2011-04 30 Continuous Biscuit Doughs
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by encapsulating the flour particles, which is specifi-
cally exploited to achieve the required plastic dough
structures.
b. he additional presence of rather large amounts of sugar
(in different states) further delays dough development
(by up to 30 min in batch mixing processes).
3. For the majority of hard biscuit doughs, dough temperaturesaround 40 °C are associated with considerable effects on
swelling and dissolution processes during dough develop-
ment, as well as with the possible triggering of chemically
induced leavening effects (raising agent).
Recipe demarcation of hard biscuit groups
Biscuits, especially hard biscuits, are long-life baked goods;
a distinction is usually made between biscuits and crackers.
SEIBEL [1991] distinguishes between the following groups
of hard biscuit doughs: butter biscuits, Albert biscuits and
cake biscuits. he essential recipe characteristics that dis-
tinguish between these hard biscuit representatives are the
proportions of fat and sugar, involving a decrease in the
proportion of fat from 20 % through 14 % to 10 %, while the
proportion of sugar increases from 22 % through 25 % to 28 %.
Alternatively, the proportion of water remains unchanged at
around 20 %. At least with regard to butter biscuits, this shift
in the ingredients leads to a completely different dough
structure development.
A butter biscuit dough containing 20 % butter, 22 % sugar
and around 20 % water behaves like a short pastry in dough
preparation. In this respect it differs completely from the
hard biscuit types in the Albert or cake biscuit group,
both of which have a dough temperature around 40 °C. Con-
sequently a distinction between cold and warm dough with
regard to the target dough temperature is mandatory fortechnological reasons and is more sensible than the distinction
between soft and hard biscuit dough often encountered in
the specialist literature.
The basic technical-technological concept of the
“butter biscuit” type of hard biscuit (cold dough)
However, due to the distinctly lower fat content compared to
a classical short pastry (e.g. 1-1-2 with 5 % water – for short
pastry piecrusts [Kaiser, 2011]), the dough pasting properties
play a particular role, especially when implementing con-
tinuous dough preparation using Zeppelin Reimelt’s CODOS®
continuous mixing system. Without a suitable adaptation of
the tool design, the raw materials are insufficiently pulled
into the mixing tools. Congestion occurs in the intake region,
which can only be compensated by raising the mixer rotation
speed. However, the input of mixer energy is of only secondary
importance for this dough type. Consequently it was necessary
to make a technical change to the tools that were suitable for
the dough system to avoid the congestion.
R E S E A R C H 3 1
B A K I N G + B I S C U I T I S S U E 0 4 2 0 1 1
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Marie biscuit++ figure 2
R E S E A R C H3 2
Since many industrial applications for butter biscuits (cold
dough) contain sugar in the form of powdered sugar, which
is also often ground in the bakery’s own sugar mills and
thus frequently also needs to be processed at temperatures
> 40 °C, adherence to the dough temperature is a serious
problem.
his problem can be exacerbated if liquid sugar (e.g. glucose)is processed. he temperature of the glucose needs to be ad-
justed to approx. 35 °C to enable it to be metered in. he
thermal physical potential of the remaining bulk water (dis-
pensed as ice water) together with the temperature-con-
trolled butter, in conjunction with the mixing system’s
trough wall cooling, must then be sufficient to guarantee the
required temperature with an adequate mixing intensity.
Te usual form in which the raising agent is added as a solution
represents another problem. Part of the bulk water is used
for this purpose. For example six, or better still seven parts
of water are needed to dissolve one part of ammonium hy-
drogen carbonate in water, which reduces the available “cooling
potential” of the remaining bulk water. A suitable process
technology solution to dispense a homogeneous dispersion
of the raising agent in the CODOS® system was developed
for this purpose.
Achieving a uniform (i.e. gravimetrically controlled) dis-
pensing of plasticised, cooled butter is technically challeng-
ing but urgently necessary.
Based on the achieved thermal management of the raw ma-
terials’ batches to be dispensed and the design of the CODOS®
system’s mixing tools specifically adapted to the dough, a
technical-technological process concept (figure 1 on page 34)for butter biscuit dough (cold dough) was developed by the
IGV GmbH Company, Bergholz-Rehbrücke, Germany, and
technically implemented by the Zeppelin Reimelt GmbH
Company. he concept enables this typical market represent-
ative of hard biscuits to be manufactured industrially using
the CODOS system.
First of all the technical-technological concept was trialled
on the IGV pilot plant. Subsequent full-scale tests using
Zeppelin Reimelt’s test plant allowed the laboratory testresults to be confirmed on an industrial scale.
he production test was operated at plant throughputs of up
to 2.5 t of dough per hour.
The prospects for the continuous manufacture of hard
biscuits of the “warm dough” type, e.g. the Marie biscuit
Due to the even smaller proportion of water and fat in hard
biscuit dough of the “warm dough” type, the 1st phase of
mixing (dough pasting) plays an even more important role.
In addition to the special design of the mixing tools in the
intake area, dough pasting is achieved by a targeted thermal
process management of raw materials’ batches with a selected
composition. A distinct partial acceleration of the dough
pasting process is achieved by targeting prior temperature
adjustment (in this case warming) batches of raw materials
specifically matched to the respective recipe. In addition to
the prior temperature adjustment of the raw materials’
batches, this process can be further assisted by specific tem-
perature control of the mixer trough, as figure 2 shows.
Both the dough physics data (measured with a exture Ana-
lyser) and the fracture data (also measured with a exture
Analyser) of the biscuits manufactured were very largely
comparable as a result of implementing this concept.Te key strategy when implementing hard biscuit applications
(type: warm dough) to a continuous production method
Dough production takes place in a temperature controlled laboratory spiral mixer with a trough volume of 10 l. The target dough temperature should be 42.5 °C.
mixer untempered/without targeted tempering
mixing time: 20:52 min; dough temperature 42.5 °C
mixer tempered: 45 °C /batches tempere d
mixing time: 5:20 min; dough temperature: 42.5 °C
stress-strain
dough profile
stress-strain
dough profile
biscuit
break test
© I G
V
force (g) force (g) force (g)
biscuit
break test
force (g)
length (mm) length (mm) length (mm) length (mm)