2012 Agronomy Update Meetings Portage, Fond du Lac...

Lauer © 1994-2011 http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu

2012 Agronomy Update Meetings

Portage, Fond du Lac, Kimberly, Wausau, Eau Claire, Sparta, Janesville and Belmont

Joe LauerUniversity of Wisconsin-Madison

Cooperating with Columbia, Fond du Lac, Outagamie, Marathon, Eau Claire, Monroe, Rock and Grant Counties

January 3 – 6, 2012


• 2011 highlights for corn production

• Do we need to do tillage following soybean? The influence of residue management and planting date responses.

• Corn silage hybrids – What’s new and how are they performing?

Overview


• Growing Season Planting: Cool, wet conditions, delays in

NE WI Season: Wind event in early July caused lodging in

southern two tiers of counties.

GDU accumulation was below normal in the south

Harvest: Below normal precipitation in the south resulted in dry grain

• New in the Hybrid Trials Strive to improve readability Traits organized as technologies in Table 2

Tables 3 and 4 include frequency of transgenic technologies and seed treatments

Only traits listed in results tables

New: Marshfield includes both NC and N set of hybrids

Highlights for corn production during 2011

• Records Grain No “All-time” grain yield records set in 2011

The top yielding hybrid was DeKalb DKC62-09 in the Southern production zone at 246 bu/A.

Silage Five hybrids broke into the All-time Top 50

list. All were grown in the South Central production zone.

The top yielding hybrid was DairylandHiDF3110Q in the South Central production zone at 11.5 T/A. At Galesville, forage yield was 12.8 T/A (6th All-

time)


Growing degree unit accumulation and precipitation deviations during 2010 compared to the 30-yr normal

(+ Standard Deviation of warm/cool and wet/dry seasons)

Lauer unpublished for UW-ARS Arlington

‐600

‐400

‐200

0

200

400

April 1 May 1 June 1 July 1 August 1 September 1 October 1

Growing Degree Unit

deviations

(max= 86

o F, b

ase = 50

o F)

Normal_2011_2009_2008_2005_2004_1997_1995_1993_1992_1991_1988

‐12

‐8

‐4

0

4

8

12

16

20


Precipita

tion de

viations

(inches)

Normal_2011_2010_2008_2006_2005_2003_1993_1989_1988_1982


Growing degree unit accumulation and precipitation deviations during 2010 compared to the 30-yr normal

(+ Standard Deviation of warm/cool and wet/dry seasons)

Lauer unpublished for UW-ARS Marshfield

‐600

‐400

‐200

0

200

400


Growing Degree Unit

deviations

(max= 86

o F, b

ase = 50

o F)

Normal_2011_2010_2009_2008_2004_1998_1997_1995_1994_1991_1988

‐12

‐8

‐4

0

4

8

12

16

20


Precipita

tion de

viations

(inches)

Normal_2011_2010_2006_2005_2003_2002_1993_1989_1988_1987_1986


• Corn is grown on ~4 million acres in WI. A one bushel increase by farmers increases farm income $8 to $20 million dollars annually.

• Objective: To provide unbiased performance comparisons of hybrid seed corn available in Wisconsin. In 2011, 492 corn hybrids were

tested at 14 locations.

Corn Agronomy Program 2011


PercentLocation N Yield N Yield changeArlington 1988 216 150 194 -10Janesville 1885 223 150 230 3Lancaster 1753 214 150 231 8Fond du Lac 1471 185 153 205 11Galesville 1565 210 153 222 6Hancock 1594 219 153 204 -7Chippewa Falls 1180 165 144 188 14Marshfield 1618 164 204 180 10Seymour 1303 166 144 172 4Valders 1536 167 144 151 -10Coleman/Rhinelander 268 176 60 181 3Spooner 1376 139 180 162 17

20112001-2010

2011 Wisconsin Corn Performance TrialsGrain Summary


PercentLocation N Yield N Yield changeArlington 642 9.6 62 9.2 -4Lancaster 642 9.0 62 9.7 8Fond du Lac 664 8.1 76 9.4 16Galesville 668 9.4 76 9.9 5Chippewa Falls 458 7.4 81 8.2 11Marshfield 606 7.3 107 7.6 4Valders 587 7.3 81 7.9 8Coleman/Rhinelander 202 7.3 26 8.6 18Spooner 440 6.8 52 7.0 3

20112001-2010

2011 Wisconsin Corn Performance TrialsSilage Summary


1. Use multi-location averages to compare hybrid performance

2. Evaluate consistency of performance

3. Pay attention to seed costs http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/Season/DSS.aspx

4. Every hybrid must stand on its own for performance

5. Buy the traits you need

“Traits do not add to yield … Traits protect yield.”

