2012 NIPSCO Energy Symposium October 10, 2012 · PDF file• Milling – expose starch,...
Transcript of 2012 NIPSCO Energy Symposium October 10, 2012 · PDF file• Milling – expose starch,...
2012 NIPSCO Energy Symposium
October 10, 2012
Renewable Energy Tracy Hall, LEED AP®,
NABCEP® Certified Solar PV Installer
What is Renewable Energy?
• renewable energy
Any naturally occurring, theoretically inexhaustible source of energy, such as biomass, solar, wind, tidal, wave, and hydroelectric power, that is not derived from fossil or nuclear fuel.
• Biomass
• Wind
• Solar
Source: Dictionary.com
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Conversions
• 1,000 watts = 1 kilowatt (kW)
• 1,000 kW = 1 megawatt (MW)
• 1,000 watt-hours = 1 kilowatt-hour (kWh)
• 1,000 kWh = 1 megawatt-hour (MWh)
• 1,000 MWh = 1 gigawatt-hour (GWh)
• 1 mile per hour = 0.447 meters per second (mps)
• 1 mps = 2.24 mph
• 1 meter = 3.28 feet - 1 foot = 0.305 meter
• 1 square meter (m2) = 10.76 square feet (ft2)
• 1 ft2 = 0.093 m2
Pros and Cons
• Good for environment
• Good for economy
• Security
• Clean, Non-Polluting
• Free or cheap fuel
• Infinite supply of fuel
• Incentives and some grants available to help reduce costs
Pros and Cons (continued)
• Not In My Backyard Yard (it’s ugly, noisy, kills birds, etc…)
• Expensive initial investment
• Incentives are sporadic, lacking, or non-existent
• Resources may be intermittent
• May produce an unusable voltage
• Energy storage
• Finding competent installers/maintenance
The actual costs of traditional energy fuels may not be accurately reflected
in the price we pay for them…
Biomass
• Plant material, vegetation, or agricultural waste used as a fuel or energy source.
• includes transportation fuels such as biodiesel and alcohol fuels like ethanol and methanol, methane gas from garbage and human or livestock waste.
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• Organic materials, such as . . - Wood - Wood chips - Yard waste - Paper waste - Agricultural crops - Agricultural crop waste - Animal waste - Wild grasses - Other wild plant material - Municipal wastes - Human waste? - Cultivated algae - etc.
Biomass – What is it?
• Are converted into fuel by . . . - Mechanical means - Fermentation - Digestion - Pyrolysis
• To produce fuels such as . . - Direct combustion feed stock - Ethanol - Bio-diesel - Hydrogen
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Source: James T Gill, Wilbur Wright College
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Biomass – The Current Bio-fuels industry (a schematic diagram)
Fuels:
Ethanol
Renewable Diesel
Hydrogen
Power:
Electricity
Heat
Chemicals
Plastics
Solvents
Chemical
Intermediates
Phenolics
Adhesives
Furfural
Fatty acids
Acetic Acid
Carbon black
Paints
Dyes, Pigments, Ink
Detergents
Food Feed Fiber!
Livestock
Human
Bio-gas
Synthesis Gas
Sugars and Lignin
Bio-Oil
Carbon-Rich Chains
Plant Products
Hydrolysis
Acids, enzymes
Gasification
High heat, low
oxygen
Digestion
Bacteria
Pyrolysis
Catalysis, heat,
pressure
Extraction
Mechanical,
chemical
Mechanical Separation
Feedstock
production,
collection,
handling &
preparation
Processes Products The Benefits
Slide courtesy of Jim Spaeth USDOE
Biomass Sources
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Biomass – The Current Bio-fuels Industry (a more detailed schematic diagram)
Slide courtesy of Jim Spaeth USDOE
Luckily, Jim Spaeth
at the U.S. Department of Energy office of Energy
Efficiency and Renewable Energy (known as EE/RE)
assembled a Flow Diagram that helps explain the
complexity of the new world of Biomass Energy.
Let’s take a few moments to study it so we might better
understand “Bio-fuels.”
If you gain a complete understanding of this diagram,
chances of employment will be . . . great!
