2012 Psychology &Positive Psychology

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PSYCHOLOGYPSYCHOLOGY ANDAND

POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGYPOSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY

WELCOMEWELCOMEWELCOMEWELCOME

BYBY--

KAMLESH SINGHKAMLESH SINGH


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PSYCHOLOGYPSYCHOLOGY

The word (psychology)comes fromthe Greek` psyche` which translate

as soul orBreath and logos, whichmeans the study or investigation of

something(as in biology or

physiology).


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PSYCHOLOGY

study of soul

study of consciousness

study of behavior


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Psychology came into being through its

roots in philosophy and the natural

sciences (biology)

behavior and mind How people act,

think and feel.

Psychology is the science ofbehavior

and cognitive processes.


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SCHOOL FOUNDER DESCRIPTIONSCHOOL FOUNDER DESCRIPTIONStructuralismStructuralism E.B.TitchenerE.B.Titchener The analysis ofThe analysis of

mental structuresmental structures

FunctionalismFunctionalism William JamesWilliam James Functions ofFunctions ofconscious experiencesconscious experiences

BehaviorismBehaviorism Watson,SkinnerWatson,Skinner ObservableObservable

SCHOOLS OF PSYCHOLOGYSCHOOLS OF PSYCHOLOGY

PsychoanalysisPsychoanalysis FreudFreud Unconscious ofUnconscious ofbehavior determinantsbehavior determinants

HumanisticHumanistic Roger,MaslowRoger,Maslow Each person`s uniqueEach person`s uniqueself, & capacity of growthself, & capacity of growth

Gestalt Wertheimer et.al.Gestalt Wertheimer et.al. Form or configurationForm or configuration

PsychologyPsychology


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NormalBehaviour

*Abnormal

Cognitive&Social

Learning:

ThinkingProcess

Psychoanalysis&

Psychodynemic

Unconsciousmind

Behaviourism

-LearntBehaviour

Behaviour

*Methodology

PsychotherapiesHumanistic

ApproachFree Will

EclecticApproach

Type andTraits

theorists


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MAJOR PERSPECTIVES OFMAJOR PERSPECTIVES OF

MODERN PSYCHOLOGYMODERN PSYCHOLOGY

Cognitive

Psychology DevelopmentalStructuralism


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Clinical psychologyClinical psychology Counseling psychologyCounseling psychology

Developmental psychologyDevelopmental psychology

Educational psychologyEducational psychology

Experimental psychologyExperimental psychology

Cognitive psychologyCognitive psychology

MAJOR SUBFIELDS OF PSYCHOLOGYMAJOR SUBFIELDS OF PSYCHOLOGY

n us r a rgan za on psyc o ogyn us r a rgan za on psyc o ogy

Psychobiology and Evolutionary psychologyPsychobiology and Evolutionary psychology

Social psychologySocial psychology

Environmental psychologyEnvironmental psychology

Personality psychologyPersonality psychology


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Cognitive NeuroscienceCognitive Neuroscience

Evolutionar Ps choloEvolutionar Ps cholo

2121stst CENTURYCENTURY


Cultural PsychologyCultural Psychology

Positive PsychologyPositive Psychology


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Methods of psychological researchExperimental Method

Field Experimental Method

Observation Method

Survey Methods

Case Study Method

Psychological Testing


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Despite a lack of empirical evidenceDespite a lack of empirical evidencebehind their work,behind their work,severalseveral humanistic psychologistshumanistic psychologists, mainly,, mainly, Abraham Maslow,Abraham Maslow,andand Carl RogersCarl Rogers, developed successful theories and practices, developed successful theories and practicesthat involved human happiness.that involved human happiness.

PositivePositive Psychology is the scientific study ofPsychology is the scientific study of optimal humanoptimal humanfunctioning.functioning.

PositivePositive psychology ispsychology is the scientific study ofthe scientific study of humanhuman

PositivePositive PsychologyPsychology

app ness.app ness. Positive Psychology has three central concerns:Positive Psychology has three central concerns: positivepositive

emotions, positive individual traits, and positiveemotions, positive individual traits, and positiveinstitutions.institutions.

The field of positive psychology at the subjective level isThe field of positive psychology at the subjective level isabout valued subjective experiences:about valued subjective experiences: wellwell--being,being,contentment, and satisfaction (in the past): hope andcontentment, and satisfaction (in the past): hope andoptimism (for the future); and flow and happiness (in theoptimism (for the future); and flow and happiness (in thepresentpresent ))


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--At the individual level, it is about positive individual

traits- ,institutions that move individuals toward bettercitizenship ..


