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AREVIEWOP THE

1RGUMEITOFRESIDENT INCOLK AND

ATTORNEYGENERALBATES,IN FAVOR Ot PRESIDENTIAL POWERO SUSPEND THE PRITILEGE OFHE

WRITOPHABEASORPUS.BY

S. S.NICHOLAS, ofLOUISVILLE,KY.

^

LOUISVILLE,KY.:PR INTBDYRADLEY GILBERT,OR.IRSTNDMARKETTS. :.

1861.

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'K ,A/53 5

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AREYIE,c ."Weareinhemidstofstronggitations,ndareurroundedyan-gersoourinstitutions andgovernment.heimprisonedwindsareetoose.TheEast,heWest,heNorth,andhetormySouth,allcombineohrowthewholeoceanintocommotion,oossitsbillowsohekies,anddiscloseitsprofoundestdepths.speakforthepreservationof theUnion.speakoutofasolicitousandanxiousheart,forherestorationoheountryofthatuietandharmonywhichmakeheblessingsofthisUnionso richandsodearousaiLfIcandoanything,howeverittle,forhepromotionof

thisend,IshallaveaccomplishedallhatIexpect."WEBSTEE.Itmaybenecessary,withthosetowhomthewriterisnotpersonallyknown,topremise,hathelaimsoe horoughanddevotedUnionist.ehasmanifestedhisighttomakehatclaimbyaving,duringheastfiveyears,writtenandpublishedmore,probably,hananyotherman,oarousehena-tionoaperceptionofheproximatedangeroheUnionromhereason-ablemachinationsofsecessionistsandabolitionists.orallhattimehehasbeenconstantlypredictinghepresenttatefnationalffairs.ehasas-siduouslyssaultedheecessioneresywithrgumentndenunciation.HehasdonewhathecouldtoportraythenestimablevalueoftheUnion,andtheendless,numberlessevilsoftsdissolution.ouldherebeuchathinga i dictatorship,hehoulddeemtspowerightlymployedndecimatingleadingecessionistsandabolitionists,indecimatingthemembersofsecessionconventions,andespeciallyindecimatingtheecessionmembersofheVir-giniaConvention,heennesseendMissouriLegislatures,who'soignallybetrayedpopulartrust.Hebelievesthepresentcivilwarwillbelongprotracted;hat wearemarch-ingwithapidtridesohatmilitaryespotismredictedorsyhefathersoftheRepublic;hatthepreservationofheConstitution,withhoseprinciplesofcivillibertywhichtconsecratesandsecures,istheveryhighestobligationofpatriotism,arbovehemerereservationofheUnion;hattheentiredestructionofheonstitutionndivilibertyisapricehena-tioncannotffordoayforreservingheUnion,evenftwerenotab-surdoupposehathereservationoftheonerequiresthedestructionoftheother;hattsagrosscalumnyonhetructureofourgovernment,ochargehattisooweakoputdownheresentebellion;ndhatiftcannotbeputdownwithanarmyofiv ehundredhousandmen,andalargenavy,withouttramplingonheConstitution,itwillbebecauseofhencom-petencyofhePresidentandhiscabinet,andnotfromanyfaultinhetruc-tureofheovernment.ithheseviews,hewritermeansperseveringlytousehisveryumbleffortsotayhemarchodespotism,andearnestlyentreatsheco-operationofhehousandsoffarablerandyoungermenscat-teredhroughheountry.hepinions,astorinciplesnowtobevindi-cated,wereallmaturedandpublishednearwentyyearsago.PresidentLincoln,nhismessage,avowshathehas"authorizedheCom-mandingGeneral,npropercases,accordingtohisdiscretion,ouspendhewritofhabeascorpus;r,notherwords,oarrestanddetain,withoutresorttoheordinaryprocessandformsofaw,uchndividualsashemightdeemdangerousohepublicafety."After eryriefdiscussionofhisoweroohis,excusesthenot

