2010 Water: Crisis and Choices: Legislating Clean Water
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Transcript of 2010 Water: Crisis and Choices: Legislating Clean Water
8/3/2019 2010 Water: Crisis and Choices: Legislating Clean Water
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Theme 3 – Clean Water: A Question of Qualit
Legislating Clean Water:
e ng e aws o or e er
8/3/2019 2010 Water: Crisis and Choices: Legislating Clean Water
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Le islatin Clean Water
Chair: RaeKwon Chung (UNESCAP)
Panelists: – M. Nasimul Islam (ADB)
– Jeongkon Kim (K-Water)
– Anders Berntell (SIWI) – Thomas Roberts (African Development Bank)
– Le Huu Ti (UNESCAP)
Anchor: M Nasimul Islam (ADB)
8/3/2019 2010 Water: Crisis and Choices: Legislating Clean Water
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Theme 3 – Clean Water: A Question of Qualit
Legislating Clean Water:
e ng e aws o or e er
n ersn ers ernteernte
8/3/2019 2010 Water: Crisis and Choices: Legislating Clean Water
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Water ualit Le islation in Asia
• Overview of water quality legislation in Philippines, Indonesia,Vietnam, P R China, India
,
• Brief overview, no in depth analysis, field visits, interviews etc.
• No funding provided by ADB
However: findin s and conclusions of re ional relevance
Work performed by
Dr. Owen McIntyre, University College Cork, Ireland
8/3/2019 2010 Water: Crisis and Choices: Legislating Clean Water
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T olo of Water ualit Le islation
Sin le water ualit standards for certain uses of water;
Controls on the use of dangerous chemicals;
Integrated licensing for point sources of pollution;
Controls on non-point / diffuse sources of pollution;
(Market based incentives)
8/3/2019 2010 Water: Crisis and Choices: Legislating Clean Water
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Chronology of Water Qualityeg s a on op on
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Administrative elements of Waterua y egu a ory ramewor
Legislation adopted
Emission standards adoptedQuality standards for certain use of water adopted
Systems for licensing/permitting
Systems for inspection/supervisionSystems for monitoring of water quality
Enforcement of decisions
Ecological quality standards adoptedPublic participation/ Transparency/ Information disclosure
8/3/2019 2010 Water: Crisis and Choices: Legislating Clean Water
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Relative effectiveness ofa m n s ra ve e emen s
8/3/2019 2010 Water: Crisis and Choices: Legislating Clean Water
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What to do??
a enges ppor un es
Lack of capacity in implementing
institutions
• Ensure adequate funding
• Build capacity of institutions• Build capacity of individuals
Low enforcing power of implementinginstitutions
• Strengthen the role/prestige ofinstitutions
• Strengthen autonomy of enforcinginstitutions
• campaigns on water quality
• Establish mechanisms for public,and information disclosure
• Develop environmental indicators
8/3/2019 2010 Water: Crisis and Choices: Legislating Clean Water
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What to do continued……
a enges ppor un es
Pros and Cons of decentralised
decision making
• Strengthen obligation to follow
national (federal) minimumrequirements
• Allow more stringent standards ifrequired
Lack of robust regimes for balancingbetween economic growth,environmental rotection and needs of
• Develop such regimes• Learn from others
other sectors
• of society (urban planning, solid wastemanagement, land use planning etc)
,integrated licensing
• Establish mechanisms on differentlevels in administration to
strengthen integration (national,regional, local)
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What to do continued……….
a enges ppor un es
Corruption • Increase transparency, public
participation and informationdisclosure
• Establish mechanisms that enablesthe public and others involved to act
(whistle blowing etc...)• Strengthen the role and prestige ofthe institutions concerned
Lack of economic incentives inlegislation
• Develop such incentives (tax onemission or use, fees/charges onemissions or use, subsidies onalternatives)
• Learn from others
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What to do continued……..