Hybrid Selection Principles in the Transgenic Era

http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/HT


Photo by Justin Hopf

Corn-Soybeansince 1983

CCSSCS

CCCCCSSSSS---------------

Tillage=2N rate

CultivarPopulation

Row spacingSeed insecticide

N timingN source

The Wisconsin Rotation TrialsLauer, Conley and Undersander

BioCharsince 2009

CCCS

------------Tillage=2BioChar

Tillagesince 2001

CCCS

----------------Tillage=6

StarterPlanting date

Corn-AlfalfaARL and MAR since 2010

CCCCAAACCAA

CCAA biomass

Corn-Soybean-WheatARL &MAR since 2002

CCSS

WWCS

CSWCWS

CWS biomass----------------------------

Seed fungicideFoliar fungicide

Fusarium management

Corn-Soybean-Wheat1984 to 2000

CCSSCS

CSW:1984-1994CCS:1995-2000

CCCS:1995-2000

Corn-Soybean-Oat-Alfalfa-WheatLancaster since 1966

CCCSCOACCCOACCOAA

COAAA:1966-1976CCAA:1977-1986

AA:1977-2004CS:1987-

CA:1987-2004CSW:2005-

---------------------Corn N rate

1966-76: 0, 75, 150, 3001977- : 0, 50, 100, 200 Systems Trials

Soils 1958-Weeds 1987-WICST 1990-GLBRC 2009-


-4 2 22 12 27 48 14 22 22 1 0 2 51 4 0 -12 8 -18 0 17 6 8 16 6 -3 8 2 -1111 -1 0 -3 9 -8 -5 -2 7 0 -3 -16 7 -11 -2 9 5 -1 2 -6-40

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Yiel

d ad

vant

age

of C

T (b

ushe

ls/a

cre)

Continuous Corn Corn-Soybean Rotation

Corn Yield Response to Tillage in CC and CS Rotations

In continuous corn, CT increased corn yield 10 of 24 years, NT= 1 of 24.In a corn-soybean rotation, CT= 5/24, NT 3 of 24.

Control treatments.Transgenic hybrids used since 1998.

Lauer, unpublished

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

%=


0 17 35 17 12 1 22 -6 -7 6 7 11 4 -5 6 -1 1 -4 3 -9 -3 3 2 -2100

120

140

160

180

200

220

240

88-89

90-91

92-93

94-95

96-97

98-99

00-01

02-03

04-05

06-07

08-09

10-11

88-89

90-91

92-93

94-95

96-97

98-99

00-01

02-03

04-05

06-07

08-09

10-11

Gra

in Y

ield

(bus

hels

/acr

e)

Continuous Corn Corn-Soybean RotationNo star = NS, Black star favors CT, Red star favors NT

Corn Yield Response to Tillage in CC and CS Rotations

CTNT

In continuous corn, CT increased corn yield 6 of 12 cycles (50%).In a corn-soybean rotation, there is no difference between CT and NT.

Control treatments.Transgenic hybrids used since 1998.

Lauer, unpublished

* * * * * * *%=


159 159

146137 139 138

133

218 222

198189 192 192 188

245244

229

217212214216

19 19 9 3 4 3 0 16 18 5 1 2 2 0 13 13 6 0 -2 -1 0100

120

140

160

180

200

220

240

CS 1C 2C 3C 4C 5C CC CS 1C 2C 3C 4C 5C CC CS 1C 2C 3C 4C 5C CC

Gra

in Y

ield

(bus

hels

/acr

e)

Cropping SequenceC= Corn, S= Soybean, Number = consecutive year of corn

Corn Yield Response Following Five Years of Soybean

Cycle 1: 1988-1997

Cycle 2: 1998-2007

Cycle 3: 2008-2011

Modern corn hybrids and management practices have the same rotation response as older hybrids and practices …

Control treatments averaged acrosstillage treatments at Arlington, WI.Transgenic hybrids used since 1998.

