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Transcript of 2011 MBBS Honours Literature Review Structure and Content Year 3 Honours Workshop 3C A/Prof Di Eley...
2011 MBBS Honours Literature Review
Structure and Content
Year 3 Honours Workshop 3C
A/Prof Di EleyMBBS Research Coordinator
Based on presentations by A/Prof Lindy McAllister
Overview of this presentation Literature reviews
What are they? What are they not? Searching for literature Reading and compiling literature Writing a literature review
Macrostructure Microstructure
Overcoming being overwhelmed Publishing your review
A literature review IS NOT
a summary IS
a conceptually organised synthesis of the results of your search University of Toronto (2001). http://www.utoronto.ca/hswriting/lit-review.htm
a critique of existing literature an illustration of your mastery of the field an argument e.g., for the need for your research, for
a position. Make sure your argument line is clear.
Why write a literature review? Demonstrates that you know the field
Maps the field and positions you and your research within the context
Justifies the reason for your research Identifies the gap your research can fill Shows your research is important
Allows you to establish your theoretical framework and methodological focusUniversity of Queensland (2002). http://www2.ems.uq.edu.au/phdweb/phhome.html
The stages of writing a literature Searching the literature Reading and compiling literature Writing the document
Macrostructure Microstructure
Publishing your review
Searching the literature
Types of literature
· Journals/periodicals· Books & chapters· Reports
(e.g., technical, government, research)
· Conference papers & proceedings
· Dissertations & theses
· Unpublished work (e.g., e-mail, letters, minutes,
internal reports) · Reviews· Audiovisual media· Electronic media
(e.g., CD ROM, internet)
· Newspapers & magazines
Based on APA (1994) and http://www.clet.ait.ac.th/EL21LIT.HTM
Make sure your review is current
Use the library Learn to search
Medline CINAHL ERIC
Ask colleagues – get help and advice
Reading a mountain of
literature
Reading – just do it, lots of it
"Some books are to be tasted,
others to be swallowed,
and some few to be chewed and digested"
(Bacon)
Reading for different purposes
· accounts of research on similar topics; · accounts of research methods being applied in
ways which are similar to your own plans; · accounts of the context relating to your project.
Baxter, L., Hughes, C., Tight, M. (1996). How to research. Buckingham: Open University Press.
Prepare to be overwhelmed where to start?
Get a feel for the state of play in your topic area Ask your supervisor for the names of 2 influential
researchers in your topic area Look them up on the web; download their CVs if
possible; read all their papers chronologically to trace the development of key ideas in the field
Read a recent state-of-the-art summary or literature review in your topic area Text book chapter; review articles or tutorial articles in
journals; meta-analysis; systematic review
Be ‘picky’ (strategic) with what you read and use
Delimit the searches e.g., by years (say 2000-2006), language, key words etc
Only read ‘older’ literature if it is ‘seminal’/classic or frequently cited In recent search, what papers are most often referred to? Citation indices
Keep good record of searches to save effort and reduplication
Ask librarian to help you!
Information management Electronic
ProCite, EndNote, ScholarsAid Manual
Filing cabinet Concertina files Card system Reading log Spreadheet
Categorise your articlesAfter a comprehensive search decide which are; A - highly relevant B - less relevant, but still important C - articles that leave you with a nagging
feeling that you should have read them X - don’t want to read, not relevant,
never will be relevantFindley, T. W. (1989). The conceptual review of the literature or how to read
more articles than you ever want to see in your entire life. American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 70, S17-S22.
Reviewing it all
Individual article review
versus
Conceptual review of the literature
Individual article review – evaluating what you have gathered
Read in this way for ‘A’ articles Numerous formats within various
references for individual article reviews Formats often focus on research
methodology
Literature to help you evaluate individual articles Cuddy, P. G., Elenbaas, R. M., Elenbaas, J. K.
(1983). Evaluating the medical literature - Part I: Abstract, introduction, methods. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 12, 549-62. Part II: Statistical analysis (pp. 610-20) Part III: Results and discussion (pp. 679-86)
Gore, S. M. (1981). Assessing clinical trials (series). British Medical Journal, 282, 1687-89, 1780-81, 1861-63, 1958-60, 2114-17. Also 283, 211-13.
Conceptual literature review Articles are reviewed in an integrated fashion Articles that are methodologically flawed are
included Goal = examination of the state of the art Your conceptual framework will be different from
that of the writer of the article Conceptual review is written from common
themes
Findley, T. W. (1989). The conceptual review of the literature or how to read more articles than you ever want to see in your entire life. American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 70, S17-S22.
How to construct a conceptual framework Review the highly relevant articles.
Write a few notes on each front page Construct a framework for classification of
relevant articles List major points from the articles, then sort these
points into a sensible order Draw a table listing author and year under
each conceptual category
Findley, T. W. (1989). The conceptual review of the literature or how to read more articles than you ever want to see in your entire life. American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 70, S17-S22.
