1. Methodology Action learning Action research Action planning

2. Action learning Action researchAction planningDiagnosingLearning Planning EvaluatingAction 3. IMPACT RISK AND VULNERABILITYTIMEFRAME FREQUENCY AND INTENSITY(INTER)NATIONAL MONETARY AND HUMANITARIAN RESPONSE AIDA natural disaster is an event in which people suffer fromfollowing: land movement (earthquakes, landslides, volca-Despite the risk, people are drawn to disaster prone The impact of natural disasters is highly related to their The singular disaster can have a bigger impact as people media and international donor agencies. The emer- Given developing countries are more vulnerable than to the inability of the system to cope with these events according to their own aid vision and strategy.the effects of a natural hazard. It is a moment in whichnoes), water abundance (flood, tsunami), and weather areas by social, economical and cultural factors thatintensity and frequency. Cyclones, landslides, floods, may not be prepared, and hence may be more vulnerablegence can therefore develop into an emergency if ade- more economically developed countries, the effects of effectively. Under these circumstances, responses driventwo forces come together. First there is the risk of the(cyclones, typhoons). For this research, the focus onoutweigh the threat of disaster. The totality of the spa-earthquakes, volcanoes and tsunamis all have different im- than those used to living with recurrent disasters. Thequate aid is not available. the disaster can be greater. For multiple disaster events,by foreign organizations such as NGOs often become The solution-oriented approach, due to the emer-hazard to occur, which is the probability of its occurrence.drought has been limited as it generates a slow disaster tial relationship must be seen in the entire context plications in time. While the repetitiveness of the floods scale of this impact often leads to large internationalpeople are often incapable of regenerating directly after the only means of recovery and redevelopment.gency, creates many parallel approaches. This redeve-And secondly, there is the vulnerability of a population to with less acute urban consequences.that ties people to place. The pull forces of livelihoodin Ghana is part of a yearly cycle, the magnitude and rarity media attention and response. The rebuilding may be less The different phases of redevelopment are associatedthe event. As a result, the disaster becomes an obstruc- lopment aid occurs within a spectrum of top-down tothis specific hazard. Combined, these forces define theand the push forces of land scarcity all attribute to theof the tsunami in Indonesia caught a society unprepared. focused on dealing with a similar disaster in the future.with the frequency of the disaster. Areas of frequent tion for development. A vicious circle becomes apparent,In general the NGO and foreign aid is voluntary and pro- bottom-up approaches, and varies from governmentalimpact of a natural hazard, which is the effect of theVulnerability increases when people, or a society, dont spatial condition.The growth of continuous, multiple or recurring Areas dealing with more frequent disasters focus moredisaster rebuild much faster then areas that are notas development is needed to protect against the natural vided to help the victims of the recipient country. Howe-to non-governmental involvement. In practice there ishazard on the affected people. For example, there can behave the means to prepare adequately for disaster. This,disasters can become a state of emergency, whereas a on disaster preparedness in the redevelopment process. hindered by these time restrictions and have a time-hazards.ver, there may also be diplomatic, military or influential often a lack of cohesion, due to huge variations ina small risk (once in a hundred years) for a hazard toand the omnipresent increase in extreme weather condi- In order to reduce vulnerability in risk areas, govern-single event disaster of unexpected and overwhelming The fact that there are perhaps fewer deaths due to theframe due to the discomfort of living in a transitional motives at work. The general atmosphere of humanita- ideologies concerning disaster response betweenoccur, but its impact can be much larger when people aretions make developing countries even more vulnerable ments and international agencies including NGOs im-scale can result in a direct emergency.developed coping mechanisms makes it less attractive for shelter for an extended period of time. The trend of increasing natural disasters in developing rianism and altruism is predominant, however. This the various organizations and institutions.unprepared and therefore vulnerable. This studio focusesto disaster. The vulnerability of a settlement is deter- plement various programs, ranging from infrastructurecountries has created huge loss of life and livelihood dueimplies that organizations can use their own approachemergencies in urban environments as a result of naturalmined by various factors. Lack of land and resources leadto education to increase resilience. Besides these ex-disasters.to land scarcity and poverty, which are often the drivingternal attempts to help, many communities, oftenfactors leading to unplanned urbanization. This entailsthrough repetitive exposure to extreme natural con-Various natural hazards can be distinguished that cause building on hazardous sites, poor construction, and lack ditions, evolve their own coping mechanisms.these urban emergencies. This studio has focused on the of knowledge regarding the risk involved in living there. VENEZUELAVENEZUELAhistorical eventsTOP-DOWN FIRSTOIL DISCOVEREDECONOMICDEMOCRATICRECESSION ELECTIONNew settlements400.000 affected 400.000 affectedRefugios New settlements IMF LOAN$ 4.800.000.000 and housing26,414,816 and housingRISK New settlements and housing (1) 0Financial support 90.000 affectedForeign Aid to other countries$ 17.800.000.000300 affected10 20.000 affected 100 affected 0 Relocation siteUrbanizationes 19201930 19401950 19601970 1975 198019851990 1995 2000200520102015Overview natural disasters in Venezuela from 1980 - 200815 and 16 december 1999New settlements Relocation sitecoping mechanismNo of events: 39 and housing (2) livelihood death toll: 20,000 persons (approx.)Effects of disasterNo of people killed:30,839destroyed houses: 8,000 houses (approx.) During the 1999 disaster people wereAverage killed per year:1,142 recovery timeframe:trapped in Vargas because all the roads col-No of people affected:845,744lapsed.livelihood livelihood Average affected per year:31,324 RISK relief The disaster indiscriminantly destroyed theEcomomic Damage (US$ X 1,000):3,306,300homes of the rich and poor.Ecomomic Damage per year (US$ X 1,000): 122,456 transitional source: preventionweb.orgredevelopmentThe harbour, one of Vargas most important economic drivers, was detroyed.preparednessEL