Lauer, unpublished

A A B CD C CD D A A B C BC BC C A A B C C C C

%=


150

140

204 200

235

221

8 0 2 0 6 0100

120

140

160

180

200

220

240

CT NT CT NT CT NT

Gra

in Y

ield

(bus

hels

/acr

e)

Cropping SequenceCT= Conventional tillage, NT= No tillage

Corn Yield Response to Tillage

Cycle 1: 1988-1997Cycle 2: 1998-2007Cycle 3: 2008-2011

Conventional tillage increases grain yield 2-8% compared to no tillage … but there is an interaction …

Control treatments averaged acrossrotation treatments at Arlington, WI.Transgenic hybrids used since 1998.

Lauer, unpublished

A B A A A B

% =


1 1 3 13 9 14 16 -2 -3 6 6 9 9 3 0 0 5 14 13 18 9100

120

140

160

180

200

220

240

CS 1C 2C 3C 4C 5C CC CS 1C 2C 3C 4C 5C CC CS 1C 2C 3C 4C 5C CC

Gra

in Y

ield

(bus

hels

/acr

e)

Cropping SequenceC= Corn, S= Soybean, Number = consecutive year of corn

Corn Yield Response Following Five Years of Soybean

CT Cycle 1: 1988-1997CT Cycle 2: 1998-2007CT Cycle 3: 2008-2011NT

Tillage does not affect corn yield the first year following soybean, but improves yield 3-6% in the second year, and 6-14% in the third year ……

Control treatments averaged acrosstillage treatments at Arlington, WI.Transgenic hybrids used since 1998.

Lauer, unpublished

* * * * * * * * * * *%=


0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000

T/ABu/A

Hybrid eraTransgenic

era

Open pollinated era

Corn grain and silage yield in Wisconsin since 1866The yield march continues …

Corn for Grain1866 to 1929 = 0.0 bu/A yr1930 to 1995 = 1.4 bu/A yr1996 to 2010 = 1.9 bu/A yr

Corn for Silage1919 to 1929 = -0.04 T/A yr1930 to 1995 = 0.10 T/A yr1996 to 2010 = 0.21 T/A yr

USDA-NASS


Corn grain yield change over time for U.S. counties1990 to 2009

Lauer, 2010 (Data source: USDA-NASS)


Corn silage yield change over time for U.S. counties1990 to 2009

Lauer, 2010 (Data source: USDA-NASS)


• Objective: To describe corn yield and quality changes of representative cultivars used by farmers in the northern Corn Belt.

• Total of 36 cultivars Six open-pollinated cultivars used

prior to 193024 cultivars representing four 15-yr

eras between 1931 and 1989Six modern cultivarsCultivars were divided into early- and

late-maturity trialsArlington, Fond du Lac, Marshfield 1997 and 1998

• M&M of 1995 to 2009 era

What has happened to corn silage hybrids over time?Materials and Methods


20

30

40

50

60

70

80

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010

Sila

ge q

ualit

y co

mpo

nent

s (%

)

ivNDFDNDFivTDStarch

Average corn silage quality components of hybrids tested in the UW silage consortium and performance trials

(Error bar= standard error of the mean)

Lauer unpublished, derived from the Arlington, Fond du Lac, and Marshfield UW Silage Trials


Trait(s) GxEForage yield NDF NDFD Starch Milk2006

N T DM/A % % % Lbs/T Lbs/A

Normal 3398 7.8 47 59 30 3100 25000

Bmr 126 6.4 48 67 26 3300 21000

Leafy 240 8.1 48 59 27 3100 25000

CB 736 8.1 46 59 31 3100 26000

RR 339 7.8 47 58 30 3100 24000

CB,LL 331 8.2 47 59 30 3100 26000

CB,RR 395 8.0 46 59 32 3100 25000

CB,RW,RR 891 7.9 46 58 32 3100 25000

LSD(0.05) 0.6 2 1 4 100 2000

Average 7403 8.0 47 58 30 3100 25000

What is an Average Corn Silage Hybrid?