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Biomass – Energy Conversion
• Direct combustion of biomass . . .
• Convenient fuel commodities from biomass
- Liquid & gas extraction . . .
- Capture from microbial decomposition . .
- Capture by pyrolytic decomposition . . .
Understanding bio-mass may be simpler than it may first seem!
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Image sources: http://grassroutesjourneys.blogspot.com/2008/07/camping.html,
Source: James T Gill, Wilbur Wright College
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Biomass (1) – Direct Combustion
• Human use of fire is pre-historic
• FIRE! requires the right mix of 3 things; fuel
(biomass), heat (heat), and air (oxygen).
NOTE - The fire “triangle”
• Used when & where heat (or light) is needed
immediately.
– Space heating
– Food preparation/cooking
– Other “process” heating
– Lighting (Leading 3rd world light source!)
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Image Sources: rabenseiten.de, spitjack.com,
goodtimestove.com, uncyclopedia.wikia.com/
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Biomass (2) – Seed Oils
• Seed Oil is the oil that can be squeezed
out of seeds.
– Many of these oils may be used “as is” for
fuel or converted into what is known as
“bio-diesel.”
– Viscosity is an issue: Most oils can be
“thinned” or heated to be made less
viscous.
– Ideal viscosity is equal to that of #2 Diesel
oil for use in ICE (internal combustion
engines).
To learn more about Bio–fuels and Bio-diesel Seed Oils, visit:
http://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_yield.html
• Ideas to learn:
- SVO/WVO = un-used Straight Vegetable Oil / filtered Waste Vegetable Oil.
- “Un-thinned” oil requires being “atomized” as in mist-injection and/or specially
designed fuel injection engines
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Biomass (3) – Anaerobic Microbial Decomposition
• Methane = 98% of Natural Gas
• Methane = CH4
• Methane = a common anaerobic
digestion bio-material generated from
a 2-step process:
– Acid-forming bacteria break down
organic matter creating simple
acids:
• acetic (vinegar),
• butyric,
• formic, and
• propionic.
– Methane-forming bacteria make
“bio-gas” which is:
• methane,
• hydrogen sulfide,
• ammonia,
• CO2 , and
• water vapor.
• Methane from such sources is
known as Bio-gas!
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Biomass (3) – Anaerobic Microbial Decomposition
• C2H5OH = Ethanol = Ethyl Alcohol!
There is long and deep tradition in many
places and times in
Ethanol Fermentation and Distillation!
An old and tested recipe and a long
standing Chicago tradition –
making Moonshine! It involves:
• Milling – expose starch, increase
surface area
• Cooking – amylase conversion of
starch to sugar
• Fermentation – yeasts consume sugar
and excrete CO2 and C2H5OH as
metabolic wastes – BEER!
• Distillation – boiling the beer, and re-
condensing the C2H5OH at its precise
boiling point…makes an
azeotrope…95% C2H5OH = 190 >>
Proof Everclear!
• Azeotropic Distillation – A special,
involved process – not easy at
home!
• Waste Disposal – “every moon-
shiner” must deal with the left overs!
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Biomass (3) – Anaerobic Microbial Decomposition
An old and tested recipe and a long
standing Chicago tradition –
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Biomass (4) – Pyrolitic Decomposition
• Pyrolysis is heating organic material in the absence
of oxygen.
– Heat drives off volatile gasses, and this leaves behind
“char” material.
– The volatile gases being driven off are combusted
immediately and used as fuel.
• The solid char is stable so can
be stored and used later as a
solid fuel.
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Biomass Evaluation – by Energy Content
Percentage of U.S. crop land required to meet half of U.S. fuel demand.
Table from Groom, Gray & Townsend in Conservation Biology
Biofuel
Source
Water
Fertilizer
Pesticides
Percentage of
land required
Energy
Content
Corn
Medium
HIGH
HIGH
200%
HIGH
Sugarcane
HIGH
HIGH
Medium
50%
Medium
Switch
grass
LOW
LOW
LOW
80%
LOW
Wood
residue
Medium
LOW
LOW
200%
LOW
Algae
Medium
LOW
LOW
2%
HIGH
Which of these appear to be the most promising?