SALVADOREL SALVADOR NON-GOVERNMENTALTechnical transferGOVERNMENTALSelf improved RISKDonated money$17 800 000relocation siteDestroyed houses 200 000CIVIL WAR$12 000 000 6,7 mil 7,2 mil Population El Salvador20056,1 mil Urban self- settlement (3) 4,7 mil4,5 mil3,5 mil2,3 mil PopulationFinancial support Metropolitan Area of San Salvador1,9 mil by CBO 1,6 mil 1,5 milNew settlements 19800,98 miland housing Population Urban self-402 448 510 367 Municipality of San Salvador Population20 00073 000 116 575 209 708 Municipality Mejicanos 121 908PopulationMunicipality Santa Teclasettlement1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1975198019851990199520002005 20102015Technical transferRISKOverview natural disasters in Indonesia from 1980 - 2008Earthquakes of the13th of January and the 13th of Februari 2001.NGO to ownerNo of events: 41death toll: 1,159 persons Influences of Earthquake:No of people killed:3,995 destroyed houses: Transitional Jobs150,000 (approx.) livelihood Average killed per year:154 recovery timeframe: poor people, after the change to the dollar which RISK No of people affected:3,169,705 2001 20022003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 20092010 was a economical disaster for the poor this earth-selfsettlement RISK quake did hit the economy very bad.Average affected per year:121,912Ecomomic Damage (US$ X 1,000):4,567,210 relief 6 monthsUrban self-Financial support settlement InvasionsEcomomic Damage per year (US$ X 1,000): 175,662 transitional est. 1,5 yearquake did destroy a vast amount of houses,public buildings and infrastructure. The town hallreconstructionof Santa Tecla was in the emergency camp andOwner driven reconstruction BOTTOM-UPpreparednessBANGLADESHsome villages were closed of for three days.BANGLADESHVENEZUELAInvasionsTransitional Jobs To get the economy back on its feet, the government offered 12.000 jobs toclean the debris from the disaster. These jobs, obviously not enough for allthe affected people, were hoped to induce monetary flows which would RefugiosThe Vargas state has a controversial mix of weekend homes owned byconsequently stimulate other enterprises like shops, services etc.wealth people from Caracas, and self-constructed shacks made by poorAlthough most people didnt directly benefit from this project, those whopopulationpeople seeking opportunities in the tourist industry, nearby harbor, anddid feel pride about the work they did for their state.After the disaster temporary com-airport.On the other hand many people who cleaned their streets as well, without munal shelters were centrally man-When the disaster struck, many victims decided to invade the weekendgovernment help, obviously felt disadvantaged. aged by the army. Life in these 150 000 000homes of the wealthier victims of the disaster. These invasions were refugios, which were planned capita more or less tolerated, given the absence of alternatives solutions. GDP per according to military standards,ationsToday, ten years later many houses are still invaded.turned into a what many people aid organiz call: the second tragedy. Many traumatized people were putCiudades together in conditions with up to sixty persons per toilet. This GDP per capita against average Just before the Vargas landslides in 1999, a national scheme for social housing absence of dignity and privacy led$percentage ofwas passed. When the disaster took place, many affected people were offered $world developme nt aid houses by the government in these urbanizations.It became apparent that this forced migration, was an enormous wasteful pro- to many social ills, like rape, child prostitution, and violence. BestRISK1920 1930 1940 195019601970 1975 19801985 19901995200020052010 2015 cess, when a large part of the population abandoned these housing projects, practice around the world has con- cluded that housing traumatizedbecause of lacking facilities, jobs, and the fact that they were geographicallyOverview natural disasters in Bangladesh from 1980 - 2008 Cyclone Sidr of the11th of November 2007isolated. people communally is NOT a goodcoping mechanismNo of events: 36 RISK death toll: 3,500 persons Influences of Earthquake:EL SALVADORcoping mechanismNo of people killed:170,995 destroyed houses: 500,000 (approx.)The cyclone track of Sidr went over theThe great love village in Chanmico is a top-down planned settlement which After a groundstudy the plot for the new settlement in Cobanal was labeled aslivelihoodlivelihoodlivelihoodlivelihoodAverage killed per year:6106recovery timeframe:Sunderbarans, destroying large parts of theis build by the Taiwanese NGO Tzu Chi. It is situated along a highway between too dangerous to build on. The people who already were living in transitionalthe provincial towns of Lourdes and Opico, but furthermore secluded fromshelters on this plot, were not able to get any construction help on housesNo of people affected:-forest. In this event the Sunderbarans acted as aany other urban fabric. The big amount of volunteers and money resulted in aneither on infrastructure. The inhabitants of the new community decided toAverage affected per year:-bu er for the rest of the country. well constructed settlement with a school, clinic, public space, but due to the stay and create a new settlement themeselves. The private plot was theEcomomic Damage (US$ X 1,000):4,200,000 relief Salination of the soil as a result of the storm surgelack of community involvement and connectivity, this settlement is 7 yearsconcern of the individual, but an the scale of the settelment the inhabitants gottransitional proved to have long term e ects on the land. after the earthquake a social disaster. together and started to make a spatial plan. With some consultancy help ofEcomomic Damage per year (US$ X 1,000): 150,000planners and architects and protection walls build by the central government,reconstruction Hardest hit were the economically disadvantagedthey managed to devide the plots and started to build on there infrastructure.INDONESIApreparedness who lost what possesions they had.WARACEHINDONESIA Pequena Inglaterra is build with full participation of the beneficiaries. PlanThe shelter camp of Polideportivo partly turned into the permanentsettlement Santa Gertrudes. The camp was set up as a transitional campto distress the camp of Cafetalon in the city centre. Since a main sportsInternational did supply materials and technical support, but the peopleevent was planned at Polideportivo the beneficiaries were asked to 7,000,000,000themselves had to build the house to get the legal land rights. A strongmove to the different new settlements which were being build at leastcommunity was build up, but slowly fell apart in time, due to a bad organized 20 kilometers from Santa Tecla. A group of 50 families decided to stay in239146 600handover and the lack of maintenance. Adjacent a political issue between twothis place due to the better connectivity