2011 AEBIOM Annual Statistical Report

FOREWORD

Brussels, June 2011

Europe is in the midst of a dramatic energy transition, away from fossil fuels, and in some cases also

from nuclear power, to renewable energy. Bioenergy is the major renewable energy source,

accounting for almost 70 percent of European renewables, and showing steady growth.

This development didn’t start with the 20-20-20-goals formulated in 2007, or the Renewable Energy

Directive adopted in 2009. Already before these goals were in place renewable energy sources had

almost doubled their production from the early 1990.ies.

The national action plans presented by the EU member states will further stimulate this

development, particularly for the ”slow starters”. A requirement for success is, however, that the

governments come forward with strong incentives, not only for power production and for the

transport sector, but in particular for the heating sector. We need a price on carbon dioxide

emissions, a common European carbon tax, to give the extra push for conversion of heating from

fossil fuels to biomass.

Bioenergy statistics are often poor in quality, compared to statistics for fossil fuels and electricity.

This is certainly true for small scale and local use of wood for energy, but also for industrial use.

AEBIOM´s staff has done a tremendous job compiling existing statistics from a large number of

sources. During the last years, a number of EU projects have given us new statistics as well as

projections for the future.

Statistics are not dry numbers. Good statistics presented in a clear way help us to understand what is

going on around us, and to paint the big picture. Finally I would like to congratulate you to have

some interesting reading a head and ask you to help us in our efforts to keep up the trend and

continuously increase the use of Bioenergy. Your support and action is important - become an

Aebiom member!

Gustav Melin

President Aebiom

Table of Contents

1 General information ................................................................................. 1

1.1 Glossary .......................................................................................................................... 3

1.2 Energy content, calorific value, specific weight ................................................................ 6 1.2.1 Liquids ............................................................................................................................................. 6 1.2.2 Solid fuels: ....................................................................................................................................... 7 1.2.3 Gaseous fuels ................................................................................................................................ 10

1.3 Transformation coefficients, average yields ................................................................... 10

1.4 C02 emissions ................................................................................................................ 11

2 Introduction ............................................................................................. 13

2.1 Biomass for energy ....................................................................................................... 13

2.2 RES Directive................................................................................................................. 14

3 Overview about the European Energy System .......................................... 16

3.1 Generalities .................................................................................................................. 16

3.2 Bioenergy balance in Europe ......................................................................................... 18 3.2.1 Gross inland consumption ............................................................................................................. 19 3.2.2 Final energy consumption ............................................................................................................. 21

3.3 Targets for biomass/ bioenergy according to AEBIOM .................................................... 25

4 Biomass supply ......................................................................................... 27

4.1 General overview .......................................................................................................... 27

4.2 Biomass for agricultural land and by-products ............................................................... 28 4.2.1 Energy crops .................................................................................................................................. 34 4.2.2 Agricultural by products ................................................................................................................ 38

4.3 Biomass from forestry ................................................................................................... 40 4.3.1 Forestry biomass ........................................................................................................................... 40 4.3.2 Forestry residues ........................................................................................................................... 46

4.4 Biomass from waste sector............................................................................................ 47

4.5 Other ............................................................................................................................ 50 4.5.1 Paper and pulp mills ...................................................................................................................... 50 4.5.2 Contribution of peat to the European energy system .................................................................. 51

5 Heat from Biomass .................................................................................. 53

5.1 Generalities .................................................................................................................. 53

5.2 District Heating and Cooling .......................................................................................... 55

6 Electricity from biomass ........................................................................... 59

6.1 Generalities .................................................................................................................. 59

6.2 Combined Heat and Power (CHP) .................................................................................. 60

7 Biofuels for Transport .............................................................................. 63

7.1 Bioethanol and biodiesel ............................................................................................... 63

8 Pellets ...................................................................................................... 69

8.1 Pellets Production ......................................................................................................... 69

8.2 Pellets trade ................................................................................................................. 72

8.3 Pellets consumption ...................................................................................................... 75

9 Biogas ...................................................................................................... 79

9.1 Generalities .................................................................................................................. 79

9.2 Biogas for electricity...................................................................................................... 82

9.3 Biogas for heat .............................................................................................................. 83

10 Overview about the National renewable energy action plans .................. 84

10.1 Energy, bioenergy and other renewable ..................................................................... 84 10.1.1 Gross final energy consumption .................................................................................................... 84 10.1.2 contribution expected from bioenergy in EU27 in 2020 ............................................................... 85

10.2 Biomass supply .......................................................................................................... 87

10.3 Electricity sector ........................................................................................................ 89

10.4 Heat sector ................................................................................................................ 93

10.5 Transport sector ........................................................................................................ 95

Contact details are available on the AEBIOM web site: www.aebiom.org

1. ABA – Austria 2. ValBiom – Belgium 3. EUBA – Bulgaria 4. BGBIOM – Bulgaria 5. Croatian Biomass Association 6. CZ Biom – Czech Republic 7. INBIOM – Denmark 8. DI Bioenergy – Denmark 9. EBA – Estonia 10. FINBIO – Finland

11. FBE – France 12. BBE – Germany 13. CARMEN – Germany 14. HELLABIOM – Greece 15. ITABIA – Italy 16. AIEL – Italy 17. STBA – Italy 18. IrBEA – Ireland 19. LATbio – Latvia 20. LITBIOMA – Lithuania

21. NL-BEA – The Netherlands 22. NOBIO – Norway 23. POLBIOM - Poland 24. CEBIO – Portugal 25. SK-BIOM – Slovak Republic 26. ADABE – Spain 27. APPA – Spain 28. AVEBIOM – Spain 29. SVEBIO- Sweden 30. REA – United Kingdom

http://www.aebiom.org/

2011 AEBIOM Annual Statistical Report 1

1 GENERAL INFORMATION

Table 1.1 Country abbreviations and key general statistics

Total

Area (km2)

Population (1000

inhabitants)

GDP/inhabitants PPS (

1)

Inflation (2)

%

Unemployment rate (% of civilian working

population)

EU 27 4.281.550 499.700 23.600 1 9,4

AT Austria 83.870 8.355 28.800 0,4 4,7

BE Belgium 30.528 10.750 27.200 0,0 8,2

BG Bulgaria 111.002 7.607 9.700 2,5 8,6

CY Cyprus 9.251 797 23.200 0,2 6,2

CZ Czech Republic 78.865 10.468 19.000 0,6 7,5

DE Germany 357.104 82.002 27.300 0,2 7,4

DK Denmark 43.098 5.511 27.700 1,1 7,2

EE Estonia 45.227 1.340 14.800 0,2 15,6

EL Greece 131.982 11.260 22.300 1,3 10,2

ES Spain 505.365 45.828 24.500 -0,2 19,0

FI Finland 338.420 5.326 26.100 1,6 8,8

FR France 505.365 64.367 25.300 0,1 9,9

HU Hungary 93.034 10.031 14.900 4,0 10,7

IE Ireland 70.285 4.450 30.900 -1,7 12,9

IT Italy 301.323 60.045 24.000 0,8 8,4

LT Lithuania 65.300 3.350 12.500 4,2 15,9

LU Luxembourg 2.586 494 63.000 0,0 4,9

LV Latvia 64.589 2.261 11.400 3,3 19,9

MT Malta 316 414 18.400 1,8 7,2

NL Netherlands 37.355 16.486 30.700 1,0 4,4

PL Poland 312.679 38.136 14.300 4,0 9,0

PT Portugal 91.909 10.627 18.500 -0,9 10,2

RO Romania 238.391 21.499 10.700 5,6 7,6

SE Sweden 450.295 9.256 28.400 1,9 8,9

SI Slovenia 20.273 2.032 20.600 0,9 6,5

SK Slovak Republic 49.037 5.412 16.900 0,9 14,4

UK United Kingdom 244.101 61.595 27.400 2,2 7,8

(1) Purchasing power standard

(2) Harmonized indices of consumer prices

Source: European Commission, Agriculture and Rural Development “Agriculture in the EU: Statistical and Economic Information Report 2010”


Table 1.2 Symbols and abbreviations

Symbol Meaning Symbol Meaning

, Decimal separator GDP Gross Domestic Product

. Thousand separator GIC Gross Inland Consumption

- / n.a. Not applicable, does not exist h Hour

% Per cent IEA International Energy Agency

€ Euro IRENA International Renewable Energy Agency

AEBIOM European Biomass Association J Joule

blank Data not available Kg oe Kilogram oil equivalent

BTL Biomass to Liquid m³ Cubic meter

ca. Circa = approximately m.c./MC Moisture content

CEPI Confederation of European Paper Industries

MSW Municipal solid waste

CHP Combined Heat and Power NCV Net Calorific Value

CO2 Carbon Dioxide Nm³ Normal m³

DH District Heating ODS Organic dry substance

DME Di-Methyl Ether ORC Organic rankine cycle

EE Energy efficiency PV Photovoltaic

E85 Fuel with ethanol content of 85 % RES Renewable Energy Sources

EEA European Environmental Agency RME Rape Methyl Ester

EREC European Renewable Energy Council

solid m³ Solid cubic meter

ESU Economic Size Unit

ETBE Ethyl Tertiary Butyl Ether toe Ton of oil equivalent

FAME Fatty Acid Methyl Ester UAA Utilized agricultural areas

FAO Food and Agriculture Organisation VAT Value Added Tax

GCV Gross Calorific Value W Watt

Table 1.3 Decimas prefixes

101 Deca (da) 10

-1 Deci (d)

10² Hecto (h) 10-2

Centi (c)

10³ Kilo (k) 10-3

Milli (m)

106 Mega (M) 10

-6 Micro (μ)

109 Giga (G) 10

-9 Nano (n)

1012

Tera (T) 10-12

Pico (p)

1015

Peta (P) 10-15

Femto (f)

1018

Exa (E) 10-18

Atto (a)

Table 1.4 General conversion factor for energy

to from

1 MJ 1kWh 1 kg oe Mcal

1 MJ 1 0.278 0.024 0.239

1 kWh 3.6 1 0.086 0.86

1 kg oe 41.868 11.63 1 10

1 Mcal 4.187 1.163 0.1 1


1.1 GLOSSARY

Biodiesel

Biodiesel is a methylester derived from vegetable oils or animal fats by the process of trans-esterification.

Biodiesel has similar properties as fossil diesel and can be blended with fossil diesel or used as pure biofuel.

Bioethanol

Bioethanol is an alcohol – C2H5OH – derived from sugar by fermentation. The crops used for the production of

ethanol for energy purposes contain sugar (like sugar beets or sugar cane) or starch like cereals or corn. In the

latter case starch is hydrolyzed to sugar and then fermented to alcohol. . The conversion of lignin or cellulose to

sugar is a more complicated process and subject to research in pilot plants. These technologies are summarized

under the term advanced biofuels.

Biomass

The biodegradable fraction of products, waste and residues from biological origin from agriculture (including vegetal

and animal substances), forestry and related industries including fisheries and aquaculture, as well as the

biodegradable fraction of industrial and municipal waste

Biofuels

‘Biofuels’ means liquid or gaseous fuel for transport produced from biomass

Bioliquids

‘Bioliquids’ means liquid fuel for energy purposes other than for transport, including electricity and heating and

cooling, produced from biomass

Biogas

Biogas is a gas containing 50-70% biomethane. It is produced by micro-organisms under anaerobic conditions

from different sources of wet biomass such as manure, fresh crops, and organic waste. The process of biogas

production takes place in landfill sites and also in swamps and other places in the nature, where organic matter

is stored under anaerobic conditions.

Black liquor

Wood consists of cellulose, hemicellulose and to 30-35% of lignin, which cannot be used to produce pulp and

paper. Black liquor is a recycled by-product formed during the process of chemical pulping of wood in the

papermaking industry. In this process, lignin is separated from cellulose, with the latter forming the paper

fibres. Black liquor is the combination of the lignin residue with water and the chemicals used for the

extraction. It plays an important role as bioenergy carrier in the paper and pulp industry. An example: A pulp

mill consuming 1 million m³ wood per year can use 0.03-0.04 Mtoe primary energy in the form of black liquor.

By-products and waste of the forest- and wood industry

Further wood based fuels are by-products of the forest- and wood industry such as: Bark, saw dust, demolition

wood, branches, tops and other wood waste.

CO2eq (Carbon Dioxide Equivalent)

Carbon dioxide equivalent is the standard unit for comparing the global warming potential of any greenhouse

gas over a specified period of time. In this way, the relative severity of all greenhouse gas emissions can be

evaluated in terms of one agreed reference point.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byproduct

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulping

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignin

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulose


CHP (Combined Heat and Power)

Combined heat and power (CHP) or cogeneration is a technology used to improve energy efficiency through

the generation of heat and power in the same plant, generally using a gas turbine with heat recovery. Heat

delivered from CHP plants may be used for process or space-heating purposes in any sector of economic

activity including the residential sector. CHP thus reduces the need for additional fuel combustion for the

generation of heat and avoids the associated environmental impacts, such as CO2 emissions.

Energy crops

Energy crops are those annual or perennial plants that are specifically cultivated to produce solid, liquid or

gaseous forms of energy, including transportation biofuels. These can be traditional crops such as oilseeds,

(rape, soybean, sunflower) cereals (wheat, barley, maize) sugar beet and new dedicated perennial energy crops

– only planted for energy purposes – such as short rotation coppices (willows, poplars) miscanthus, red canary

grass and others.

Economic Size Unit

For each activity (‘enterprise’) on a holding, or farm (e.g. wheat, dairy cows or vineyard), a standard gross

margin (SGM) is estimated, based on the area (or the number of heads) and a regional coefficient. The sum of

all margins, for all activities of a given farm, is referred to as the economic size of that farm. The economic size

is expressed in European Size Units (ESU), 1 ESU being equal to 1 200 euros of SGM.

Final Energy Consumption

‘Gross final consumption of energy’ means the energy commodities delivered for energy purposes to industry,

transport, households, services including public services, agriculture, forestry and fisheries, including the

consumption of electricity and heat by the energy branch for electricity and heat production and including

losses of electricity and heat in distribution and transmission.

Note: According to the understanding of AEBIOM (taking into account the phrasing in the template of the RES

Directive) the share of RES electricity will be calculated in the following way:

Fire wood

Fire wood is the oldest form of woody biomass, yet in many European countries it is still the most used

biomass. The production and the use of firewood is labour intensive, explaining why firewood has lost market

shares in the past. New firewood boilers complying with high environmental standards, new technical

development of producing firewood and the increasing price of fossil fuels lead to a renaissance of firewood as

heating fuel in some regions

Gross Calorific Value (GCV)

The gross calorific value is the total amount of heat released by a unit quantity of fuel when it is burned

completely with oxygen and when the vapor produced during combustion is condensed to liquid water. GCV

includes the heat of condensation and is therefore independent upon the moisture content

Gross Inland Consumption (GIC)

Gross inland consumption is the quantity of energy consumed within the borders of a country. It is calculated

using the following formula: Primary production + recovered products + imports + stock changes – exports –

bunker (i.e. quantities supplied to sea going ships)

national gross electricity production without grid losses +imports −exports


Net Calorific Value (NCV)

The net calorific value (or lower heating value – LHV) is the amount of heat released by a unit quantity of fuel,

when it is burned completely with oxygen, and when the water contained in the fuel is transformed to vapor

and not condensed to water again. This quantity therefore does not include the heat of condensation of any

water vapor. The net calorific value of a given biomass depends on the content of dry matter (excluding

minerals) and moisture. The higher the moisture content and minerals content (giving ashes) the lower the net

calorific value.

Organic Waste (renewable)

Renewable organic waste is the term used to describe those wastes that are readily biodegradable, or easily

broken-down with the assistance of micro-organisms. Organic wastes consist of materials that contain

molecules based on carbon, the carbon coming from the atmosphere via the green plants. This includes food

waste and green waste.

Pellets

Wood pellets are a clean, CO2 neutral and convenient fuel, mostly produced from sawdust and wood shavings

compressed under high pressure using no glue or other additives. They are cylindrical in shape and usually 6-10

mm in diameter. The average length is about 10-30 mm. Furthermore, due to their high energy content the

convenient delivery and storage features, pellets are the ideal fuel for fully automatic small scale heating

systems. With a rapidly growing share in the market, they are a key technology for increasing biomass

utilisation in Europe. In the last few years pellets are increasingly used in power plants for co-firing. Pellets are

also an excellent way of using local resources thus making a concrete contribution to environmental protection

and climate change prevention.

Refuse-derived fuel (RDF)

(Also solid recovered fuel or specified recovered fuel) RDF is produced by shredding and dehydrating municipal

solid waste (MSW). It consists largely of organic components of municipal waste such as plastics and

biodegradable waste.

RES = Renewable Energy Sources

‘energy from renewable sources’ means energy from renewable non-fossil sources, namely wind, solar,

aerothermal, geothermal, hydrothermal and ocean energy, hydropower, biomass, landfill gas, sewage

treatment plant gas and biogases

Round wood

Wood in its natural state as felled, with or without bark. It may be round, split, roughly squared or in other

forms. Normally measured in m3.

Ton of oil equivalent (toe)

The ton of oil equivalent is a conventional standardized unit for measuring energy, defined on the basis for a

ton of oil with a net calorific value of 41 868 kJ/kg.

Utilised agricultural area (UAA)

Total arable land,permanent grassland, land used for permanent crops and kitchen gardens. The UAA excludes

unutilised agricultural land, woodland and land occupied by buildings, farmyards, tracks, ponds, etc.

Wood chips

The importance of wood chips as heating fuel is increasing rapidly due to competitive prices and automatic

heating systems based on wood chips. Wood chips are either produced as by-products from saw mills and

other wood industries or from logs coming directly from the forests; in the latter case their price is higher. High


quality wood chips can only be produced from optimal raw material with a minimum diameter of five

centimetres. Smaller diameters cause more ash, which means less convenience for the customer operating the

wood chip heating system. Rotten and musty wood, dirty wood, demolition wood, shrubs with small branches

and whole trees are not suitable to produce high quality wood chips for small wood chip heating systems. Such

raw materials can, however, be used to produce lower quality wood chips for larger biomass district heating

plants.

