2012 Recent US Work Relating to Munitions in the Underwater Environment
-
Upload
geoffrey-carton -
Category
Documents
-
view
749 -
download
1
description
Transcript of 2012 Recent US Work Relating to Munitions in the Underwater Environment
Recent US Work Relating to
Munitions in the Underwater Environment
Geoff Carton, CALIBRE Systems, Inc
4th International Dialogue on Underwater Munitions
San Juan, Puerto Rico - October 2012
| 2
Agenda
• Army Environmental Quality Technology
Program
• Department of Defense Identification of
Research Needs
• Strategic Environmental Research and
Development (SERDP) and Environmental
Security Technology Certification Program
(ESTCP) Research Projects
• Conclusions
Army Environmental Quality
Technology Program
| 4
Transport and Fate of Arsenic in Marine Sediments
• Objectives:
– Determine the partitioning of arsenic between deep
sea sediments and seawater to evaluate the mobility
of As (III) derived from lewisite
– Determine potential for bioaccumulation of arsenic in
benthic macroinvertebrates exposed to contaminated
sediments
– Evaluate the ability of test organisms to excrete
accumulated arsenic when
returned to clean sediments
• University of Hawaii is
conducting bench top
experiments under
contract to the Army
Lewisite, 41%
Mustard, 52%
Nerve agent
(GB, VX, GA),
1%
Arsenic, AsCl3,
Cl2S2, 2%
Phosgene, 0%
Unspecified
agent, 3% Blood agents
(CK, AC), 1%
| 5
• Detection software to reduce workload and increase
speed of underwater target imagery analysis (video)
• User tunable software to cue images for analysis of
imagery by human analyst
• Software reduces the video stream to frames containing candidate objects of interest – Automated mode to
generate detection list
– Interactive mode for adjustment of selection parameters
• Available to DoD and DoD contractors
Imagery Analysis Software
Prometheus Inc.Prometheus Inc.
| 6
Assessment of Technology to Locate Legacy Munitions
• Assess existing technologies and methods for
underwater wide area assessment at two sites on
the US Atlantic coast
• Project Strategy:
– Use archival materials to establish initial survey area
– Run non-overlapping, autonomous underwater vehicle
(AUV), SONAR transects for reconnaissance survey
– Ground truth with Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV)
to ensure targets of interest are munitions
– Conduct detailed survey with overlapping transects to
better define boundary and better estimate the
densities of munitions present
| 7
Review of Aquatic Toxicology of Munitions Constituents
• Assemble existing peer reviewed and other high
quality data on aquatic ecotoxicity of energetic
munitions constituents (MC)
• Review of:
– Fate and toxicity of MC in:
Water
Sediment
– Bioconcentration, biotransformation and
dietary uptake of MC
– Exposure and effects
assessment using realistic
exposure scenarios
| 8
Corrosion Analysis
• Develop a scientific basis for predictive modeling for corrosion of munitions in the marine environment
• Evaluate corrosion products and, if present, any calcareous deposits associated with recovered munitions
• Identify metals used in munitions and develop a corrosion profile to estimate localized and average corrosion rates
• Evaluate normal and galvanic corrosion on munitions or metallic surrogates
• Analyzing munitions recovered from Ordnance Reef (HI-06) and may add study of munitions parts from HI-05
| 9
• National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) survey (2006) obtained screening-level data to assess potential explosives safety and human health risks
• 2009 University of Hawaii conducted environmental investigation to address data gaps (in final review) – Focus on human health
– Screening level ecological risk assessment
• NOAA current monitoring and trajectory modeling (in final review)
• Technology demonstration (2011)
• Follow-up investigation (ongoing)
• Corrosion assessment (ongoing)
Ordnance Reef (HI-06) Projects
| 10
NOAA efforts:
• Ocean current monitoring to understand fate of
contaminants
– Shallow (under 300 foot) and deep (about 8,000 foot)
sensors collected data over one year
– Model fate of potential release
– Incorporate data into circulation 3D fate and transport
models
– Report expected 2012
• Pre-removal survey completed, and relative risk of
damage determined so impacts to coral during
munitions removal were minimized
Ordnance Reef (HI-06) Projects – NOAA
