2009_Puython_Variables,Expressions,Statements

7/28/2019 2009_Puython_Variables,Expressions,Statements

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. .

Variables, Operators,

Expression

UniversityofSeoulDe artmentoMaterialsScience&En ineerin

[email protected]

Contents & Homework

Contents:

- Think Python - How to Think Like a Computer Scientist

(http://www.greenteapress.com/thinkpython/thinkpython.html)

Think Python Ch. 2

-

- Read: 1

- Install Python

Lab:

- Think Python Ch. 2 Exercises

Lecture 1 2


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HW#1 (contd): Python Installation

http://www.python.org download

Lecture 1 3

What is a Program?

A sequence of instructions that specifies how to perform a

.

npu Output

a

Conditional execution

epet t on

Lecture 1 4


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What is Programming Language?

Programming

LanguagesPeople Computers

Natural languages

e.g. Korean, English, Spanish, German, Chinese, etc.

Formal languages

e.g. mathematical expressions, chemical formulae, programming languages

y o no use na ura anguages as programm ng anguages

Ambiguity

Literalness

Lecture 1 5

Classification of Programming Languages

High-level languages

e.g. y on, or ran, , , ava, e c.

Low-level languages

High-level Low-level translation

Interpreters

Compilers

Python uses both processes, but because of the way programmers interact with

Lecture 1

it, it is usually considered an interpreted language.

6


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History of Programming Languages

Fortran 95

Lecture 1 7Fortran 2003

Programming Language Ranking

TIOBE Index (http://www.tiobe.com)

Lecture 1 8


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Programming Language Ranking

TIOBE Index (http://www.tiobe.com)

Lecture 1 9

Brief History of Python

Guido van Rossum wrote Python in late 1998 ~

early 1990s as ascriptlanguage for the

Amoeba OS Python design was inspired by C, Modula-3,

and particularly the educational language ABC

Public release in 1991

Name from the Monty Pythons Flying Circus

Lecture 1 10


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Advantages of Python

Easy to learn

Easy to program

Ideal for scripting steering

Graphics

Free

Platform-independent

Interactive language runs much more slowly than compiled one

(loss in computational time), but one can get results immediately,can find/rectify errors quickly (gain in human time)

etc. etc. (more later)

Lecture 1 11

Values

va ue s one o t e un amenta t ngs--- e a etter or a num er---t at a

program manipulates. e.g. 2 and "Hello, World!".

These values belong to different types: 2 is an integer, and "Hello, World!" isa string, so-called because it contains a string of letters. You (and the

.

The print statement also works for integers.

>>> print 4

4

Lecture 1 12


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No , for large integers

,

groups of three digits, as in 1,000,000. This is not a legal integer in Python, but

it is legal:

>>> print 1,000,000

1 0 0

Python interprets 1,000,000 as a list of three items to be printed. So remember

not to put commas in your integers.

Lecture 1 13

Types

If you are not sure what type a value has, the interpreter can tell you.

>>> type("Hello, World!")

>>> type(17)

Not surprisingly, strings belong to the type str and integers belong to the type

. ,

float, because these numbers are represented in a format called floating-point.

.

Lecture 1 14


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Types (cntd)

" " " ". ,

quotation marks like strings.

>>> type("17")

>>> t e("3.2")

They're strings.

Lecture 1 15

Core built-in object types preview

Lecture 1 16


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Variables & Assignments

One of the most powerful features of a programming language is the ability to

. .

generally, identifier variables, functions, classes, modules, and other objects)

The assignment statement creates new variables and gives them values:

>>> message = "What's up, Doc?"

>>> n = 17

=

>>> pi = 3.14159

, ,

though it uses the same character). Assignment operators link a name, on the

left hand side of the operator, with a value, on the right hand side. This is why

>>> 17 = n

you will get an error if you enter:

Lecture 1 17

State diagram

common way o represen var a es on paper s o wr e e name w an

arrow pointing to the variable's value. This kind of figure is called a state

diagrambecause it shows what state each of the variables is in (think of it as

the variable's state of mind). This diagram shows the result of the assignment

statements:

Lecture 1 18


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Printing Variables

>>> print message'

.