1.2 ENERGY CONTENT, CALORIFIC VALUE, SPECIFIC WEIGHT

1.2.1 LIQUIDS

Table 1.5 Average net calorific value, energy content

NCV (GJ/m³) Density (t/m³) NCV (GJ/t) 1 m³ = x toe 1 t = x toe

toe 41,868

Diesel 35,4 0,83 42,7 0,85 1,02

Biodiesel* 32,8 0,88 37,3 0,78 0,89

Rape oil 34,3 0,915 37,5 0,82 0,9

Gasoline 31,9 0,748 42,7 0,76 1,02

Ethanol 21,2 0,794 26,7 0,51 0,64

*also called RME for rapeseed methyl ester or FAME for fatty acid methyl ester. Calorific value can change according to raw material

used for biodiesel production Source: M. Kaltschmitt,H. Hartmann, Energie aus Biomasse, Springer 2001


1.2.2 SOLID FUELS: Table 1.6 Net calorific value, moisture content and energy density for different biomass fuels

Fuel

Net calorific value, dry content

kWh/kg (moisture

content 0%) (qp,net,d)

Moisture content

w-% (Mar)

Net calorific value, as

received=actual value kWh/kg

(qp,net,ar)

Bulk density kg/loose m

3

Energy density

(MWh/loose m

3)

Ash content, dry, %

Sawdust 5,28-5,33 45-60 0,60-2,77 250-350 0,45-0,70 0,4-0,5

Bark, birch 5,83-6,39 45-55 2,22-3,06 300-400 0,60-0,90 1-3

Bark, coniferous

5,14-5,56 50-65 1,38-2,50 250-350 0,50-0,70 1-3

Plywood chips

5,28-5,33 5-15 4,44-5,00 200-300 0,9-1,1 0,4-0,8

Wood pellets 5,26-5,42 7-8 4,60-4,90 550-650 2,6-3,3 0,2-0,5

Steam wood chips

5,14-5,56 40-55 1,94-3,06 250-350 0,7-0,9 0,5-2,0

Lof wood (oven-ready)

5,14-5,28 20-25 3,72-4,03 240-320 1,35-1,95

Logging residue chips

5,14-5,56 50-60 1,67-2,50 250-400 0,7-0,9 1,0-3,0

Whole tree chips

5,14-5,56 45-55 1,94-2,78 250-350 0,7-0,9 1,0-2,0

Reed canary grass (spring harvested)

4,78-5,17 8-20 3,70-4,70 70 0,3-0,4 1,0-10,0

Reed canary grass (autumn harvested)

4,64-4,92 20-30 3,06-3,81 80 0,2-0,3 5,1-7,1

Grain 4,8 11 4,30 600 2,6 2

Straw, chopped

4,83 12-20 3,80-4,20 80 0,3-0,4 5

Miscanthus, chopped

5,0 8-20 3,86-4,06 110-140 1,72-2,19 2,0-3,5

Straw pellets 4,83 8-10 4,30-4,40 550-650 2,4-2,8 5

Olive cake (olive pomace)

4,9-5,3 55-70 1,00-3,10 800-900 1,46-1,64 2-7

Olive cake (olive marc)

4,9-5,3 <10 4,30-4,70 600-650 2,6-2,9 2-7

1kWh/kg = 1 MWh/ton = 3.6 GJ/ton Source: EUBIONET “Biomass fuel supply chains for solid biofuels”


Calculation of net calorific value as received (CEN/TS 15234) The net calorific value (at constant pressure) as received (net calorific value of the moist biomass fuel) is calculated according to equation:

qp,net,ar is the net calorific value (at constant pressure) as received [MJ/kg]

qp,net,d is the ner calorific value (at constant pressure) in dry matter [MJ/kg] (net calorific value of dry fuel)

Mar is the moisture content as received [w-%, wet basis]

0,02443 is the correction factor of the enthalpy of vaporization (constant pressure) for water (moisture) at 25°C [MJ/kg per 1 w-% of moisture) Table 1.7 Typical moisture content of biomass fuels and corresponding calorific values as received

GCV NCV

Moisture content (%) kWh/kg GJ/t toe/t kWh/kg GJ/t toe/t

Green wood direct from the forest, freshly harvested

60% 2 7,2 0,17 1,6 5,76 0,14

Chips from short rotation coppices after harvest

50-55% 2,5 9 0,21 2,1 7,56 0,18

Recently harvested wood 50% 2,6 9,36 0,22 2,2 7,92 0,19

Saw mill residues, chips etc

40% 3,1 11,16 0,27 2,9 10,44 0,25

Wood, dried one summer in open air, demolition timber

30% 3,4 12,24 0,29

Wood, dried several years in open air

20% 4 14,4 0,34

Pellets 8-9% 4,7 16,92 0,4

Wood, dry matter 0% 5,2 18,72 0,45

Cereals as stored after harvest, straw, hay, miscanthus after harvest

13-15% 4 14,4 0,34

Silomaize 30%

Rape seed 9% 7,1 25,6 0,61

Chicken litter as received 68% 2,6 9,6 0,22

To compare with:

Hard coal 8,06 29 0,69

Brown coal 4,17 15 0,36

Peat 2,8 10 0,24

Source: M. Kaltschmitt,H. Hartmann, Energie aus Biomasse, Springer 2001; AEBIOM

qp,net,ar=qp,net,d x [(100 – Mar)/100] – 0,02443 x Mar


The energy content of one ton of wood depends primarily upon the moisture content and not on the wood

species. This is not true on volume basis. The energy content of 1 m³ wood depends upon the species, the

water content and the form of the wood (logs, fire wood pieces, chips etc.).

In the practical use the NCV is of greater importance than the GCV, because normally the energy needed to

evaporate the water is not used. This energy needed to evaporate 1 kg of moisture is around 2,44 MJ (0,68

kWh). The GCV is only of importance in combustion plants, where the vapour is condensed and therefore this

energy can be used. The NCV of a given biomass fuel depends mainly on the mass, measured in units such as

tons or kg and the moisture content.

The moisture content is defined as follows:

m: total weight of a given biomass

d: weight of the dry matter of this biomass (after completely drying)

Moisture content, m.c. in % = 100 – d/m x 100

As it can be seen in table 1.8 the energy content per unit volume differs between different shapes for the same

specie.

Table 1.8 Examples for weight and energy content (NCV) for 1 m³ wood at different water contents, species and shape of the wood

Species Shape m.c. in % t/m³ GJ/m³ kWh/m³

Spruce Solid wood 0 0,41 7,7 2.130

Spruce Solid wood 40 0,64 6,6 1.828

Spruce Stapled wood 25 0,33 4,5 1.245

Spruce Chips 40 0,22 2,3 640

Beech Solid wood 0 0,68 12,6 3.500

Solid wood 40 0,96 9,2 2.547

Beech Stapled wood 25 0,5 6,3 1.739

Beech Chips 40 0,34 3,2 892

Pellets 9 0,69 10,8 3.300

Average figures

Average figures for different species

Solid wood 35 0,75 7,2 2.000

Average figures for different species

Chips 35 0,3 2,9 800

Source: M. Kaltschmitt,H. Hartmann, Energie aus Biomasse, Springer 2001

1.2.2.1 FREQUENTLY USED CONVERSION FACTORS FOR DIFFERENT UNITS OF SOLID BIOMASS

1 PJ = 0.278 TWh = 0.024 Mtoe = 139.000 m³ solid wood = 5.900 ha SRC*

1 TWh = 3.6 PJ = 0.086 Mtoe = 500.000 m³ solid wood = 21.400 ha SRC

1 Mtoe = 41.868 PJ = 11.63 TWh = 5.8 Mm³ solid wood = 248.500 ha SRC

1 Mm³ solid wood = 0.172 Mtoe = 7.19 PJ = 2 TWh = 42.800 ha SRC


1 Mha SRC = 4 Mtoe = 168.3 PJ = 46.8 TWh = 23.4 Mm³ solid wood

*SRC = short rotation coppices, assumption 9 t dry matter/year and ha.

1.2.3 GASEOUS FUELS Table 1.9 Net Calorific value and density of gaseus fuels

NCV NCV NVC Density NCV

kWh/Nm³ MJ/m³ toe/1000m³ kg/Nm³ kWh/kg

Natural gas 9,9 36 0,86 0,73 13,6

Biogas (60% methane)

6 21,6 0,52

Biomethane (upgraded biogas)

9,5 36 0,86 0,73 13

1.3 TRANSFORMATION COEFFICIENTS, AVERAGE YIELDS

Transformation coefficients from biomass to final energy

The following coefficients describe the quantity of final energy in terms of toe that can be produced on the

basis of one ton of different forms of biomass and different conversion technologies.

Biodiesel:

conversion technology: transesterification

1 t rape seed 0,4 t rape seed oil 0,4 t biodiesel 0,45 m³ RME = 0,35 toe

These figures are valid for big installations.

Ethanol :

conversion technology: alcoholic fermentation

1 t corn (14% m.c.) 0,382 m³ ethanol = 0,194 toe

1 t wheat (14% m.c.) 0,378 m³ ethanol = 0,192 toe

1 t sugar beet (16% sugar content) 0,107 m³ ethanol = 0,054 toe

1 t sugar cane ( 14% sugar content) 0,085 m³ ethanol = 0,043 toe

Biogas:

conversion technology: anaerobic fermentation

1 t silo maize (30% dry matter) 180 m³ biogas 110 m³ biomethane = 0,088 toe

25% of this biogas is needed as energy source for the fermentation

1 t sugar beet (23% organic dry matter) 170 m³ biogas 100 m³ biomethane = 0,08 toe

1 t cattle manure (8-11% org. dry matter) 25 m³ biogas 15 m³ biomethane = 0,012 toe

1 t pig manure (7% organic dry matter) 20 m³ biogas 12 m³ biomethane = 0,01 toe


1 t poultry manure. (32 % organ. dry matter) 80 m³ biogas 48 m³ biomethane = 0,04 toe

1 t organic waste from households 90m³ biogas 55 m³ biomethane = 0,05 toe

1 t glycerine (100% organic dry matter) 840 m³ biogas 500 m³ biomethane = 0,4 toe

Advanced biofuels:

1 t wood (dry matter) = 0,2 t BTL = 0.2 toe1

1 t wood (dry matter) = 0,2 t ethanol2

1 Choren Industries, www.choren.de 2 NILE project, www.nile-bioethanol.org

1.4 C02 EMISSIONS

Table 1.10 CO2 emissions for stationary combustion in the energy industries (1000 kg of CO2 per TJ on a net calorific basis)

Fuel CO2

Default Emission Factor

Lower Upper

Crude Oil 73,3 71,1 75,5

Orimulsion 77 69,3 85,4

Natural Gas Liquids 64,2 58,3 70,4

Gas

olin

e

Motor Gasoline 69,3 67,5 73

Aviation Gasoline 70 67,5 73

Jet Gasoline 70 67,5 73

Jet Kerosene 71,5 69,7 74,4

Other Kerosene 71,9 70,8 73,7

Shale Oil 73,3 67,8 79,2

Gas/Diesel oil 74,1 72,6 74,8

Residual Fuel Oil 77,4 75,5 78,8

Liquefied Petroleum Gases 63,1 61,6 65,6

Ethane 61,6 56,5 68,6

Naphtha 73,3 69,3 76,3

Bitumen 80,7 73 89,9

Lubricants 73,3 69,3 76,3

Petroleum coke 97,5 82,9 115

Refinery Feedstocks 73,3 68,9 76,6

Oth

er O

il Refinery Gas 57,6 48,2 69

Paraffin Waxes 73,3 72,2 74,4

White Spitir ans SBP 73,3 72,2 74,4


Other Petroleum Products 73,3 72,2 74,4

Anthracite 98,3 94,6 101

Coking Coal 94,6 87,3 101

Other Bituminous Coal 94,6 89,5 99,7

Sub-Bituminous Coal 96,1 92,8 100

Lignite 101 90,9 115

Oil shale and Tar Sands 107 90,2 125

Brown Coal Briquettes 97,5 87,3 109

Patent Fuel 97,5 87,3 109

Co

ke Coke Oven Coke and Lignite Coke 107 95,7 119

Gas Coke 107 95,7 119

Coal Tar 80,7 68,2 95,3

Der

ived

Gas

es Gas Works Gas 44,4 37,3 54,1

Coke Oven Gas 44,4 37,3 54,1

Blast Furnance Gas 260 219 308

Oxigen Stell Furnance Gas 182 145 202

Natural Gas 56,1 54,3 58,3

Municipal Waste (non-biomass fraction) 91,7 73,3 121

Industrial Wastes 143 110 183

Waste Oils 73,3 72,2 74,4

Peat 106 100 108

Solid

Bio

fuel

s Wood/Wood Waste 112 95 132

Black Liquor 95,3 80,7 110

Other Primary Solid Biomass 100 84,7 117

Charcoal 112 95 132

Liq

uid

Bio

fuel

s

Biogasoline 70,8 59,8 84,3

Biodiesels 70,8 59,8 84,3

Other Liquid Biofuels 79,6 67,1 95,3

Gas

Bio

mas

s

Landfill Gas 54,6 46,2 66

Sludge Gas 54,6 46,2 66

Other Biogas 54,6 46,2 66

Oth

er n

on

-

foss

il fu

els

Municipal Wastes

(biomass fraction) 100 84,7 117

Source: IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories.


2 INTRODUCTION

2.1 BIOMASS FOR ENERGY

Bioenergy refers to renewable energy coming from biological material using various transformation processes

such as combustion, gasification, pyrolysis or fermentation. Conversion paths:

Biomass originates from forest, agricultural and waste streams.

Forest and wood-based industries produce wood which is the largest resource of solid biomass.

Biomass procurement logistics from forest to bioenergy plants are subject to major improvements.

The sector covers a wide range of different biofuels with different characteristics - wood logs, bark,

wood chips, sawdust and more recently pellets. Pellets, due to their high energy density and

standardised characteristics, offer great opportunities for developing the bioenergy market

worldwide.

Agriculture can provide dedicated energy crops as well as by-products in the form of animal manure

and straw. Available land can be used for growing conventional crops such as rape, wheat, maize etc.

for energy purposes or for cultivating new types of crops such as poplar, willow, miscanthus and

others.

Biodegradable waste is the biomass that can cover several forms of waste such as organic fraction of

municipal solid waste, wood waste, refuse-derived fuels, sewage sludge, etc.

Each biomass resource has different characteristics in terms of calorific value, moisture and ash content, etc.

that requires appropriate conversion technologies for bioenergy production. These conversion routes use

chemical, thermal and/or biological processes.

Bio

mas

s


2.2 RES DIRECTIVE

Beside the RES (20%) and renewable energy for transport targets (10%), the directive sets the national

renewable energy targets for all 27 members of the EU. The member states had to adopt national renewable

energy action plans with binding targets for heating and cooling, electricity and transport biofuels from

renewables by 3O June 2010 at the latest. It was up to member states, however, to decide on the mix of

contributions from these sectors to reach their national targets, choosing the means that best suit their

national circumstances. Nevertheless, each member state will have to achieve at least a 10% share of

renewable energy (primarily biofuels) in the transport sector by 2020.

For more information about the National Renewable Energy Action Plans, see chapter 9.

Table 2.1 National targets for the RES Directive

Target for share of RES in final consumption of

energy in 2020

Austria 34%

Belgium 13%

Bulgaria 16%

Cyprus 13%

Czech Republic 13%

Denmark 30%

Estonia 25%

Finland 38%

France 23%

Germany 18%

Greece 18%

Hungary 13%

Ireland 16%

Italy 17%

Latvia 42%

Lithuania 23%

Luxembourg 11%

Malta 10%

Netherlands 14%

Poland 15%

Portugal 31%

Romania 24%

Slovak Republic 14%

Slovenia 25%

Spain 20%

Sweden 49%

United Kingdom 15%


Besides these binding targets (Annex 1A of the Directive), the member states should also fulfil interim

renewable energy targets given by these trajectories (Annex 1B of the Directive):

S2005 + 0,20 (S2020 – S2005), as an average for the two-year period 2011 to 2012;



S2005 + 0,65 (S2020 – S2005), as an average for the two-year period 2017 to 2018,

S2005 and S2020 are the respective shares of the member state in 2005 and 2020. According to this formula, two

thirds of the overall effort has to be done from 2015 until 2020.

The interim targets are only indicative, but the failure of meeting them will mean that the country has to re-

submit its national action plan. The failure to achieve the binding national RES target by 2020 gives the right to

the Commission to initiate the proceedings at the European Court against that member state.


3 OVERVIEW ABOUT THE EUROPEAN ENERGY SYSTEM

3.1 GENERALITIES

The analysis of the future development of renewable energy sources is based on the European Renewable

Energy Council (EREC) “45% by 2030” published in May 2011.

Table 3.1 Contribution of Renewable Energy Technologies to final energy consumption (Mtoe)

2005 2010 2015

2020 2025 2030

Baseline Advanced Baseline Advanced Baseline Advanced

Wind 6 14,7 25,8 42,5 55,1 64,2 75 86 95

Hydro * 29 29,8 30,6 31,8 34 32,5 33,9 33 34,2

PV 0,2 1,7 4,5 7,2 11,5 21,9 27,5 36,6 44

Bioenergy 60 82,2 103,8 134,5 145 184,5 200,5 236 255

Geothermal 1,1 2,4 4,1 7,5 17,5 17,6 30,1 28,4 42

Solar Thermal

0,7 1,4 3 6,3 10,5 37 46 68 81

CSP 0 0,09 0,8 1,7 2,2 5 8,5 8,4 15

Ocean 0,09 0,09 0,8 0,5 0,7 1,3 3,4 2 6

Total RES 96 132,3 173,4 232 276,3 364 424,9 498,4 572,2

Total share of RES (%)

8,5% 11,3% 14,3% 19-20% 23-24% 30% 35% 41-42% 47-48%

Source: EREC, “45% by 2030” *excluding pumped storage Table 3.2 Contribution of Renewable Electricity Demand (TWh)

2005 2010 2015

2020 2025 2030


Wind 69 171 301 495 641 746 872 998 1105

Hydro * 337 346 356 370 393 378 395 384 398

PV 2 20 52 83 134 255 320 426 506

Bioelectricity 67 114 169 323 251 262 314 292 377

Geothermal 6 6 7 11 38 42 118 74 198

CSP 0 1 9 20 25 59 99 98 173

Ocean 1 1 9 6 8 15 39 24 70

Total RES 481 659 902 1217 1490 1757 2157 2296 2827


14,7% 20% 25-26%

33-34% 39-42% 44-45% 54-55% 55-57% 67-69%

Source: EREC, “45% by 2030” *excluding pumped storage


Table 3.3 Contribution of Renewable Heating Technologies to the heat demand (Mtoe)

2005 2010 2015

2020 2025 2030


Bioheat 51 58,8 70,2 86,5 87 127 133 169 178

Solar thermal

0,69 1,4 3 6,3 10,5 37 46 68 81

Geothermal 1 1 9 6 8 15 39 24 70

Total RES-H * 52,29 62,1 76,7 99,4 111,7 178 199 259 284


9% 11% 13% 17-19% 21,5% 32-33% 35-36% 47-49% 52-54%

Source: EREC, “45% by 2030” *excluding aerothermal and hydrothermal heat pumps Table 3.4 Contribution of Renewable Heating Technologies to the heat demand (Mtoe)

2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030


Biofuels 2,9 13,6 19,1 28 36 35 40,5 42 45

Total RES Fuels

2,9 13,6 19,1 28 36 35 40,5 42 45


0,9% 4,3% 5,9% 8,6-9% 11,2-12% 11% 13% 13,6% 15%

Source: EREC, “45% by 2030” Table 3.5 Development of GHG emissions by sector in the EU 27 (Mtoe)

Total energy

Industrial processes

Solvent and other product

use

Agriculture Waste Total

emissions

2000 3.962,1 412,7 13,7 500,7 173,1 5.062,3

2001 4.046,2 400,2 13,1 492,1 165,4 5.117,0

2002 4.013,2 397,1 13,0 487,1 161,5 5.071,8

2003 4.095,5 404,7 12,7 480,8 155,1 5.148,7

2004 4.088,5 416,4 12,9 481,2 149,5 5.148,5

2005 4.062,3 420,2 12,9 475,2 146,1 5.116,7

2006 4.049,9 420,7 12,8 471,7 144,7 5.099,8

2007 3.978,0 434,5 12,5 472,3 141,5 5.038,8

2008 3.907,0 409,7 12,3 471,8 138,9 4.939,7

Source: Eurostat


Table 3.6 GHG emissions of the energy sector in the EU27 (MT of CO2 Eq)

Energy industries

Manufacturing and construction

Transport Other sector Total energy

2000 1502,4 684,1 915,4 738,4 3962,1

2001 1534,7 677,5 928,3 788,5 4046,2

2002 1556,4 652,1 940,7 749,0 4013,2

2003 1609,6 659,4 949,5 765,6 4095,5

2004 1596,9 654,8 968,7 761,2 4088,5

2005 1587,5 646,3 967,6 757,2 4062,3

2006 1594,4 642,5 974,4 738,3 4049,9

2007 1606,3 629,7 979,4 666,3 3978,0

2008 1527,7 608,8 961,8 714,1 3907,0

Excluding international bunkers and LULUCF (Land - Use Land – Use Change and Forestry) emissions

Source: European Environment Agency.

3.2 BIOENERGY BALANCE IN EUROPE

Biomass as an energy carrier can only be understood within the framework of the total energy system.

Therefore, in this chapter basic information about the European energy consumption and the role of RES and

biomass is presented. Please refer to chapters 5, 6 and 7 for more detailed information for different bioenergy

sectors.

Most of the statistics are obtained from Eurostat’s online database. Especially for biomass (and its versatile use for energy) understanding the energy balance method used by Eurostat is essential. It works as follows (simplified structure):

Primary biomass

Input to electricity and CHP

Input to DH

Biomass for households and services

Biomass

for industry

Biofuels

Bioelectricity

Derived heat

Import Export

Gross inland

consumption

Eurostat structure

Heat

Electricity

Transport

Final energy consumption

Biomass


Renewable electricity from biomass and waste is directly given in Eurostat as well as biofuels for transport.

Heating is the sum of "biomass and wastes" (as defined by Eurostat) available for industry, households and

services and biomass derived heat from CHP and heating plants. Note that due to the methodology of Eurostat

part of the inorganic waste is also included in the overall figures for biomass, thus leading to slightly higher

figures for biomass than in reality.

3.2.1 GROSS INLAND CONSUMPTION Gross final energy consumtion is defined in Directive 2009/28/EC as the sum of:

- final energy consumption, i.e. energy delivered to industry for manufacturing processes, to the transport

sector, including international aviation, and to other sectors (households, services, agriculture, etc)

- consumption of electricity and heat by the energy branch for electricity and heat generation (own use by

plant),

- losses of electricity and heat in transmission and distribution.