Lauer, 1990-2010; UW ST trials= 266; n= 21,420


y = 0.25x + 2.12R² = 0.93

y = 0.76x + 2.90R² = 0.93

0

2

4

6

8

10

OP: 1900-1929

1930-1944 1945-1959 1960-1974 1975-1989 Modern1990-1997

UW ST1995-2010

Yie

ld (

T D

M/A

)

Stover yieldWhole plant yield

Relationship between era of release and whole-plant or stover yield1) Whole plant yield has increased 0.76 T DM/A yr2) Stover yield has increased 0.25 T DM/ A yr

Lauer et al., 2001, Crop Science 41:1449and unpublished using 2003 calibration equation


y = -1.28x + 51.13R² = 0.87

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

OP: 1900-1929

1930-1944 1945-1959 1960-1974 1975-1989 Modern1990-1997

UW ST1995-2010

Neu

tral

Det

erge

nt F

iber

(%

)

Stover NDFWhole-plant NDF

The relationship between neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and era of release.1) Whole-plant NDF is decreasing at 1.3% per era2) No relationship between stover NDF and era



y = 0.83x + 73.27R² = 0.88

60

65

70

75

80

85

OP: 1900-1929

1930-1944 1945-1959 1960-1974 1975-1989 Modern1990-1997

UW ST1995-2010

in v

itro

Tru

e D

iges

tibi

lity

(%)

Stover ivTDWhole-plant ivTD

The relationship between in vitro true digestibility and era of release.1) Whole-plant digestibility has increased 0.83% per era2) No relationship for stover



y = 2.18x + 14.57R² = 0.79

10

20

30

40

50

60

OP: 1900-1929

1930-1944 1945-1959 1960-1974 1975-1989 Modern1990-1997

UW ST1995-2010

Per

cent

(%

)

Stover ivNDFDWhole plant ivNDFDStarch

Relationship between era of release and ivNDFD and starch content1) No relationship for whole-plant and stover2) Starch content has increased 2.18% per era



The relationship between performance index (Milk2000) and era of release1) Milk yield has increased 2770 lb milk/A per era2) Forage quality has increased 83.9 lb milk/T per era

y = 2,770x + 8,320R² = 0.99

y = 83.9x + 2,875R² = 0.70

600

1200

1800

2400

3000

3600

10000

14000

18000

22000

26000

30000

OP: 1900-1929

1930-1944 1945-1959 1960-1974 1975-1989 Modern1990-1997

UW ST1995-2010

Milk yieldForage quality

Milk yield (lb milk / A) Forage quality (lb milk / A)

Lauer, unpublished using 2003 calibration equation


• Good agronomics High yield (Biomass) Pest resistance in high density Transgenic traits for pest control is important

Lower economic threshold for pest control Adequate lodging resistance Prolific

• Proper ensiling moisture at harvest Harvest drydown synchrony between

stover and ear Soft kernel texture

• Environment Soil organic matter: High root mass,

cutting heightManure: Low-phytate for less P N: Rotations with alfalfa lowers N fertilizer

requirement Stress tolerance: drought

Breeding/Managing an ideal corn plant for silage

• Forage quality High starch content High NDFD Low NDF Nutrient dense Waxy endosperm: 100%

amylopectin = 100% digestible

Oil: Lower linoleic to oleic ratio

Increase protein content Optimize amino acid

profile

Produces as much protein and oil per acre as soybean

Transgenic traits Modify other lignin

pathway (“Bmr like”) traits

• “Dual” purpose?


• Don’t throw away your chisel plow…• Modern corn hybrids and management

practices have the same rotation response as older hybrids and practices.

• Conventional tillage increases grain yield 2-8% compared to no tillage, but there is an interaction … Tillage does not affect corn yield the first year

following soybean, but improves yield 3-6% in the second year, and 6-14% in the third year

In continuous corn, CT increased corn yield 40-50% of the time.

In a corn-soybean rotation, there is no difference between CT and NT.

Conclusions

• Corn silage yield gain continues …• Much progress yet to be gained,

especially for quality traits. Forage quality changes have not occurred,

although specific hybrids have had dramatic changes (i.e. bmr)

More progress might be gained if breeding efforts targeted quality rather than yield.

• Environmental “traits” may become just as important as forage quality traits. Manure management

Stress management (i.e. drought)

• “First lesson….don’t try and make corn the perfect, all inclusive crop. Only 8-10% of corn acres are used for silage.” (Bill Mahanna, 2011)


Thanks for your attention!Questions?

Website: http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu

To subscribe to season updates: http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/Web/Subscribe.htm

The Corn Agronomy Bloghttp://wisccorn.blogspot.com/

Twitterhttp://twitter.com/#!/WiscCorn

http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/PEPS/

http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/HT/

2012 Agronomy Update Meetings Portage, Fond du Lac...

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