,

>>> print n

17

>>> print pi

3.14159

Lecture 1 19

Types of Variables

.

again, we can ask the interpreter what they are

>>> type(n)

>>> type(pi)

The type of a variable is the type of the value it refers to.

Lecture 1 20


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Variable Names

they document what the variable is used for.

Variable names can be arbitrarily long. They can contain both letters and

numbers, but they have to begin with a letter.

It is legal to use uppercase letters. If you use them, remember that case matters:

Bruce and bruce are different variables.

The underscore character (_) can appear in a name. It is often used in names

, _ _ _ _ _ .

Lecture 1 21

Variable Names (contd)

>>> 76trombones = "big parade"

SyntaxError: invalid syntax>>> more$ = 1000000

S ntaxError: invalid s ntax

>>> class = "Computer Science 101"

SyntaxError: invalid syntax

Lecture 1 22


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Keywords (Reserved Words)

.

language's rules and structure, and they cannot be used as variable names.

Python has 29 keywords:

and elif global or yield

assert else if pass

break except import print

class exec in raise

continue finally is return

def for lambda try

-

e rom no w e

Lecture 1

. . .

your variable names and you don't know why, see if it is on this list.

23

Statements

A statement is an instruction that the Python interpreter can execute. We have

.

on the command line, Python executes it and displays the result, if there is one.

- The result of a print statement is a value.

- Assignment statements don't produce a result.

Lecture 1 24


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Script

A script usually contains a sequence of statements. If there is more than one

, .

For example, using an editor of your choice, you can write the following script:

rint 1

x = 2

print x

After saving this as a file, e.g. "try.py, you can run the script:

$ python try.py

and will get the following result:

1

2Again, the assignment statement produces no output.

Lecture 1 25

Evaluating Expressions

An expression is a combination of values, variables, and operators. If you type

,

result:

>>> 1 + 1

2 The expression result isimmediately echoed back.

,

appear on the right hand side of assignment statements. A value all by itself is a

simple expression, and so is a variable.

>>> 17

17

x

2

Lecture 1 26


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Evaluating Expressions vs. Printing

Confusingly, evaluating an expression is not quite the same thing as printing a

.

>>> message = "What's up, Doc?"

>>> print message

What's up, Doc?

>>> message

"What's up, Doc?"

the expression, which in this case is the

contents of the string.

When the Python shell displays the value

of an expression, it uses the same formatyou wou use to enter a va ue. In t e case

of strings, that means that it includes the

quotation marks. Equivalent to

Lecture 1

>>> pr n repr message

27

Evaluating Expressions in a Script

', ,

anything. The script

173.2

"Hello World!"

1 + 1

produces no output at all.

: ow wou you c ange e scr p o sp ay e va ues o ese our express ons

Lecture 1 28


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Operators and Operands

Operators are special symbols that represent computations like addition and

. .

The following are all legal Python expressions whose meaning is more or less

clear:

20+32 hour-1 hour*60+minute minute/60 5**2 (5+9)*(15-7)

The symbols +, , and /, and the use of parenthesis for grouping, mean inPython what they mean in mathematics. The asterisk (*) is the symbol for

**, .

When a variable name appears in the place of an operand, it is replaced with itsvalue before the operation is performed.

Lecture 1 29

Operators and Operands (contd)

Addition, subtraction, multiplication, and exponentiation all do what you expect,

.

unexpected result:

>>> minute = 59

>>> m nute0

, . , .

for the discrepancy is that Python is performing integer division.

When both of the operands are integers, the result must also be an integer, and

by convention, integer division always rounds down, even in cases like this

where the next inte er is ver close.

floating-point division

Lecture 1 30


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Order of Operations

When more than one operator appears in an expression, the order of evaluation

.

for its mathematical operators that mathematics does.