Table 3.7 Gross inland consumption by fuel in the EU27 (Mtoe)

All fuels Solid fuels Oil Natural gas Nuclear Renewables

2000 1.724,2 320,7 661,2 393,7 243,7 98,2

2001 1.762,7 321,9 675,3 404,4 252,5 101,4

2002 1.759,1 320,9 670,3 405,9 255,4 99,8

2003 1.802,9 331,9 675,0 425,9 256,8 107,8

2004 1.824,6 329,7 678,4 435,7 260,1 116,2

2005 1.825,2 318,3 667,9 445,9 257,3 120,9

2006 1.825,7 325,0 674,2 437,9 255,3 129,1

2007 1.807,8 329,0 658,6 432,5 241,2 143,1

2008 1.801,7 305,3 658,4 440,7 241,9 144,2

2009 1.702,7 267,9 622,8 416,7 230,7 152,6

Source: Eurostat


Figure 3.1 Gross inland consumption of renewable 1995-2008 in EU27 (stacked, Mtoe)

Source: Eurostat

The consumption of RES has significantly increased in recent years. While hydro power stagnates solar and wind energy show impressive growth rates, but starting from a relatively small market share. Biomass is by far the most important source of RES energy in Europe. Biomass represented 68,6% of the consumption of RES in the EU, remaining stable compared to the previous year .

Table 3.8 Gross inland consumption of renewables in the EU 27 (Mtoe)

Year Renewables Biomass and waste

Solar Geothermal Hydro Power

Wind Energy

Biomass share

2000 98,2 59,5 0,4 3,4 30,4 1,9 60,6%

2001 101,4 60,4 0,5 3,6 32,0 2,3 59,6%

2002 99,8 62,1 0,5 3,9 27,1 3,0 62,2%

2003 107,8 67,8 0,6 5,3 26,3 3,8 62,9%

2004 116,2 72,5 0,7 5,3 27,8 5,0 62,4%

2005 120,9 77,5 0,8 5,3 26,4 6,0 64,1%

2006 129,1 83,5 1,0 5,5 26,5 7,0 64,7%

2007 143,1 91,8 1,2 5,7 26,6 8,9 64,2%

2008 144,2 98,2 1,7 5,7 28,1 10,2 68,1%

2009 152,6 104,7 2,4 5,8 28,1 11,4 68,6%

Source: Eurostat Note that the ‘waste’ part of biomass also includes non-organic material (due to the methodology of Eurostat).

200059,5 Mtoe

2009104,7 Mtoe

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

Wind energy

Hydro Power

Geothermal

Solar energy

Biomass and waste


3.2.2 FINAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION

Table 3.9 demonstrates that the industry has reduced its energy consumption, while households consume almost the same amount of energy as ten years ago. The growing demand of the transport sector changed the picture in the past decade.

Table 3.9 Final energy consumption by sector in the EU27 (Mtoe)

Year Total Industry Transport Households/Services

Mtoe Mtoe % Mtoe % Mtoe %

2000 1.120,1 329,3 29,4 341,3 30,5 449,3 40,1

2001 1.144,4 328,6 28,7 344,2 30,1 470,9 41,1

2002 1.131,8 325,2 28,7 347,6 30,7 458,8 40,5

2003 1.171,7 338,8 28,9 352,4 30,1 479,9 41,0

2004 1.186,2 336,5 28,4 363,5 30,6 486,1 41,0

2005 1.192,5 332,8 27,9 367,3 30,8 492,4 41,3

2006 1.193,3 326,0 27,3 375,0 31,4 492,2 41,2

2007 1.166,8 324,7 27,8 380,3 32,6 461,7 39,6

2008 1.175,2 315,8 26,9 377,9 32,2 481,4 41,0

2009 1.113,6 269,4 24,2 367,6 33,0 476,5 42,8

Source: Eurostat Table 3.10 Final energy consumption by fuel in the EU27 (Mtoe)

Year All fuels Solid fuels

Oil Natural gas Electricity Derived

heat Renewables

2000 1.120,1 61,6 482,2 255,3 216,3 43,8 48,2

2001 1.144,4 58,8 493,6 263,7 222,9 46,6 48,1

2002 1.131,8 55,2 487,2 260,1 223,5 45,2 48,3

2003 1.171,7 55,1 494,5 275,2 229,4 54,7 50,6

2004 1.186,1 55,5 498,9 275,4 234,1 57,1 52,6

2005 1.192,5 54,3 500,1 275,3 237,5 58,9 54,6

2006 1.193,3 55,0 498,6 268,2 242,5 58,9 58,4

2007 1.166,8 54,8 486,1 256,7 244,5 49,8 62,6

2008 1.175,2 53,5 486,8 261,0 245,5 49,4 67,4

2009 1.113,6 43,3 462,6 246,4 233,7 48,4 70,1

Source: Eurostat


Note that in the previous table “renewables” are counted without electricity and derived heat from renewable sources due to the methodology of Eurostat! At EU level, in absolute terms, total gross final energy consumption fell from 1193,3 Mtoe in 2006 to 1113,6 Mtoe in 2009, while consumption of renewable energy rose from 58,4 Mtoe in 2006 to 70,1 Mtoe in 2009, i.e. an average increase of 7,3% per year in the period 2006 to 2008. As it can be seen in the following graph, the total share (gross final energy consumption) in final energy consumption was 10.3% in the EU-27 in 2008; the remaining was covered through the use of conventional fuels such as natural gas or oil products. The renewable energy share in final energy consumption was used for the production of heat (5.5%), electricity (4%) and for transport fuels (0.8%) The greater use of renewable energy and the lower overall final energy consumption in 2007 and 2008 compared with 2006, raised the share of renewable energy from 8.9% in 2006 to 10.3% in 2008. This share varies significantly among Member States.

Figure 3.2 EU27 breakdown of gross final energy consumption in 2008

Source: Eurostat

5,5%4,0%

0,8%

89,7%

renewable energy for heating

Electricity from renewable energy

Renewable energy for transport

Conventional fuels


Table 3.11 Final energy consumption in the EU27 in 2009 (Mtoe)

Final Energy Consumption Total

Mtoe Final Energy Consumption Biomass

Mtoe Share of Biomass

EU-27 1.113,6 83,68 7,51%

Austria 26,2 4,15 15,84%

Belgium 34,5 1,23 3,57%

Bulgaria 8,6 0,69 8,02%

Cyprus 1,9 0,03 1,58%

Czech Republic 24,3 1,84 7,57%

Denmark 14,7 2,43 16,53%

Estonia 2,7 0,61 22,59%

Finland 24,0 6,95 28,96%

France 155,5 12,43 7,99%

Germany 213,2 15,73 7,38%

Greece 20,5 0,96 4,68%

Hungary 16,4 1,03 6,28%

Ireland 11,8 0,24 2,03%

Italy 120,9 3,45 2,85%

Latvia 3,9 1,05 26,92%

Lithuania 4,4 0,76 17,27%

Luxembourg 4,0 0,07 1,75%

Malta 0,4 0,00 0%

Netherlands 50,4 1,47 2,92%

Poland 60,9 4,80 7,88%

Portugal 18,2 2,87 15,77%

Romania 22,1 3,91 17,69%

Slovak Republic 10,6 0,58 5,47%

Slovenia 4,6 0,46 10,00%

Spain 88,9 4,63 5,21%

Sweden 31,6 8,92 28,23%

United Kingdom 137,5 2,38 1,73% Source: Eurostat and AEBIOM calculations

24

Table 3.12 Bioenergy balance in Europe in 2008 (ktoe)

Primary energy

Production Import Export

Gross inland consumption

6. Input to power plants

7. Input to heating plants

1. Final use by

industry

2. Final use by households/

services

3. Biofuels for transport

4. Bio-

electricity

5.

Derived heat

1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 =

Final energy consumption

4/6 = Efficiency

for electricity

(4+5)/(6+7) = Efficiency for

electricity and heat

EU27 102.315 5.854 2.690 105.228 34.912 4.046 20.423 35.583 10.598 9.274 7.802 83.680 26,56% 43,83%

BE 4.699 767 470 4.980 1.488 371 827 1.872 422 398 636 4.155 26,74% 55,62%

BG 1.704 542 175 2.071 1.215 0 513 243 114 343 15 1.228 28,22% 29,45%

CZ 711 0 23 688 0 1 27 658 4 0 1 690 - 100,00%

DK 17 13 0 30 0 0 7 9 14 1 0 31 - -

DE 2.256 101 299 2.061 358 69 394 1.123 111 125 85 1.838 34,99% 49,25%

EE 2.528 518 81 2.966 1.347 403 165 1.045 13 337 875 2.435 25,00% 69,25%

IE 742 0 104 632 6 93 118 414 0 3 79 614 51,59% 82,92%

EL 7.677 70 92 7.655 2.645 305 3.320 1.310 75 909 1.335 6.949 34,38% 76,08%

ES 13.651 394 56 13.989 2.168 234 1.988 7.309 2.291 506 332 12.426 23,36% 34,90%

FR 23.473 25 150 23.348 10.482 791 3.544 5.363 3.543 2.482 799 15.731 23,68% 29,10%

IT 970 6 0 976 34 0 264 610 69 16 0 959 48,30% 48,30%

CY 1.520 66 88 1.499 669 6 99 553 165 176 34 1.027 26,32% 31,13%

LV 224 43 0 268 38 0 139 37 53 14 0 243 36,20% 36,20%

LT 4.451 849 101 5.152 2.602 0 243 1.584 723 647 255 3.452 24,86% 34,66%

LU 1.509 11 382 1.110 23 138 129 816 2 4 101 1.052 16,82% 65,14%

HU 837 74 101 802 46 169 83 442 61 6 164 756 12,90% 79,04%

MT 66 37 0 102 50 0 0 16 37 9 6 68 18,74% 30,74%

NL 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 - -

AT 2.733 838 386 3.085 2.165 184 136 306 320 571 137 1.470 26,38% 30,15%

PL 5.186 157 0 5.344 945 51 826 3.080 441 297 158 4.802 31,47% 45,72%

PT 3.143 0 18 3.127 438 0 1.395 1.164 132 183 0 2.874 41,87% 41,87%

RO 3.914 111 4 3.979 6 23 208 3.570 107 2 18 3.905 34,39% 69,18%

SI 697 46 78 655 140 37 299 53 126 46 52 576 32,55% 55,13%

SK 490 15 0 505 76 6 75 326 22 25 12 460 32,58% 44,83%

FI 5.567 315 84 5.798 1.521 0 1.496 2.181 610 347 0 4.634 22,82% 22,82%

SE 9.931 0 0 9.931 3.494 1.164 3.863 1.038 352 962 2.708 8.923 27,52% 78,78%

UK 3.620 857 0 4.476 2.956 0 267 463 790 864 0 2.384 29,24% 29,24%

Source: Eurostat, AEBIOM calculation of efficiency


* RHC platform

3.3 TARGETS FOR BIOMASS/ BIOENERGY ACCORDING TO AEBIOM

The RHC-Platform expects biomass use to more thatn double by 2020 and to reach around 370 Mtoe of primary energy in 2050 (table 3.13), mostly to meet heat demand (231 Mtoe total contribution to heat demand in 2050) By 2020 the biomass supply should be increased significantly to meet the demand of all sectors of heat, electricity and transport biofuels. Such developments in the biomass supply should be realised taking into account the need for the other sectors like food as the priority for agriculture and materials production. Table 3.14 shows the expectation abailability of future biomass as derived by the biomass experts in the RHC-Platform. The greatest contribution to increasing the biomass supply is due to energy crops, by-products from agriculture and the use of forest logging residues.

Primary biomass 102 315 ktoe

Input to electricity and

CHP 34 912 ktoe

Input to DH 4046 ktoe

Biomass for households and

services

35 583 ktoe

Biomass for industry

20 423 ktoe

Biofuels 10 598 ktoe

Bioelectricity 9 274 ktoe

Derived heat 7 802 ktoe

Import 5 854 ktoe Export 2 690 ktoe

Gross inland consumption 105 228 ktoe 220 Mtoe

20 Mtoe (227 000 GWh)

14 Mtoe

32 Mtoe

30 Mtoe

80 Mtoe

Targets 2020

Losses 13 790 ktoe Biomass in

2008

Figure 3.3 Bioenergy balance in 2008 (ktoe) and AEBIOM targets* for 2020 (Mtoe)


Table 3.13 Summary of biomass/bioenergy targets (Mtoe) 2007 2020 2030 2050

Primary biomass 93,2 200 270 330

Imports 4,2 20 30 40

Exports 1,9 - - -

Gross inland consumption

98,4 220 300 370

Input to Electricity and CHP

33,3 65 80 95

Input to DHC 3,3 10 20 15

Input to Biofuels 2G/Biorefineries

0 5 10 30

Biomass use by households and services

35,0 80 115 130

Biomass use by industries

18,6 30 35 45

Total electricity (TWh)

8,8 (102) 20 (227) 35 (404) 56 (645)

Total biomass for heat

53,6 110 150 175

Total bioheat (or derived heat)

7,7 14 32 56

Total biofuels 7,9 32 45 70

Total final energy consumption from biomass

78,0 175 261 357

Source: RHC platform Table 3.14 Expectation of biomass supply in 2020-2030-2050.

2007 2020 2030 2050

Surface (Mha)

Biomass (Mtoe)

Surface (Mha)

Biomass (Mtoe)

Surface (Mha)

Biomass (Mtoe)

Surface (Mha)

Biomass (Mtoe)

Agriculture Energy crops

5,2 10 20 43 25 75 30 129

By-products 4 20 30 30

Other 5 15

Forestry Residues 18 40 55 55

Industry by-

products 54 65 65 66

Waste 10 32 40 35

Imports 2 20 30 40

Total 5,2 98 20 220 25 300 30 370

Source: RHC platform


1%3%

7% 0%3%

1%

12%

23%

2%4%

12%

26%

6%

dry manure

wet manure

straw

verge grass

prunings

animal waste

organic waste industry

paper cardboard waste

common sludges

dedicated cropping

Additional harvestable roundwood

primary forestry residues

black liquor

4 BIOMASS SUPPLY

4.1 GENERAL OVERVIEW

In order to understand the future role of bioenergy in Europe, it is important to analyze the potential of biomass. The following tables deliver basic data to understand the European situation for this issue. There are three sectors relevant for biomass: agriculture, forestry and waste. Under these main sectors there are categories of dedicated biomass production such as biofuel crops, agricultural byproducts or primary and secondary forestry residues. The figures below summarize the relative contribution every category can make to the total EU biomass potential and the contribution of every country in the whole EU potential. Forest (41%) and waste (38%) sectors can contribute the lion share of the potential. The remaining 21% may come from the agricultural sector and is scattered over many different small categories. Within the agricultural group the largest contribution may come from straw, dedicated cropping and prunings.

Figure 4.2 Overview of total EU potential per country

Source: Biomass Futures Project

AT 3%

BE 1% BG 2%CZ 2%

DE 15%

DK 1%EE 1%EL 1%

ES 5%

FI 7%

FR 11%

HU 1%

IT 13%LT 1%LV 1%

NL 3%

PL 7%

PT 2%

RO 5%

SE 8%

SI 1%SK 1%

UK 7%

Figure 4.1 Summary of present EU biomass potential (Ktoe) over categories


Table 4.1 shows the production potential for biomass in the EU 25 as calculated by the European

Environmental Agency (EEA). The figures for EU 27 can be estimated as 10% higher. The main growth is seen in

the sector of “waste and residues” and “energy crops from agriculture”.

Table 4.1 environmentally compatible bioenergy potential (Mtoe) in the EU25.

2003 2010 2020 2030

Total 69 187 228 284

Wood direct from forest - 43 43 55

Wastes and residues 67 100 100 102

Energy crops from agriculture 2 44 85 122

Source: EEA: How much bioenergy can Europe produce without harming the environment

4.2 BIOMASS FOR AGRICULTURAL LAND AND BY-PRODUCTS

Utilised Agricultural Area (UAA) represents 38 % of the whole EU-27 territorial area. The share of UAA in the

total area varies greatly from country to country, from only 2% in Latvia or 7 % in Finland and Sweden to 65 %

in the United Kingdom.

As part of UAA, arable land represents almost one quarter of the whole EU-27 territory. Denmark has the

highest share of arable land (57 %).

Permanent grassland represents 14 % of EU-27 territory. While more than 45 % of the land in Ireland and the

United Kingdom is used for permanent grassland, extreme northern and southern countries (Finland and

Cyprus) have less than 1 % of their land under permanent grassland.

Land under permanent crops represents less than 3 % in the EU-27. However, several southern European

countries have a higher share of land under permanent crops: 10 % in Spain, 9 % in Greece and Italy and 8 % in

Portugal).


Table 4.2 Agricultural land use, 2009

UAA-utilized

ag. areas UAA Arable land

Land under permanent

crop

Land under permanent grassland

(Mha) (% of Total land area)

EU 27 178,44 38 24 3 14

Austria 3,17 38 16 1 21

Belgium 1,37 45 28 1 16

Bulgaria 5,10 46 28 2 16

Cyprus 0,15 14 10 3 0

Czech Republic 3,54 45 33 0 12

Denmark 2,69 63 57 0 5

Estonia 0,80 15 11 0 4

Finland 2,30 7 7 0 0

France 29,39 54 33 2 18

Germany 16,90 47 33 1 13

Greece 3,82 30 16 9 2

Hungary 5,78 62 48 2 11

Ireland 4,19 60 16 0 44

Italy 13,33 44 24 9 11

Latvia 1,83 2 2 0 10

Lithuania 2,69 41 29 0 11

Luxembourg 0,13 51 24 1 26

Malta 0,01 33 25 4 0

Poland 15,62 50 38 1 10

Portugal 3,68 40 12 8 19

Romania 13,74 62 39 2 20

Slovak Republic 1,93 39 28 0 11

Slovenia 0,47 24 9 1 14

Spain 23,10 16 16 10 16

Sweden 3,06 7 6 0 1

The Netherlands

1,92 52 28 2 22

United Kingdom

17,71 65 23 0 42

Source: Eurostat – Statistical pocketbook 2010

The following graph shows that there has been a tendency for a decrease in the number of holding in the last

years (the reduction has reached 6.5% between 2005 and 2007). The results for 2007 show that 76 % of the

7.31 million agricultural holdings over 1 ESU in 2007 are held by 6 MS: Italy (19 %), Poland (15 %), Spain (13 %),

Romania (12 %), Greece (10 %) and France (7 %).


Source: Eurostat – Statistical pocketbook 2010 *With at least 1 ESU

When comparing the average UAA per holding the countries show a very high discrepancy. The average UAA

per holding in Czech Republic is 100 times bigger than in Malta. The average size of a holding for EU27 is 22 ha.

Apart from the countries with the highest UAA per holding (UK, Denmark, France, Luxembourg and the Czech

Republic) there is a general tendency for an increase of average area of the farms, related mainly with the

decline in the number of holdings.

IT 1.383

PL 1.128

ES 939RO 866EL 711

FR 491

DE 348

PT 181

UK 178

Others 1.082

7.932.390 7.822.7007.310.750

1000000

2000000

3000000

4000000

5000000

6000000

7000000

8000000

2003 2005 2007

Figure 4.3 Total number of agricultural holdings* in EU27


Table 4.3 Utilised Agriculture Area per holding in 2007

Source: European Commison (Eurostat and Agriculture and Rural Development DG), FAO and UNSO

In the EU-27, the main crops grown on arable land are cereals (including rice). Cereals are followed by forage

plants, the volume of which varies considerably from country to country, due to different natural conditions,

production and consumption behaviour, historical reasons, etc.

Vegetable and fruit crops are becoming increasingly important in terms of food consumption and of value.

The following table delivers basic information about the main crops in member states in 2009.

