Total 1 million microarrays available

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

www.ebi.ac.uk

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

• Affects 20 million in US, 170 million world-wide

• Leading cause of kidney failure, blindness, amputation

• Major risk factor for heart disease, stroke, birth defects

• 12% of all US health-care dollars

• Prevalence in children born after the year 2000 expected to reach 30%

• Many drugs available to boost insulin secretion, improve insulin response, lower glucagon secretion

• New drugs still needed and used: DPP-4 inhibitors (2008)

Perc

ent

of

gen

es

Number of positive experiments (out of 130)

Intersect 130 experiments

Intersect 130 experiments

Most of the 25000 genes in the genome are positive in very few diabetes experiments

Perc

ent

of

gen

es

Number of positive experiments (out of 130)

Our best known 186 genes are positive in more experiments!

LEPR

Perc

ent

of

gen

es

Number of positive experiments (out of 130)

TCF7L2 PPARG

Intersect 130 experiments

A

Perc

ent

of

gen

es

Number of positive experiments (out of 130)

Intersect 130 experiments

Gene A is expressed in mouse fat tissue Gene A is higher in high fat diet

Gene A

Gene A knockout mouse has fewer inflammatory cells in the fat

• Stain for inflammatory cells (macrophages)

Humans have inflammatory cells in their fat too, with Gene A!

• Paraffin-embedded omental fat tissue from an obese 57 year woman, BMI 36.9 kg/m2

Humans even have Gene A in the blood! It correlates with our average blood sugar (HbA1c)

Therapeutic antibody against Gene A reduces sugar in mice!

• Gene A is CD44 (Hyaluronic Acid Receptor)

• Anti-CD44 in development for multiple cancers

• CD44 is a complicated receptor

Kodama K, Horikoshi M, ..., Maeda S, Kadowaki T, Butte AJ. PNAS, 2012.

Four Lessons Learned

• Sufficient data already exists to impact medicine

– Diagnostics and drugs from public big data

– More data is better, but we see no reason to wait

– Data over dogma

– “Retroactive crowdsourcing”

• Public molecular data is extremely high quality

– Should never wait for perfect data, experiment, conditions

• Sticks seem to work better than carrots for sharing

– Continue exponential growth, more transparency

• Need to train students to initiate science with data

– High school higher education career changers

Collaborators

• Keiichi Kodama

• Rong Chen, Alex Morgan, Marina Sirota

• Takashi Kadowaki, Momoko Horikoshi, Kazuo Hara, Hiroshi Ohtsu / University of Tokyo

• Kyoko Toda, Satoru Yamada, Junichiro Irie / Kitasato University and Hospital

• Junichiro Irie / Keio University

• Shiro Maeda / RIKEN

Support • Lucile Packard Foundation for Children's Health

• National Institutes of Health

• March of Dimes

• Hewlett Packard

• Howard Hughes Medical Institute

• California Institute for Regenerative Medicine

• Scleroderma Research Foundation

• Clayville Research Fund

• PhRMA Foundation

• Stanford Cancer Center, Bio-X

• … and you, the taxpayer who supports and pays for science