| 11
Shallow Water Site
~ 300 feet
ADCP
ADCP
ADCP
ADCP Trawl resistant platform
with ADCP
Acoustic Doppler Current
Profiler (ADCP)
NOAA Current Study and Modeling
Acoustic Release
Anchor
Deep Water Site
~ 8,000 feet
| 12
Deep Water
Munitions
Disposal Site
HI - 01
Ordnance Reef
Munitions Disposal
Site
HI - 06
Pacific Ocean
Deep Water
ADCP Sensors
4 Ordnance Reef
ADCP Sensors
NOAA Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) Study
• Results used in trajectory model
• 4 shallow water ADCPs at
Ordnance Reef (HI-06)
• 5 deep water ADCPs on string
at HI-01 (8,000 feet deep)
• Measured currents for one year
• Report in final review
• Preliminary Ordnance Reef
(HI-06) findings: – Velocities most often between
0.3 to 0.6 knots
– High bias towards currents flowing
along-shore
– Currents are driven by tides and are asymmetrical
| 13
NOAA Coral Avoidance and Minimization of Injury Plan
• NOAA was brought in early to aid in developing best
management practices for technology demonstration
• Pre-removal survey determined relative risk of impacts
to coral and provided baseline of condition
• Surveys led to more efficient use of field time
• Partnership with trustee allows them to protect
resources better Relative Risk to Significant Coral Resources
Coral
Relief
Majority of area
sand or
uncolonized
hard bottom
Coral colonies
present, but
substantial space
to for ROV
Coral colonies
abundant, little
space for ROV
Presence of
large coral
colonies
Little to no
relief Low Low Low to moderate High
Low vertical
relief Low Low to moderate Moderate to high High
High vertical
relief Low Low to moderate Moderate to high High
| 14
• Army Technology Demonstrations (2011)
consisted of:
– Commercial technology adapted from oil exploration
technology for the remote recovery of sea disposed
munitions
– NOAA input used to minimize impacts of recovery
on coral
– Barge mounted technology (existing and innovative) for
destruction of recovered munitions
• Summary of demonstrations published in the Marine
Technology Society Journal (January 2012)
Ordnance Reef (HI-06) Technology Demonstrations
| 15
2011 Ordnance Reef Technology Demonstrations
Proprietary Data Notice: This presentation shall not be disclosed outside the government and shall not be duplicated, used, or disclosed -in whole or in part -for any purpose
• Remotely Operated Underwater Munitions Recovery
System (ROUMRS)
• Explosive Hazard Demilitarization System (EHDS)
• Underwater Portable Acoustic Contraband Detector (PACD)
• In-situ trace explosive detection (Hammerhead)
• Corrosion assessment
ROUMRS
| 17
ROUMRS Concept of Operations
ROUMRS Process Steps
Deploy ROV, document site and stage salvage basket on seafloor
Transit ROV to UWMM, tentatively identify and recover to ROV
hopper
Retract ROV hopper and transit to salvage basket
Transfer UWMM from ROV hopper to salvage basket
Once salvage basket is full, rig lift bag and towline and use ROV to
activate lift
Surface craft tows submerged salvage basket to DSV for
munitions demilitarization (EHDS)
| 18
ROUMRS Data Collection and Management
35 Gigabytes of daily data, including: video,
pictures, GPS location, navigation, depth,
munitions description, size, coral condition,
and actions
ROUMRS Operations – Underwater Recovery
| 20
During the HI-06 Demonstration:
• ROUMRS operated 21 straight
days with about 8 hours of
maintenance time
• Many munitions were cemented
to seafloor and could not be
recovered with tools available
• Covered approximately 10 acres – ROV Hopper malfunctioned and
needs redesign
– Both manipulators should have curved
intermeshing claw for munitions work
– Navigation and data storage
processes need improvements
ROUMRS
| 21
EHDS Concept of Operations
EHDS Process Steps
Lift Salvage Basket on to DSV deck
Identify and inventory salvage basket contents
X-Ray and segregate munitions by size and fill
Use remotely operated, water cooled, band saw
to cut munitions
Load RCBO and heat to appropriate temperature
to degrade energetics
Inspect and certify treated materials as safe or retreat, recycle scrap
Lower salvage basket into water for reuse
| 22
EHDS Identification and Remote Opening
| 23
Fluffy ash from successful treatment of
50/50 TNT/Ammonium nitrate
EHDS
Fire during treatment of 19 lbs TNT
During the HI-06 Demonstration:
: • EHDS operated 16 straight days
• Remote band saw and x-ray
worked without failure.