UAA per holding in 2007

(ha)

EU 27 12.6

Austria 19.3

Belgium 28.6

Bulgaria 6.2

Cyprus 3.6

Czech Republic 89.3

Denmark 59.7

Estonia 38.9

Finland 33.6

France 52.1

Germany 45.7

Greece 4.7

Hungary 6.8

Ireland 32.3

Italy 7.6

Latvia 16.5

Lithuania 11.5

Luxembourg 56.8

Malta 0.9

Poland 6.5

Portugal 12.6

Romania 3.5

Slovak Republic 28.1

Slovenia 6.5

Spain 23.8

Sweden 42.9

The Netherlands 24.9

United Kingdom 53.8


Table 4.4 Harvested production of some of the main crops in 2009 (1000 tonnes)

Area Under Crops (1000 t)

Cereal (total

incl. rice)

Field peas and

others Sugar beet Rape Sunflower

EU 27 295828 1394 110992 21399 6934

Austria 5144 35 3083 171 71

Belgium 3221 4 4569 42 -

Bulgaria 5273 7 0 231 1301

Cyprus 57 0 - - -

Czech Republic 7832 52 3038 1128 61

Denmark 10200 14 2011 637 -

Estonia 879 8 - 136 -

Finland 4261 11 559 140 -

France 70000 550 33146 5562 1676

Germany 49748 166 25550 6307 57

Greece 4820 6 902 - 16

Hungary 13571 33 708 565 1306

Ireland 2384 - 45 29 -

Italy 15892 29 3308 51 280

Latvia 1663 3 0 209 -

Lithuania 3806 50 682 416 -

Luxembourg 189 1 - 18 -

Malta - - - - -

Netherlands 2089 6 5735 12 -

Poland 29827 33 10849 2497 4

Portugal 1057 0 137 - 14

Romania 14934 29 685 572 1083

Slovak Republic 3330 12 899 387 187

Slovenia 533 1 262 10 0

Spain 17833 165 4089 29 876

Sweden 5249 50 2406 302 -

United Kingdom

22036 132 8330 1951 2


France, Germany and Poland together produce approximately half of the cereals in the EU-27.

For field peas production, France accounts for 39 % of the EU-27, followed by Germany and Spain

(approximately 12 % each). For sugar beet and rape seed, France and Germany are the largest producers,

together accounting for 54 % and 55 % of EU-27 production. Most of the sunflower seed production is

concentrated in Eastern Europe. Even if the largest producer is France (24 % of EU-27 production), Hungary and

Bulgaria (19 % each) and Romania (16 %) represent together more than half of EU production.


As shown in Figure 4.4, wheat is the cereal most grown in the European Union, with a production level of

approximately 139 million tones, which represents almost half of all cereal production. Barley and grain maize

production levels are similar (62 and 58 million tonnes respectively).

Figure 4.4 Production of cereals, EU27, in 2009 (%, based on tones)


A comparison between 2008 and 2009 shows that EU27 production of cereals (excluding rice) fell by 6.46%,

although the production of cereals remained 6.5% higher than in 2000.

Table 4.5 Area, yield and production of total cereals (excl. rice)

Source: European Commission, Agriculture and Rural Development “Agriculture in the EU: Statistical and Economic Information Report 2010”

Grand maize19,5%

Barley21,0%

Wheat47,0%

Others11,5%

Rice1,0%

Area (1000 ha) Yield (100 kg/ha) Production (1000 t)

2006 2007 2008 2009 2006 2007 2008 2009 2006 2007 2008 2009

EU 27 57.021 56.985 60.281 46,7 45,5 52,1 266.444 259.114 314.004 293.697

AT 777 811 841 835 57,4 58,7 68,3 61,6 4.460 4.758 5.748 5.144

BE 330 330 363 345 83,2 84,5 91,0 96,4 2.742 2.787 3.307 3.324

BG 1.544 1.527 1.706 - 35,7 20,8 40,9 - 5.512 3.171 6.977 5.273

CY 65 44 44 31 10,3 14,6 14,6 18,2 67 64 64 57

CZ 1.532 1.580 1.559 1.542 41,7 45,3 53,7 50,8 6.386 7.153 8.370 7.832

DE 6.702 6.572 7.039 6.908 64,9 61,8 71,2 72,0 43.475 40.632 50.105 49.748

DK 1.494 1.448 1.498 1.488 57,8 56,8 60,4 68,0 8.632 8.220 9.041 10.117

EE 280 292 309 316 22,1 30,1 27,9 27,8 619 880 862 879

EL 1.046 1.018 1.166 1.143 34,6 36,9 43,3 40,3 3.623 3.762 5.043 4.609

ES 6.198 6.143 6.609 5.909 29.6 38.8 35.2 28.7 18.368 23.820 23.269 16.934

FI 1.153 1.168 1.251 1.203 32,9 35,4 33,8 35,4 3.790 4.137 4.229 4.261

FR 9.031 9.072 9.662 9.357 68,2 65,5 72,8 74,7 61.613 59.382 70.378 69.862

HU 2.836 2.762 2.915 2.885 51,0 34,9 58,1 47,0 14.460 9.643 16.938 13.561

IE 280 279 314 293 74,7 71,9 76,0 58,7 2.090 2.006 2.384 1.721

IT 3.575 3.701 3.794 3.215 52,6 50,8 53,2 49,4 18.787 18.811 20.201 15.892

LT 963 1.003 1.022 1.104 19,3 30,1 33,5 34,5 1.858 3.017 3.422 3.806

LU 29 29 31 30 56,1 52,1 61,0 62,0 162 148 190 189

LV 512 522 544 541 22,6 29,4 31,0 30,8 1.159 1.535 1.689 1.663

MT

NL 219 222 243 228 79,8 73,1 84,8 91,5 1.750 1.623 2.063 2.089

PL 8.381 8.353 8.599 8.583 26,0 32,5 32,2 34,8 21.776 27.143 27.664 29.827

PT 348 284 338 278 29,3 31,6 34,3 32,3 1.020 898 1.159 898

RO 5.073 5.100 5.174 5.343 31,0 15,3 32,4 27,8 15.741 7.789 16.750 14.864

SE 962 982 1.082 1.032 42,9 51,5 48,2 50,9 4.128 5.058 5.211 5.249

SI 96 99 107 101 51,3 53,6 54,4 52,8 494 532 580 533

SK 740 784 799 769 39,6 35,6 51,0 43,3 2.929 2.793 4.078 3.330

UK 2.857 2.860 3.273 - 72,8 67,7 74,2 - 28.805 19.354 24.282 22.036


The following table shows the EU cereals trade balance.

Table 4.6 EU imports and exports in agricultural products

Products IMPORTS (1000 t) EXPORTS (1000 t)

2006 2007 2008 2009 2006 2007 2008 2009

Total cereals

11882 20467 20607 9319 24011 18787 27944 26779

Sugar 2487 3086 3308 3056 6153 1496 1364 1488 Source: European Commission (Eurostat and Agriculture and Rural Development DG)

4.2.1 ENERGY CROPS Biomass produced from fields consists of residues (straw, etc.) and specifically cultivated crops (for example,

miscanthus, poplar, willow, reed canary grass, rapeseed and maize).

The European Commission (2008) calculated that 17,5 mln hectares of land would be required to reach the 10%

biofuels target, which would amount to about 10% of the total Utilised Agricultural Area (UAA) in EU27.

The area needed for food production in the EU27 is calculated to be about 111 million ha of arable land and

about 69 million ha of permanent grassland. Taking into account the increase of the population in the near

future and considering a moderate diet (mixed vegetable-animal products) 62% of the arable land would be

needed to feed the population of EU27. Therefore, according to this calculation, we could use 10-30% of arable

land for bioenergy crops in EU27.On the other hand, there are also a number of energy crops that can

potentially be grown on marginal land (i.e. land that is not suitable for food production) to provide feedstocks

for bioenergy, non-food products and biofuels (micanthus, swithgrass, sweet sorghum…)

In Europe, it is estimated that we have approximately 5.5 million hectares of agricultural land on which

dedicated bioenergy cropping takes. Practically all of this land is used for dedicated biofuel cropping mostly oil

crops (82% of the land used for biomass production). These are processed into biodiesel; the remainder is used

for the production of ethanol crops (11%), biogas (7%), and perennials go mostly into electricity and heat

generation (1%).

An overview of the potential for bioenergy cropping is given in the Figure 4.5. This regional distribution of

dedicated cropping patterns is based on the assumption that the bioenergy crops are distributed over regions

in the same proportion as similar crops are used for feed and food purposes.


Figure 4.5 Biofuel cropping situation in the EU27 (average 2006-2008 situation)

Source: Biomass Futures Project According to the map at present dedicated cropping is only important in a selection of EU countries of which

France and Germany are the most important. Significant areas of oil crops for biodiesel are also found in the

UK, Poland and Romania. Dedicated cropping with perennials is still taking place at a very small scale. The

countries that have the largest areas are Finland (reed canary grass), Sweden (willow, reed canary grass), UK

(mainly miscanthus and willow), and Poland.

According to investigations of AEBIOM and ENCROP project (www.encrop.net) about 85.000 ha land were used

for short rotation forests and other energy crops for combustion purposes in 2008.

http://www.encrop.net/


Table 4.7 Woody energy crops in the EU27 in 2008

Hemp Reed Canary grass Willow Poplar Miscanthus

Austria 250-400

Denmark 2.500

Finland 18.700

France 500 1.500

Germany 300 - 1000 300

Ireland 2.000

Italy 6.000 7.500

Lithuania 550

Poland 5.000 - 9.000 300

Spain

Sweden 390 780 13.000

UK 4.000 - 7.000 10.000 – 17.000

Total 390 19.480 25.500 – 32.500 6.600 – 7.300 21.500 – 28.700

Source: ENCROP project and AEBIOM estimations.

The following table shows the potential of energy crops from agriculture under different price assumptions

The figures might be 10% higher including Bulgaria and Romania.


Table 4.8 Potential of energy crops by Member State (EU27), assuming high/low energy prices and high yields (Mtoe)

High energy prices

Low energy prices

2010 2020 2030 2010 2020 2030

EU 27 46,9 95,7 142,3 43,8 78,2 104,8

Austria 0,6 1,4 2,1 0,6 1,4 2,1

Belgium 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1

Bulgaria - - - - - -

Cyprus - - - - - -

Czech Republic 0,8 1,3 1,6 0,8 1,3 1,6

Denmark 0,4 0,1 0,1 0,4 0,1 0,1

Estonia 0,4 1,1 1,3 0,4 1,1 1,3

Finland 1,9 1,8 1,3 1,9 1,8 1,3

France 2,6 7,8 17 2,7 3 1,6

Germany 5 13,7 23,4 1,8 1 1,3

Greece 0 1,7 2,2 0 1,7 2,2

Hungary 1,2 2,2 3,1 1,2 2,2 3,1

Ireland 0 0,1 0,1 0 0,1 0,1

Italy 4,1 8,9 15,2 4,1 8,9 15,2

Latvia 0,4 1 1,5 0,4 1 1,5

Lithuania 2 5,6 7,9 2 5,6 7,9

Luxembourg - - - - - -

Malta - - - - - -

Poland 14,5 24,1 30,4 14,5 24,1 30,4

Portugal 0,7 0,8 0,8 0,7 0,8 0,8

Romania - - - - - -

Slovak Republic 0,2 0,6 1,2 0,2 0,6 1,2

Slovenia 0 0,1 0,2 0 0,1 0,2

Spain 7,8 12,9 16 7,8 12,9 16

Sweden 0,6 1,1 1,4 0,6 1,1 1,4

The Netherlands 0,2 0,5 0,7 0,2 0,5 0,7

United Kingdom 3,4 8,8 14,7 3,4 8,8 14,7

Source: Estimating the environmentally compatible bio-energy potential from agriculture; EEA Technical Report No. X/2007


4.2.2 AGRICULTURAL BY PRODUCTS

4.1.2.1 MANURE

The primary source of biogas from anaerobic digestion is manure from animal production, mainly from cattle

and pig farms. In the EU-27 more than 1500 mill tonnes of animal manure are produced every year. When

untreated or managed poorly, manure becomes a major source of ground and fresh water pollution, pathogen

emission, nutrient leaching, and ammonia release. If handled properly, it turns out to be renewable energy

feedstock and an efficient source of nutrients for crop cultivation.

The potential from manure is expected to be roughly the same in 2020. However for both, dry and wet manure,

it is expected a stronger concentration in a limited number of regions.

Table 4.9 Total energy potential from manure (ktoe) in EU in 2004 and 2020

Wet manure (ktoe) Dry manure (ktoe)

2004 6941.1 30328.3

2020 5928.5 31299.4


4.1.2.2 AGRICULTURAL BY-PRODUCTS

In agriculture the main sources of residues come from arable crops in the form of straw and from maintenance

of permanent crop plantations like fruit and berry trees, nuts, olives, vineyards, and citrus.

The theoretical amount of resources of straw for energy purposes can be calculated from the yield per hectare

and the amount of hectares of grain with deduction of loss and the amount of straw used in agriculture. The

results show that the total straw potential amounted to 16.475 ktoe in 2004 but is expected to increase to

28.272 ktoe in 2020. This increase is likely to be related to an increase of straw producing crops for which land

will be used in 2020.



Not only straw but also other primary residues from agriculture are expected to deliver a large potential.

Woody material from prunnings and cuttings in plantations like soft fruit, citrus, olives and vineyards should be

mentioned. The results show that especially in the south of Europe this by-product could be an important

resource. The total EU potential could amount to 6734 KTOE per year. The largest potential is delivered by

vineyards and olives because of their large extent.

Figure 4.6 Economic and environmentally sustainable straw potentials in 2004 and 2020 (KTOE)


4.3 BIOMASS FROM FORESTRY

Forests provide a livelihood for millions of workers, entrepreneurs and forest owners, and contribute

significantly to the economic growth, especially in rural areas. Forests are not only an important source of raw

materials for forest-based industries, but they also provide energy. In the majority of Member States, wood

and wood waste was the main renewable energy resources. Wood and wood waste accounted for more than

three quarters of gross inland energy consumption from renewable in 2009 in Estonia (97%), Lithuania (87%),

Poland (83%), Finland (82%, Latvia (80%) and Hungary (78%) The lowest shares in 2009 were recorded in

Cyprus (16%), Italy (23%), the United Kingdom (27%) and Luxembourg (28%).

The area covered by forest continues to increase and over the past 20 years, forests have increased by 5% -

approximately 0.3 % per year - although the rate varies substantially between countries.

We can make use of this asset for energy without compromising its other functions; indeed only sixty percent

of the net annual increase in forest available for wood supply is currently harvested in the EU.

4.3.1 FORESTRY BIOMASS In 2010, forest and other wooded land covered almost 178 million hectares in the EU27, or around 40% of its

lans area. In the EU27, three quarters of forest area was available for wood supply in 2010.

Around 60% of the EU´s forests are in private hands, with about 16 million private forest owners. Private forest

holdings have an average size of 13 hectares, but the majority of privately-owned forests are smaller than five

hectares. Nevertheless, forest ownership in the EU is changing and forest owners are becoming less dependent

on forestry as a main source of income. It means that, increasingly, the EU´s forests are owned by urban

dwellers, who may have different management objectives, compared with traditional rural forest holders.

Public forest ownership dominates in most of the eastern and south-eastern EU MS. The average size of public

forest holdings is more than 1000 hectares, with considerable variation among countries.

41

Table 4.10 Basic forest resources

Forest and other wooded land in 2010

(1000ha)

Ownership of forest (%) in 2005

Forest available for wood supply Roundwood production (1000m3

underbark)

Public in 2005

Private in 2005

% of total forest area

Of which (in million m3 over back) Total in 2008 Fuelwood in 2008

Industrial roundwood in 2008 Growing

stock Increment Fellings

EU 27 177.758 42,3 57,6 75 21.750 768 484 419.907 85.428 334.479

Austria 4.006 19,6 80,4 83 1.107 25 24 21.795 5.024 16.772

Belgium 706 44,1 55,9 95 164 5 4 4.700 700 4.000

Bulgaria 3.927 97,0 0,9 73 435 15 8 6.071 2.692 3.379

Cyprus 387 47,0 59,3 11 3 0 0 20 7 13

Czech Republic 2.657 75,6 24,4 88 738 23 18 16.187 1.880 14.307

Denmark 591 26,6 68,8 98 112 6 2 2.786 1.106 1.680

Estonia 2.350 38,5 61,5 86 398 11 6 4.860 1.152 3.708

Finland 23.269 32,4 67,6 85 2.204 91 59 50.670 4.705 45.965

France 17.572 24,4 75,6 86 2.453 94 64 56.827 29.176 27.651

Germany 11.076 52,8 47,2 95 3.466 107 60 55.367 8.561 46.806

Greece 6.539 77,5 22,5 55 170 5 2 1.261 754 507

Hungary 2.029 59,4 40,6 85 259 11 7 5.276 2.561 2.715

Ireland 789 64,0 36,0 - 74 4 3 2.232 52 2.180

Italy 10.916 35,0 65,0 74 1.285 33 13 8.667 5.673 2.994

Latvia 3.467 53,9 46,0 91 584 18 12 8.806 598 8.207

Lithuania 2.240 66,1 33,8 84 408 11 9 5.594 1.382 4.213

Luxembourg 88 44,8 55,2 98 0 1 0 353 21 332

Malta 0 100,0 0,0 - 0 0 0 0 0 0

Netherlands 365 50,4 49,6 81 56 2 2 1.117 290 827

Poland 9.337 82,7 17,3 91 2.092 68 41 34.273 3.804 30.470

Portugal 3.611 7,3 92,7 50 154 19 14 10.866 600 10.266

Romania 6.733 94,3 5,7 77 0 34 17 13.667 4.150 9.517

Slovak Republic

1.933 51,5 48,5 92 478 13 10 9.269 555 8.714

Slovenia 1.274 24,5 75,5 92 390 9 3 2.990 928 2.062

Spain 27.748 30,0 70,0 54 784 46 17 17.027 2.600 14.427

Sweden 31.247 30,6 69,4 66 2.651 96 81 70.800 5.900 64.900

United Kingdom

2.901 34,6 65,4 83 340 21 11 8.425 558 7.867

Source: European Commission, Agriculture and Rural Development “Agriculture in the EU: Statistical and Economic Information Report 2010 Eurostat


Six Member States had more than half of their land area covered by forest and other wooded land in 2010: Finland

(77%), Swaden (76%), Slovenia (63%), Latvia (56%), Spain (55%) and Estonia (54%). The lowest shares were found in

Malta (less than 0.5%), the Netherlands (11%), Ireland and the United Kingdom (both 12%) and Denmark (14%).

The largest present round wood production is in Sweden, France, Germany and Finland, but also in smaller countries

like Austria, Czech Republic and Latvia have a large present production. It should be mentioned that most of this

production is going to wood-industry for non-energetic use.

Primary forestry residues (e.g., logging residues, early thinnings and extracted stumps) will be available proportional to

the amount of round wood harvested. The regions with a relatively large contribution to the primary forest residues

are concentrated inFrance, Italy, Finland, Germany and Sweden. This potential is generally much smaller than the

additional harvestable potential.

Figure 4.7 Wood flow in EU27

Source: VTT, EUBIONET


Table 4.11 Country summary of potentials from forestry and from primary residues

Country

Current roundwood production

(ktoe)

Additional harvestable roundwood

(ktoe)

Primary forestry

residues (ktoe)

EU 27 74156,3 53649,9 24890,9 Austria 3193,6 2031,4 802,0

Belgium 839,1 70,4 138,7

Bulgaria 878,1 555,9 381,0

Cyprus 1,9 13,1 1,0

Czech Republic 3090,4 483,1 875,8

Denmark 324,1 110,8 85,1

Estonia 927,9 1242,6 202,3

Finland 7952,4 5088,5 2635,8

France 10330,4 6064,8 2495,5

Germany 10812,6 7321,3 4398,7

Greece 332,8 1142,6 91,8

Hungary 1001,2 982,5 346,2

Ireland 448,5 75,2 60,5

Italy 1447,4 13018,5 2813,1

Latvia 1987,3 781,8 430,3

Lithuania 1042,3 679,7 303,4

Luxembourg 52,3 148,4 29,5

Malta 0,0 0,0 0,0

Netherlands 194,0 90,2 27,0

Poland 6611,4 1243,6 1223,9

Portugal 1177,3 0,0 325,0

Romania 2397,3 3543,9 896,6

Slovak Republic 1734,9 101,9 414,6

Slovenia 559,4 1205,1 147,3

Spain 2768,5 1442,5 953,6

Sweden 12428,9 4904,8 4322,6

United Kingdom

1622,3 1307,3 489,6

Source: Biomass Futures Project In the following table the total forest potential is compared to the present renewable energy production.

The total forest potential is considered as total present round wood production plus additional harvestable wood

potential and plus primary forestry residues (domestic potential). It can be seen that countries like Denmark, The

Netherlands and Portugal base their large wood processing industry on imported wood. Contrary, there are countries

like Slovenia, Slovakia,Italy, Sweden or UK with a large growth potential in use of wood. Finally, other countries like

Austria, Belgium and Spain are already using a large part of their potential for energetic uses.