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giving morextendedrgument,becauseneromheAttorney-GeneralwillbepresentedtoCongress.ethusadoptsthelatter,andmakesithisown.Its,nooubt,heesultofullonsultationetweenhem,andlsowiththeabinet.heresidents,ollntents,sullyesponsibleorheargumentasheAttorney-Generalhimself. Thematterwillbeotreated.TheargumentendeavorsorovethePresident'soweroouspendheprivilegeofhewrit,otoorderuchrrests,andhatnodoingheisnotcontrollablebyheJudiciary;ndperhaps,also,tsruemeanings,hatheisotontrollablebyCongressither.notherwords,teemsobecon-tended,hatinheexerciseofhisexecutivefunctions,orheuppressionofrebellion,atleast,fnotforallotherpurposes,hectsbyhiswnarbitrarydiscretion,reeromheontrolfCongressndheudiciaryeither,orboth.hepretensionohispowersotconfined,itheryargumentorthePresident'sacts,ouchStatesrdistrictsasmayhavebeenproclaimedtobennsurrection;uthepoweroperatesallovertheUnion,andmaybeappliedequallytoaitizenfandnMaine,asonnhabitantofapro-claimedState.

Thiss ighretension,oworheirsttimessertedinbehalfofaPresident.nheexistingtateofhings,andnviewofwhathasalreadybeendone,tisaretensionfhemostmomentousmportance.tplacesthepersonallibertyofeverymannhisnationwithinhisrbitrarydiscre-tion.emayarrestanyone,withoutustifiablecause,ransporthimwherehepleases,ncarceratehimuringheontinuancefhiswarofprobablymanyyears'duration,ubjectingimuringhewhiletoucheprivation,hardship,andhumiliation,ashePresidentmayhinkpropertoinflict.orallthishecitizensohaveoredress.gainstsuchatrocious,tyrannicaloutrageheawofhiscountrycanaffordhimnoredress.Suchtartlingnnovation-uponwhat hasheretoforeeenonsideredhewell-settledrinciplesfourgovernment,uchhoroughestructionofhemostcherishedightofreemen,heationwillnaturallyexpectheresi-dentandAttorneyoustainbyomehowfprecedent,omeudicialde-cision,oratleasttheopinionofomeawyerortatesman.ut,easonableassuchexpectations,thasoteenompliedwith.heyadducenoau-thoritynonewhatevernheirbehalfnot inglerecedent,decision,ropinion.heewcasesheydocite,havingnotthelightestbearingintheirfavor,heircitationonlyervesorove,hat,aftercarefulearch,oem-blanceofanauthoritycanbefound.Forasynopsisofthecitedcases,eeAppendixD.)

Areferencetothesynopsiswillshowthattheystandexposed,forimpudentlyattemptingthemostdaringusurpationoftyrannicalpower,andamostperni-ciousnnovationonhetructureofhegovernment,withoutaprecedentranauthoritytosustainthem.heirclaimrestsexclusivelyupontheirreason-ing,whichwillbeoundasittleeliableasheirpretendedauthorities. Theseremendousowersreindicatedyariousropositionssomemerelyassumed,whileothersareattemptedobeproved.heywillbecon-siderednheollowingorder;1.hex-qfficiopoweroarrest.2.heexemptionfromontrol.3 .heonstitutionalprohibitions.Theargument,bywayofntroduction,givesheollowingfairviewofhefundamentaltructureoftheGovernment,whichsmostcheerfullyadoptedasatartingpointforthisreview.veryawyerwillconcur,andwouldusesimilarlanguage,nanyargumentorkeepinghePresidentwithinconstitu-tionallimits.owt subservesanargument,whosemainpurposesoreehimromallrestraint,snotsoobvious.

"InEnglandthasgrownntoanxiom,hathearliamentsomnipo-tent.orallheendsofgovernmenttheParliamentisheation.ut,inthiscountry,thasbeencarefullyprovidedotherwise. * * * Inbreaking

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thetieswithheBritishempire,complaintswereleveledchieflyatheKing,notheParliament,northepeople.nheormationofournationalgovern-ment,ourfatherseemohaveeenctuatedypecialdreadfheunityofpower,and,nramingheConstit(tion,heypreferredakingheiskofleavingomegoodundoneforackofpowernhegent,ratherthanarmanygovernmentalofficerwithuchpowersforvilasarempliednhedic-tatorialcharge,oseehatnodamagecomesoheCommonwealth.""Henceheydoptedhelanfchecksandalances,ormingeparatedepartmentsfgovernment,ivingachepartmenteparatendimitedpowers."Ourgovernment,ndeed,as whole,snotvestedwithovereignty,anddoesnotpossessallthepowersofhenation.t hasopowersutsuchasaregrantedbyheConstitution,ndmanyowersrexpresslywithheld.Thenationsequalwithallothernations,havingequalpowers,butithasnotchosenodelegatealltspowersohisovernment,nanyoralltsepart-ments."