Example of tabular format
Study Discipline Country Research approach Participants Data analysis Major findings
Scully & Shepard, 1983 Physiotherapy USA Ethnography 31, various experience levels Grounded theory Key themes/subthemes
Primacy of patient needs Rewards-Personal satisfaction, Professional
development, Dept enrichment Hardships-Time conflicts, Loss of patient
contact, Loss of privacy Teaching tools unique to clinical setting-
Diagnosis of student readiness, Selection of clinical problems, Manipulating time, Coaching, Shifting status of student to therapist, Evaluation of students, Self-evaluation
Example: Concept map framework
Create your own! Use Powerpoint Butcher’s paper Post It notes Inspiration.com Mind mapping software
Concept map
Literature review
Definition
Where to findliterature
Sources of literature
Publishing the
review
Reading
Writing
Macrostructure
Microstructure
Resources
Librarian
Show examples
Writing your literature review
Macrostructure
versus
Microstructure
Macrostructure Funnel your writing from
what is widely known
to what is not known Take the reader to the "point" (reason)
of your research
Macrostructure: Funnel (1) Establish a territory
Show the general area is: important/ central/ interesting/ problematic/ relevant
Introduce and review previous research Establish a niche
Indicate a gap in previous research raise a question about it extend previous knowledge
(but it remains unclear)
Learning Assistance Centre, The University of Sydney, 1997
Macrostructure: Funnel (2) Occupy the niche
Outline purposes/nature of the research Announce principle findings Indicate structure of the paper
Learning Assistance Centre, The University of Sydney, 1997
Developing a structure – some ideas
Put all related articles together e.g., in piles on the floor if need be
Discuss why these piles go together Sort and re-sort as explanations become clearer These piles will become sections of the literature review
Create sub-piles within piles These sub-piles become sub-headings
Create a word file of these headings and sub-headings – do they flow logically
Mindmapping on paper or software will achieve similar results; visual-spatial work and ‘doing’/moving are right brain tasks and working with words is left brain
Macrostructure: Writing paragraphs
Keep in mind that the literature review should provide the context for your research by looking at what work has already been done in your research area.
It is not supposed to be just a summary of other people's work!
The next few slides show the difference
How NOT to do it
This is more like an annotated bibliography than a literature review
"Green (1995) discovered…""In 1998 Black conducted experiments and discovered..""Later Brown (2000) illustrated this in…"
A better way Approaching the review this way forces you
to make judgements and to distinguish your thoughts from assessments made by
others
There seems to be general agreement that xxx (e.g., Brown, 2000; Green, 1995; White, 1997). Green (1995) sees xxx as a consequence of yyy; whereas Black (1998) puts xxx and yyy as … While there are limitations with Green’s analysis, its main value lies in …...
University of Queensland (2002). http://www2.ems.uq.edu.au/phdweb/phhome.html
Writers’ block - don’t believe it Start with an annotated bibliography
Summarise each article in one pile/section Decide on the key themes in the annotated
bibliography Write a paragraph for each theme (as per
suggestions above, in order to obtain synthesis not description/recounts) e.g, Various researchers have conducted randomised control trials on x. The results are equivocal in that some found…. (Refs), while others found …. (Refs). Smith and Jones (2000) have suggested that this variability in results may be due to ….
Just start writing - anything
Start off as a letter……. Go back to your outline (headings/sub-headings) Get feedback on sections and rework Arrange in order of headings and sub-
headings Create linkages between each section and
within each section Build in critique of the literature as you go
Microstructure Relationship between content and form
Form isn’t only for pendants; it can enhance, or detract from,the content
Content is difficult to understand if form is deficient
"Hey, where’s the next mistake?"
Microstructure
Includes Grammar Spelling Referencing
BE CONSISTENT
Grammar and spelling
Watch out for: Singulars / plurals Fewer / less However Apostrophes That / which Affect / effect
CapitalisationCommasFull stops AbbreviationsSplit infinitivesColons and semi colons
Apostrophe’s by Greg Dare
Greg’s First Law of punctuation:
for every omitted apostrophe (Australias, Womens)
theres an equal and opposite extra one (potato’s, pyjama’s).
Its predicted by the year 2000 apostrophe’s will cease to exist or every ’s will have one
but I’ suspect the’yll still keep coming randoml’y.
Reasons for referencing
Academic honesty Credibility Sources of information
i.e., where the ideas, material, etc. come from
Location of information i.e., where to find the original material
Good Guide: APA Publication Manual 5th edition
Publish your literature review
Where? Conference (poster or paper),
journal (tutorial paper), book chapter Why?
To get reviewers’ and readers’ feedback To accomplish something early To stake your claim to that area
Hints for good writing
1. Prepositions are not words to end sentences with.
2. Verbs HAS to agree with their subjects, but data is
not singular.
3. And don't start a sentence with a conjunction.
4. Avoid cliches like the plague. (They're old hat.)
5. Comparisons are as bad as cliches.
6. Also, always avoid annoying alliteration.
7. Be more or less specific.
More hints for good writing
8. Parenthetical remarks (however relevant) are (usually) unnecessary.
9. Also too, never, ever use repetitive redundancies.
10. No sentence fragments.
11. Foreign words and phrases are not de rigeur.
12. Do not be redundant; do not use more words than
necessary; it's highly superfluous.
13. One should NEVER generalize.
Yet more hints for good writing!
14. Don't use no double negatives.
15. One-word sentences? Eliminate.
16. Never use a big word when a diminutive one would suffice.
17. Use words correctly, irregardless of how others use them.
18. Resist hyperbole; not one writer in a million can use it correctly.
19. Don’t use contractions.
20. An ‘underway’ is the opposite of an ‘overpass’.
Four key features One key concept
1. Content
2. Critical analysis
3. Considered reflection
4. Elegance of exposition
In a single word
SCHOLARSHIP
Resources People - write your own list
Other academics, people outside your discipline, people you know who are good writers, CRGT, successful grant writers, copy editors(look around the room as well!)
Useful resource McLeod, S. & McAllister, L. (Eds).
(2002). Getting started on research: Age old issues, new age tools. ACQuiring Knowledge in Speech, Language and Hearing, 4 (1).
Available from Speech Pathology [email protected]
($22 including postage)