• Saw operations constrained by
dive boats and weekends with
people in safety arcs
• Ovens operated all 16 days with
about 24 hours of down time due
to equipment failure and
maintenance
• Equipment repaired in field or
remotely via cell phone modem to
complete the project
| 24
• ROUMRS surveyed, investigated locations and
recovered munitions
• ROV is capable of using a variety of tools and supporting
scientific research efforts
• ROUMRS recovered – 74 munitions (138 items encrusted to bottom)
– 2,300 small arms
• EHDS was successful, proving the concept is effective and
a viable tool for future use
• Recommended improving EHDS resilience and controls
• EHDS destroyed: – Munitions: 74
– Pounds of explosives 330
– Pounds of propellant 135
– Small arms 2,300
ROUMRS and EHDS Demonstration Results
| 25
Projectile Type Fill Material Calibrated PACD in Tub at Surface
Modified PACD 21m depth
5-inch Armor Piercing
Wet Explosive D (breached)
1.32 +/- 0.50 1.10 +/- 0.46
5-inch High Explosive
TNT-based explosive
2.46 +/- 0.18 Not measured
5-inch Armor Piercing
Dry Explosive D (intact)
No signal Not measured
Portable Acoustic Contraband Detector (PACD)
• Non-invasive measurement and calculation of acoustic velocity through the contents of container
• Comparison to database to identify content
• More robust underwater membrane necessary
• Successful in identifying fill of a large munition in situ, verified at surface
| 26
In Situ Trace Explosive Detection (Hammerhead)
• Biologically inspired fluorescent polymer sensor
array, uses preconcentration to detect at low levels
• Detection and discrimination of select explosives
with detection limits of 10 - 100 parts per
trillion (ppt)
• Prototype operable to depths of 100 feet
• Deployed on ROUMRS at Ordnance Reef (HI-06)
• Sampled water near 12 different munitions
– No detection of explosives
– Non-detects (detection limit 10-100 ppt) were confirmed
by laboratory analysis of a trap at the outlet of the sensor
| 27
• Develop efficient and cost effective
method for characterizing sea disposal
sites at depths over 350 meters
• Conducted South of Pearl Harbor, Hawaii – SONAR survey of about 70 km2
– Manned submersibles and ROVs
– Seawater, sediment and biota analyzed
– No confirmed detections of energetics or chemical agent
• HUMMA’s 2010 report is available at (www.hummaproject.com)
• Expanded SONAR survey completed in 2011 to south
of original study area, additional 470 km2 area covered
• Sampling at chemical bombs planned for 2012/2013
Hawaii Undersea Munitions Assessment (HUMMA)
| 28
HUMMA Photographs
DoD Identification of
Research Needs
| 30
Strategic Environmental Research and
Development (SERDP) and Environmental
Security Technology Certification Program
(ESTCP)
• 2007 – Technology Needs for the Characterization,
Management, and Remediation of Military Munitions
in Underwater Environments
• 2009 – Munitions in the Underwater Environment:
State of the Science and Knowledge Gaps
Identifying Needs
www.serdp.org/featured-initiatives/munitions-resposne-initiatives/muniitons-in-the-
underwater-environment
| 31
• SONAR/Acoustic Technologies
– Characterize acoustic response of munitions and
bottom clutter
– Improve understanding of environment’s acoustic
response
• Electromagnetic, Magnetic and Optical
Technologies
– Improved methods for discrimination and classification
– Enhanced methods for noise compensation
• Platform and Navigation Technologies - Study of
surf zone environment
2007 Critical Research Needs
| 32
2007 Critical Demonstration Needs
• SONAR/Acoustic Technologies
– Data collection with existing sensors to detect munitions
that are proud on bottom
– Improve understanding of environment’s acoustic
response
• Electromagnetic, Magnetic and Optical
Technologies - Demonstration of electromagnetic
induction and magnetic sensors
• Platform and Navigation Technologies
– Demonstration sites
– Diverless platforms
| 33
• Field work at several worst-case sites to:
– Support ecological risk assessment
– Collect water, sediment and tissue samples
– Conduct modeling
• Develop standard approach to:
– Field data collection
– Support comprehensive risk assessment
• Increase communication between organizations
conducting research through periodic meetings