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Psychological Abstracts(1967Psychological Abstracts(1967--2000)2000)

Importance of the Positive Psychology PerspectiveImportance of the Positive Psychology Perspective

Anger 5,584

Anxiety 41,416

Depression 54,040

Joy 415

Happiness1,710

Life Satisfaction 2582

yres meta yres metayres metayres meta----ana ys s an reporte t at nce , syc o og ca ana ys s an reporte t at nce , syc o og ca ana ys s an reporte t at nce , syc o og ca ana ys s an reporte t at nce , syc o og ca

Abstracts hasAbstracts hasAbstracts hasAbstracts has included approximately, 13 times more studies on Negative emotionsincluded approximately, 13 times more studies on Negative emotionsincluded approximately, 13 times more studies on Negative emotionsincluded approximately, 13 times more studies on Negative emotions

anger, 10,735 anxiety, 70,845

depression 86,767

joy (1161) life satisfaction (7949)

happiness (3938)


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This is about 21/1 ratio and 13/1 ratioThis is about 21/1 ratio and 13/1 ratio

But it reflects realityBut it reflects reality--Depression 10 times higher today than1960Depression 10 times higher today than1960

Mean age14.5 years and 29.5 years in1960Mean age14.5 years and 29.5 years in1960

80% of Harvard students depressed at least once last80% of Harvard students depressed at least once last,,

94% overwhelmed (94% overwhelmed (KadisonKadison, 2005), 2005)

Well established fields of study for assistingWell established fields of study for assisting

disorders, negative affects likedisorders, negative affects like abnormalabnormalPsychology, Clinical Psychology, PsychiatryPsychology, Clinical Psychology, Psychiatry etc. butetc. but

not for positive affects & positive personalitynot for positive affects & positive personality

factors.factors.


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Disease Model Health Model

Neurosis, anger, anxiety,

depression, psychosis

Wellbeing, satisfaction, joy

excitement, happinessFocus on weaknesses Focus on strengths

Avoiding pain Seeking pleasure

Overcoming deficiencies Building competencies

unn n rom unha ness ursu n ha ness

Tensionless as ideal Creative tension as ideal

Neutral state (0) as ceiling No ceiling

---- _________________ 0 ________________ +_________________ 0 ________________ +_________________ 0 ________________ +_________________ 0 ________________ +


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Seligman`s APA presidentshipSeligman (2003) observes that "Before World War II, psychology had

three distinct missions:-to cure mental illness.

- to make everyone's lives happier and more productive andfulfilling...

- The third was to identify and nurture high talent and genius"

Seligman stated, The notion of a Positive Psychology movement began at a moment intime a few months after I had been elected President of the American PsychologicalAssociation. It took place in my garden while I was weeding with my five-year old daughter,

Nikki. I have to confess that even though I write books about children, I'm really not all thatgood with them. I am goal-oriented and time-urgent and when I'm weeding in the garden, I'mactually trying to get the weeding done Nikki, however, was throwing weeds into the air and

dancing around. I yelled at her. She walked away, came back, and said, "Daddy, I want to talkto you."

"Yes, Nikki?"

"Daddy, do you remember before my fifth birthday? From the time I was three to the time Iwas five, I was a whiner. I whined every day. When I turned five, I decided not to whineanymore. That was the hardest thing I've ever done. And if I can stop whining, you can stop

being such a grouch."


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Identifying, amplifying and concentratingIdentifying, amplifying and concentrating

on the strengths need to measure reliablyon the strengths need to measure reliably

and validly these strength.and validly these strength.

MainMain objectives of thisobjectives of this

fieldfield

eve op an test ntervent ons to ueve op an test ntervent ons to uthese strengthsthese strengths

------ (UNDSM(UNDSM--1 Instead of DSM IV)1 Instead of DSM IV)

------(EVT(EVT--empirically validated therapies)empirically validated therapies)

Healing what is weak and nurturing whatHealing what is weak and nurturing whatis strong.is strong.