a enges ppor un es
Transboundary cooperation on water
quality
• Strengthen cooperation on
transboundary waters• Building trust• Building institutions• Develop common
rules/legislationEmerging pollutants (chemicals,harmaceuticals, endocrine
• Develop legislation• Learn from others
disruptors)
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Theme 3 – Clean Water: A Question of Qualit
Legislating Clean Water:
e ng e aws o or e er
orea s ater nv ronmenta o cy
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• Introduction
– Water Resources in Korea
• Past, Present & Future of Water Environmental Policy
–
– History of Water Environmental Policy
– Progress an Resu t o Water Management Po cy
Implementation• Conclusions
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Korea is
• Population: 48.3 million
• Area: 99,313
km
2
• GNI per capita: US $21,530
• 65% of mountaneous region
• 4 major river watersheds – Han river
– eum r ver
– Nakdong river
–
8/3/2019 2010 Water: Crisis and Choices: Legislating Clean Water
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Water Resources in Korea - uantit
• Annual precipitation: 1,245 mm
1.4 times higher than the world's average (880 mm)
• Annual precipitation per capita: 2,591 m3
one eighth of the world's average
• Large fluctuation and variation of rainfall 66% of annual precipitation is concentrated in summer
Hard to manage water resources
integrated water volume control mechanisms in dams, while
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Water Resources in Korea - uantit
Total amount of water resources124 * B m3 (100%)
Total runoff 72.3(58%)
Evapo‐transpiration51.7(42%)
Runoff in flood period52.2(42%)
Runoff in non‐flood period20.1(16%)
Outflow to sea38.6(31%)
Used as stream water12.3(10%)
Used as Dam water17.7(14%)
Used as ground water3.7(3%)
Total amount of use.
Water Vision 2020, Korean Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs, 2006
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Water Resources in Korea - uantit
•
Rivers
coefficient of river regime (Qmax/Qmin) Rivers
coefficient of river regime (Qmax/Qmin)
Han river, Korea 90 Thames river, UK 8
, , Guem river, Korea 190 Rhein river, Germany 18
Sumjin river, Korea 270 Nile river, Egypt 30
Youngsan river, Korea 130 Mississippi river, USA 3
the Yangtze, China 22 Yodo river, Japan 114
Handbook of water resources in Korea, Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs, 1998
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Water Resources in Korea - ualit
• BOD eing owere t roug sewerage extension
5 90
3
4
g / L )
70
80
n t %
2 B O D
(
60 T r e a t m
0
93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09
40
Treatment % of sewage Han river Nakdong Geumgang Youngsan
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The Goals of Water Mana ement Polic in Korea
• The purpose of Korea's water management policies is securing
clean and safe water for people, as ordained by the
onst tut on.
• In order to realize these goals, the MOE specifically outlines
three major
policy
objectives:
Protect public health by securing clean and safe water supplies
Preserve water qua ty n a waterways r vers w e protect ng water
ecosystems
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Histor of Water Environmental Polic
19601961
(1960s) Environmental pollution Prevention Act1966
1970
(1970s-1980s) Environmental Conservation Act
1977
1980
(1990-1998) Water Quality and Ecosystem Conservation Act1996
present
(1998-present) Watershed Management Act2002
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Histor of Water Environment Polic
19601961
- Rapid industrialization
- Deal with environmental problems passively
1966
1970
• 1961: Water Supply & Waterworks Installation Act1977
1980
• 1963: Environmental Pollution Prevention Act (Clean Water Act)Act Relating to Toxic & Hazardous Substances
1990
1996
1999
present
2002
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Histor of Water Environmental Polic
19601961
-
1966
1970
- Serious environmental pollution caused by industrialization
- Establishment of the Environmental Protection Agency in Korea1977
1980
- Environmental right was stated in the constitution
• 1977: Environmental Conservation Act1990
1996
1999
present
2002
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Histor of Water Environmental Polic
19601961
1990-1998 ater ua ty an cosystem onservat on ct
- Large scale pollution accidents; phenol(1990), organic
solvent(1994)
1966
1970- Increment of public awareness of environmental problems