1. Parentheses have the highest precedence and can be used to force an expression

to evaluate in the order you want. Since expressions in parentheses are

eva ua e rs , 2*(3-1) s 4, an (1+1)**(5-2) s . ou can a so use

parentheses to make an expression easier to read, as in (minute*100)/60,

even though it doesn't change the result.

2. Exponentiation has the next highest precedence, so 2**1+1 is 3 and not 4, and3*1**3 is 3 and not 27.

Lecture 1 31

Order of Operations (contd)

. u p ca on an v s on ave e same prece ence, w c s g er an

Addition and Subtraction, which also have the same precedence. So 2*3-1

yields 5 rather than 4, and 2/3-1 is -1, not 1 (remember that in integer division,

2/3=0).

4. Operators with the same precedence are evaluated from left to right. So in the

expression minute*100/60, the multiplication happens first, yielding

5900 60 which in turn ields 98. If the o erations had been evaluated from

right to left, the result would have been 59*1, which is 59, which is wrong.

The acronym PEMDAS is a useful way to remember the order of operations.

Lecture 1 32


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Operations on Strings

In general, you cannot perform mathematical operations on strings, even if the

.

type string):

message-1 "Hello"/123 message*"Hello" "15"+2

Interestingly, the + operator does work with strings, although it does not do

exactl what ou mi ht ex ect. For strin s the + o erator re resents

concatenation, which means joining the two operands by linking them end-to-

end. For example:

fruit = "banana"

baked_good = " nut bread"

print fruit + baked_good

The output of this program is banana nut bread. The space before the word

nut is part of the string, and is necessary to produce the space between the

Lecture 1

conca ena e s r ngs.

33

Operations on Strings: *

The * operator also works on strings; it performs repetition. For example,

'Fun'*3 is 'FunFunFun'. One of the o erands has to be a strin the other has

to be an integer.

On one hand, this interpretation of+ and * makes sense by analogy withaddition and multiplication. Just as 4*3 is equivalent to 4+4+4, we expect

"Fun"*3 to be the same as "Fun"+"Fun"+"Fun", and it is.

On the other hand, there is a significant way in which string concatenation and

repe on are eren rom n eger a on an mu p ca on. an you n

of a property that addition and multiplication have that string concatenation and

repetition do not?

Lecture 1 34


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Other Operations & Precedence

In addition to the numeric operators, there exist:

Comparison operations

Bitwise operations

We will study comparison and logical operators in more detail at

P thon lecture #3.

Lecture 1 35

Summary: operators & precedence

High

Lecture 1 36


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Composition

So far, we have looked at the elements of a program---variables, expressions,

--- , .

One of the most useful features of programming languages is their ability to

take small building blocks and compose them. For example, we know how to

add numbers and we know how to print; it turns out we can do both at the same

time:

>>> print 17 + 3

Composition makes it possible to express complex computations neatly and

concisely.

Lecture 1 37

Composition (contd)

', ,

actually happening at the same time. The point is that any expression involving

numbers, strings, and variables can be used inside a print statement. e.g:

-

print "Number of minutes since midnight: ", hour*60+minute

statement:

= *

Warning: There are limits on where you can use certain expressions. For

, -

name, not an expression. So, the following is illegal: minute+1 = hour.

Lecture 1 38


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Comments

As programs get bigger and more complicated, they get more difficult to read.Formal languages are dense, and it is often difficult to look at a piece of codeand figure out what it is doing, or why. For the programmer or for futureprogrammers who might use this code, add notes to your programs to explain innatural language what the program is doing.

These notes are called comments, and they are marked with the # symbol:

# compute the percentage of the hour that has elapsed

percentage = (minute * 100) / 60

You can also put comments at the end of a line:

percentage = (minute * 100) / 60 # caution: integer division

Everything from the # to the end of the line is ignored---it has no effect on theprogram.

Lecture 1 39

Summary

1. Introduction

.

3. Variables

4. Variable names & keywords

.

6. Evaluating expressions

6. Operators and operands

7. O erator recedence

8. Composition

9. Comments

2009_Puython_Variables,Expressions,Statements

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