D2
25 Content source: TurboSteam.com Sean Casten
Biomass: Using it for Combined Heat & Power
Fuel
(Coal, oil, nuclear, gas, etc.)
High Pressure
Steam
Heat lost to atmosphere
Low Pressure
Steam
Low Pressure
Water
Pump
Boiler
Cooling Tower
High
Pressure
Water
Electricity
to Grid
Steam Turbine
Generator
Conventional Fuel
Power Plant
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Pressure
Reduction Valve
Mill waste
High Pressure
Steam
Heat to more lumber
Low Pressure
Steam
Low
Pressure
Water
Boiler Pump
Boiler
Dry Kiln
High
Pressure
Water
Content source: TurboSteam.com Sean Casten
Conventional
Lumber Mill Plant
Biomass: Using it for Combined Heat & Power E
27 Content source: TurboSteam.com Sean Casten
Steam Turbine
Generator
Boiler Pump
Boiler
Dry Kiln
Electricity
to Plant
Isolation
Valve Isolation
Valve
Mill waste
Specialized Lumber
Mill Plant
Heat used for more lumber
Biomass: Using it for Combined Heat & Power
The opportunity:
Convert
conventional
wood kiln drying
plants into CHP
plants!
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“Fuel versus Food” is one of at least three issues developing at the intersection of Agriculture and Global Warming. Perhaps the biggest of these three issues is how climate change is changing so many aspects of agriculture, with areas facing unprecedented rainfall and drought.
Biomass – Fuel versus Food B
“PRICE SPIKES: Have increased the number of hungry people worldwide in recent years, and led to food riots in several countries.” (Sunday New York Times, June 5, 2011)
International Food Policy Research Institute: Biofuel production will push global corn prices up 41%, oilseed costs up by 76%, and wheat prices by 30% by 2020.
What about the Carbon?
• Biofuels are considered carbon neutral
– What goes into the atmosphere is recaptured by the next generation of biofuels
• Fossil fuels not so…
– Billions of years of carbon pressurized and buried in the earth are reintroduced into the atmosphere
– How long will it take to recapture it?
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Biomass – The Carbon Cycle
Image source; Wikipedia Commons
• “Fossil” carbon is carbon from
Earth’s ancient atmosphere,
currently “sequestered” in the crust
of the earth.
• When we use fossilized carbon as
a fuel source, we are helping
restore the ancient atmosphere,
which was very, very hot.
• Solution: Use “short-cycle carbon”
fuel resources.
• These return to the atmosphere
carbon that was only recently taken
out of the atmosphere by biological
organisms.
• “Short-cycle carbon” is referred to
in this case as “biomass.”
Image source; princeton.edu
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Source: James T Gill, Wilbur Wright College
Regional examples of Biomass
• Munster landfill
• Fair Oaks Dairy Farm
• Gary Sanitary District
• Culver Duck Farm
WIND Energy
• form of energy conversion in which machines convert the kinetic energy of wind into mechanical (windmills) or electrical (wind turbines) energy
2/27/2008 Wind 101 Workshop
©Illinois Solar Energy Assn.2008 www.illinoissolar.org
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What will wind power do for you?
• The “Big” Picture – Big Wind
• Average homeowner electric consumption 7,600 kWh/yr = 7.6 MWh/yr
• Big wind – 1 MW turbine in a 30% capacity location – 1 MW * 8,760 hrs/yr *0.30 = 2,628,000 kWh/yr or 2,628 MWh/yr
• 2,628/7.6 ~ 345 houses’ of electricity/year
2/27/2008 Wind 101 Workshop
©Illinois Solar Energy Assn.2008 www.illinoissolar.org
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What will wind power do for you?