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The development of theThe development of the CharacterCharacterStrengths and VirtuesStrengths and Virtues (CSV) handbook(CSV) handbook

represents the first attempt on the part ofrepresents the first attempt on the part ofe researc commun y o en y ane researc commun y o en y an

classify the positive psychological traitsclassify the positive psychological traitsof human beings.of human beings. Peterson ChristopherPeterson Christopher

and Seligman Martin E.P (2004)and Seligman Martin E.P (2004)


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1.Wisdom and Knowledge1.Wisdom and Knowledge Cognitive strengthsCognitive strengths that entail the acquisitionthat entail the acquisitionand use of knowledgeand use of knowledge

CreativityCreativity [originality, ingenuity]:[originality, ingenuity]: Thinking of novel and productive ways toThinking of novel and productive ways toconceptualize and do things; includes artistic achievement but is not limitedconceptualize and do things; includes artistic achievement but is not limitedto itto it

CuriosityCuriosity [interest, novelty[interest, novelty--seeking, openness to experience]:seeking, openness to experience]: Taking anTaking aninterest in ongoing experience for its own sake; finding subjects and topicsinterest in ongoing experience for its own sake; finding subjects and topicsfascinating; exploring and discoveringfascinating; exploring and discovering

Jud ment & O enJud ment & O en--MindednessMindedness [critical thinkin ]:[critical thinkin ]: Thinkin thin s throu hThinkin thin s throu hand examining them from all sides; not jumping to conclusions; being able toand examining them from all sides; not jumping to conclusions; being able tochange one's mind in light of evidence; weighing all evidence fairlychange one's mind in light of evidence; weighing all evidence fairly

Love of Learning:Love of Learning: Mastering new skills, topics, and bodies of knowledge,Mastering new skills, topics, and bodies of knowledge,whether on one's own or formally; obviously related to the strength ofwhether on one's own or formally; obviously related to the strength of

curiosity but goes beyond it to describe the tendency to add systematically tocuriosity but goes beyond it to describe the tendency to add systematically towhat one knowswhat one knows

PerspectivePerspective [wisdom]:[wisdom]: Being able to provide wise counsel to others; havingBeing able to provide wise counsel to others; havingways of looking at the world that make sense to oneself and to other peopleways of looking at the world that make sense to oneself and to other people


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2.Courage2.Courage Emotional strengthsEmotional strengths that involve the exercisethat involve the exerciseof will to accomplish goals in the face of opposition, external orof will to accomplish goals in the face of opposition, external orinternalinternal

BraveryBravery [valor]:[valor]: Not shrinking from threat, challenge, difficulty,Not shrinking from threat, challenge, difficulty,or pain; speaking up for what is right even if there is opposition;or pain; speaking up for what is right even if there is opposition;acting on convictions even if unpopular; includes physicalacting on convictions even if unpopular; includes physicalbravery but is not limited to itbravery but is not limited to it

PerseverancePerseverance [persistence, industriousness[persistence, industriousness]: Finishing what one]: Finishing what one

starts; persisting in a course of action in spite of obstacles;starts; persisting in a course of action in spite of obstacles;

HonestyHonesty [authenticity, integrity][authenticity, integrity]: Speaking the truth but more: Speaking the truth but morebroadly presenting oneself in a genuine way and acting in abroadly presenting oneself in a genuine way and acting in asincere way; being without pretense; taking responsibility forsincere way; being without pretense; taking responsibility for

one's feelings and actionsone's feelings and actions ZestZest [vitality, enthusiasm, vigor, energy]:[vitality, enthusiasm, vigor, energy]: Approaching life withApproaching life with

excitement and energy; not doing things halfway orexcitement and energy; not doing things halfway orhalfheartedly; living life as an adventure; feeling alive andhalfheartedly; living life as an adventure; feeling alive andactivatedactivated


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3.3. HumanityHumanity -- Interpersonal strengthsInterpersonal strengths that involvethat involvetending and befriending otherstending and befriending others

Capacity to Love and Be Loved:Capacity to Love and Be Loved: Valuing closeValuing closerelations with others, in particular those in whichrelations with others, in particular those in whichsharing and caring are reciprocated; being close tosharing and caring are reciprocated; being close topeoplepeople

KindnessKindness enerosit nurturance care com assionenerosit nurturance care com assionaltruistic love, "niceness"]altruistic love, "niceness"]: Doing favors and good: Doing favors and gooddeeds for others; helping them; taking care of themdeeds for others; helping them; taking care of them

Social IntelligenceSocial Intelligence [emotional intelligence, personal[emotional intelligence, personalintelligence]:intelligence]: Being aware of the motives and feelingsBeing aware of the motives and feelingsof other people and oneself; knowing what to do toof other people and oneself; knowing what to do tofit into different social situations; knowing whatfit into different social situations; knowing whatmakes other people tickmakes other people tick


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4.4. JusticeJustice -- Civic strengthsCivic strengths that underlie healthythat underlie healthycommunity lifecommunity life

TeamworkTeamwork [citizenship, social responsibility, loyalty]:[citizenship, social responsibility, loyalty]:Working well as a member of a group or team; beingWorking well as a member of a group or team; beingloyal to the group; doing one's shareloyal to the group; doing one's share

Fairness:Fairness: Treating all people the same according toTreating all people the same according to

notions of fairness and justice; not letting personalnotions of fairness and justice; not letting personal

fair chance.fair chance.