Thatis,thasnotdelegatedalltsegislativeorudicialpower nd,hav-ing''aspecialdreadofthenityofpower,"thasbeenerycarefulnotodelegateallitsexecutivepowertoanyingleunctionary.1.HEX-OFFIOIOOWERPKREST.

Eachdepartmentbeingconfinedo"grantedandimited"powers,accord-ingtothisfullconcession,heobviousirstdutyofMessrs.LincolnandBateswasohowagrantofhepowerfarrestoheresident,andowitislimited.nunlimitedgrantwouldotulfillheermsfheoncession.Butthisheydonotdo,norpretendoo.heyhowneither limited,orunlimitedgrantofuchpower:eithercanitbedone.hereisnotawordintheConstitutionohateffect.InEnglandthepowerisaprerogativeofheCrown.utwehavenopre-rogativepowersnhiscountry.nEnglandeven,tisanexceptionalpowerofnfrequentuse,hepowerinracticeeinglmostalwaysconfinedotheJudiciary.urdeasfgovernment,beingossentiallyerivedromheprinciplesandpracticefhatofEngland,heramersfheonstitutionmusthaveviewedthepowerofarrestasproperlya judicialandnotanexecu-tiveunction,andhatonsequentlyhewholepowerwouldooheudi-ciary,nheabsenceofanyexpressdeclarationtoheontrary.otbeingproperlyanexecutivepower,heyknewthatitwouldnotpassunderanygen-eralgrantofxecutivepower;ndfthadbeenesiredrntendedhatthePresidentshouldparticipatentsxercise,heywouldhavebeen^verycarefuloayo,andointutistinctlyowarehouldarticipate.Thisnotbeingdone,heresnotevenheemblanceofaairpretextorhis

participationoanyextentwhatever.Theuniformusageofourgovernments,bothFederalndState,haseeninfitrictconformitywithhisview.enowhatMr.LincolnshefirstPresidentwhoeverattemptedtheexerciseofsuchapower.tisconfidentlybelievedhatonstanceanbedducedofanyuchttemptyheGov-ernorofanyState,unlesspeciallyandxplicitlyouthorizedbyaw.tisalsobelievedthatherehasnotbeenannstanceofuchttempt,withorwithoutlaw,ortisocontrarytoallourAmericandeasfpropergovern-ment,hatitsnotcredibleanyStateonventionoregislaturehouldavebeenoolishenoughoconferuchpoweronaGovernor.Thissahighretension,noworheirsttimeassertednbehalfofhePresident.heattemptedinnovationshouldbewellortifiedwithprecedentornalogy.eithersdduced.ereotvenurnishedwithnt-temptedrgumentntsehalf.testsntirelyponold,mpudentas-sumption.Itisrue,that,afterGeneralWilkinson,underircumstancesfupposedStateecessityfgreatrgency,admaderbitraryrrestsfuspected

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6accomplicesofBurr,PresidentJeffersonapprovedhisact,notbyreasonofitslegality,butindespitetsadmittedillegality.heSupremeCourtcondemnedthearrests^asllegal,notwithstandingheresidentialatification,andon-gresspersi&^itlyefusedondemnifyWilkinsonorheamagesowhichhewasmadeiable,attheuitofhepersonsarrested.Theill,which,bouthatime,athenstancefefferson,passedheSenate,orsuspendingthewritofhabeascorpus,andwhichwasndignantlyrejectedbyheHousefKepresentatives,containedxpressgrantofpowertothePresidenttomakearrests.hisillwas,nooubt,draftedunderad-visementwithJeffersonandiscabinet,andsullproofhateitherheynortheSenatehoughtthePresident,ex-qfficio,possessednysuchpower,orthathewouldpossesstafterthesuspensionofhewrit,withoutnexpresscongressionalgrant.