• The “Little” Picture – Small Wind
• Average homeowner electric consumption 7,600 kWh/yr = 7.6 MWh/yr
• Small wind – 5 kW turbine in a 20% capacity location – 5 kW * 8,760 hrs/yr *0.20 = 8,760 kWh/yr or 8.8 MWh/yr
• 8.8/7.6 ~ 15% excess generation of electricity for the year
Drag and Lift Devices
• Drag devices: typical VAWTs (not all VAWTS)
– 15% of wind power can be captured
– Windmill (Windmills and wind turbines are NOT the same thing)
• Lift devices: typical HAWTs (not all HAWTs)
– Use aerodynamic foil like airplane wings
– Operate at several times wind speed that propels them
– Very high lift-to-drag ratio
– 59% of wind power can be captured (Betz’s Law)
2/27/2008 Wind 101 Workshop
©Illinois Solar Energy Assn.2008 www.illinoissolar.org
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Comparison of Different Axis Systems
Wind Energy
• Wind turbines typically rated by size of generator
• A 100kW generator with 4’ rotor blades is still considered a 100kW wind turbine
• Power is a square function of diameter of windswept area – Double the rotor blade length= 4X power
• Moral: Use longer rotor blades, but not necessarily more rotor blades…
2/27/2008 Wind 101 Workshop
©Illinois Solar Energy Assn.2008 www.illinoissolar.org
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Wind swept area for horizontal axis
• The wind swept area of a horizontal axis turbine is what the blades cover, or more simply, r2
• A 40 foot diameter blade system covers four times the area as a 20 foot diameter one.
2/27/2008 Wind 101 Workshop
©Illinois Solar Energy Assn.2008 www.illinoissolar.org
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Wind swept area for vertical axis
• The wind swept area of a vertical axis turbine is what the blades cover.
• In the case of this Darrieus Rotor, it would be the radius * ½ the height.
http://www.energy.iastate.edu/renewable/wind/wem/images/wem-08_fig03.gif
Wind energy
• Power is a cubic function of wind speed
– Double the wind speed= 8X power
– P2/P1 = (V2/V1 )3
P2 = (12/10) 3 P1
P2 = 1.73P1
• Moral: Get the turbine in the higher wind; use a taller tower!
• Air density is directly proportional to power
2/27/2008 Wind 101 Workshop
©Illinois Solar Energy Assn.2008 www.illinoissolar.org
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Height does matter
www.omafra.gov.on.ca
Wind Turbine Design factors
• Stay away from building mounted designs – Stress factors, noise, turbulence
• Use taller towers
• Use turbines with longer rotor blades
• Lower RPM turbines tend to last longer/have less maintenance
• Watt hours/$ is bottom line
• VAWTs typically more $/Wh; more materials used in manufacturing…
Site Analysis
• 12-24 months on-site data monitoring best
• Consider using a small wind turbine instead of anemometer…
• Wind ordinance maps online (Purdue)
• National Renewable Energy Laboratory-NREL (http://www.nrel.gov)
• American Wind Energy Association-AWEA (http://www.awea.org/)
• 3 Tier (http://www.3tier.com/en/)
• AWS Truepower (http://www.awstruepower.com/)
Siting Factors • Stay away from building mounted designs!!! • Municipal ordinances on tower height • Rotor assembly should be minimum 30’ above
tallest obstruction within 300’; I.e. 60’ trees, 90’ tower (minimum!), the higher the better
• Top of hill if possible • Consider conduit/cable lengths • FAA • Small Wind Toolbox : Mick Sagrillo
http://www.renewwisconsin.org/wind/windtoolbox.htm
Do Your Research!