Leadership:Leadership: Encouraging a group of which one is aEncouraging a group of which one is a

member to get things done and at the same timemember to get things done and at the same timemaintain good relations within the group; organizingmaintain good relations within the group; organizinggroup activities and seeing that they happen.group activities and seeing that they happen.


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5.Temperance Strengths that protect against excess

Forgiveness & Mercy: Forgiving those who have donewrong; accepting the shortcomings of others; givingpeople a second chance; not being vengeful

Modesty & Humility: Letting one's accomplishmentsspeak for themselves; not regarding oneself as mores ecial than one is

Prudence: Being careful about one's choices; not takingundue risks; not saying or doing things that might

later be regrettedSelf-Regulation [self-control]: Regulating what one

feels and does; being disciplined; controlling one'sappetites and emotions


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6.6. TranscendenceTranscendence -- Strengths that create connections to theStrengths that create connections to the largeruniverse and provide meaning

Appreciation of Beauty and ExcellenceAppreciation of Beauty and Excellence [awe, wonder, elevation]:[awe, wonder, elevation]: NoticingNoticingand appreciating beauty, excellence, and/or skilled performance in variousand appreciating beauty, excellence, and/or skilled performance in variousdomains of life, from nature to art to mathematics to science to everydaydomains of life, from nature to art to mathematics to science to everydayexperienceexperience

Gratitude:Gratitude: Being aware of and thankful for the good things that happen;Being aware of and thankful for the good things that happen;

taking time to express thankstaking time to express thanks pp op m m, u urop m m, u ur --m n n , u ur or n a on :m n n , u ur or n a on : xp nxp n

in the future and working to achieve it; believing that a good future isin the future and working to achieve it; believing that a good future issomething that can be brought aboutsomething that can be brought about

HumorHumor [playfulness]:[playfulness]: Liking to laugh and tease; bringing smiles to otherLiking to laugh and tease; bringing smiles to other

people; seeing the light side; making (not necessarily telling) jokespeople; seeing the light side; making (not necessarily telling) jokes Religiousness & SpiritualityReligiousness & Spirituality [faith, purpose[faith, purpose]: Having coherent beliefs about]: Having coherent beliefs about

the higher purpose and meaning of the universe; knowing where one fitsthe higher purpose and meaning of the universe; knowing where one fitswithin the larger scheme; having beliefs about the meaning of life that shapewithin the larger scheme; having beliefs about the meaning of life that shapeconduct and provide comfortconduct and provide comfort


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Positive Psychology is the scientificPositive Psychology is the scientificstudy of the strengths and virtues thatstudy of the strengths and virtues thatenable individuals and communities toenable individuals and communities to

thrive. This field is found on the beliefthrive. This field is found on the belief

and fulfilling lives, to cultivate what isand fulfilling lives, to cultivate what isbest within themselves, and tobest within themselves, and to

enhance their experiences of dailyenhance their experiences of dailyactivities.activities.


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Books Available with me :Books Available with me :

1. Handbook of Positive Psychology: C.R. Snyder & S.J. Lopez (2005)

2. Character Strengths and Virtues: A Handbook and Classification:

Peterson Christopher and Seligman Martin E.P (2004)3. Positive Psychology- The Scientific and Practical Explorations of HumanStrengths : Snyder C.R., Lopez S.J. , Pedrotti J.T. (2011)

4. Positive Psychology in Practice : Linley P.A. , Joseph S. (2004)

5. Positive Psychological Assessment - A Handbook of Models andMeasures Lopez S.J. , Snyder C.R. (2003)

6. Applied Positive Psychology - Donaldson S.I. , Csikszentmihalyi M. ,a amura .

7. A Life Worth Living: Contributions to Positive Psychology:Csikszentmihalyi M. , Csikszentmihalyi I.S. (2006)

8. Positive Psychology - The Science of happiness and human strengths:

Carr A. (2004)9. Culture and Well Being: Diener Ed. (2009)

10. Learned Optimism: How to Change Your Mind and Your Life:

Martin Seligman(1998)

Note: ( You can borrow books if you are interested to study some of them)

2012 Psychology &Positive Psychology

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