with the city. The beneficiariespopulation numbersinvolved local governments created obstruction in the development of thedidnt get any more help and have to live with very little resources whichinfrastructure and networks.in this case stress the social relations within the community.BANGLADESH 177881The major cities of Bangladesh are for a large part made of informalRISKdonated money ($)settlements of katcha houses (bamboo and other lowgrade materials), as opposed to the formal pucca structures (made of concrete and bricks). The slums are in well connected parts of the cities, as economic migration is50 number of aid organizationsKUAKATAWithout conscious urban planning, NGOs are the deciding factor for huge, especially after natural disasters when land and livelihood have been lost. Interestingly, the slums tend to keep the same social network as was in the villages resulting in (rural)coping mechanismplanning in the (urban) rurality of Bangladesh. Due to population density,livelihood 19201930 1940 195019601970 1975 19801985 19901995200020052010 2015urbanity.corruption and land scarcity inside the embankment, there is very little kash(government) land available for projects, and NGOs tend to have to build RISK Overview natural disasters in Indonesia from 1980 - 200826 december 2004dense decentralized shelter communities. Another option that some go forNo of events: 293 death toll: 167,000 persons (approx.) affected by tsunami:are the decentralized scattered shelters outside the embankment where landis widely available.No of people killed:189,615 destroyed houses: 17,000 houses (approx.) An estimated 7 billion dollars of aid money cameAverage killed per year:6,538 to AcehNo of people affected:18,195,948recovery timeframe:Average affected per year:627,446The tsunami helped trigger the peace agreementMany NGOs work in the communities before disaster strikes, as poverty isEcomomic Damage (US$ X 1,000):21,219,450relief with the Indonesian government (signed in 2005) Some NGOs are now beginning to realize the value of investing in locala much more imminent threat than the natural hazard. This is done on the knowledge rather than hiring outside contractors (overpriced andEcomomic Damage per year (US$ X 1,000): 731,705 transitionalbasis of savings groups and extending microcredit loans. The NGOs in factunderskilled). A project by the British Red Cross employed many local Up to 3 kilometres in land the city was wiped out, operate like banks. When a disaster strikes, the most vulnerable populationcarpenters and used training as a tool to empower the carpenters in buildingTHE PHILIPPINESredevelopmentup to 4 kilometres flooded groups are already known to the local NGOs, and beneficiary lists arestorm proof shelters. A combination of indigenous knowledge and foreignpreparednessquickly established, and shared with the national government, so that foreignengineering was incorporated in the design to come to an profitable solutionaid can be sent in the right direction.for all stakeholders.RISK THE PHILIPPINES LEGAZPI INDONESIAUlee Leue exemplifies the troubles raised by poor coordination between aidSome NGOs took a di erent approach. They provided Village Chiefs with aorganizations. So called 'finished' reconstruction houses lack power, water and small donation. Supervised by the help-organization, the Village Chieftyphoon season and every 5 years eruption sanitation, whole areas are virtually unaccessible by conflicting road and sewerorganized the reconstruction process employing bene ciaries as builders.layouts.Sometimes houses had to be taken down afterwards because they werentearthquake proof.BANDA ACEH intensity RISKpopulation numbers 196980100,000 affected people in LegazpiLike most of the gampongs in and around Banda Aceh, completely wiped out Lhoknga was rebuilt with the help of several NGOs working on different108,000Lampuuk used to be a slum-like fishermans village. After the tsunami, phases of the rebuilding process at the same time. After the tsunami people the reconstruction done by the Turkish Red Crescent transformed received tents, semi-temporary housing, temporary housing and permanent 18001814 1940 1950 1960 1970 1975 198019851990 1995 2000 20052010 2015this originally ramshackle settlement into a luxury bungalow park.houses. Some of them were constructed at the same time on the same plot Other villages were envious and refused the less fancy housingof land. Many people in Lhoknga suddenly owned more than one house afterOverview natural disasters in Indonesia from 1980 - 200830 november 2006 the tsunami. provided to them by other NGOs.No of events: 310 300 persons (approx.)affected by super typhoon Reming: ___ coping mechanismlivelihood livelihood livelihooddeath toll:livelihoodNo of people killed:31,060THE PHILIPPINEScoping mechanismdestroyed houses: 36,000 houses (approx.) Roads, Electricity and any form of ComunicationAverage killed per year:1,071 recovery timeframe: were down for several weeks.No of people affected:98,701,710Average affected per year:3,403,507Several villages were partially destroyed by theBanquirohan dates back to the early 90-ies. Back then the volcanoreliefPadang is the place that was hit the hardest by super typhoon Reming. It errupted and caused the resettlement of a number of families. TheEcomomic Damage (US$ X 1,000):5,946,537massive landslide triggered by Reming. was a middle class Barangay, situated on the shore. The typhoon triggeredtransitional city o ered the site, about 45 min jeepney ride away from the centre.Ecomomic Damage per year (US$ X 1,000): 205,053 a landslide that came down from the volcano and buried the whole They helped with building shelters, but there was a lack of GHANAredevelopmentSame as in the villages all the agriculture wascommunity. The survivors spread out to family or friends and manyinfrastructure development. With the e ort of the bene ciaries destroyed by the typhoon and landslide.helpless were settled in Taysan. However, today some people are moving themselves, this has changed over time. Now the site is quitepreparednessback, building their own houses with natural materials and taking up the di erentiated. The stigma of relocation has been relieved. Theprofession of sherman again. community has grown strong together over the years. GHANABuraguis supports the ecoville concept. After a number of failed plans, half 12.500.000 of this site was declared unsafe for building due to landslide risk. This2.000.000 resulted in the opprotunity to developing the slope into agriculture andTaysan was constructed after typhoon reming in 2006. Before that date releasing world bank funds for this project. With a little assistance, the 23,4population (millions)NGO Gawad Kalinga had started building homes for the urban poor, butowners built their own homes. Materials and roads are kept to a minimum,after the typhoon the bene ciary group had changed. Seven