^ Itsrue,lso,hatGeneralacksonmadeundryrbitraryarrestsatNewOrleans,underhispretendedmartialaw.uthehadbeenoldnad-vanceytwomostdistinguishedawyersEdwardLivingstonndAbnerL.Duncanwhowerehisriends,andactedasisids,hathehadnoowertodeclaremartialaw.nntelligentcourtmartial,fhiswnelection,decidedhismartialawtobeamerenullity,andgavehimnopowerovercit-izensnotattachedohermyormilitia.heistrictourtU.S.)after-wardsdecidednheamewayasidalso veryableAppellateCourt,ofLouisiana,afterullnvestigationandenlighteneddiscussion.Itsrue,Congress,omewentyyearsfterwards,efundedheinem-poseduponhimbytheDistrictCourt,but,inodoing,specialcarewasakennottouseoneword,eithern thepreambleorbodyofheact,njustificationofhismartiallaw,orncensureofhejudgewhomposedhefine.nhecontrary, ommitteefheenate,fwhichMr.Berrianwashairman,andanotherofheHouse,ofwhichheresentenatorearce,romMary-land,washairman,achmadeaeportdenouncingmartialawaswhollyinadmissiblein"thisreeRepublic."

Itsnotcontendedhatamilitarycommandermaynotmakeprisonersofrebelsfoundesisting,withrmsnheirhands,andllthersproximatelypresent,aidingandssistingwithoutarms,oroundnllegalathering,oaidrebellion.arfareagainstebellionmay,nooubt,bearriednc-cordingtothecivilizedusagesofwaramongostileations,andamongheincidentsthereto,shemakinganddetainingofprisoners,obehandedovertohecivilauthoritiesorrialndpunishment.uttherrestofcitizensnotengagednhostilitiessadifferenthing,andmustbeefttothecivilau-thoritiesbydueprocessoflaw.heonesahingofabsolute,navoidablenecessUy,ulfilUngtheverypurposeorwhichhemilitarysallednaidofthecivilauthority,andsinccordanceithusagendprecedent,whereastheotherisnotamatterofabsolutenecessity,isontrarytousageandre-cedent,andhouldbelefttoheadequatejudicialcorpsappointedbyaworthatpurpose.fhiscorpssnotufficientlyumerousonswerheneedofuchanoccasionasheresent,heroperemedysbyaemporaryn-creaseoftsmembers.

Thetrueheoryofhewholemattertheonstitutionaltheoryis,hatPresident,nputtingdownaebellion,performsittle,f anything,morethantheunctionsfaheriffatheeadofapossecomitatus.hearmyandnavy,whenoemployed,are,negalsense,onlyalargerandmorepowerfulsortofposse.hiswasheviewakenbyheGovernmentofMassachusettsduringShay'sebellion,andyWashingtonuringtheennsylvaniansur-rection.ashingtonoldhisarmy"theyhouldnotconsiderhemselvesasjudgesrexecutionersofheaws,utasmployedoupportheproperau-thoritiesnhexecutionfhem."notherwords,hateandhisarmyweremerelyactinginaidofheproperofficersfhelaw.ordHardwicksaid:Themilitaryactnoccasionsfesistanceoawnoiquamilitary,butsimplynaidofandinobedienceothecivilpower,whichcallshemn."

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2.HEXEMPTIONROMONTROL.LetthepowerofarrestbeoncededtothePresident,stilltheowerinhis