• Don’t believe manufacturers’ claims • Until recently, no certifying body; apples to oranges
comparisons for manufacturer’s ratings • AWEA.ORG • Anything written by Paul Gipe (wind-works.org) • Home Power Magazine • Midwest Renewable Energy Association • Renewwisconsin.org/(small wind toolbox) • Purdue University website • http://extension.purdue.edu/renewable-energy/wind-
energy.shtml (7 hours of video)
Cost/payback
• The next several slides are included as examples of cost vs. payback analysis
• They are not meant to be exact figures, but rather approximate estimates to give you an idea of the return on investment of a small wind machine
• Costs do not include annual (or more…) maintenance expenses
2/27/2008
Wind 101 Workshop ©Illinois Solar Energy Assn.2008
www.illinoissolar.org 52
Example of output by wind speed 1 kilowatt nominal turbine
Wind power
class
Speed
mph
Average
power
(watts) per
hour
KWh per year
(Whr * 8,760
hrs/yr)/1,000
Whr/kWh
1 9.8 100 876
2 11.5 150 1,314
3 12.5 200 1,752
4 13.4 250 2,628
2/27/2008
Wind 101 Workshop ©Illinois Solar Energy Assn.2008
www.illinoissolar.org 53
Example of output by wind speed 1 kilowatt nominal turbine
Wind power
class
Speed
mph
Average
power
(watts) per
hour
KWh per year
(Whr * 8,760
hrs/yr)/1,000
Whr/kWh
1 9.8 100 876
2 11.5 150 1,314
3 12.5 200 1,752
4 13.4 250 2,628
2/27/2008
Wind 101 Workshop ©Illinois Solar Energy Assn.2008
www.illinoissolar.org 54
Return on Investment 1.8 kilowatt nominal turbine
Wind power
class
Speed
mph
KWh per year
(Whr * 8,760
hrs/yr)/1,000
wh/kWh
Return on
investment at
$0.12/kWh
per year
1 9.8 1,576 $189.12
2 11.5 2,365 $283.80
3 12.5 3,152 $378.24
4 13.4 4,730
$517.60
2/27/2008
Wind 101 Workshop ©Illinois Solar Energy Assn.2008
www.illinoissolar.org 55
“Payback” of 1.8 kilowatt nominal turbine
Wind power
class
Speed
mph
Return on
investment at
$0.12/kWh
per year
“Payback” on
post-incentive
installation
cost of $6,000
1 9.8 $189.12 32 years
2 11.5 $283.80 21 years
3 12.5 $378.24 16 years
4 13.4 $517.60 12 years
2/27/2008
Wind 101 Workshop ©Illinois Solar Energy Assn.2008
www.illinoissolar.org 56
Cost of electricity generated by 1.8 kilowatt nominal turbine
Wind
power
class
Speed
mph
KWh per
year
Cost of electricity/kWh over
the following years @ $6,000
post-incentive installation
-$6,000/(KWh-yr * yrs)-
10 years 20 years 30 years
1 9.8 1,576 $0.381 $0.190 $0.127
2 11.5 2,365 $0.254 $0.127 $0.085
3 12.5 3,152 $0.190 $0.095 $0.063
4 13.4 4,730
$0.127 $0.063 $0.043
2/27/2008 Wind 101 Workshop
©Illinois Solar Energy Assn.2008 www.illinoissolar.org
57
Other ways to think about costs
• Cost per kilowatt-hour
• System cost/number of kilowatt hrs generated-year * number of years of expected life of system
• 10kW system costing $30,000 after incentives, generates 17,000 kWh-year
• 10 year cycle - $30,000/170,000 kWh = $0.176/kWh
• 20 year cycle - $30,000/340,000 kWh = $0.088/kWh
• 30 year cycle - $30,000/510,000 kWh = $0.059/kWh
2/27/2008 Wind 101 Workshop
©Illinois Solar Energy Assn.2008 www.illinoissolar.org
58
http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/engineer/facts/03-047f12.gif
Wind turbines are noisy?
2/27/2008 Wind 101 Workshop
©Illinois Solar Energy Assn.2008 www.illinoissolar.org
59
Midwest Avian Impact Studies
• Five studies
• Impacting 254 MW
• Average 2.2 fatalities/turbine-yr
• Average 3.5 fatalities/MW-yr
http://www.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/windpoweringamerica/ pdfs/workshops/2006_summit/kerns.pdf
Wind turbines kill birds?
2/27/2008 Wind 101 Workshop
©Illinois Solar Energy Assn.2008 www.illinoissolar.org
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Keeping things in perspective
www.thegreenpowergroup.org
Energy Storage
• Batteries
• Compressed Air
• Water Pumping
• Hydrogen/Electrolysis
• Super Capacitors
• Flywheels
• Energy derived from the sun in the form of solar radiation
• Solar thermal
– Conversion of sunlight into heat
– Usually heating a fluid such as water or air
• Solar photovoltaics
– Direct conversion of solar energy to electricity using the photovoltaic effect
Solar Thermal
Sun heats a fluid which is circulated through a
heat exchanger where it
preheats water, typically
for domestic hot water
or space heating.