other NGOs neglecting the local building codes. There is a strong focus on livelihoods.joined in the e ort and the site was planned top down by a technicalThe site is relatively close to the city centre.18,9workgroup, with members of the Local Government Unit. The site ischaracterised by a strong grid and di erent housing typesrelated to the donator NGOs. Now, 30 % is complete and it isthe biggest relocation site in Legazpi.GHANA12,3 Although the family gets material and technical aid from the NGOs, the700.000construction of the house is done by the owners themselves. Owing to the6,78,6 huge task involved in the construction of houses, the community works - together sharing the work load at varies stages of construction. That 332.600 -324.602means that one day everyone works on one house and the other day theyIn the informal settlement of Old Fadama, Accra, a Community Based 144.025 work on the house of the neighbor. At the end all the houses must be Organistaion (CBO) called Ghana Federation of the Urban Poor, organizes12000280058.000 people affectedfinished before the rainy season starts. micro credits and infrastructure development inside the community. Thepicture shows one such community gathering which happens weekly on1920 1930 1940 195019571960 INDEPENDENCE 1970 1975 19801985 199019952000200520102015Wednesdays, being attended by students from the University of London,doing research on urban farming and its implications on urban settlements.Overview natural disasters in Ghana from 1983 - 2007august 2007 RISK No of events:23 death toll: 56 persons (approx.)affected by flood:livelihoodlivelihood livelihoodlivelihoodcoping mechanismcoping mechanismNo of people killed:1,003 destroyed houses: 35,000 houses (approx.) Economy and livelyhood got a ect by the oods whichAverage killed per year: 40 recovery timeframe: destroys farmlands and livestock which is theNo of people affected: 16,019,431 only income for most people in the ooded area. Average affected per year: 640,777 The houses get destroyed by the ood which washes Old Fadama is an informal settlement right at the heart of Accra. Ghana isEcomomic Damage (US$ X 1,000): 33,500away the mud walls, bringing down the whole structure.In the flood affected Builsa district of the upper east region in Ghana, a a place at a constant state of flux, due to the high concentration oftransitional NGO by the name TIMAACHAAB is helping families affected by flood, inEcomomic Damage per year (US$ X 1,000): 1,34 disasters and the owner driven construction that follow them. The imageRoads, bridges, electricity line get totally disrupted duringbuilding houses. They provide 60% of the cost of the house and make the portrays a portion of the settlement which was burnt in a fire accident aredevelopment disaster cutting o the whole a ected areas from the rest family build the house for themselves. Adjacent they provide technical few weeks ago. The entire redevelopment driven by the owner hasof the work, making aid e orts really hard to reach. advice for flood proof construction by the use of cement blocks forPreparedness foundation and aluminum sheets for roofing. completely changed the whole spatial structure. 4. MANAGEMENT STAKEHOLDER RELATIONSMIGRATION FORCED AND OPPORTUNISTIC DISPLACEMENT TYPOLOGYURBAN AND ARCHITECTURAL RECONSTRUCTIONDisaster management, mitigation and risk reduction reby reaching out to the beneficiaries and existing social process into pockets of in-effective developments. Ma- Natural disasters often cause forced migration, as theeconomic activity may at the same time cause initiativesthe disaster (to safer places), after the disaster (toThe Urban Emergencies studio researches the effects ofGIS/GPS software has been a tool to analyze to whatrary urban tools (e.g. space syntax, gis/gps mapping, hugely depends on the stakeholders relation with thenetworks integrating them as a part of the process of re-naging the coordination seems to be the most chal- area which people inhabited previously tends to becomefrom bottom-up as families or communities may reacti- temporary shelters or the homes of relatives), and in hazardous climatic conditions on the urbanization pro-extent places are integrated and connected with the rest spacemate, etc), it is possible to research the public local community.This relationship directly affects the level development. lenging part of the whole redevelopment process. unsuitable for dwelling after the disaster. Land availability vely seek resettlement in urban areas.the rehabilitation phase there may be proactive reset-cesses (e.g. transformation of the urban surface, migra-of the urban environment. On the other hand, it is alsoand private space in relation with the extensions made of influence of aid efforts can have. The effective imple- and risk reduction can result in proactive governance and tlement (to the rural areas by beneficiaries of govern- tion of societies, architectural solutions). These changesinteresting to see what the influences have been ofto peoples shelters. mentation and maintenance of projects is directly af-The failure of any one agent in this long chain of execu-The graph bellow shows when and where and whoNGO response towards top-down decentralizationThe migration patterns can be described in phases. De-ment or NGO aid), and reactive resettlement (to the are especially visible in vulnerable terrains, where naturalformal interventions by the government, and how they fected by the extent and interest of involvement shown tion results in massive miss-management of resources,were involved during the redevelopment process inof settlements in rural areas. Land scarcity and lack ofpending on the disaster, there may be migration duringurban areas by non-beneficiaries).disasters are either recurring or prone to happen shortly.change the vulnerability to new disasters. In the overwhelming complexity of the post disaster by the government in co-ordination with the NGOs the-often leading to corruption and breakdown of the whole the various countries. The disaster events can then be seen as part of the gene-urban redevelopment, it is important to locate whereral emergence, influencing the gradual development of the On a lower scale, the family house designs can be ana- spatial material thinkers (architects and urbanists)urban fabric.This research has tried to unravel these influ-lyzed on an architectural level, to see if people adaptcan be of use within this process in order to compli-ences.their homes to the disaster. This can be done informally ment the currently involved fields represented by en-with local knowledge, or by external designs. Often, fo- gineers and relief workers. By studying the bounda-This can be done on different academic levels. On the reign architects are responsible for the post disaster ries where architecture and urbanism are called upon,urban scale it is interesting to see how settlements have