hands,asinthatofanyotherofficer,must,accordingtoheorjrandniformpractice,besubiecttothesupervisionndontrolfthejudiciary.tisso inngland.eitherherown,noritherousefarliament,njoysanyexemption.heworldasevernownaprouderpoliticalody,norone moreealouslyvigilantinhepreservationfitspowerndrerogativethanheHouseofCommons;et,ithasbeencompelled,likeheCrownandtheHouseofLords,willinglyorunwillingly,tosubmittothesupervisionandcontrolofitsarrestsandimprisonments.hesamesruenthiscountry,astobothHousesofCongress,ashasbeenxemplifiednariousnstances.Indeed,fo thHouses,withhepprovalfheresident,houldoarforgethemselvessounanimouslyrderherbitraryarrestandmpris-onmentfhehumblestitizen,oawyeroubtsheompetencyfhejudiciarytoinquireintothelegalityofthemprisonment,andischargeheprisoner.Promhebeginning,ourFederalndtateudiciaryavexercisedhepowerofdecidingupontheconstitutionalityof theactsofallofficials.hishasbeendonenotmerelywithheniformcquiescencefllhedepart-mentsfbothsetsofovernment,butwiththeordial,unanimouspprovalofthewholenation.thasbecometheingrainedopinion,theheart-cherishedbelieffeveryAmerican,asitsfeveryenlightenedEnglishman,thatthejudiciaryareheonservatorsfhisearestersonalightssfreeman.Hisbeliefespeciallyis,thatsoongaswehaveanhonest,independentjudi-ciary,ewillexemptromheespotic,tyrannicalpowerfrbitraryarrestandimprisonmentateast,untilheegislature,intswisdom,halltemporarilysuspendthewritcfabeascorpus.iseliefs,thatwheneverthelegislaturedoeshat,andonfersponhexecutiveheowerfivilarrest,itwillccompanythegrantwithuchafeguardsndimitationsasnotunnecessarilytotrenchuponthelibertyofworthycitizens,andnotleavethemfartherthancannotevoided,toherbitrarycapricendmaliceofthePresidentandhissubordinates.Butowweretoldhatweaveounlearnllhis;hatwehaveonefunctionaryinthisfreeRepublic,whoisboveontrol,whoisnottobecon-trolledy awwhichontrolsKings,ords,ndCommonsnEngland,CongressesandLegislaturesnAmerica;hatourPresident incolnsarabovesuchcontrol;hatitwouldbederogatory tohisexecutive independence toubmittosuchcontrol.Upon whatmeatdoesthisourmagnificentCeesarfeed,hatheisgrownsogreat,sogo tthestartof themajesticworld ?"Ap- pendixB.) IfthePresident,whenactingnonjunctionwithCongress,isunderjudi-cialcontrolasoheconstitutionalityfiscts,surelyveryprincipleofanalogyandpolicyrequire,he shouldalsobeunderuchcontrolwhenactingseparatelyponisereiscretionnduthority.fot,henheressomethingnheConstitutionwhichivesimhatxemption.hereis thatlause,phrase,rword?essrs.incolnndatesay,tsoefoundintheclause"TheExecutiveowerhalleestedinaPresident."Itdoesnotsayfreefromcontrol,anymorethanitsaysheegislativepowervestedinCongressshallbeontrolled.ftheonventionhadontemplated vestinguncontrollablepower,ineitherofthewodepartments,itwouldhaveratherbeeninhatighestfallheepartments,whichwasowieldthegreatlegislativepower,asheepresentativesftheeoplendheStates,composed,too,fuchumberssopropitiatepopularonfidence,ath?!"thanthatotherdepartmenttoeilledby inglendividual,apdofwhose powers,accordingtotheadmissionofMessrs.LincolnandBates,theframersoftheConstitutionhadsucha specialdread.""Thexecutiveowerhalleested,"&e.hatower?otallheexecutivepowerefthenationthistheythemselvesadmitwasnotntended.

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8 ItmeantsuchaswasgrantedinheConstitution,orwhichmightecreatedbylaw.ecauseitwasmpracticableopecifyornumeratellexecutivepowers,becausemostofhemwouldependponhereation,egulationandconsequentcontrolfCongresstheirpecificationrnumerationwasnotattemptedandnotbecauseof anyspecialrustorconfidencenheffi-cer.heresheawrantinghisowerfarbitraryarrest?heresnonesuch;herecaneoneuch,ortwoulde plainviolationofheConstitution.nless,ndeed,heycanmakegoodheirbold,novelpositionthatthepowers necessaryndispensablencidentoxecutivepowerfwinchhePresidentcannotedeprived,andnwhosexerciseecannot'becontrolledbyCongressorheJudiciary.ItisverydoubtfulwhetherhePresidenthasnyincidentalrnferentialpower,properlyocalled.r,notherwords,whetherllisowersmustnotcomebyexpressgrant.otwaseldbyCalhoun,andtherSenatorsinhereatdebatenackson'srotest.SeeAppendixA.)ndeedhisseemsfullyadmittedbyMessrs.LincolnandBatesnhatpartoftheirargu-mentwhereheyay:Ourgovernmentasawhole,even,sotvestedwith

sovereignty, anddoesnotpossessallthepowersofthenation.tliasno powersbutsuch,saregrantedyheConstitution.heationasothosenodelegateallitspowerstothisgovernment,nanyoralltsbranches."Whenthereforepowerisclaimedoreitherdepartment, pecificrantmustbeshownheimpliedorconstructivepowersaremplyandwellprovidedforbyhehnalclauseofheectiongrantingpowersoCongress:Tomakeall.awswhichhallbenecessaryandproperorarryingintoexecutiontheore-goingpowers,andallotherpowersvestedyheonstitutionnheGovern-mentthenitedStates,ranydepartmentorfficerhereof."heresnouchlausesoheudiciaryorxecutive:eitherfhemsvestedwithalluchtherpowersmaybeecessaryorroperforcarryingntoexecutionthepowersgrantedtohem.stoalluxiliarypowers,heymustwaitor,ndarewhollydependentupon,hectionfCongressheresscarceaconceivablehing,beyondacallofCongressandthedeceptionofAm-