Table 4.12 Total and relative production of renewable energy from wood and wood residues and total forest potential in 2007

Production of renewable

energy from forestry (ktoe)

Total forest potential (ktoe)

% renewable production from total potential

EU 27 68.206 152.697 44,7%

Austria 3.930 6.027 65,2% Belgium 649 1.048 61,9% Bulgaria 709 1.815 39,1% Cyprus - 16 0,0% Czech Republic 1.948 4.449 43,8% Denmark 1.441 520 277,2% Estonia 731 2.373 30,8% Finland 7.149 15.677 45,6% France 9.234 18.891 48,9% Germany 10.578 22.533 46,9% Greece 1.005 1.567 64,1% Hungary 1.146 2.330 49,2% Ireland 169 584 28,9% Italy 1.707 17.279 9,9% Latvia 1.532 3.199 47,9% Lithuania 732 2.025 36,1% Luxembourg 16 230 7,0% Malta n.a. n.a. n.a. Netherlands 524 311 168,4% Poland 4.550 9.079 50,1%

Portugal 2.808 1.502 186,9% Romania 3.304 6.838 48,3% Slovak Republic 484 2.251 21,5% Slovenia 429 1.912 22,4% Spain 4.206 5.165 81,4% Sweden 8.441 21.656 39,0% United Kingdom 784 3.419 22,9% Source: Biomass Futures Project


One aspect of a sustainable forest is to avoid the over-exploitation. It means that a stable wood stock should be permanently ensured in the forest. Such forest is a carbon neutral forest. In European forests this objective is over achieved as it can be seen in the following figure. The forest area and the wood stock are significantly increasing year after year with a sequestration of roughly 400 million tons of CO2 annually. Thus the European forest is not only producing wood for different purposes but is also an important pool for storing carbon. Figure 4.8 Forest area (million ha) and growing stock volume (billion m

3)

Source: Rautinen A. and al.

18,7

20,822,2

144,6151,0

155,6

0

3

6

9

12

15

18

21

24

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

1990 2000 2005

Gro

win

g stock vo

lum

e (b

illion

m3)

Fore

st a

rea

(mill

ion

ha)

Growing stock volume Forest area


4.3.2 FORESTRY RESIDUES

Forestry residues will be available proportional to the activity in the wood industry. Futhermore, these forestry residues

are already accounted for in the current round wood production. This implies that they cannot be summed up, but their

quantification is very interesting as their use as feedstock for bioenergy is more likely than the use of roundwood as

feedstock because it’s a by-product from wood processing and its use is more competitive.

Secondary forest residues in wood wastes include mostly, according to Eurostat, the following categories: manufacture

of wood and of products of wood and cork, except furniture, manufacture of articles of straw and plaiting materials,

manufacture of paper and paper products, printing and reproduction of recorded media, manufacture of furniture,

jewelry, musical instruments, toys, repair and installation of machinery and equipment. The shares of these categories

to the total production levels are estimated in the following table. Countries with the largest wood waste production

are Finland by far followed at some distance by France, Austria, Sweden, Poland and Germany.

Table 4.13 Wood wastes according to Eurostat Environmental Data Centre on Waste (NACE_R2 categories list)


Country Secondary forest residues in

wood wastes (ktons)

EU 27 38.829,3

Austria 4.782,1

Belgium 458,8

Bulgaria 260,4

Cyprus -

Czech Republic 156,5

Denmark 11,3

Estonia 1.140,8

Finland 8.880,6

France 5.332,6

Germany 2.607,9

Greece 100,3

Hungary 259,9

Ireland 84,7

Italy 1.671,7

Latvia 64,1

Lithuania 131,1

Luxembourg 31,2

Malta 0,129

Netherlands 382,5

Poland 2.882,8

Portugal 1.253,8

Romania 1.513,6

Slovak Republic 537,1

Slovenia 339,8

Spain 432,5

Sweden 4.042,5

United Kingdom 1.461,9


4.4 BIOMASS FROM WASTE SECTOR

Waste management has a twofold involvement in climate change. On one hand it is the source of climate change gases

(e.g. CH4 from landfilling, CO2 from incineration and recycling). On the other hand it provides raw materials and

avoiding processes that consume primary resources. Presently recycling of waste is already a relevant source of

secondary raw materials.

In 2005 around 95 million tonnes of waste have been recycled in the European Union. This means that 37% of the

municipal solid waste has been recycled in EU27, 18% has been incinerated and 45% has been landfilled. However,the

recycling rate differs significantly between the Member States: the recycling rate of Poland is 7% and the rate of

Netherlands according to the same source is 63%. The following figure summarises the share of general waste

management options (recycling, incineration, landfilling) in the Member States and for EU27.

Figure 4.9 Municipal waste treatment in2009

Source: CEWEP based in Eurostat data.


Table 4.14 Energy recovery waste (tonnes) in 2008

Waste for energy recovery (ktonnes)

EU 27 81.600

Austria 3.904,3

Belgium 4.452,5

Bulgaria 94,3

Cyprus 8,0

Czech Republic 555,7

Germany 23.315,9

Denmark 3.319,5

Estonia 257,2

Greece 135,1

Spain 2.551,8

Finland 9.630,9

France 12.055,8

Hungary 766,5

Ireland 103,6

Italy 2.459,0

Lithuania 194,0

Luxembourg 38,3

Latvia 18,2

Malta 0

Netherlands 2.455,5

Poland 3.121,7

Portugal 1.431,8

Romania 1.247,4

Sweden 8.411,2

Slovenia 313,7

Slovak Republic 586,3

United Kingdom 170,8

Source: Eurostat

The following map shows the number of plants per country in Europe and the amount of waste thermally treated in those plants (in tonnes).


Figure 4.10 Waste-to-Energy plants in Europe operating in 2008 and termally treated waste in millions tons/year

Source: CEWEP.


4.5 OTHER

4.5.1 PAPER AND PULP MILLS

4.4.1.1 BLACK LIQUOR Black liquor is the spent cooking liquor from the kraft process when digesting pulpwood into paper pulp removing

lignin, hemicelluloses and other extractives from the wood to free the cellulose fibers. The pulp industry creates an

important amount of secondary residues in the form of black liquor. This by-product of pulp mills is almost completely

used for energy production in the pulp and paper industry.

The paper and pulp industry uses more than 350 Mm³ wood; one part of this wood – the lignin fraction (black liquor) –

and also other by-products such as bark are used to produce energy: heat and electricity. More than 20% of the total

contribution of bioenergy is produced in the paper and pulp industry.

Table 4.15 Estimated black liquor production


Country Black liquor

production (ktons)

EU 27 60.582,1 Austria 3.216,6 Belgium 1.083,5 Bulgaria 233,4 Cyprus - Czech Republic 1.073,7 Denmark 110 Estonia 234,6 Finland 16.144,5

France 4.298,5 Germany 4.384,6 Greece - Hungary - Ireland - Italy 712,6 Latvia - Lithuania - Luxembourg - Malta - Netherlands 190 Poland 1.706,6 Portugal 3.034,2 Romania 243,8 Slovak Republic 818,8 Slovenia 267,2 Spain 4.242,7 Sweden 17.336,4 United Kingdom 1.249,7


4.4.1.2 BIOMASS USE IN PAPER AND PULP MILLS Table 4.16 Raw materials used in papermaking in CEPI countries (kt) 2008 2009 Share of total % % Change 2009/2008

Woodpulp 47.564 41.047 40,4 -13,7

Pulp other than wood

1170 1207 1,2 3,2

Recovered paper 48.624 44.941 44,2 -7,6

Non-Fibrous Materials

16.889 14.421 14,2 -14,6

Total Raw Materials 114.247 101.616 100,0 -11.1 Source: CEPI, key statistics 2009

The energy supply of paper and pulp industry is largely based on biomass use, in the form of black liquor (dominating

bark and other wood residuals) as can be seen in the following graph.

Table 4.17 Biomass use as fuel in paper and pulp mills (Mtoe)

2008 2009

% of fuel consumption in 2009

Austria 0,75 0,74 48,57

Belgium 0,28 0,27 54,64

Finland 4,39 3,34 74,68

France 1,15 0,97 55,96

Germany 1,03 1,03 24,76

Italy 0,006 0,01 0,28

Netherlands 0,02 0,02 3,64

Norway 0,37 0,27 72,68

Portugal 0,94 0,96 73,62

Spain 0,59 1,00 35,96

Sweden 5,01 4,94 91,59

Total 11 CEPI Countries 14,57 13,55 54,34

Source: CEPI -Confederation of European paper industry, 2010

4.5.2 CONTRIBUTION OF PEAT TO THE EUROPEAN ENERGY SYSTEM Peat is an intermediate fuel, part way between the biomass of which it was originally composed and the fossil fuel

(coal) that it would eventually become, given appropriate geological conditions. Peat’s intermediate status has been

recognised by the IPCC, which has reclassified it from a fossil fuel to a separate category (‘peat’) between fossil and

renewable fuels.

Peat is not recognized as biomass by the European Commission and therefore is also not considered a renewable

source of energy. However, peat is an important source of energy for many northern European countries and is often

co-fired with biomass.

Peat has many applications. In the energy field, it is used as a fuel for the generation of electricity and heat, and directly

as a source of heat for industrial, residential and other purposes. At the present time, the principal producers (and

consumers) of fuel peat are Ireland, Finland and Sweden. Despite the widespread distribution of peat resources,


consumption for energy purposes outside Europe is essentially negligible. Global consumption is around 17 million

tonnes per annum, derived from a very small proportion of the total area of peatland: in the EU, only some 1 750 km2

(0.34% of total peatland) is used for energy peat production.

Only six countries have a significant peat for energy industry in EU27: Estonia, Ireland, Latvia, Lithuania, Finland and

Sweden. The total use of fuel peat in EU was about 3,3 Mtoe (in 2006) of which 45% is used for CHP (Combined heat

and power) production and 38% for production of condensing power. The share of peat in district heating was about

10% and in residential heating about 8% of the total. Around two million people were supplied with heating energy

from peat.

Table 4.18 Primary production, imports, exports and gross inland consumption of peat for energy in 2009 (ktoe)

Source: Eurostat The average annual

(2006-2009) use of fuel

peat in EU is about

3735 ktoe (43.4 TWh)

of which 44% is used

for CHP (Combined heat and power) production and 38% for production of condensing power. From the total use about

8% is used in district heating and about 10% in residential heating (Figure 4.9).

Figure 4.11 Peat use in different categories in EU (ktoe)

Source: VTT report “Peat industry in the six EU member states”, updated 2010

1402

304377

1653

CHP

Condensing power

District heat

Residential heat

Primary

production Imports Exports

Gross inland consumption of peat for energy (in 2008)

EU 27 12.854 586 73 3.255

Estonia 328 0 13 65

Ireland 2.771 0 0 864

Latvia 25 0 7 2

Lithuania 53 0 7 11

Finland 8.965 116 45 1.939

Sweden 702 435 0 366


5 HEAT FROM BIOMASS

5.1 GENERALITIES

Biomass used for heat covers 55% of all renewable energy sources. Biomass for heat holds a large potential as a source

of renewable energy and greenhouse gas emission reductions.

In the figure below, it can be seen that the EU’s official scenarios for renewable energy supply assume heat and power

production from biomass to be more than double from today’s level of 800 TWh in 2020.

Figure 5.1 Heating potential by renewable energy source in EU

Source: RHC platform AEBIOM calculates the share of heat as part of the final energy consumption. About 48% of the final energy demand is

heat. According to this data households are the biggest consumer of heat, followed by industry and services. Heat

comprises of space heating, hot water and heat for industrial processes.

Table 5.1 Final energy consumption in the EU27 in 2007 and contribution of heat (Mtoe)

Source: AEBIOM calculation

Sector Final energy in Mtoe Of which heat

Mtoe % Mtoe

Industry 323 55% 178

Households 285 86% 245

Commerce Services & Agriculture 173 76% 132

Transport 377 0% 0

Total 1158 48% 554


The sale of new heating household systems is well documented for some countries but reliable data on the existing

stock of biomass fired boilers and stoves is especially hard to come by. Therefore, AEBIOM has gathered the following

data from many different sources and we want to point out that there are slight contradictions between different data

sources.

Table 5.2 Solid fuel boilers in Europe in 2008 (number of pieces)

Solid Fuel Boilers

Fossil Fuel/ Universal

Logwood Woodchips Pellets Others

EU 27 277.300 111.700 16.100 56.850 50.130

Austria 1.400 7.300 5.000 11.500 300

Belgium 100 800

400

Bulgaria 10.000 1.500

300

Cyprus

Czech Republic 35.000 5.000

1.700 200

Denmark 1.400 700

3.000

Estonia 2.200 600

200

Finland 1.700 1.400 600 900 100

France 1.600 18.000 1.300 6.000 600

Germany 1.000 16.000 3.000 22.000

Greece 100 500 100 50 50

Hungary 23.000 2.000

300 30

Ireland 3.500 600 300 1.000 50

Italy 200 5.800 600 1.700 1.200

Latvia 7.000 900

500

Lithuania 14.000 2.400

200

Luxembourg

Malta

Netherlands

200 100 100

Poland 120.000 11.000 300 2.000 47.000

Portugal 100 400

100

Romania 30.000 24.000

400 100

Slovak Republic 15.000 4.000 600 900 200

Slovenia 4.600 700 3.200 1.200 200

Spain 400 2.500 700 700

Sweden

5.200 200 900

United Kingdom 5.000 200 100 800 100

Source: Data from various sources and AEBIOM estimation

The Lot 15 EuP preparatory study on solid fuel small combustion installation (SCIs) done by the European Commission,

DG TREN, has stimated the general market shares of majority of appliances subjected to analysis in this study. It can be

seen in the following figures that these shares will not change significantly.


Source: EuP Preparatory Study Lot15

5.2 DISTRICT HEATING AND COOLING

District heating enables the large scale use of renewable energy sources, while at the same time reducing the demand

of primary energy and reducing greenhouse emissions. While having an average market share of 10 percent in Europe,

it is particularly widespread in North, Central and Eastern Europe, where market shares often reach 50 percent and

more. On average, over 80 per cent of heat supplied by district heating originates from renewable energy sources or

heat recovery (i.e. from electricity production or industrial processes).

The Directive on the promotion of renewable energies is expected to have a strong impact on the heating and cooling

sector as ir addresses for the first time in Community law not only electricity bur also the heating and cooling markets.

After 2014, the Directive indicates that Member States shall allow for ( new and renovated buildings) minimum levels of

renewable energy sources to be supplied by District Heating and Cooling networks using a “significant proportion” of

renewable energy sources.

Figure 5.2 Market share changes for different appliances


Table 5.3 District heating and cooling statistics in some EU member states in 2007

Number

of DH utilities

Total installed DH

capacity (MWth)

Annual turnover in

the DH sector

(Mio.Euro)

Total district

heat delivered

(TJ)

% of DH used to satisfy heat demand in the

residential and services and other sectors

Austria 588

(2006) 7.500 810 (2006) 60.828 18% (residential only)

Croatia 9 1.800 87 9.119 9,50%

Czech Republic

655 (heat

producer) 36.070 2.840 144.773

Denmark 450 17.266 2.500 102.806 29%

Estonia 2.760 63.866 mill.

EEK 26.042

Finland 150 20.390 1.370 108.360 49%

France 412 17.442 1.246 80.078

Germany 57.000 16.000 267.171 13%

Greece 5 445 15,47 1.879 0,26%

Italy 79 5.129 199 Mm3

Latvia 40 200 24.390 28,70%

Lithuania 32 8.263 317 28.678 50%

Netherlands 17 5.325 292 21.264 3,60%

Norway 55 1.400 164,7 11.313 4,8%

Poland 540 62.752 2.240 425.000 47%

Romania 104 53.200 940 67.050 29,60%

Slovenia 48 22.411 100 12.244 9,29%

Sweden 140 29 bjn. Sekr. 169.200 55%

Switzerland 42 1.900 15.450 2,82% Source: Euroheat and Power Figure 5.3 Energy supply composition for District Heat generated in 2009

Source: Euroheat and Power

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

- Others

- Direct Renewables

- Recycled heat


Table 5.4 District heat deliveries in the EU27 in 2007 and combustible RES used in DH.

Heat Sales in

2007 Heat sales per capita in 2007

Combustible RES for DH in 2007

Mtoe toe/capita Biomass Waste

EU 27 72,72 0,15

Austria 1,46 0,18 4% 8%

Belgium 0,00 0,00 - -

Bulgaria 0,00 0,00 - -

Cyprus - - - -

Czech Republic 3,47 0,33 - -

Denmark 2,47 0,45 17% 20%

Estonia 0,63 0,48 28% -

Finland 2,60 0,49 12% -

France 1,92 0,03 27% -

Germany 6,41 0,08 10% -

Greece 0,05 0,00 - -

Hungary 1,08 0,11 - -

Ireland 0,00 0,00 - -

Italy N.A. N.A. 18% -

Latvia 0,59 0,26 15% 0.1%

Lithuania 0,69 0,20 16% -

Luxembourg 0,00 0,00 - -

Malta - - - -

Netherlands 0,51 0,01 - -

Poland 10,20 0,96 5% -

Portugal 0,00 0,00 - -

Romania 1,61 0,30 - -

Slovak Republic 0,35 0,18 2% -

Slovenia 0,29 0,01 4% -

Spain - - - -

Sweden 4,06 0,25 47% 17%

United Kingdom 0,00 0,00 - -

Source: Euroheat & Power 2009, Eurostat 2009


5.2.1 DISTRICT COOLING All over Europe the demand for cooling, especially in new buildings with high standards, is growing and therefore the

market for District Cooling is enlarging. The cooling market is dominated presently by packaged air conditioning systems

and the cooling related consumption is embedded in electricity consumption. It can be estimated that approx. 260 TWh

of electricity are currently consumed for cooling in Europe. Given the rapid increase of cooling demands, the potential

for savings is enormous. However, there is a need for more reliable statistics and an estimation of the biomass share in

district cooling is not yet possible.

Table 5.5 District Cooling capacity and production in some MS Country DC capacity (MWth) DC production (ktoe)

Austria 15 0,6 Czech Republic 30 2,6 Denmark 1,5 - Finland 121 4,8 France 620 81,1 Germany 185 17,5 Hungary 8 0,7 Ireland 145 - Poland 97 5,2 Slovenia 1 - Sweden - 55,3

Source: Euroheat & Power 2009


Geothermal; 0,2% Wind; 4,1%Biomass; 3,4%

Non-renewable

waste; 0,6%

Solar; 0,5%

Hydraulic; 11,1%

Nuclear; 27,9%Fossil; 52,3%

6 ELECTRICITY FROM BIOMASS

6.1 GENERALITIES

The European Union primarily uses fossil fuels to produce its electricity (52.3% in 2009). Over the past decade, biomass

power output has been the second driver (after wind energy) for renewable electricity growth. Biomass electicity

output has increased by 13.5% on average since 1999, which equated to an additional contribution of 78.3 TWh. The

development of solid biomass and biogas sectors has been particularly significant, as they have made an additional

contribution of 44,1 TWh and 20,7 TWh respectively.

Biomass electricity generation is based on three fuel types: solid biomass, biogas and biodegradable fraction of MSW.

Figure 6.1 Structure of electricity production in 2009 in EU27

Source: Observ´ER, “Renewable origin of electricity production”, Edition 2010

Figure 6.2 Growth rate 2008-2009 in EU27

Source: Observ´ER, “Renewable origin of electricity production”, Edition 2010

-3,2%10,4%

16,0%11,6%

95,9%

-1,3% -4,3% -5,0% -8,7%

-0,2

0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1

1,2


Table 6.1 Electricity production (TWh) by biomass in 2009 in EU27

Electricity production

(TWh) by biomass

Biomass 109,0

Solid biomass share 63,3

Biogas share 25,5

Liquid biomass share 4,2

Municipal waste share 15,9

Source: Observ´ER, “Renewable origin electricity production”, Edition 2010

6.2 COMBINED HEAT AND POWER (CHP)

The two-thirds of input energy lost globally in traditional power generation (see figure 6.3) represent significant missed

opportunities for savings on both energy costs and CO2 emissions. Implementing co-generation does not, in itself,

increase the power supply for a given plant; rather it increases overall energy efficiency by supplying useful heat

alongside useful electricity. By making more efficient use of fuel inputs, co-generation allows the same level of end-use

energy demand to be met with fewer energy inputs. When these energy inputs are fossil-based, this leads not only to

less reliance on these CO2- generating fuels, but also preserves such exhaustible materials for applications where they

can less easily be substituted. Co-generation is, thus, a low-carbon energy solution.