shelter designs. Which solutions for protection againstdiverse tools can be used to analyze the specific casesadapted to the disaster as an informal organism in itself.natural hazards arve integrated in these designs? Andof interestThis includes different forms of research into the flowshow do these solutions go along with local pragmaticgenerated by livelihoods developments. Space Syntax and construction techniques? By making use of contempo-NATIONAL GOVERNMENT Ghana Venezuela Indonesia LOCAL GOVERNMENT Ghana Venezuela Indonesia PRIVATE STAKEHOLDERSGhanaVenezuelaIndonesia VENEZUELA VENEZUELA BEFOREDURING AFTEREl Salvador El Salvador INVESTORSEl Salvador The Vargas region, as domany places in Venezuela, The night of 16 december 1999, the amount of rainAfter the disaster large voids were created in the urban fabric of Vargas. While displacement into PhilipinesPhilipines Philipinesshow two different urban that usually falls anually,typologies: one is planned caused dramatic landslides. modular pre-fabricated houses was the initialand preconceived. The otherThe landslides cut throughsolution for housing, this soon proved a fiasco. PREPAREDNESSBangladeshPREPAREDNESSBangladesh PREPAREDNESSBangladeshhas grown out of a cumula-tion of individual architectu- the urban tissue indiscri-While the city repopulated, tenure issues caused difficulties to rebuild the voids in the center. minantly: Rich and poorT TT ENEN ENral endeavors that havewere equally affected, yetToday these empty plots have a degeneratingEMINEM INEMINeffect on the environment around them. While AGslowly consolidated into an AG FR FR AG FRthe implications wereAN ASTRANAS TRAN ASNew Centre;Tourism = Work urban form.different.solutions seem to complex for the authorities inEM REDEVELOPMENTEM REDEVELOPMENT EM REDEVELOPMENT TR 1.The landslides 2. Evacuation 3. Aid & Shelter airport 4. Communal Shelter (refugios)5. Informal Shelter (Rancho) 6. Family and Friends7. Dormitory cities 7. Dormitory cities8.The return acharge. T TUC UC TUC2SS S WA WAWA4TU TUTU 3 6 RERE RE 65TRANSITIONALTRANSITIONALTRANSITIONAL1111 1520 kmRELIEFRELIEF RELIEF01224 Barrios follow the geograhpy.The city centre is orthogonalExtra land was created after La4 Tragedia. HOUSIN 8 8 8 8HOUSIN HOUSIN7Auto construction Army camps G/SModular housing: Petrocasa Auto constructionLarge housing projectsG/S G/S 7771.000km H HCommunal shelterHALTALTHEL HEL ALT7 HEL HE HE T ERT ER HE6T ER 745 0 200400BEFOREDURING AFTER phase 1disaster and reliefphase 2 temporary shelter phase 3 beneficiary resettlementCAPACITY BUILDING CAPACITY BUILDING CAPACITY BUILDING COMMUNITY SELF-HELPGhanaVenezuelaIndonesia INTERNATIONAL NGO Ghana Venezuela IndonesiaLOCAL NGO NGO Ghana Venezuela Indonesia EL SALVADOR BEFOREDURINGAFTEREL SALVADORWhen a house is damaged or totallyEl SalvadorEl Salvador El Salvador TRANSITIONAL CAMP NEW INFORMAL SETTLEMENT POLIDEPORTIVOST. GERTRUDES destroyed, the people repair or buildback there houses themeselves. ThePhilipines PhilipinesPhilipines SHELTERCAMPEL CAFETALONSHELTERCAMPlocal NGO Procomes created a newhome for a group of 32 families in aEL CAFETALON PREPAREDNESS BangladeshPREPAREDNESS Bangladesh PREPAREDNESS BangladeshINFORMAL SETTLEMENTLA CRUZneighboring municipality of Cuscat-ancingo. The families that were yearlyT T T ENENEN affected got the chance to dwell in aEMINEM IN EMNGO IN more save, according to risk, and AG FR AGFRAGFR Sector Montreal in the north of theAN ASTRANAS TR ANNGOAS TR Departmentmetropolitan area of San Salvador,organized area.EMEMEM La Libertad REDEVELOPMENT REDEVELOPMENTREDEVELOPMENT is build on the hills of a mountain T TT UCUCUCrich. The connecting road to theSS SNGO WA WAWANGO000 TUTU 1212 12 TUcity is build on top of the rich,RE RERE NGONEW SETTLEMENTfromwhere so called pasajes goTRANSITIONALTRANSITIONALTRANSITIONALPEQUENA INGLATERRAdown on the hills on both sides.NGO The pasajes are informaly or notDepartmentconstructed. NGOSan Salvador NGO NGOSHELTERCAMP NEW SETTLEMENTNGO LOURDES SHELTERCAMP SACACOYO RELIEF LOURDESRELIEF RELIEF During the rainy season, which runs NGO NGO Santa Teclafrom june to december. The housesNGO NGONGO NGO on the bottom of the hills are at risk.NGONGOHeavy rainfall, bad constructedNGONGO houses and loose soil cause small NGORELATIVES disasters every year. With interna- NGO NGOtional help of NGOs and the EU the NGO NGO NGONGORELATIVESmunicipality has a warning systemNGO NGOand evacuation plan. The communityHOUSIN HOUSIN HOUSIN NGONGO NGONGO NGO NGOhouse serves as shelter for the most NGONGONGO NGO vulnerable in these days.NGONGOG/S G G/SNGONGONGO / SHThe construction and materials usedH HHNGONGO On the architectural scale the typology in this ALTALT ALT HELHELNGO NGO communities is typical for big parts of the city.in this project are all earthquakeproof.ELT NGONGO NGO Reinforced bricks and well con- HE HEHET ER T ERNGOThe houses are build with different materials,ERNGOdepending on the individual resources andstructed roofs create a census ofNGONGO NGO skills. The techniques and constructions are security. In this new area the plotNGO NGO mainly poor and temporary; a roof is kept on owned by the community. The indi-NGONGO NGOthe house by putting bricks or other weight on viduals families do not have the NGO top. chance to close of their property as San Salvador NGO The private plots are closed of from the publicthey did it at their old homes. TheNGO groundfloors were set and their are La Libertad 0 50 100spaces with big walls, steel sheeting or everyNGO NGO type of material that lost its primary function,hardly no possibilities to expand theirNGO 050 1000 50 100NGO to create home security and privacy. houses. phase 3abeneficiary settlementCAPACITY BUILDING CAPACITY BUILDING CAPACITY BUILDINGphase 1disaster phase 2 temporary shelterEmergency camp El Campo Cafetalonphase 3bnon beneficiary settlementNew settlement the great love village in Chanmico VENEZUELA BANGLADESH BANGLADESHNational government Community The disaster in Vargas coincided with the socialist revolution, led by Hugo Frias Chavez. Opportunistically, theAfter the disaster many people shoveled out their homes, and fixed their houses.Although may were displaced,victims of La Tragedia, were fit in an immense government project aimed at providing housing, healthcare, and those who stayed rebuilt what was left.education to the poorest population of Venezuela. Hence the affected population became a guinea pig for the MarchApril M ayJune July AugustSeptember OctoberNovember December JanuaryFebruarylargest social experiment in Venezuelan history.In 2006, seven years after the disaster, the government launched the Consejo Communales, this is a neighbor-hood governance system, which theoretically empowers the people to propose government funded plans BEFOREDURINGAFTERThis project involved displacing the effected community to new satellite cites across the country, which were directly