2009 Priority Recommendations
SERDP/ESTCP
Research Projects
| 35
SERDP\ESTCP Ongoing Research
Project Titles Completion
Inversion of High Frequency Acoustic Data for Sediment Properties Needed for the Detection and Classification of UXOs
Lead Organization: University of Washington
Ongoing
Ecological Risk Assessment of Munitions Compounds on Coral and Coral Reef Health
Lead Organization: NOAA
Ongoing
Photochemical Transformation of Munitions Constituents in Marine Waters
Lead Organization: U.S. Naval Academy
Ongoing
Tracking the Uptake, Translocation, Cycling, and Metabolism of Munitions Compounds in Coastal Marine Ecosystems
using Stable Isotopic Tracer
Lead Organization: University of Connecticut
Ongoing
TNT Incorporation and Mineralization by Natural Microbial Assemblages at Frontal Boundaries between Water Masses and
in Underlying Sediments in Coastal Ecosystems
Lead Organization: Naval Research Laboratory
Ongoing
Defining Munitions Constituent Source Terms in Aquatic Environments on DoD Ranges
Lead Organization: Navy SPAWAR Systems Center Pacific
Ongoing
Acoustic Response of Underwater Munitions Near a Sediment Interface: Measurement-Model Comparisons and
Classification Schemes
Lead Organization: University of Washington
Ongoing
Demonstration of ROV-Based Underwater Electromagnetic Array Technology
Lead Organization: Sky Research, Inc
Ongoing
Vortex Lattice UXO Mobility Model Integration
Lead Organization: Scripps Institution of Oceanography
Ongoing
Detection of Underwater Unexploded Ordnance in Mud
Lead Organization: TNO Defence
Ongoing
Munitions Detection Using Unmanned Underwater Vehicles Equipped with Advanced Sensors
Lead Organization: Naval Surface Warfare Center - Panama City Division
Ongoing
| 36
Project Titles Completion
Investigation of an EMI-Based Marine Classification System
Lead Organization: SAIC
Ongoing
Data and Processing Tools for Sonar Classification of Underwater UXO
Lead Organization: Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA)
Ongoing
Structural Acoustic UXO Detection and Identification in Marine Environments
Lead Organization: Naval Research Laboratory
Ongoing
Real-Time Handheld Magnetometer Array
Lead Organization: Geometrics
Ongoing
Innovative Processing, Feature Development, and Specialized Data Collection for Underwater Munitions Advanced Classifier
Design
Lead Organization: BAE SYSTEMS Advanced Information Technologies
Ongoing
Exploiting VLF/LF Electric and Magnetic Fields for Underwater Munitions Characterization
Lead Organization: Sky Research, Inc.
Ongoing
Vortex Lattice UXO Mobility Model for Reef-Type Range Environments
Lead Organization: Scripps Institution of Oceanography
Ongoing
Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Munitions and Explosives of Concern Detection System
Lead Organization: Weston Solutions, Inc
Ongoing
Defining Munitions Constituent Source Terms in Aquatic Environments on DoD Ranges
Lead Organization: Navy Space and Naval Warfare Systems Command
Ongoing
Full-Scale Measurement and Modeling of the Acoustic Response of Proud and Buried Munitions at Frequencies from 1-30 kHz
Lead Organization: University of Washington
Ongoing
Blow-in-Place Pressure Reduction (Covering Technology)
Lead Organization: Navy SPAWAR Systems Center Pacific
Ongoing
SERDP\ESTCP Ongoing Research
| 37
Project Titles Completion
Mitigation of Underwater UXO Blow-in-Place Explosions
Lead Organization: Navy SPAWAR Systems Center Pacific
Ongoing
Underwater Acoustic Positioning Systems for MEC Detection and Reacquisition Operations
Lead Organization: U.S. Army Engineering and Support Center, Huntsville
Ongoing
Sonar Detection and Classification of Underwater UXO and Environmental Parameters
Lead Organization: Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA)
Jul 2012
Superconducting Magnetic Tensor Gradiometer System for Detection of Underwater Military Munitions
Lead Organization: Sky Research, Inc
Jun 2012
Demonstration of the Laser Line Scan System for UXO Characterization
Lead Organization: Navy Space and Naval Warfare Systems Command (SPAWAR)
Apr 2012
Wide Area Assessment for Marine UXO
Lead Organization: Tetra Tech EC, Inc
Mar 2012
Underwater Electric Field Sensor for UXO Detection
Lead Organization: QUASAR Federal Systems
Dec 2011