bassadorshatheresidentanowithouthereviousanctionfCon-gJeSfeclaT use?..saying"TheExecutivepowerhallevestedinaPres-ident,andheJudicialpowerinoneSupremeCourt,"&c.,meanhatbeyondtheexpressgrantscontainednheConstitution,wheneverCongressequiresanexecutiveorjudicialfunctionobeperformed,hepowerhereforhallbeconferredbyCongressonthosedepartmentsespectively.uchasbeenheuniformconstructionandpractice.essrs.LincolnandBatesclaimhatthei-residentcan,athismerediscretion,arrestanymanorwomaninhenation,andtransporthimorhertoaremoteuarteroeeptnecretincarcera-tionduringtherebellion,houghtshouldastmanyongyears.his,oo,HehasactuallydonebymanysecretarrestsnunproclaimedStates.nplaceotheopen,directmanlyay-lightproceedingofEnglandandAmerica,heisnstitutingheettresdecachetandBastilesfrance,withheecret,midnightearchesndseizuresofheSpanishnquisition.hispowerthevclaimorim,because,heyay,hesheole,ontrollableudgefhemannermwhichehallxerciseisowernuttingownebellion,matis,becausehehasthearmy,henavy,andthemilitiaunderhiscontroll.emayusethepowertheyaffordomakethearrestsandmprisonment,hatbeing,mhisopinion,aproperaidowardsuppressingtheebellionfheunarmedprivatecitizenshechoosestouspect,andarrest,becomeoonumer-whV vT n81/6?eP'wthoutooreat urthenponhereasury,whymayhenotcuttheirthroats? Whymayhenottakeoneman'spropertyotdnt0an0tBherlhynotraisemothouShorcedoans?hywouWallLJnff f ia-e rPof esuspected?hese,inhisopinion,wouldallemostefficientaidsnuppressingheebellion. Thearmyandt7nlhlmample0Wer08euchid8-y. t,heywillsay,heisoogoodamanooabusehisdiscretion. Butdoesotheenormities

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9whichmaybecommittedunderthepowertheyclaim,provehathecanhavenouchpower?

Itouldneveravebeenhententionontrustuchdiscretiononyman.tscontraryoallanalogytoderiveuchowerbymplication.isplanmaybeaveryefficientone;heConstitutionandCongressmaybeveryunwisennotauthorizinghimopursuehatplan,buttsxcellenceffordsnoeasonforhisusurpingtheightoursuet.romheactfhavingthephysicalpowerunderhiscommand,oenforceheplan,hecannotinferarightoousehatower.ehadaswellontend,hatbecauseGodasgivenhimhephysicalpowertomurder,hereforehestibertyocommitmurder.Thearguments,hattshe"plain,eculiardutyfheresidentoputdownrebellion."heypeakftsnx-officioutynheperform-anceofwhichheasarightomploy,athisiscretion,anypowernderhiscontrol.hearmyandnavywerealwaysunderisontrol.henwhy

wastnecessary,byheactof1807,peciallyouthorizeimoseheminputtingdownebellion?heruthis,heouldotvenidnuttingdownebellion,byeasonmerelyofanyx-officiopower.enceheactsofCongressexpresslygivinghimhepower.oarfromtsbeingisplain,peculiardutytoutownebellion,"heutyspeculiar,fonyone,oCongress,withwhomthepowerests,andromwhomheresident'sutyandpowerinhematteraltogetherproceeds.Theargumentsays:Thensurrectionspurelypolitical.tsbjectistodestroyhepoliticalgovernmentfhisation,andoestablishnothero-liticalovernmentpontsuins.heresidentsminentlyndxclu-sivelyoliticalnallisrincipalunctions.sheoliticalchiefofhenation,heonstitutionhargesimwithtsreservation,rotection,nddefense.nhatharacterearrestsndholdsnustodyhosewhom,n