to the national government, passing regional restrictions.often isolated and mono-functional. This new form of self-governance has been received extremely well in poor communities. Although up until TEMPORARY HELTER SLtoday nothing has actually been built, many plans have been proposed on housing, risk management, waterworks,schools,publicbuildings,hotels NEW SETTLEMENT The role of the government as the all comprising savior has caused a state of extreme dependency among thesport, education, and moreCLUSTER VILLAGE NGO SHELTERSdecentralizedavailable landaffected population, and impedes any private involvement.INFORMAL S L HELTERtentsmade ofscrap materialTHE BEACH HOST SETTLEMENT REL A ATIVES economicurban pullfactors 0 120 1 2 0 1 2National government International Ngos EL SALVADOR CycloneTraditional houses were built around agriculturalproduce and in proximity of the Bangladeshi pond.Locally obtained materials like wood were generallyused for the framework, with a clay foundation andWhen a cyclone hits everything outside the embank-ments is destroyed. A large area inside the embank-ment is also inundated. The only safe place to be is onthe embankment or on raised plinth inside a concrete The reactionary spatial development following disas- ter that can be observed is the linear city. Settling on or inside of the embankment provides some security and this tendency creates a low linear density along infra-banana leaf roof. cyclone shelter. structure. 0 5000 10000In August 2005 the national government of El Salvador set up a law to improve the disaster preparedness and Within development and disaster preparedness projects the international Ngos work closely together with local0 50 100 0 5000 10000mitigation process.The law and regulations for the civil protection, prevention and mitigation of disasters creates Ngos.The specific social and cultural local knowledge from the local Ngos is combined with the more generala structure of civil protection departments on the national level, departmental and municipality level. Commu-knowledge and money from the international Ngos. After a major natural disaster the demand for aid and relief phase 1disasterphase 2temporary shelternity participation is brought into municipality level.Where the national government before was especially focus-is much higher, and the amount of monetary and physical resources disposable increases. In this stage the Na-ing on disaster relief and aid, with this new law the emphasis lies more on disaster preparedness and mitigation, tional Government is responsible to divide and control the money and aid coming in.After the two earthquakesalthough the department of civil protection still is responsible for direct aid and relief as well.The disaster pre-INDONESIAin 2001 the organization and management of the aid and monetary flows was slowing down the relief process. INDONESIAparedness and mitigation mostly consists out of education and capacity building.This program is implemented Therefore the National government gave the International Ngos the freedom to give out their help withouttop-down from national to departmental, from departmental to municipality and from the municipality to com- direct control, within the relief phase. Within the relief, but as well as in the reconstruction phase, the vastmunity level.Accompanied with an alarm system for disaster risk, this program should prepare all people nation- amount of international help exceeds the available capacity of local Ngos.Therefore the collaboration doesntwide. take place in all reconstruction projects. INFORMAL SHELTERLAND TENANTThe city centre knows a typology ofrows of buildings situated directlyon the mainroads with a ground- INFORMAL SHELTER TEMPORARYTEMPORARYSHELTERor storage on top.SHELTER COLLECTIVE CENTRE RECONSTRUCTION HOUSING BANGLADESHTsunami After the tsunami in no time rows of new housesarose. Innumerable homogeneus houses werebuilt by NGOs. These were single family free-standing houses, each containing 36 squaremetres.Each project consists the same design, form andmaterials. There is now diversity what so ever. International NGO Local NGO There is a plethora of international NGOs operating in Bangladesh, perhaps the worlds largest host of non-governmental organizations.The majority of these NGOs focus on development or poverty alleviation. NGOBangladesh is often seen as the birthplace of the microcredit NGO, namely the Grameen Bank. Non-governmen-tal organizations have emerged as an integral part of the institutional structure for addressing poverty as well asrural development, water and sanitation, gender equality, environmental conservation, disaster management,To create a central database for the different NGOs, the Government created the NGO Affairs Bureau in 1990. human rights and other social issues.The Bureau enables the NGOs to obtain their regi-stration clearance, approval and permission for their proj- The rural area has a greatects. These organizations mostly follow the target-group strategy under which the poor with similar socio-economic diversity in dwellings and littleinterests are organized into groups to achieve their objectives. Microcredit and saving groups have become moreHOST RELATIVES each other by rice paddies and HOST RELATIVESWith regard to disaster, the United Nations Development Programme has esta-blished a platform for communi-controversial in the light of natural disasters, as no insurance is provided.There are many reports of NGOs col- Tsunami green open spacescation with Government of Bangladeshs Ministry of Disaster in the form of the Comprehensive Disaster Man-lecting interest on loans weeks after a disaster.agement Programme. 36m2 36m236m2 36m2 36m236m236m20 1 20 12 012 phase 1disaster phase 2 temporary shelterphase 3 beneficiary settlementINDONESIATHE PHILIPPINESTHE PHILIPPINES BEFOREDURING AFTERInternational NGO Local governmentresettlement areaBagong Abre, BLISSTABACO TABACOTABACOThe worldwide community donated more than $7 billion (2004 U.S. dollars) for aid initiatives. Over 400 organi-The Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Agency (BRR Badan Rehabilitasi dan NAGA - MANILA NAGA - MANILANAGA - MANILA zations have been involved with the recovery process of Aceh, leading to a complex process of redevelopment,Rekonstruksi) for Aceh and Nias was established on 16 April 2005 by the national government. BRR was respon-and resulting in many miscommunications and delays. Most organizations are planning to exit from Aceh duringsible for a coordinated approach to planning, fundraising and implementation, to ensure that the reconstruction LIGAO LIGAO LIGAO2009, reducing the constant influx of foreign money into the local economies that was present for the last five program was effective, duplication minimized, and donor funds optimally used. resettlement areaBaraguis, CARESS years. Typhoon RemingVolcano Pacific mallTemporary