Figure 6.3 Energy flows in the global electricity system (TWh)

Source: International Energy Agency


The share of electricity produced by cogeneration processes in the EU-27 rose to 11 % in 2008, a moderate increase of

0.5 percentage points from 2004.

Large differences can be observed amongst Member States (see figure below) with variations of the shares between 0.3

% in Cyprus and 46.1 % in Denmark. Between 2004 and 2008, Romania recorded the highest decrease in its CHP share

from 26.4 % in 1998 to 9.6 % in 2008. For the same period, Slovakia reported an increase of 8.7 percentage points and

in 2008 its CHP share reached 24 %.

Figure 6.4 Combined heat and power generation, 2008 (% of gross electricity generation)

Source: Eurostat, Pocketbook “Energy, transport and environment indicators” At present, installed CHP capacity in the EU-27 is about 95 GWe, which accounts for about 11% of electricity demand.

As a fuel, natural gas dominates the CHP market (about 40%), followed by coal at 27%. Renewables, mainly biomass,

but also combustible waste, are becoming increasingly important having reached 10%. CHP systems have significant

penetration in the EU industry, producing approximately 16% of final industrial heat demand.

CHP plants, which produce heat and electricity concurrently, account for almost 63% of EU-27’s bioenergy production

from solid biomass.


Table 6.2 Fuel input to CHP plants in the EU-27 in 2007

Fuel input into CHP

(ktoe)

Solid fuels

Oil and oil products

Natural gas

Renewables Other fuels

EU-27 200.922,03 34,6% 5,9% 38,4% 11,9% 9,2%

Austria 5.617,66 11,4% 9,0% 38,6% 27,2% 13,9%

Belgium 3.511,04 1,5% 2,5% 65,0% 8,9% 22,2%

Bulgaria 2.720,46 55,7% 5,0% 34,4% 0,0% 4,9%

Czech Republic 9.329,32 83,5% 1,7% 4,4% 4,0% 6,5%

Denmark 7.616,80 55,0% 3,6% 21,9% 16,3% 3,2%

Germany 31.503,79 23,4% 4,5% 46,1% 15,0% 11,0%

Estonia 573,23 60,9% 0,4% 31,6% 7,0% 0,0%

Ireland 518,30 3,7% 0,1% 93,1% 0,6% 2,6%

Greece 2.087,51 89,1% 0,6% 0,6% 0,3% 9,5%

Spain 9.921,66 1,6% 8,8% 77,0% 0,0% 12,7%

France 9.033,16 4,4% 2,1% 56,2% 22,3% 14,9%

Italy 23.729,35 0,5% 19,1% 67,9% 5,2% 7,3%

Cyprus 7,17 0,0% 100,0% 0,0% 0,0% 0,0%

Latvia 477,69 0,9% 2,2% 93,8% 3,0% 0,0%

Lithuania 941,05 0,7% 16,7% 78,6% 4,0% 0,0%

Luxembourg 97,93 0,0% 0,0% 89,9% 10,1% 0,0%

Hungary 2.493,55 6,3% 0,2% 82,0% 3,4% 8,1%

Malta 0,00 - - - - -

Netherlands 13.979,66 14,7% 2,5% 70,7% 5,1% 6,9%

Poland 36.027,53 91,1% 2,9% 2,5% 1,9% 1,6%

Portugal 2.534,16 0,0% 33,9% 23,8% 37,7% 4,7%

Romania 5.288,05 52,1% 6,2% 40,8% 0,0% 0,9%

Slovenia 1.533,39 86,6% 0,4% 9,6% 3,3% 0,2%

Slovakia 5.803,96 24,1% 1,8% 9,8% 1,2% 63,1%

Finland 12.207,42 31,8% 1,9% 20,0% 43,9% 2,4%

Sweden 5.763,35 7,6% 7,4% 5,3% 72,8% 7,0%

United Kingdom 7.607,25 4,1% 2,1% 69,9% 2,4% 21,6%

Source: European Environmental Agency

The highest share of biomass in CHP plants are in Scandinavia (Sweden, Finland and Denmark), in France, Austria and

Portugal. Usually solid biomass CHP plants are located in countries of considerable forest industry thus woody biomass

is the predominant fuel. Regarding scales, smaller capacities (<1 MWe) exist in central Europe, while larger plants (>20

MWe) are located in Northern Europe. Important growth is assumed in biomass-based CHP, mainly in district heating

(DH) but also in industry. The assumption is that biomass CHP installations represent approximately 2/3 of the total

installed capacities of biomass based power plants.


7 BIOFUELS FOR TRANSPORT

7.1 BIOETHANOL AND BIODIESEL

Over the last decade, significant changes were observed in the fuel mix consumed by the EU-27 transport sector. In

2008, gas/diesel oil accounted for 52 % of the total, an increase of almost 10 percentage points from 1998. Over the

same period, in absolute terms, motor spirit consumption decreased by 26 % between 1998 and 2008. On the other

hand, the consumption of all other fuels increased. Gas/diesel oil consumption recorded a 39% increase, kerosenes

consumption grew by 33 % and the consumption of biofuels grew 26 times.

Table 7.1 Final energy consumption in transport in 2009, by fuel (ktoe).

All products (ktoe)

Share of biofuels in total final energy

consumption in transport (%)

EU-27 367.636 3,92%

Austria 8.628 6,93%

Belgium 11.131 3,02%

Bulgaria 2.927 0,20%

Czech Republic 6.615 3,70%

Denmark 5.194 0,23%

Germany 61.736 5,70%

Estonia 744 0,00%

Ireland 4.693 2,07%

Greece 9.218 0,93%

Spain 37.837 3,34%

France 50.400 5,79%

Italy 42.289 3,25%

Cyprus 1.019 1,67%

Latvia 1.027 0,58%

Lithuania 1.501 4,33%

Luxembourg 2.488 1,89%

Hungary 4.785 2,86%

Malta 245 0,00%

Netherlands 15.104 3,17%

Poland 16.569 4,68%

Portugal 7.340 3,11%

Romania 5.363 3,47%

Slovenia 1.765 1,98%

Slovakia 2.379 8,45%

Finland 4.807 2,48%

Sweden 8.534 5,74%

United Kingdom 53.298 2,19%

Source: Eurostat


It has been a growth of 18.7% in biofuel consumption for transport in the EU between 2008 and 2009. It means that

European biofuel use for transport reached the 12 Mtoe (4% share of biofuels consumed in road transport in the EU in

2009). Which is, however, long way short of the 18 Mtoe goal for 2010.

Source: Eurobserver, “Biofuels Barometer 2010”

Figure 7.2 Breakdown of total EU 2009 biofuel consumption for transport by biofuel type and energy content


Figure 7.1 Evolution of the European Union (EU27) biofuels consumption for transport thend (ktoe)

Vegetable oil 0,9%

Biogas0,3%

Bioethanol19,3%

Biodiesel79,5%


Table 7.2 Biofuels consumption for transport in the European Union in 2009 (ktoe)

2009

Bioethanol Biodiesel Other Total consumption

EU27 2.339,24 9.616,13 137,25 12.092,62

Austria 64,24 424,90 13,37 502,52

Belgium 37,57 221,25 – 258,82

Bulgaria 0 6,18 – 6,18

Cyprus 0 15,02 – 15,02

Czech Republic 51,09 119,81 – 170,90

Denmark 3,91 0,243 – 4,15

Estonia – – – –

Finland 79,32 66,28 – 145,60

France 455,93 2.055,55 – 2.511,49

Germany 581,68 2.224,35 88,37 2.894,40

Greece 0 57,44 – 57,44

Hungary 64,48 119,30 – 183,79

Ireland 19,73 54,26 – 73,99

Italy 118,01 1.048,98 – 1.167

Latvia 1,12 3,57 – 4,69

Lithuania 14,09 37,77 – 51,86

Luxembourg 0,74 39,91 0,49 41,15

Malta 0 0,583 – 0,58

Netherlands 138,65 228,88 – 367,53

Poland 136,04 568,99 – 705,04

Portugal 0 231,47 – 231,46

Romania 53,27 131,32 – 184,60

Slovakia 6,82 55,04 – 61,86

Slovenia 1,86 27,99 – 29,85

Spain 152,19 894,33 – 1.046,52

Sweden 199,44 159,77 35,01 394,23

United Kingdom 159,00 822,87 – 981,87


The EU-biofuels directive from 2003 set a goal of 5.75% green fuel of total fuel consumption in Europe by 2010.

However, most MS are a long way from this target.


Table 7.3 Capacity and production of biofuels in 2009 in EU MS

Country Capacity (million tons) Production (million tons)

Austria 0,707 0,310

Belgium 0,700 0,416

Bulgaria 0,435 0,025

Cyprus 0,020 0,009

Czech Republic 0,325 0,164

Denmark 0,140 0,233*

Estonia 0,135 0,024

Finland 0,340 0,220

France 2,505 1,959

Germany 5,200 2,500

Greece 0,715 0,077

Hungary 0,168 0,133

Ireland 0,080 0,017

Italy 1,910 0,737

Latvia 0,136 0,044

Lithuania 0,147 0,098

Luxembourg - -

Malta 0,008 0,001

Netherlands 1,936 0,323

Poland 0,580 0,332

Portugal 0,468 0,250

Romania 0,307 0,029

Slovakia 0,247 0,101

Slovenia 0,100 0,090

Spain 3,656 0,859

Sweden 0,212 0,233

United Kingdom 0,609 0,137 * including Sweden Sources: European commission/national biofuels reports, UFOP/European Biodiesel Board

In Europe most biofuel used in transport is essentially sourced from biodiesel (see graph below) which accounts for

79.5% of the total energy content, as opposed to 19.3% for bioethanol. The vegetable oil fuel share is becoming

negligible (0.9%) and for the moment the biogas fuel share is specific to Sweden and a few places in Germany.

Advanced biofuels are under development in different research and pilot plants in Europe but are not yet on the

market.


The following table shows the production of biodiesel and bioethanol in 2009.

Table 7.4 Biofuel production in the EU member states in 2009

Biodiesel

(kt) Biodiesel

(ktoe) Bioethanol

(kt) Bioethanol

(ktoe)

EU27 9.046 8.050,9 3.673 2350,72

Austria 310 275,9 180 115,2

Belgium 416 370,2 143 91,52

Bulgaria 25 22,3 0

Cyprus 9 8,0 0

CzechRepublic 164 146,0 112 71,68

Denmark/Sweden 233 207,4 175 112

Estonia 24 21,4 0

Finland 220 195,8 4 2,56

France 1959 1.743,5 1250 800

Germany 2539 2.259,7 750 480

Greece 77 68,5 0

Hungary 133 118,4 150 96

Ireland 17 15,1 1,6 1,024

Italy 737 655,9 72 46,08

Latvia 44 39,2 15 9,6

Lithuania 98 87,2 30 19,2

Luxembourg 0 0,0 0

Malta 1 0,9 0

Netherlands 323 287,5 0

Poland 332 295,5 165 105,6

Portugal 250 222,5 0

Romania 29 25,8 0

Slovakia 101 89,9 118 75,52

Slovania 9 8,0 0

Spain 859 764,5 437 279,68

UnitedKingdom 137 121,9 70 44,8

Source: EurObserv'ER Biofuels Barometer 2010


Since diesel has been the dominating fuel in final road transport consumption in the EU over the past decade, biofuel

production has largely been focused on biodiesel.

Biodiesel continued to be the leading biofuel in the EU with 79.5% of biofuel production in the year 2009. However,

European production of biodiesel only rose by 16.6% in 2009. This is well below the previous year-on-year growth rate

recorded (35.7%).

Figure 7.3 EU Biodiesel Trade Balance (extra-EU trade only)

Source: Article “International bioenergy trade—A review of past developments in the liquid biofuel market” ( Patrick Lamers, CarloHamelinck, Martin Junginger, André Faaij) Table 7.5 Types of feedstock for biodiesel production in the EU-27

Feedstock 2005 2006 2007 2008

Rapeseed 84% 70% 66% 64%

Sunflower 13% 4% 4% 5%

Soybean 1% 18% 17% 16%

Palm 1% 3% 7% 7%

Others 1% 6% 5% 8%

Source: USDA Foreign Agricultural Service, May 2008 ; Soy consumption for feed and fuel in the EU, Profundo.


8 PELLETS

8.1 PELLETS PRODUCTION

Table 8.1 Pellets production in EU27 (kt)

Country 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

EU 27 2.628 3.520 5.782 6.294 6.669 9.241

Austria 450 617 700 625 695 850

Belgium - - - 485 223 286

Bulgaria - - 13 27 - 40

Czech Republic - - 27 168 - 223

Denmark 187 134 149 70 - 180

Estonia - - 383 - - 381

Finland - - - - 299 300

France 71 121 190 240 346 495

Germany 270 470 1.100 1.460 1.600 1.750

Greece - - 79 - - 33

Hungary - - 12 15 81 162

Ireland - - 15 15 - 27

Italy 240 300 600 700 550 600

Latvia - - 130 - - 223

Lithuania - - - - - 133

Netherlands 110 110 108 120 - 120

Poland 200 280 329 378 - 410

Portugal - - - - 400 430

Romania - - 108 111 - 157

Slovak Republic - - 100 117 - 117

Slovenia - - 115 - - 154

Spain - 30 95 163 900 120

Sweden 1.100 1.458 1.400 1.405 1.575 1.645

United Kingdom - - 129 194 - 138

Source: Pro Pellets Austria; Pelletsatlas, 2009; EPC


Table 8.2 Pellets production capacity in EU27 (Kt)

Country 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

EU27 4.169 6.643 8.583 11.283 13.694 14.845

Austria 460 793 902 978 1.100 1.200

Belgium 15 60 215 550 550 550

Bulgaria - - 23 62 62 70

Czech Republic - - 118 258 258 300

Denmark 400 370 370 349 349 313

Estonia - 300 380 438 438 485

Finland 450 560 - - 700 650

France - - - 1.392 1.040 1.040

Germany 385 900 1.995 2.333 2.500 2.600

Greece - - 77 - 77 87

Hungary 0 0 - 110 125 200

Ireland - - 70 70 70 78

Italy 200 300 700 750 750 725

Latvia - 540 - 313 313 744

Lithuania - 120 - - 120 153

Netherlands 110 125 125 130 130 130

Poland 300 416 545 644 644 640

Portugal - - - - 875 875

Romania - 0 214 241 241 260

Slovak Republic - 87 - 142 142 142

Slovenia - - 165 - 165 185

Spain - 75 160 435 500 700

Sweden 1.400 1.716 2.032 2.200 2.300 2.500

United Kingdom - - 176 245 245 218

Source: Pro Pellets Austria; Pelletsatlas, 2009


Table 8.3 Pellet producers

Country Number of producers

Austria 29

Belgium 7

Bulgaria 25

Czech Republic 14

Denmark 12

Estonia 6

Finland 27

France 61

Germany 47

Greece 5

Hungary 10

Ireland 2

Italy 27

Latvia 11

Lithuania 4

Netherlands 6

Norway 8

Poland 25

Portugal 15

Romania 21

Slovakia 14

Slovenia 4

Spain 39

Sweden 80

United Kingdom 15

EU27 499

Source: Pro Pellets Austria; Pelletsatlas, 2009


8.2 PELLETS TRADE

Figure 8.1 Major wood pellet markets in Europe in 2009 (Kt)

Source : Sikkema, Steiner, Junginger, Hiegl, Hansen and Faaij, 2011. In BioFPR 5(3): 250-278 Table 8.4 Pellets export to EU27

2009 2010

Argentina 10 9

Australia 9 63

Belarus 75 90

Bosnia 54 44

Canada 520 926

Croatia 73 95

New Zealand

21

Norway 10 4

Russia 379 396

Serbia 18 26

South Africa 42 25

Switzerland 6 15

Ukraine 30 57

USA 535 736

total import to EU27 1,771 2,523

Source: Eurostat

-2000

-1500

-1000

-500

0

500

1000

1500

2000

Production Import Consumption Export


Table 8.5 Pellets export within EU27

2009 2010 Main target country

Austria 159 285 IT

Belgium 119 47 FR

Bulgaria 11 8 IT

Czech Republic 72 100 AT, DE, IT

Denmark 20 112 DE, SE

Estonia 300 391 DK, SE

Finland 146 195 DK, SE

France 59 66 BE, DE, IT

Germany 350 554 AT, DK, IT,SE

Hungary 33 13 IT

Ireland 0 0

Italy 2 4

Latvia 194 448 DK, SE, EE, DE

Lithuania 74 157 DK, IT

Luxemburg 7 13 FR

Netherlands 67 113 BE

Poland 81 143 DK, IT

Portugal 123 240 DK, SE, UK

Romania 62 139 AT, IT

Slovakia 46 63 HU, IT

Slovenia 75 81 IT

Spain 59 138 FR, PT

Sweden 98 67 DK

United Kingdom 6 67 DK, SE

trade within EU27 2,164 3,445

Source: Eurostat


Table 8.6 Pellets imports

Import from outside EU27 Import within EU27 total imports

2009 2010 2009 2010 2009 2010

Austria 2 1 202 284 204 285

Belgium 326 172 128 159 453 330

Bulgaria

0 0 1 0 1

Czech Republic 1 4 5 10 6 14

Denmark 132 327 602 1,250 734 1,576

Estonia 5 6 40 45 45 51

Finland 47 11 3 7 50 18

France

1 102 142 102 143

Germany 18 88 53 167 71 255

Hungary 1 2 26 42 27 43

Ireland 0 0 3 7 4 7

Italy 107 153 365 662 472 815

Latvia 2 4 4 5 5 9

Lithuania 63 28 2 16 66 44

Luxemburg

5 3 5 3

Netherlands 792 909 167 27 960 936

Poland 11 29 50 6 61 35

Portugal 0

24 64 24 64

Romania 0 0 0 3 0 3

Slovakia 1 2 2 2 3 4

Slovenia 55 68 2 3 57 71

Spain 0 0 2 13 2 13

Sweden 205 210 332 486 537 696

United Kingdom 3 511 42 40 45 551

EU27 1,771 2,523 2,164 3,445 3,935 5,968

Source: Eurostat


8.3 PELLETS CONSUMPTION

Table 8.7 Total consumption of pellets in EU27 (kt)

Country 2005 2006 2007 2008 2010

EU 27 3.835 4.603 6.028 7.021 9.817

Austria 303 392 450 513 660

Belgium 730 735 920 920

Bulgaria - - - - 12

Czech Republic - - - - 3

Denmark 818 892 993 n.a. 1600

Finland 59 100 n.a. n.a. 213

France 40 90 135 n.a. 400

Germany 240 470 600 900 1200

Greece n.a. n.a. 1,31 n.a. 11

Hungary 10

Ireland n.a. 33 6 n.a. 30

Italy 270 340 567 850 850

Latvia n.a. 540 n.a. 312 39

Lithuania 20

Netherlands 487 486 705 912 913

Poland 25 30 32 35 300

Portugal 10

Romania n.a. n.a. 0,01 25 25

Slovakia 18

Slovenia n.a. n.a. 102 n.a. 112

Spain n.a. n.a. 4 10 95

Sweden 1.490 1.685 1.715 1.850 2200

United Kingdom n.a. n.a. n.a. 760 176

Source: Pro Pellets Austria; Pelletsatlas, 2009 Table 8.8 Pellets consumption for heat/power in Europe (kt)

Consumption sectors 2009 2010

Heat 1520 1520

Power 5025 5284

Only these countries are included: AT, BE, DE, FI, FR, HU, IT, PT, SE AT, BE, DE, FI, FR, HU, IT, PT, SE

Source: EPC The leading countries in the use of pellets were Sweden, Denmark, Italy, Germany and Austria.


Table 8.9 European markets for residential pellet heating 2005 – 2008 (kt)

Country 2005 2006 2007 2008

Germany 240 470 600 900

Italy 270 340 567 850

Sweden 590 609 635 700

Austria 275 340 450 513

Latvia - 540 - 312

Belgium 40 30 35 120

Netherlands 36 37 40 37

Poland 25 30 32 35

Romania - - 0,01 25

Spain - - 3,5 10

United Kingdom - - - 10

Denmark 309 469 505 -

Finland 59 80 - -

France 40 90 135 -

Greece - - 1,305 -

Hungary - - 0,004 -

Ireland - 33 5,467 -

Slovenia - - 102 -

Source: Pro Pellets Austria ;Pelletsatlas 2009 As the following table and graph demonstrate the annual number of installed new pellets boilers is steadily increasing

year by year, with Italy having the strongest growth over the last years.

The main reasons for the growth in those countries are due to financial support programs for private households

(Germany, Austria, Sweden, Denmark) and/or high taxes on heating oil (Italy, Sweden) and electricity (Denmark).