thexerciseofhispoliticaldiscretion,hebelievesobefriendsof,andaccom-plicesn,hearmdnsurrection.ehasnoudicialowers.heudicialdepartmenthasnopoliticalpowers,andhereforenocourtrudgeanakecognizanceofhepoliticalactsofhePresident,orundertakeoeviseore-versehispoliticaldecision.Inanotherpartofheargumenttsaid:Allhetherfficersree-quiredtowearonly"toupporthisconstitution,"whilehePresidentmustsweartopreserve,protect,nddefendt,"whichmplieshepowertoper-formwhatheisequirednoolemnamannertondertake.henollowsthebroad,compendiousnjunction,o"takearehatheawseaithfullyexecuted."hisnjunction,embracingastdoes,allheaws.Constitution,treaties,tatutes,isaddressedohePresident-alone,andnottoanyotherde-partmentorofficer.hisconstituteshimnapeculiarmanner,andaboveallotherofficers,theguardianofheConstitutionitsreserver,rotector,anddefender."

Thisisnotthefirsttimehatagreatto-dohasbeenmadeyaresident,overhedifferencebetweenheformofhisofficialoath,andthatof otherffi-cers,houghheresnactnoubstantialifferenceetweenhem,theoathtoupportheConstitutioneingverywayequivalentoneo-reserve,protect,anddefendit;ortannoteroperlyupportednlesstispre-served,protected,anddefended.hedifferencewasnotintendedoindicate,norwastmadeecausefanypecialrustnheresidents afeguardian,utromnppositeeason.twasecausefhatspecialdreadhichwaselt,asadmitted,ofPresidentialpower,hatanapparentlysomewhatmorestringentoathwasprescribedforhimhanforheotheroffi-cers.twasmerelyntendedomakehispromisemoremphatic.hena-tionmusthavepartakenveryittleofheviewsof theConvention,fheat-tereallyookedoimsheeculiaruardianfheonstitutionornothingcanbeetternown,thanhatromheeryommencementhenationookeduponheJudiciaryasitspeculiarguardian,andhasso regardedthemeverince.=

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10 ThefirstattempttousetheoathnhiswaywasmadeyJacltson,nhisfamousProtest,ocreenhimselfromcensureorisbuseofpowerinhe

removalfheeposits.heanguagesedaveomelausibilityoheidea,hathewasattemptingtoderivepowerromhewordsofheoath,anditwasocharged,untilhiseadingriendsnheSenatedisclaimedorimanyuchntention.eforetheisclaimercame,Claypokeofhemputedattemptasollows:"ThePresidentbeginsandendstheprotestwitharesorttohisofficialoathasaourceofpower,whichnomanbeforeeverregardedsrantingpower.Whatsheoath?esto preserve,protect,andefendheonstitution.'Takennheirargest,mostxtensiveense,ndegardingheathsgrantofpower,hesexpressionsmaybenterpretedoreate ightndduty,nhepartofhePresident,oreservendrotectheConstitution,asheunderstandst,againstallviolationsbywhomsoeverattem|^ed.fheSupremeourt,tateegislatures,rovernors,orvenongress,houldexpoundheConstitutionontraryoisenseftsmeaning,hemaym-ployallhemeansathiscommand,militaryandcivil,oreventhehreat-enedviolation.heconsequencewouldbe,hatwehouldavebutoneex-pounderofheConstitutionnhewholeGovernment,andutonewillon-trollingalltsoperations.everbeforedidanymanregardheofficialoathascontainingagrantofpower."Nowwehavewomen,Messrs.LincolnndBates,whoootausettobemerelyuspected,hattheyareclaimingpowerbyvirtueofheath,butboldly,unblushingly,undisguisedlyclaimheaths grantofenormous,o'ermasteringpower.heyay,"thePresidentmustsweartopreserve,pro-tect,ndefendheonstitution,whichmplieshepoweroperformwhathesequiredinoolemnamanneroundertake."hus,whathentelli-gentfriendsofacksonnheSenatewerecompelledohrinkromanddis-avowsanndefensibleolly,heseentlemenaveheffronterydistinctlytolaimsherantfpoweroimitlessnxtentsoffordmplefoundationorhatmilitaryictatorshipwhich,tsuspected,heyndothersesireostablishverheation.ictatorshipverCongress,andallheffice-seekingpartofheation,hisiv eundredmillionatronagehasalreadygivenhim;wehaveyetoeewhetherisarmyofivehundredthousandmenwillivetoimverhealancefheation.heissues,atleast,doubtful.Whilst itremainso,alltruemenshouldstrugglewhileheymay,oetard,oreventheapidmarchonnmitigatedtyranny.Messrs.incolnndatesremenfaroomuchntelligenceotoknowthattolaimheath rantfpowershemerestbsurdity.Whenuchmenesorttouchmeanstoullhemillion,asosurpations,theyenderhemselvesobnoxiousohetrongestuspicion.oastepu-tationorntegritygivesnyexemptionouchuspicion.heossessionofgreatpowersnewoMr.Lincoln.tsntoxicatingnfluencesrover-bial.ehasgivennoevidenceofanydesireoesisthatnfluence,butneverythingbetrayshateasyvirtuewhichpromptlyyieldswithoutresistance.Hispastreputationforintegrity,oarfromhieldingimromuspicion,becomesitselfuspected.hewell-earnedeputation,oroliticalntegrity,ofaWashingtonandaMadisonllombinedn ingleresident,wouldnot,underuchircumstances,holcerimromuspicion.hathashisnew,untriedman,thePresidentofaminority,hemereeadfasectionalparty,argelyanatical,ohieldim?heationmustookarefully,heedfullyohismatter.ithaPresidentwieldingiv eundredmillionofpatronage,ontrollingiveundredhousandrmedmen,andlaiming-andusinguchnormous,nrestrainedower,everyatriothouldenhealert.Theyfurtherellus:Theinsurrectionspurelypolitical."hatstuff isthis?snoteveryebellionequallypolitical?tmayoooharacterizeitincommonparlanceodistinguishtfromareligiousebellionorawhisky