sheltersResettlement area TaysanGUINOBATANGUINOBATAN GUINOBATANCAMALIG CAMALIG CAMALIGDARAGAresettlement areaDARAGA DARAGA TaysanLEGAZPI LEGAZPI LEGAZPIHOSTFAMILIESHOSTFAMILIESresettlement area RELATIVES RELATIVESBanquerohan Typhoon BURAGUIS SORSOGON SORSOGON SORSOGONTEMPORARY INFORMAL SHELTER TEMPORARYINFORMAL S HELTER TAYSANSHELTER SHELTER mall, schools, public buildings mall, schools, public buildings THE PHILIPPINESBANQUEROHANplann edon iltLocal Government Unit (LGU) Communityhobu typstpo00 00 0The LGU is of crucial importance to disaster response in the Philippines. Because of the many disasters thatPart of the reason why corruption is so widespread in the Philippines is because the country is used to giving1503000 5 10 150 300 510 150 300 5 10 Time occur in the Philippines on a yearly basis, response has developed into governmental organised organs.These are aid. If you are better of than your neighbour, you are expected to help him/her out once in every while, ac- phase 1disaster phase 2 temporary shelter phase 3beneficiary settlementcalled the Disaster Coordinating Councils (DCC) and have been arranged to cover different planning scales,cording to good catholic tradition. If you are the brightest of the family, you are expected to study and get afrom regional to municipal. Albay has appointed a separate committee under the DCC, concerned with disaster job overseas, and send money back every month.This situation has lead to extreme cases of people camouflag-risk reduction. ing the fact that they own an air-conditioner...And what if the donator requires something in return, later on? GHANA GHANALike a vote in the municipal elections? Aid could easily turn into corruption.According to Transparency International, the Philippines is one of the most corrupt countries in the world andbecause of that, many developments are initiated on a local level. The central government does not interfere, Luckily not all people are touched by this evil and it is common for communities to organise themselves.Theybut local governments are very dependent on funds coming from Manila. Often local government has to wait forwill have a chosen barangay (community) leader, or even neigbourhood community organisations, consisting of Annual Rain Graph of Accra,these, sometimes to such an extent that they have to take loans from the local pawnshops, to pay the wages of volunteers. These are an essential knot in connecting the people to the local government.Ghanathe officials. JanuaryFebruary MarchApril MayJune July August September October NovemberDecemberBEFOREDURING AFTERIn Accra the capital of Ghana, theHigh During the Rainy season of May to June theWood being the primary con-Odaw River runs through the heartOdaw Rivercity of Accra experiences large scale floodingstruction material used, fire ac-of city emptying its waters into the along the Odaw RIver spine. Old Fadama gets cidents are one of the mostkorle lagoon.Which in turn openinundated by flood waters, causing huge prevalent disasters in dryLowout to the sea.The lagoon with its amount of damage to life and livilyhood.season.The kiosks or houses athuge flood plain, which once usedthe edge of the settlement areto be a green belt, now has become more at risk due to the pres-GHANAan ecologically dead zone due to The flood disasters soence of the saw dust catchesextensive amount of pollution. prevalent in this settle- fire easily and is spread by the ment, over time has wind, thereby causing massive Wiaga Bolgatanga WiagaBolgatanga Wiaga Bolgatanga Old FadamaThe flood plain of the Korleinduced the evolution offire incidents. One huge fire in lagoon over time has been a various coping mecha- 2007 knocked down nearly 400 2007occupied by the migrant nisms like the land fillhouses killing 5 people.2007 International NGOsettlement of Old Fadama, up to 2 meters from the 2006 2005 Local NGOwhich moved inwards intolagoon level, the saw- 2009 2008 NGO TamaleTamaleTamale the lagoon, reclaiming land dust spread for grip In a slum like Old Fadama, Community Based organizations are the most active participants working at theIn the flood affected areas of the North,Aid organizations like Red-Cross help people build their houses. and spreading out into theduring floods, cementedgrass root level of the society. Ghana Federation of the urban poor one such organisation, helps people in theThey take part as external agents, providing 60% of the construction cost buying materials and tools for eachgreen zonepavements, stone filled High Fire Riskcommunity by providing micro credits and building infrastructure facilities.They have established deeper routes household.They also provide technical assistance on best practice for flood resistant structures, monitoring streets, etc. all put inthe whole process of construction.The houses built by these AID agencies are a conglomeration of local ver-place to help peoplewith 3 different organisations helping the of the community, namelymitigate the seriousnacular architecture and cement block-Aluminum construction. nature of the issue, and1. Kayayei youth Association carry on with their live-2. Ghana homeless people AssociationAll the post disaster aid and help flowing in to Ghana, is co-ordinate by the National Disaster Management lihood.3. Railway dwellers Association Organization (NADMO), which directs the ground implementation of all these measures.This in one handnarrows the stake holder to one organization but on the other due to very less lobby power of this organisa-Korle Lagoontion the effectiveness of the aid is drastically reduced.Edge ConditionThe ominous nature of these situ-ations have caused change in con-Vertical Raisestruction material from wood tocement blocks, because on one0 50 100 0 50100 050 100hand they are fire resistant and on phase 3abeneficiary settlementLand Fillthe other they give more sense of phase 1disaster phase 2 temporary shelter phase 3bnon beneficiary settlement security.This sense of fear of fireis changing the whole landscape. 5. Action learningAction researchAction planningSynthesis Accomplish Conceptualize ImplementStrategize 6. an urban emergency[challenge] 7. OverallUrbanArea AreaCity Rural 2,273 POPULATION(inhabitant/KM ) of 324,2002DENSITYpeasants Dujiangyanout of city center area 622,000 of 87KM2Inhabitantsin Total (2005)496.7 351.2 in total area of other1,208KM2297,800 live incity center(47.9%)municipal border 0 5 10 20 KM Chongzhou PengzhouShifang GuanghanDeyangcapital city Chengdu, 8. UNESCO Heritage Sites in China painting beginning volume + complete reel Dujiangyan Irrigation SystemUNESCO heritage (N31 0 6.012 E103 36 19.008, Ref: 1001, 2000) As the ONLY of perfectly conserved, permanently utilized, and the oldest ancient water irrigation system, the Dujiangyan Irrigation System was built in 256 BC, to conduct the rapid water stream of Min River. In 2000, together with the Mout Qingcheng, the birthplace of Taoism, Dujiangyan Irrigation System was nominated as UNESCO World Heritage. 