Please note that different sources than in the previous tables were used here and therefore the data varies. In any case

more reliable statistics for small scale heating in Europe are needed.


Table 8.10 Totally installed small scale pellet boilers in the leading countries 2001-2008

Country 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Austria

Small Boilers 22.000 28.000 36.900 47.400 51.300 62.400 - -

Stoves 2.950 5.250 9.550 15.190 16.940 19.990 22.000 26.000

Belgium

Small Boilers - - 282 1.100 - - 5.512 -

Stoves - - 1.671 6.972 - - 24.889 -

Denmark Small Boilers 39.000 50.000 42.000 46.000 47.000 50.000 - -

Finland Small Boilers 2.120 3.000 - - 10.000 - 21.000 23.000

France

Small Boilers 1.300 2.000 3.500 9.800 19.100 - - -

Stoves 10.200 13.050 22.050 35.550 45.050 - >70.000 -

Germany Small Boilers 18.150 27.250 44.000 70.000 83.000 105.000 122.500 137.000

Italy

Small Boilers 100.000 125.500 - - - - - -

Stoves 170.000 295.000 385.000 605.000 740.000 - 988.676 1.138.676

Spain Small Boilers - - 25 100 650 1.000 3.000 6.000

Sweden

Small Boilers 54.700 67.200 76.000 110.000 116.000 -

Stoves 6.200 8.400 10.600 14.000 - -

Source: Pro Pellets Austria; AIEL; Pelletsatlas 2009, EPC

In some countries pellets are used to produce electricity in order to comply with the directive on RES electricity

Table 8.11 Pellets use in power plants in Europe 2005-2008 (kt)

Country 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Netherlands 451 449 665 876 - -

Belgium - 700 700 800 820 820

Sweden 815 820 800 800 700 700

United Kingdom - - - 750 - -

Denmark 432 289 344 - - -

Source: Pro Pellets Austria; Pelletsatlas 2009, EPC


Based on the target 20% RES and on the sub-target 25% RES heat and on the assumption that one third of the

additional biomass for heat is provided by pellets ca 50 Mt pellets would be needed in 2020, adding the use in power

plants the total demand for pellets might be between 50 to 80 Mt.

Table 8.12 Scenario pellets consumption 2020

Mt Mtoe

2000 1,4 0,56

2008 6,3 2,50

2020 50 – 80 20 -32

Source: AEBIOM Overview of world wide pellet production and woody biomass availability Figure 8.2 Pettets production (Mt) and woody biomass availability

Source : Sipilä, VTT; Pöyry


9 BIOGAS

9.1 GENERALITIES

Biogas production has the advantage of reconciling two European Union policies: Renewable Energy Directive and the European organic waste management objectives in European regulations that require Member States to reduce the amount of biodegradable waste disposed of in landfills and to implement laws encouraging waste recycling and recovery. These policies have prompted a number of Member States to encourage biogas production. The biogas sector is gradually deserting its core activities of waste cleanup and treatment and getting involved in energy production: 8.3 Mtoe of primary biogas energy and 25.2 TWh of biogas electricity were produced in 2009 in EU. Across the European Union, the sector´s progress is as clear as daylight, as in 2009, primary energy growth leapt by a further 4.3%. Table 9.1 Primary production of biogas in the EU 27 in 2008 and 2009 (ktoe)

Source: Eurobserver, Biogas barometer 2010

2008 2009

Countries Landfill

Gas Sewage sludge

gas Other biogas

Total Landfill

Gas Sewage sludge

gas Other biogas

Total

EU25 2891,1 952,8 4155,3 7999,3 3001,6 1003,7 4340,7 8346,0

Germany 291,7 384,7 3553,1 4229,5 265,5 386,7 3561,2 4213,4

United Kingdom

1416,9 208,6 0,0 1625,4 1474,4 249,5 0,0 1723,9

France 379,3 45,5 28,3 453,1 442,3 45,2 38,7 526,2

Italy 339,8 3 67,2 410,0 361,8 5,0 77,5 444,3

Netherlands 44,4 48,8 132,5 225,7 39,2 48,9 179,8 267,9

Spain 157 19,7 26,6 203,2 140,9 10,0 32,9 183,7

Austria 4,8 21,9 147,8 174,5 4,9 18,9 141,2 165,1

Czech Republic

29,4 33,7 27,0 90,0 29,2 33,7 67,0 129,9

Belgium 46,7 1,5 39,4 87,6 44,3 2,1 78,2 124,7

Sweden 32,9 56,3 13,3 102,4 34,5 60,0 14,7 109,2

Denmark 6,4 20,2 67,2 93,8 6,2 20,0 73,4 99,6

Poland 34,2 59,4 2,6 96,1 35,5 58,0 4,5 98,0

Greece 28,3 5,1 0,2 33,6 46,3 12,2 0,2 58,7

Finland 34,1 10,9 0,0 45,0 30,6 10,7 0,0 41,4

Ireland 25,9 8,1 1,4 35,4 23,6 8,1 4,1 35,8

Hungary 2,1 8,0 11,7 21,8 2,8 10,3 17,5 30,7

Portugal 0,00 0,00 23,0 23,0 0,0 0,0 23,8 23,8

Slovenia 8,2 3,1 2,7 14,1 8,3 3,0 11,0 22,4

Slovakia 0,2 9,5 0,6 10,3 0,8 14,8 0,7 16,3

Luxembourg 0,0 0,0 9,2 9,2 0,0 0,0 12,3 12,3

Latvia 6,6 2,2 0,0 8,8 7,0 2,7 0,0 9,7

Lithuania 0,40 1,70 0,90 3,00 1,30 2,10 1,20 4,70

Estonia 2,00 0,90 0,00 2,80 2,00 0,90 0,00 2,80

Romania 0,00 0,00 0,60 0,60 0,10 0,70 0,50 1,30

Cyprus 0,00 0,00 0,20 0,20 0,00 0,00 0,20 0,20


51,527,8

24,519,7

1816,2

12,411,711,5

10,98,187,77,4

5,24,34

3,13

2,62,22,1

1,40,20,1

16,7

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Germany

United Kingdom

Luxembourg

Austria

Denmark

Netherlands

Czech Republic

Sweden

Belgium

Slovenia

France

Ireland

Finland

Italy

Greece

Laatvia

Spain

Hungary

Slovakia

Poland

Portugal

Estonia

Lithuania

Cyprus

Romania

European Union

Figure 9.1 Primary biogas energy production per inhabitant for each European Union country in 2009 (toe/1000 inhab.) Source: Eurobserver, Biogas barometer 2010 Germany has opted to develop agricultural methanisation plants by encouraging the planting of energy crops. As a

result of this strategy, Germany is the leading European biogas producer, alone accounting for half of European primary

energy output (50.5% in 2009) and half of biogas-sourced electricity output (49.9% in 2009).

Table 9.2 Germany biogas statistics at a glance

End of 2009 End of 2010 Forecast for 2011

Number of plants

(there of feeding biomethane) 4.984 (30) 6.000 (50) 6.800 (80)

Installed electric capacity (MW) 1.893 2.280 2.560

Household supplied with electricity

from biogas (m) 3,5 4,3 4,9

Turnover in Germany (€) 4,44 m 4,70 m 4,71 m

Jobs 16.000 19.000 20.000

Export rate in % 10 16 23

Cultivated area for biogas (hectar) 650.000 750.000 810.000

Source: German Biogas Association


Based on different studies and the experience of member countries the realistic potential for biogas until 2020 can be

calculated for the EU 27 as follows:

AEBIOM assumes that 25 Mio ha agricultural land (arable land and green land) can be used for energy in 2020 without

harming the food production and the national environment. This land will be needed to produce raw materials for the

first generation fuels, for heat, power and second generation fuels and for biogas crops. In the AEBIOM scenario

15 Mio ha land is used for first generation biofuels (wheat, rape, sugarbeet, etc.)

5 Mio ha for short rotation forests, miscanthus and other solid biomass production and

5 Mio ha for biogas crops

On this basis the potential for biogas in 2020 is estimated as follows:

Table 9.3 Biogas potential for 2020 in the EU27

Origin(according to template for National Renewable Energy Action Plans)

Potential Billion m³

Biomethane

2020

Assumed percentage of

use until 2020

Primary energy

Billion m³ Biomethane

Primary energy Mtoe

Agriculture 58,9 62% 36,4 31,3

Agricultural crops directly provided for energy generation (5% of arable land; calculation in annex)

27,2 100% 27,2 23,4

Agricultural by-products / processed residues

31,7 28% 9,2 7,9

straw 10,0 5% 0,5 0,4

Manure 20,5 35% 7,2 6,0

rest (landscape management) 1,2 40% 0,5 0,4

Waste 19,0 50% 9,5 8,2

Biodegradable fraction of municipal solid waste including biowaste (biodegradable garden and park waste, food and kitchen waste from households, restaurants, caterers and retail premises, and comparable waste from food processing plants) and landfill gas

10,0 40% 4,0 3,4

Biodegradable fraction of industrial waste (including paper, cardboard, pallets)

3,0 50% 1,5 1,3

Sewage sludge 6,0 66% 4,0 3,4

Total 77,9 59% 45,9 39,5

The realistic potential of methane derived from animal manure and energy crops and waste lies in the range of 40 Mtoe in 2020 as compared to a production of 5,9 Mtoe in 2007. The use of catch crops for biogas production was not considered in the calculation and offers an additional potential. Source: AEBIOM biogas roadmap 2009


9.2 BIOGAS FOR ELECTRICITY

Biogas energy is mainly recovered in the form of electricity (table below). In 2009, 25.2 TWh was produced from biogas,

which is an increase of 17.9% on 2008. The bulk of biogas electricity (53.4%) is produced in methanisation plants,

followed by landfills (37.2%) and water treatment plants (9.4%). Increasingly cogeneration plants produce this

electricity and, at the same time, also supply heat.

Table 9.4 Gross biogas electricity output in the European Union in 2008 and 2009 (GWh)


2008 2009

Countries Electricity plants CHP Total Electricity plants CHP Total

EU 17.365 3.992 21.356 20.397 4.773 25.170

Germany 8.837 1.142 9.979 11.325 1.237 12.562

United Kingdom 4.845 460 5.305 5.065 527 5.592

Italy 1.291 309 1.600 1.374 366 1.740

Netherlands 83 651 734 82 833 915

France 606 95 700 671 175 846

Austria 557 45 602 602 36 638

Spain 540 44 584 479 48 527

Belgium 174 159 333 175 287 462

Czech Republic 63 204 267 242 200 441

Denmark 2 297 299 1 324 325

Poland 0 252 252 0 319 319

Greece 171 20 191 184 34 218

Ireland 110 17 127 100 17 117

Hungary 0 68 68 0 95 95

Portugal 63 8 71 73 10 83

Slovenia 10 46 56 10 59 69

Luxembourg 0 44 44 0 53 53

Latvia 2 37 40 3 42 45

Sweden 0 30 30 0 34 34

Finland 0 29 29 0 31 31

Slovakia 1 14 15 1 20 21

Lithuania 0 9 9 0 15 15

Cyprus 0 12 12 0 12 12

Estonia 9 0 9 10 0 10

Romania 1 0 1 1 0 1


9.3 BIOGAS FOR HEAT

Table below shows the heat production in the European Union. This was 173.8 ktoe in 2009, which is 8.3% up on 2008.

This figure only includes the heat sold to heating networks, no the heating produced that is used in the process itself.

Table 9.5 Biogas heat output in the European Union in 2008 and in 2009 in the transformation sector (ktoe)


2008 2009

Heat plants only CHP plants Total heat Heat plants only CHP plants Total heat

Germany 8,2 10,9 19,1 15,2 15,4 30,6

Denmark 5,4 19,5 24,8 4,6 21,8 26,4

Finland 21,8 1 22,8 18,7 1,2 19,9

Poland 0,4 21,7 22,1 0,5 19 19,5

Italy 0 16,4 16,4 0 19,4 19,4

Sweden 10,9 8 18,8 6,5 9,2 15,7

Austria 4,3 5,3 9,5 5,3 5,3 10,5

Belgium 0,2 7 7,2 0,2 8,1 8,4

Luxembourg 0 6 6 0 6 6

Netherlands 0 2,5 2,5 0 5,3 5,3

Czech Republic 0 3,8 3,8 0 4 4

Slovakia 0,6 3,3 3,9 0,6 3,4 4

Slovenia 0 2 2 0 2,6 2,6

Romania 0,5 0,2 0,6 0,5 0,2 0,6

Lithuania 0 0,4 0,4 0 0,5 0,5

Latvia 0 0,5 0,5 0 0,4 0,4

Hungary 0 0,02 0,02 0 0,02 0,02

EU 27 52,2 108,3 160,5 52 121,8 173,8


10 OVERVIEW ABOUT THE NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY ACTION PLANS

By June 2010 all the Member States (MS) were required to submit national renewable energy action plans (NREAP).

These plans, prepared in accordance with the template published by the Commission, provide detailed roadmaps of

how each MS expects to reach its legally binding 2020 target for the share of renewable energy in their final energy

consumption. These NREAP are indeed giving the main framework that gives trajectories and plans that will be followed

up by the Commission in the coming 10 years.

AEBIOM has compiled data from all these NREAPs, focusing in bioenergy sector, in order to contribute to a better

understanding of the bioenergy development in all EU countries, allowing easy comparison for further analysis. It has

been also considered the additional information in response to the Commission´s questions.

However, the data have been entered into the database manually, therefore, although checked, it is possible that

typing errors have occurred. The original NREAP documents remain the authentic versions and are available in

http://ec.europa.eu/energy/renewables/transparency_platform/action_plan_en.htm

10.1 ENERGY, BIOENERGY AND OTHER RENEWABLE

10.1.1 GROSS FINAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION

The Renewable Energy Directive addresses various subjects related to the development of renewable energies in the

European Member States, among others the legally binding share of renewable energy in gross final energy

consumption.

The NREAPs all provide projections for gross final energy consumption in the period 2010 –2020. Most MS have

specified two scenarios: a ‘reference scenario’ and an additional ‘energy efficiency scenario’. In the reference scenario

the EU-27 target of 20% renewable energy in the year 2020 is not being met; this is a logical result of the fact that all

projections have been designed to meet the target for the additional energy efficiency scenario.

On the other hand, the gross final energy consumption according to these two scenarios for some MS has been reduced

in order to compensate for a relatively large share of aviation in their gross final consumption of energy. This results in

a value ‘after aviation reduction’ in which the overall renewable share increase by 0.1% point.

In conclusion, for the purpose of calculating the overall renewable share the relevant parameter is the gross final

energy consumption in a reference scenario and after aviation reduction. In this graph it can be seen that in 2020 the

overall share of renewable, under these specifications, will reach 20.7%.

http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32009D0548:EN:NOT

http://ec.europa.eu/energy/renewables/targets_en.htm

http://ec.europa.eu/energy/renewables/transparency_platform/action_plan_en.htm


Figure 10.1 Total gross final energy consumption in the energy efficiency scenario in EU27 and contribution from renewable sources (RES)

Source: Energy Research Centre of Netherlands The consumption of RES has significantly increased in recent years. On average this projection results in a growth for

overall renewables of approximately 12% for the period 2005 - 2020. Biomass is by far the most important source of

RES energy in Europe.

Figure 10.2 RES in EU27 and contribution from bioenergy

Source: Energy Research Centre of Netherlands

10.1.2 CONTRIBUTION EXPECTED FROM BIOENERGY IN EU27 IN 2020 Bioenergy is considered as the gross final energy consumption, made up of the sum of bioelectricity, biomass for heat,

bioheat and transport biofuels.

According to the NREAPs, biomass delivered in 2010 more than 85 Mtoe to the EU’s energy consumption, with 12%

electricity, 16% as transportation fuels and 72% as heat. Heating will continue being by far the most important sector

for bioenergy in 2020. Taking into account that heat covers more than half of the final energy consumption in Europe,

biomass should be a key sector for EU members to meet the 2020 targets.

8,5% 11,6%20,7%

1162 11841180

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

2005 2010 2020

Mto

e

Gross final energy consumption

RES

62,0% 62,3%

56,5%99

137

244

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

2005 2010 2020

Mto

e RES

Out of which bioenergy


Table 10.1 Estimation of total contribution expected from bioenergy (ktoe)

Bioelectricity Biomass for heat and bioheat * Biofuels

2005 2010 2015 2020 2005 2010 2015 2020 2005 2010 2015 2020

EU27 5.936 9.737 14.344 19.697 52.522 61.782 72.882 89.756 2.821 13.819 19.460 28.859

Austria 243 406 415 443 3033 3415 3463 3607 35 330 370 490

Belgium 154 259 512 949 477 682 1178 2034 0 329 497 789

Bulgaria 0 0 56 75 724 734 929 1073 0 30 115 196

Cyprus 0 3 7 12 4 18 24 30 0 16 22 38

Czech Republic 62 166 414 531 1374 1759 2248 2517 3 243 438 623

Denmark 279 324 519 761 1759 2245 2526 2643 0 31 247 261

Estonia 3 21 30 30 505 612 626 607 0 1 35 89

Finland 831 696 850 1110 5490 4990 5810 6610 0 220 420 560

France 328 378 902 1476 9153 9953 12760 16455 403 2715 2925 3500

Germany 1206 2818 3619 4253 7260 9092 10388 11355 1742 3429 3070 5300

Greece 8 22 43 108 951 1012 1128 1222 1 107 386 617

Hungary 0 168 193 286 0 812 829 1277 5 144 250 506

Ireland 10 30 76 87 183 198 388 486 1 134 299 481

Italy 402 743 1179 1615 1655 2239 3521 5670 179 1016 1748 2480

Latvia 4 6 57 105 1114 1020 1147 1392 3 39 39 46

Lithuania 1 13 65 105 686 663 879 1023 4 55 109 167

Luxembourg 4 6 17 29 19 23 50 83 1 42 81 216

Malta 0 1 12 12 0 1 2 2 0 0 0 0

Netherlands 433 514 1148 1431 609 684 778 878 0 307 567 834

Poland 125 518 851 1223 0 3911 4227 5089 43 966 1327 1902

Portugal 170 206 289 302 2507 2179 2339 2322 0 281 429 477

Romania 0 0 0 0 3166 2794 2931 3876 0 224 363 489

Slovakia 3 52 116 147 358 447 576 690 0 82 137 185

Slovenia 10 26 54 58 445 415 495 526 0 41 79 192

Spain 228 388 513 861 3477 3583 4060 4950 258 1703 2470 3500

Sweden 651 914 1177 1441 7013 7978 8622 9426 144 340 528 716

UK 783 1060 1229 2249 560 323 958 3914 nm 996 2510 4205

Electricity12%

Heat72%

Transport16%

Total contribution of bioenergy in 2010 in EU27: 85,3 Mtoe

Electricity14%

Heat65%

Transport21%

Total contribution of bioenergy in 2020 in EU27: 138,3 Mtoe

Figure 10.3 Estimation of total contribution expected from bioenergy in EU27


* Biomass for heat means the energy content of biomass before conversion (considered as final energy when used in

households, services and industry), while bioheat is the energy content of heat after conversion (considered as final

energy in DH and CHP plants).

* AEBIOM estimation, RHC vision document- “Biomass for heating and cooling”

10.2 BIOMASS SUPPLY

By 2020 the biomass supply in Europe should increase to meet the demand of all sectors of heat, electricity and

transport biofuels, rising from around 84 Mtoe in 2006 to around 129 Mtoe in 2020.

Forest and forest based industries are contributing the most to the biomass supply, and this should still be the case in

2020 (more than 53% of biomass supply), however the biggest increase should come from agriculture. Both increases

show that the potential for the further development of bioenergy in Europe is big.