Electromagnetic Induction Modeling for UXO Detection and Discrimination Underwater
Lead Organization: Dartmouth College
Dec 2011
Demonstration of an Ultrasonic Method for Three-Dimensional Visualization of Shallow Buried Underwater Objects
Lead Organization: Navy Space and Naval Warfare Systems Command (SPAWAR)
Jul 2011
A Low Frequency Electromagnetic Sensor for Underwater Geolocation
Lead Organization: Dartmouth College
May 2011
Belief Theoretic Multi-Sensory Data Fusion for Underwater UXO Identification
Lead Organization: University of Miami
Feb 2011
Wide-Area Detection and Identification of Underwater UXO Using Structural Acoustic Sensors
Lead Organization: Naval Research Laboratory
Feb 2011
SERDP\ESTCP Completed Research
| 38
Project Titles Completion
Underwater Simultaneous Electromagnetic Induction and Magnetometer System
Lead Organization: U.S. Army Engineering and Support Center, Huntsville
Feb 2011
Buried Underwater Munitions and Clutter Discrimination
Lead Organization: U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC)
Oct 2010
Marine UXO Characterization Based on Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Technology
Lead Organization: Sky Research, Inc
Jul 2010
Operational Evaluation of a New Acoustic Technique for UXO Filler Identification
Lead Organization: University of Denver
Jun 2010
Efficient Shallow Underwater UXO Retrieval
Lead Organization: U.S. Naval Research Laboratory
Jun 2010
Detection and Classification of Buried UXO and Determination of Seafloor Parameters in Littoral Environments Using
Resonance Scattering Sonar
Lead Organization: Array Information Technology
Apr 2010
Deep Water Munitions Detection System
Lead Organization: SAIC
Mar 2010
UXO Detection and Characterization in the Marine Environment
Lead Organization: SAIC
Dec 2009
Sensor Phenomenology and Feature Development for Improved Sonar-Based Detection and Discrimination of Underwater
UXO
Lead Organization: BAE SYSTEMS Advanced Information Technologies
Dec 2009
Underwater UXO Multi-Sensor Data Base Collection
Lead Organization: Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA)
Jul 2009
Assessing Sonar Performance Against Underwater UXO
Lead Organization: Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA)
May 2009
SERDP\ESTCP Completed Research
| 39
Project Titles Completion
Biotic and Abiotic Attenuation of Nitrogenous Energetic Compounds (NEC) in Coastal Waters and Sediments
Lead Organization: Naval Research Laboratory
Sep 2008
Characterization of Freshwater Electromagnetic Subbottom Sediment Properties and Target Responses for Detection of
UXO with Ground-Penetrating Radar
Lead Organization: U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC)
Sep 2008
Predicting the Mobility and Burial of Underwater UXO Using the Modified VORTEX Model
Lead Organization: Naval Facilities Engineering Service Center (NAVFAC)
May 2008
Modeling for Sensor Evaluation in Underwater UXO Test Beds
Lead Organization: Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA)
Jan 2008
Dredging Equipment Modifications for Detection and Removal of Ordnance
Lead Organization: Navy SPAWAR Systems Center Pacific
Dec 2006
Seismic Imaging of UXO-Contaminated Underwater Sites
Lead Organization: Array Information Technology
Oct 2005
Broadband Electromagnetic Detection and Discrimination of Underwater UXO
Lead Organization: Geophex, Ltd.
Aug 2005
Detection of UXO in Underwater Sites Using Towed-Array Resistivity/ Induced Polarization Measurements
Lead Organization: Zonge Engineering, Inc
Apr 2004
Technology Needs for Underwater UXO Search and Discrimination
Lead Organization: SAIC
Oct 2003
Low-Order, Underwater Detonation (UNDET) Study
Lead Organization: Naval EOD Technology Division
Apr 2002
Mobile Underwater Debris Survey System (MUDSS) Apr 2000
Classification and Mapping of Underwater UXO Dec 1997
SERDP\ESTCP Completed Research
| 40
Conclusion…
• Significant effort is being expended to improve
technologies and techniques for the detection and
discrimination of munitions in the underwater
environment
• Efforts to understand the fate, transport and
toxicity of munitions constituents are continuing
• Expansion of the body of peer reviewed literature
will aid in development of sound risk management
policy