9. tea medicine alcoholoil production meat productiongrains fowl meat domestic animalfowl eggs aquiculture fowl aquiculturefish aquiculturetea leafkiwimagnolia red plum flower wheat crop corn rice cropoil seed reap(post-) Agriculture Production Web 10. 9.65billion city GDP (2004) Primary Economies12.55 billion13 .0% (-0.9%)agriculture, forestry, fisheries, animal husbandry and collection industry Secondary Economies 35.11 billion36.4% (+0.7%)mining, manufacturing, electricity, gas and water production & supply, construction Third Economies48.87billion 50.6% (+0.2%)circulation, production and living services, culture and social servicesagriculture population439,200( 72% )36.9 M /inhabitant average2 residencenon-agriculturepopulation120,400(28%)averageresidence 35.76 M2/inhabitant 11. KM 0155 12 010 75 2008.05.12 14:28On May 12, 2008 14:28:01.42 (CST), a monstrous (8M)50 earthquake struck Sichuan in Western China, followed , with 36,052 (Wikipedia) aftershocks in total. Some of which exceeding 6M, continuing to hit the area even months after the main quake, causing new casualties and damage.25 0 60KMDUJIANGYAN 2540KM25KMearthquake damages15KMmunicipal townships 5KM 12. confirmedconfirmeddirect deathinjuredmissing dead children homeless economic damage69,227374,17618,222 19,06511million 845.1 billion (yuan) 13. 024 8 km Historic Growth early 20 C 1990s 200900.512 km 2007 (post-earthquake)900,000 00.5 02 48 km0.251 km 00.512 km Urban Plans 0 0.250.5 1 km 2 2008.05.12 14:28 88.7 KM 0 12 4 km[8M] Eeathquake720,00013.65 bn 680,0001989 Conservational Plan for 1993-2010 General Urban Plan (-3,069)POPULATION=500,000 INH.Historic and Cultural City for Dujiangyan (2003)of Dujiangyan 60.2 KM21981 Plan for Guan County 11.62 bnGDP GROWTH=10 Billion(Dujiangyan) 2007 Conservational Plan for 622,000 Historic and Cultural CityURBAN CONSTRUCTION=50 KM2 The era of China Republicof Dujiangyan Plan for Historic City1933.08.25[7.5M] Eeathquake2008 Post-disaster Reconstruction Urban Dynamics47 KM2 Plan for Dujiangyan8.82 bn Sun Yat-sen Politics & EventsChiang Kai-shekMao Zedong 6.99 bnHu Jintao 29 KM2 Deng Xiaopin 4.93 bn Jiang ZeminNationalist-CommunistCivil War World War II75,059Culture Revolution Reform and Open PolicyBattles among Warlords 4 KM2 0.53 bn 1920 1925 193019351940 19451950 1955 196019651970 19751980 1985 1990199520002005 2010 2015 2020 14. 5 million Relief Camps (by Jul. 2008) 1 trillion uan (by Jan. 2009) 15. agriculture fields were taken, upon which tremendous camps and relief houses were assambled, most of them took places at the urban fringe and outskirt. 16. shortly after the first aid relief, besides the temporary settlements, enormous giant "relief houses", which promoted by the authority and each will accommodate thousands of families, were projected at the edge of the city - edge cities are brewing. 17. 0 124 km 20092012 City of Dujiangyan has gained remarkable investments and institutional cooperations by900,000 the disaster, which makes it possible to 2008.05.12 14:28 [8M] Eeathquake 88.7 KM2 promote enormous720,000 new construction in13.65 bn 680,000an organized way. The city is demostrating (-3,069)POPULATION=500,000 INH.GDP GROWTH=10 Billion 60.2 KM2 her power to (re-)build622,00011.62 bnURBAN CONSTRUCTION=50 KM2 another whole mass of her equal size within 47 KM2 the coming couple of 8.82 bn years. In this way, the city pushes herself6.99 bntowards the boundary29 KM2 and EXPAND.4.93 bn 75,059 4 KM20.53 bn1920 1925 1930 1935 1940 1945 1950 1955 1960 19651970 19751980 1985 1990 199520002005201020152020 18. Expansion? Migration!2009 2012 as the city expands, more agriculture lands will be taken, farmers are changing themselves into tourism servants or find a big city to live their new lives as labours, at the same time, lots of tourists comes to the city as marketing strategies promoted, some those from the big cities even bought their weekend houses there because of the proverty price differences. Enormous Migration is driving Enormous Urbanization. 19. Acute response ?RecoveryNew Urban Format Reconstruction 20. ACUTE RESPONSE RECOVERY 21. licaPoom lition c EcalRECOVERYl RECONSTRUCTION Teica c hn logic al c io So 22. "China, unique amongst developing countries, is aggressively planning urban development at a super-regional scale using Tokyo-Yokohama and the US eastern seabord as its templates .....These new Chinese megalopolises may be only the first stage in the emergence of a continuous urban corridor stretching from Japan / North Korea to West Java. As it takes places over the next century, this great dragon-like sprawl of cities will constitutethe physical and demographic culmination of millennia of urbanevolution." (Davis, 2006, 6-7)(Zeiderman, 2008, 25) 23. "The most important challenge to be met in European cities, as well as major cities throughout the world, is the articulation of the globally orientated economic functions (space and flows) on the city with the locally rooted society and culture (space and places). The seperation between these two levels of our new realityleads to structural urban schizophrenia that threatens our socialequilibrium and quality of life." (Castells, 1992, 17-18) 24. Inter-disciplinary Redevelopment 25. SK ProgramInter-university Berlage Institute TU DelftTsinghua UniversityTU Beijing Tongji UniversityTaiwanSouthwest JiaotongUniversityUniversity (Sichuan) 26. POPULATION=500,000 INH. URBAN CONSTRUCTION=50 KM2GDP GROWTH=10 Billion 2009SYNERGY 0 08 22007 1990searly 20 C 27. New Urban Paradigm 5 yr? 3 yr? 10 yr? Culture Central governmentSocial Local governmentPrivate parties NGOSPACE Technology Inhabitants Economy 0 2 48 kmStrategic timepolitical financial technical network capacityplanningResources Scenarioscapacitycapacitycapacitycapacitycapacitybuilding 28. Multi-scalar approach 5 yr? 3 yr? 10 yr? Culture Central governmentSocial Local governmentPrivate parties NGOVISIONSPACE Technology Inhabitants Economy 0 2 48 kmStrategic timepolitical financial technical network capacityplanningResources Scenarioscapacitycapacitycapacitycapacitycapacitybuilding 29. In-depth Implementation10 yr? Repair 5 yr?3 yr? Retrofit Culture Rebuild Central government Social Local governmentPrivate parties NGOVISIONSPACERelocate Technology InhabitantsEconomyCoordinationCritical path Reconstruction optionsanalysis Schedule forParticipation Assessment, monitoringimplementationand evaluationLegal framework Handover 30. How to cope with the10 yr?3 5 yr?government as project developer?yr?How to cope with urban acceleration due to the earthquake?How to cope with the tension between agriculture, toerism and urbanization?How to apply private public partnership?How can the redevelopment process be fast-tracked?How to ensure a sustainable attractive mix of functions? 31. How to come to a New Urban Paradigm andincorporate RE&H?