- Environmental consideration of ecosystem conservation
- Establishment of the Ministry of Environment (MOE, 1994)
1977
1980
- To mitigate diverse environmental problems, the“Environmental Conservation Act ” diverged into six laws
1990
1996
1999
• 1990: Water Quality and Ecosystem Conservation Act
• 1996: Comprehensive Water Management Measures
present
2002
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Histor of Water Environmental Polic
19601961
(1999-present) Watershed Management Act
1966
1970 - ove arge rom po n source o nonpo n source
- Total water pollution load management system (TWPLMS)
- Installation of Watershed fund from Water use char e
1977
1980
• 1999: Act Relating to the Han River Water Quality Improvement and
Communit Su ort1990
• 2002: Act on the Nakdong River Watershed Management and
Community Support
1996
1999
present
Act on the Geum River ~
Act on the Youngsan & Seomjin River ~2002
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Histor of Water Environmental Polic
• e ore
– No specific strategy
– To -down a roach
• ter
– Setting up specific strategy
– Coo eration of local
– Facility construction in largecities
government with centralgovernment
– Facilit construction in – Taking measures after water
pollution, mainly facilityconstruction
upstream area – Precautionary measures such
– No consideration overregulated area
– Dis utes between u stream
pollutant
– Institutional arrangement forand downstream stakeholders
– Win-win strategy for upstreamand downstream stakeholders
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Progress and Result of Water Managemento cy mp emen a on
3,000
2,500
3,000
2,500Nakdong Organic Solvent Accident
Watershed Management Act
2,000
1,500
2,000
1,500
Environmental Conservation Act
Water Quality and Ecosystem Conservation Act
Nakdong Phenol Accident
,
500
,
500
Sewerage Act
Environmental Pollution Prevention Act
3
4
5
70
80
90
1
2
50
60
0
93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09
40
Treatment % of sewage Han river(Paldang) Nakdong(Mulgeum)
Geumgang(Daechung) Youngsan(Jooam)
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Progress and Result of Wateranagemen o cy mp emen a on
• Establishment of specific water management policies
Environmental Pollution Prevention
Water Quality and Ecosystem Conservation
Watershed Mana ement
• Intensive investment and funding to support policies Water / Wastewater infrastructure
Introduction of funding source like water use charge
• Increase public awareness of environmental issues and policies
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Future Water Mana ement Polic
• Expand total water pollution load management
Strengthen water quality standard and specify control point in the
wa ers e
Change focus of investment from point‐source to nonpoint‐source
‐
• Protect fishable and swimmable water
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Conclusions
• Need effective financial expenditure
– $ ↑↑↑ → Water Quality ↑
Water QualityWater Quality
• Unexpected accident can be a chance to
– Improve public awareness of the water environmental problem
– Establish Fund for water management
• Vary the purpose of water protection
– Sanitary and welfare → ecosystem and amenity
• Proper policies and fund are the KEY factors
8/3/2019 2010 Water: Crisis and Choices: Legislating Clean Water
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Theme 3 – Clean Water: A Question of Qualit
Legislating Clean Water:
e ng e aws o or e er
ssues or scuss onssues or scuss on
8/3/2019 2010 Water: Crisis and Choices: Legislating Clean Water
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What are the priority issues and
address through “Getting the Laws for
Clean Water Legislation to Work Better”,
countries? (Anders Berntell/SIWI)
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What are the gaps for effective clean
priority issues and challenges and how
these gaps can be overcome?
8/3/2019 2010 Water: Crisis and Choices: Legislating Clean Water
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Supporting policies / policy reforms
What policies or policy changes
may support effective clean water
8/3/2019 2010 Water: Crisis and Choices: Legislating Clean Water
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What are ways to strengthen
political will and funding in support
of effective clean water le islation?
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What are the future options available
for low and middle income countries?