20.000

124.000

32.000

19.697

89.756

28.859

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

140000

Electricity Heat Transport

Kto

e AEBIOM´s estimation

NREAP

Figure 10.4 Estimation of bioenergy contibution in electricity, heat and transport sector in 2020 in EU27

88

Table 10.2 Estimated biomass domestic supply in 2006, 2015 and 2020 (ktoe)

Biomass from forestry Biomass from agriculture and fisheries Biomass from waste Total biomass supply

2006 2015 2020 2006 2015 2020 2006 2015 2020 2006* 2015** 2020**

EU 27 60.094 65.088 72.692 15.420 29.183 40.555 9.397 12.190 16.366 84.913 106.462 129.614

Austria 3.725 3.588 3.870 337 420 730 52 100 150 4.114 4.108 4.750

Belgium 814 732 869 87 1.670 1.030 368 561 536 1.269 2.963 2.435

Bulgaria 736 830 892 0 130 169 59 64 84 795 1.024 1.145

Cyprus 9 5 5 1 1 2 1 7 12 11 13 19 Czech Republic 1.536 2.529 2.716 32 286 358 76 113 183 1.644 2.928 3.257

Denmark 1.252 922 1.006 515 621 705 561 632 704 2.328 2.175 2.415

Estonia - - - - - - 2 - 2 2 - 2

Finland 7.078 6.980 8.060 67 279 397 137 160 196 7.283 7.419 8.653

France 11.029 13.455 15.229 1.193 3.005 4.210 1.345 1.890 2.290 13.567 18.350 21.729

Germany 9.792 12.218 11.966 7.357 7.847 9.133 955 2.126 2.317 18.104 22.190 23.416

Greece 729 164 164 202 1.268 1.659 33 36 36 964 1.468 1.859

Hungary 594 587 639 43 654 1.135 0 0 0 637 1.241 1.775

Ireland 122 170 258 60 598 1.397 8 235 435 190 1.002 2.090

Italy 880 1.600 4.000 1.033 2.600 6.500 711 940 2.350 2.624 5.140 12.850

Latvia - - - - - - - - - - - -

Lithuania 728 684 612 - 159 335 - 55 70 728 898 1.017

Luxembourg 23 49 107 10 25 39 16 23 27 49 97 173

Malta - - - - 5 5 - 5 5 - 10 10

Netherlands 462 376 559 8 1.201 2.050 0 2.198 2.677 470 3.775 5.286

Poland 4.173 2.002 2.081 461 1.763 2.929 227 1.151 1.758 4.861 4.916 6.768

Portugal 2.731 2.946 2.894 7 302 326 99 163 236 2.837 3.411 3.456

Romania 1.200 1.560 1.800 817 1.586 1.604 1.391 0 0 3.408 3.146 3.404

Slovakia 453 979 1.222 152 2.180 2.194 20 64 90 625 3.223 3.506

Slovenia 442 324 333 0 0 0 0 0 1 442 324 334

Spain 2.800 3.261 3.783 1.712 2.262 3.240 378 743 1.006 4.890 6.266 8.029

Sweden 8.205 9.128 9.628 617 322 408 764 926 1.202 9.586 10.376 11.238

UK 582 - - 709 - - 2.196 - - 3.487 - -

* Gross inland consumption ** Primary biomas


Figure 10.5 Estimated primary biomass in 2020

* AEBIOM estimation, RHC vision document- “Biomass for heating and cooling”

10.3 ELECTRICITY SECTOR

Bioelectricity is expected to represent 19,5% of all renewable electricity in 2020 and it is expected to increase by 116

TWh between 2010 and 2020

On average 70% of bioelectricity should be produced from solid biomass and 24% from biogas in 2020.

129.614

200.000

20.000

0

50.000

100.000

150.000

200.000

250.000

NREAP AEBIOM*

Kto

e

Imports

15,3 % 18% 19,2% 19,5%

450627

865

1175

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

2005 2010 2015 2020

TWh

Renewables in electricity sector

out of which biomass

Figure 10.6 Estimation of total contributionof RES (installed capacity, gross electricity generation) expected in electricity for EU 27


Table 10.3 Estimation of total contribution of RES (installed capacity, gross electricity generation) expected in electricity sector in 2020 (GWH)

Total renewable

electricity Out of which

biomass Solid Biogas Bioliquids

2010 2020 2010 2020 2010 2020 2010 2020 2010 2020

EU 27 627898 1175742 113249 229078 76706 159556 28720 63028 8633 12753

Austria 45383 52377 4720 5147 4131 4530 553 581 36 36

Belgium 4663 23120 3007 11038 2580 9575 393 1439 33 25

Bulgaria 3879 7537 2 871 - 514 2 357 - -

Cyprus 68 1175 30 143 - - 30 143 - -

Czech Republic 5072 11679 1930 6171

1306 3294 624 2871 - 6

Denmark 12412 20595 3772 8846 3578 6345 194 2493 - 8

Estonia 604 1913 241 346 - - - - - -

Finland 22660 33420 8090 12910 3930 7860 40 270 4120* 4780*

France 87369 155284 4391 17171 4506 13470 935 3701 - -

Germany 104972 216935 32778 49457 17498 24569 13829 23438 1450 1450

Greece 7838 27269 254 1259 73 364 181 895 - -

Hungary 2843 5597 1955 3324 1870 2688 85 636 - -

Ireland 5866 13909 347 1006 28 687 320 319 - -

Italy 66791 98885 8645 18780 4758 7900 2129 6020 1758 4860

Latvia 3036 5191 72 1226 8 642 64 584 - -

Lithuania 876 2958 147 1223 98 810 50 413 - -

Luxembourg 256 780 70 334 25 190 44 144 - -

Malta 15 433 9 135 - 85 9 50 - -

Netherlands 10636 50317 5975 16639 5103 11975 872 4664 - -

Poland 10618 32400 6028 14218 5700 10200 328 4018 0 0

Portugal 22751 35584 2400 3516 1092 8074 138 525 1170* 1523*

Romania 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Slovakia 5481 8000 610 1710 540 850 70 860 0 0

Slovenia 4510 6126 298 676 150 309 148 367 0

Spain 84034 150030 4517 10017 3719 7400 799 2617 0 0

Sweden 83635 97258 10632 16754 10513 16635 53 53 65 65

UK 31630 116970 12330 26160 5500 20590 6830 5570 0 0

* Finland and Portugal have listed black liquor as bioliquid in their National Action Plans.


Table 10.4 Projected total biomass electricity generation [Gwh] for the period 2005-2020, all biomass input categories

2005 2010 2015 2020

EU 27 69041 113249 166821 229078

Austria 2823 4720 4826 5147

Belgium 1791 3006,9 5952,4 11038,5

Bulgaria 0 2 656 871

Cyprus 0 30 84 143

Czech Republic 721 1930 4820 6171

Denmark 3243 3772 6035 8846

Estonia 33 241 346 346

Finland 9660 8090 9880 12910

France 3819 4391 10496 17171

Germany 14025 32778 42090 49457

Greece 94 254 504 1259

Hungary 0 1955 2250 3324

Ireland 116 347 887 1006

Italy 4675 8645 13712 18780

Latvia 41 72 664 1226

Lithuania 7 147 761 1223

Luxembourg 46,1 70 200 334

Malta 0 8,68 139,8 135,48

Netherlands 5041 5975 13350 16639

Poland 1451 6028 9893 14218

Portugal 1976 2400 3358 3516

Romania 0 0 0 0

Slovakia 32 610 1349 1710

Slovenia 114 298 623 676

Spain 2653 4517 5962 10017

Sweden 7571 10632 13693 16754

UK 9109 12330 14290 26160


Table 10.5 Calculated average annual growth for generation from biomass electricity [%/year] for four periods, all biomass input categories

2005-2010 2010-2015 2015-2020 2010-2020

EU 27 (average) 11,2 8,1 6,6 7,3

Austria 10,8 0,4 1,3 0,9

Belgium - 14,6 13,1 13,9

Bulgaria - 218,5 5,8 83,6

Cyprus - 22,9 11,2 16,9

Czech Republic 21,8 20,1 5 12,3

Denmark 3,1 9,9 7,9 8,9

Estonia 48,8 7,5 0 3,7

Finland -3,5 4,1 5,5 4,8

France 7,3 14 10,3 12,2

Germany 18,5 5,1 3,3 4,2

Greece 22 14,7 20,1 17,4

Hungary

2,9 8,1 5,5

Ireland 24,5 20,6 2,5 11,2

Italy 13,1 9,7 6,5 8,1

Latvia 11,9 55,9 13 32,8

Lithuania 83,8 38,9 10 23,6

Luxembourg 8,8 23,4 10,8 16,9

Malta

74,3 -0,6 31,6

Netherlands 3,5 17,4 4,5 10,8

Poland 33 10,4 7,5 9

Portugal 4 6,9 0,9 3,9

Romania - 98,2 7,2 45,8

Slovakia 80,3 17,2 4,9 10,9

Slovenia 21,2 15,9 1,6 8,5

Spain 11,2 5,7 10,9 8,3

Sweden 7,1 5,2 4,1 4,7

UK 6,2 3 12,9 7,8

69,6%

27,5%

5,5%Gross final consumption

of electricity300126 ktoe

Bioelectricity 6,56 %solid biomass

biogas

bioliquids

Figure 10.7 Estimated bioenergy consumption in electricity sector in 2020 in EU27


10.4 HEAT SECTOR

Biomass for heat and bioheat are expected to be increased by 27 Mtoe between 2010 and 2020 Figure 10.8 Estimation of total contributionof RES expected in heating and cooling for EU 27

Source: Energy Research Centre of Netherlands For renewable heating and cooling the largest share in the year 2020 is from biomass (77.6%), notably solid biomass

(69.2%).

Figure 10.9 Estimated bioenergy consumption in heat sector in 2020 in EU27

90,5 %86,9 %

82,9 %

77,6%

55

68

85

111

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

2005 2010 2015 2020

Mto

e

Renewables in heating and cooling sector

out of which biomass

90%5%

5%Gross final consumption of energy in the heating

and cooling sector502059 ktoe

Biomass from heat and bioheat 18%

solid biomass

biogas

bioliquids

94

Table 10.6 Estimation of total contribution (final energy consumption) expected from biomass in heating and cooling sector (ktoe) 2005 2010 2015 2020

Biomass solid biogas bioliquid Biomass solid biogas bioliquid Biomass solid biogas bioliquid Biomass solid biogas bioliquid

EU 27 52.523 47.689 600 1.134 61.783 56.718 1.476 3.643 72.883 66.156 2.657 4.093 89.757 80.993 4.416 4.416

Austria 3.033 3.025 8 0 3.415 3.400 15 0 3.463 3.447 16 0 3.607 3.591 16 0

Belgium 477 475 2 0 682 669 9 4 1.178 1.138 26 14 2.034 1.947 55 32

Bulgaria 724 724 0 0 734 734 0 0 929 916 13 0 1.073 1.053 20 0

Cyprus 4 4 0 0 18 16 2 0 24 20 5 0 30 24 6 0

Czech Republic 1.374 1.351 23 0 1.759 1.706 53 0 2.248 2.137 110 0 2.517 2.350 167 0

Denmark 1.759 1.714 45 0 2.245 2.178 59 8 2.526 2.426 92 8 2.643 2.470 165 8

Estonia 505 505 0 0 612 612 0 0 626 626 0 0 607 607 0 0

Finland 5.490 5.450 40 - 4.990 2.710 30 2.240 5.810 3.300 30 2.470 6.610 3.940 60 2.610

France 9.153 9.067 86 0 9.953 9.870 83 0 12.760 12.500 260 0 16.455 15.900 555 0

Germany 7.260 6.794 154 313 9.092 7.516 912 664 10.388 8.389 1.312 688 11.355 8.952 1.692 711

Greece 951 951 - - 1.012 1.012 - - 1.128 1.128 - - 1.222 1.222 - -

Hungary - - - - 812 812 0 - 829 800 0 - 1.277 1.225 56 -

Ireland 183 176 7 0 198 188 10 0 388 362 26 0 486 453 33 0

Italy 1.655 1.629 26 0 2.239 2.206 26 7 3.521 3.404 83 33 5.670 5.254 266 150

Latvia 1.114 1.113 1 - 1.020 1.013 7 - 1.147 1.109 38 - 1.392 1.343 49 -

Lithuania 686 685 1 0 663 657 6 0 879 851 28 0 1.023 973 50 0

Luxembourg 19 16 3 - 23 19 5 0 50 39 12 0 83 70 13 0

Malta 0 - - - 1 0 1 - 2 0 2 - 2 0 2 -

Netherlands 609 540 69 - 684 573 111 - 778 604 174 - 878 650 228 -

Poland - - - - 3.911 3.846 65 - 4.227 3.996 231 - 5.089 4.636 453 -

Portugal 2.507 1.785 10 713 2.179 1.514 10 655 2.339 1.515 23 801 2.322 1.484 37 801

Romania 3.166 0 0 0 2.794 2.793 1 0 2.931 2.919 10 2 3.876 3.845 20 11

Slovakia 358 357 1 - 447 443 4 - 576 540 36 - 690 630 60 -

Slovenia 445 401 0 43 415 415 0 0 495 483 0 12 526 497 0 28

Spain 3.477 3.441 36 0 3.583 3.550 33 0 4.060 3.997 63 0 4.950 4.850 100 0

Sweden 7.013 6.992 21 65 7.978 7.961 17 65 8.622 8.607 14 65 9.426 9.415 11 65

UK 560 493 67 - 323 305 18 - 958 904 54 - 3.914 3.612 302 -

2011 AEBIOM Annual Statistical Repot 95

Table 10.7 Calculated average annual growth for energy from biomass heat [%/year] for four periods, all biomass input categories

2005-2010 2010-2015 2015-2020 2010-2020

EU 27 (average) 3,6 3,6 4,3 3,9

Austria 2,4 0,3 0,8 0,5

Belgium 7,4 11,5 11,5 11,5

Bulgaria 0,3 4,8 2,9 3,9

Cyprus 34,2 5,7 4,5 5,1

Czech Republic 5,1 5 2,3 3,6

Denmark 5 2,4 0,9 1,6

Estonia 3,9 0,5 -0,6 -0,1

Finland -1,9 3,1 2,6 2,9

France 1,7 5,1 5,2 5,2

Germany 4,6 2,7 1,8 2,2

Greece 1,3 2,2 1,6 1,9

Hungary

0,4 9 4,6

Ireland 1,6 14,4 4,6 9,4

Italy 6,2 9,5 10 9,7

Latvia -1,7 2,9 3,4 3,2

Lithuania -0,7 5,8 3,1 4,4

Luxembourg 4,8 16,3 10,2 13,2

Malta

17 -4,9 5,5

Netherlands 2 6,5 9,2 7,8

Poland

1,6 3,8 2,7

Portugal -2,8 1,4 -0,1 0,6

Romania

Slovakia 4,5 5,2 3,7 4,4

Slovenia -1,4 3,6 1,2 2,4

Spain 0,6 2,5 4 3,3

Sweden 2,2 2 1,8 1,9

UK -10,4 24,3 32,5 28,3

10.5 TRANSPORT SECTOR

Following table shows the contribution of the renewable transport energy carriers.

Biofuels are expected to be increased by 15 Mtoe between 2010 and 2020, this should represent more than 88% of the

renewable energies used in transport by 2020.

Following graph also presents the share of renewables in transport according to the Directive definition. For the year

2020 the target largely surpasses the target of 10%: a share of 11.3% is being reached.


Table 10.8 Estimation of total contribution expected from each renewable energy technology in 2020 in the transport sector (ktoe)

Total renewables energies

Biofuels Hydrogen Renewable electricity

Others

EU 27 32.715 28.859 2 3.110 743

Austria 856 490 0 272 94

Belgium 886 789 0 97 0

Bulgaria 205 196 0 5 4

Cyprus 38 38 0 0,56 0

Czech Republic 691 623 0 19 49

Denmark 290 261 0 29 0

Estonia 90 89 0 0,6 0,3

Finland 600 560 0 40 0

France 4.062 3.500 0 402 160

Germany 6.140 5.300 0 667 173

Greece 634 617 0 16,5 0

Hungary 535 506 0 24 5

Ireland 519 481 0 37 0,9

Italy 2.899 2.480 0 369 50

Latvia 83 46 0 6 31

Lithuania 170 167 0 2 0

Luxembourg 226 216 0 10 0

Malta 37 - 0 37 0

Netherlands 905 834 0 71 0

Poland 2.018 1.902 0 50 66

Portugal 535 477 0 58 0

Romania 551 489 2 52 6

Slovakia 207 185 0 17 5

Slovenia 203 192 0 10 0

Spain 3.855 3.500 0 351 4

Sweden 1.008 716 0 198 94

UK 4.472 4.205 0 267 0


1

A

* Art 21 of RES directive (2009/28/EC) According to NREAPs data, biodiesel has the largest contribution in 2020 (66%), followed by bio-ethanol (22%). Figure 10.11 Contribution of bioethanol and biodiesel in the transport sector in EU27

528

2869

7283

2368

10951

21575

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

2005 2010 2020

kto

e

Bioethanol

Biodiesel

9%

Gross final consumption of energy in the

transport sector314792 ktoe

Biofuels

Hydrogen

Renewable electricity

Others

Figure 10.10 Estimated bioenergy consumption in transport sector in 2020 in EU27

9%

Biofuels

of which advanced biofuels (Art. 21)*


Table 10.9 Estimation of total contribution expected from biofuels in 2020 (ktoe)

Biofuels

of which advanced biofuels (Art 21)

EU 27 28.859 2.622

Austria 490 0

Belgium 789 127

Bulgaria 196 162

Cyprus 38 37,8

Czech Republic 623 244

Denmark 261 131

Estonia 89 0

Finland 560 180

France 3.500 0

Germany 5.300 572

Greece 617 0

Hungary 506 22

Ireland 481 0

Italy 2.480 350

Latvia 46 33

Lithuania 167 0

Luxembourg 215 0

Malta 0 13

Netherlands 834 155

Poland 1.902 176

Portugal 477 8

Romania 489 105

Slovakia 185 55

Slovenia 192 0

Spain 3.500 252

Sweden 716 0

UK 4.205 0


Table 10.10 Projected total bioethanol in transport [ktoe] for the period 2005-2020

2005 2010 2015 2020 2020 [%]

EU 27 528 2794 4840 7121 100

Austria 0 54 61 80 1

Belgium 0 37 47 91 1

Bulgaria 0 0 15 42 1

Cyprus 0 0 3 15 0


Denmark 0 13 95 94 1

Estonia 0 0 14 38 1

Finland 0 70 120 130 2

France 75 550 550 650 9

Germany 144 639 996 857 12

Greece - 43 256 414 6

Hungary 5 34 106 304 4

Ireland 0 40 90 139 2

Italy 0 148 374 600 8

Latvia 0 14 19 18 0

Lithuania 1 13 30 36 1


Malta - - - - -


Poland 28 279 334 451 6

Portugal 0 0 24 27 0

Romania - - - - -

Slovakia 0 15 30 75 1

Slovenia 0 4 8 19 0

Spain 113 232 301 400 6

Sweden 144 251 358 465 7

UK 18 135 692 1743 24



Table 10.11 Projected total biodiesel in transport [ktoe] for the period 2005-2020

2005 2010 2015 2020 2020 [%]

EU 27 2378 10802,7 14258,8 21250,2 100

Austria 35 276 309 410 2

Belgium 0 292 449 698 3

Bulgaria 0 30 100 154 1

Cyprus 0 15,7 19,8 23,2 0


Denmark 0 18 152 167 1

Estonia 0 1 21 51 0

Finland 0 150 300 430 2

France 328 2165 2375 2850 13

Germany 1598 2790 2074 4443 21

Greece 1 64 130 203 1

Hungary 0 110 144 202 1

Ireland 1 94 209 342 2

Italy 179 868 1374 1880 9

Latvia 3 25 20 28 0

Lithuania 3 42 79 131 1


Malta - - - - -


Poland 15 687 993 1451 7

Portugal 0 281 405 450 2

Romania - - - - -

Slovakia 0 67 107 110 1

Slovenia 0 37 72 174 1

Spain 145 1471 2169 3100 15

Sweden 9 89 170 251 1

UK 57 861 1818 2462 12



Table 10.12 Projected other biofuels in transport [ktoe] for the period 2005-2020

2005 2010 2015 2020 2020 [%]

EU 27 199 211 269 780 100

Austria 8 63 71 94 12

Belgium 0 0 0 0 0

Bulgaria 0 0 0 4 1

Cyprus 0 0 0 0 0


Denmark 0 0 0 0 0

Estonia 0 0 0 0 0

Finland 0 0 0 0 0

France 0 0 30 160 21

Germany 177 102 35 173 to 261 28

Greece - - - - -

Hungary 0 0 1 5 1

Ireland 1 1 1 1 0

Italy 0 5 27 50 6

Latvia 0 0 10 31 4

Lithuania 0 0 0 0 0


Malta - - - - -

Netherlands - - - - -

Poland - - 26 66 8

Portugal 0 0 0 0 0

Romania - - - - -

Slovakia 0 0 0 5 1

Slovenia - - - - -

Spain 0 0 1 4 1

Sweden 13 40 67 94 12

UK 0 0 0 0 0


2011 AEBIOM Annual Statistical Report

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