr...
Deflated Swim
bla...
Pyloric
ceaca
hemor...0.0
10.020.030.040.050.0
60.070.080.090.0
CONTROL SALMON EXPOSED SALMON
Prop
ortio
n of
inju
ry o
ccur
ance
(u
nwei
ghte
d)
Halvorsen et al. 2013 in review
24 hrs sustained noise exposure
14
Summary
Sustained noise evidence of effects:
Hatchery racewayDevelopment variation
Possibly attributed to sustained noise
Tidal turbine 24 hrs exposureTTS, no PTS
Tissue trauma
Expect results to vary species, soundscape, and sound spectra
Woodley et al. 2013
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Next steps
Assess sound levels in neighboring water bodies
Assess the biota of the water body
Determine if there are effects
How to regulate or mitigate for such effects
Halvorsen et al. 2013 in review
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Questions?