Source: Google images
Solar Electric: Photovoltaics (PV)
• Direct conversion of sunlight into electrical energy
• Creates Direct Current (DC) electricity; like a battery
Solar Cell Model
• Notice the split between two different types of silicon. N-type silicon on the top, and P-type silicon on the bottom.
• A solar cell is a type of diode – this is the p-n junction.
Source: Tim Wilhelm, PE
Let’s Talk Sunlight
• Light is composed of tiny packets of energy called photons. Photons may have different masses and carry varying amounts of energy.
• When a photon strikes an atom, it can interact with the electrons, and the photon’s energy can be absorbed (heat).
• The additional energy can drive an atom’s outer electrons off. An electron freed in this manner is called a conduction electron because it is free to move about.
• This is how sunlight stimulates an abundance of electrons to be present on the N-type side of the silicon.
Source: Tim Wilhelm, PE
PV has many uses
• Grid tied
• Back-up power
• Water pumping
• Remote power for anything w/ enough batteries
• Some experiments with solar power to produce hydrogen through electrolysis to be used in a fuel cell. Unlimited potential, but extreme costs…
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Maybe no uses are as dramatic and important as the portable PV panels and small refrigerators carried around Africa on the backs of camels.
Source: Tim Wilhelm PE
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Refrigerators like this, carried on the backs of camels and powered by PV panels, allow vaccines to be kept in good condition and transported to remote villages where medicines are needed.
Source: Tim Wilhelm PE
Sources:1.Illinois Solar Energy Association http://www.illinoissolar.org/ 2.NREL
PV Works Well in Illinois
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
J F M A M J J A S O N D
87
100
131
148
167 161
169 160
147
117
76
64
131 139
159 163
147
131
143 146
132 138
125 131
kil
ow
att
-hrs
/mo
nth
Illinois Miami, FL
A solar electric system will work about as well in Illinois as one in Miami, Florida, around
90%. A PV system in Illinois can out-produce a Miami system in the summer.
PVWATTS simulation – Natl Renewable Energy Lab, 1 kW AC, 30 degrees fixed angle due south
Sizing a PV system
• About 85-100 ft2 per kW of PV
• 12 months energy bills to estimate actual energy usage
• Divide 12 months kWh by 365 to find average daily use
• Divide by 4.4 average sun hours per day
• Divide by 0.8 for efficiency losses in DC-AC conversion, and other factors
Sizing (cont.)
For example, you use 12,000 kWh/year:
12,000/365=33
33/4.4=7.5
7.5/0.8=9.375
You would need a 9.5 kw PV system to produce all of your electrical needs for the year. You would approximately 800-950 ft2 of south facing roof top or other space for the array.
Costs
• Currently grid tied system about $5-$6 per watt installed
9.375 kW * $5 = $46.875
Ooops!!!
That “k” means 1000!
$46,875.00 (pre incentive)
Advantages over wind
• Little to NO maintenance • Greater longevity • Generally easier overall installation • No towers • Can be mounted on roof using otherwise more or less useless square
footage • No noise at all • No bird kills • No urban restrictions/set backs • Smaller residential size system cheaper per installed watt than wind • Easier to site (is there any shade?) and estimate annual output and
perhaps the most important…. • Your children and grandchildren will think you are cool!*
*disclaimer-you have to be cool already for this to work properly.
Disadvantages…
• The fuel source goes away every day
• Shade is extremely detrimental to output
• Expensive up front investment
• Low density power per sq ft
• Improperly installed systems can create potential severe hazards (fire, roof leaks)
• Can alter building appearance negatively
Resources
• Photovoltaic Systems by Jim Dunlop
• Photovoltaic Design and installation Manual by Solar Energy International
• MREA https://www.midwestrenew.org/
• SEI http://www.solarenergy.org/
• Indiana Renewable Energy Association http://www.indianarenew.org/
• NABCEP.org