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11rebellion.ut,n egalense,heresouchdistinction,hey,equallywithhis,beingaevoltagainstheoliticalowerfhegovernment,andequallyrequiringthatpowertoputthemdown."Thisnsurrectionspurelypolitical.tsobjectisodestroyhepoliticalgovernmentofhenation."sothebjectndffectquallyoestroytheudicialandeveryothernon-politicalpartof thegovernment?"ThePresident,shepoliticalhiefofheation,arrestsndoldsncustodyhosewho,nheexerciseofhispoliticaldiscretion,heelievestoefriendsof,andccomplicesn,hearmednsurrection."othosegainstwhomhereisproofocausebelief,butthosewhomheresidenthoosesobelieve,withoutproof,areaccomplices.reweomitateheasectsoftheFrenchevolution,whenmenweremprisoned,fnoteheaded,becausetheywereuspectedofbeingsuspicious."Thejudicialdepartmenthasnopoliticalpowers,andthereforenocourtorjudgeanakecognizanceofhepoliticalactsfhePresident."his,oo,thoughheyayhesxclusivelypoliticalnllisrincipalunctions."Thatis,nhedischargeofallhisamifieddutiesndmanifoldowers,helegalityofhisctsreubjectonoudicialestrnvestigation.issicvolo,sicjuheo,areotandinieuoflaw.fhisdoesottartleuphena-tion,wideawake,whatwill?isdispersingthemembersofthetwoHousesofCongressbythebayonetsofhisarmedmyrmidonsughtotohaveanygreatereffectindeed,notsomuch.yhepowerofpatronageheholdshemajorityfCongress,lready,nubmissivebedience.heyarenid,rather thanahindrance,toanyusurpationhemaychoosetomate.heliber-ties,heproperty,notoayhelivesofeverymanndwomanfhisgreatnationestonhisdiscretion;heycaneakenwayatisrbitrarywill;theyareonlyenjoyedyispermission.ith ubmissiveCongress,andanmpotentjudiciary,whatareanyman'sightsworth?whatguaranteehasheforhem?hissnottempttictitiousalarm,atanmprobable,non-presumabletateofthings.talreadyexists.enhavebeentakenfromtheirbedsatthe deadhourofnight,ecretlyincarceratednremoteStates,andheirfriendscannotearnvenhellegedausefrrest.heserrests,too,madenStatesagainstwhichheresnoproclamationfebellion,andnoneproperlycanbemade.hencommandedyheationoroduce pris-onereforehehiefusticondhowcausefhisetention,eeniesthepowerofhenation,orwhichsheame,heowerfheawoendsuchacommand.eauthorizesismilitaryubordinatesoroclaimandenforcemartialawoverhepeopleofStatesotroclaimedobenebel-lion.hats,euthorizeshoseubordinatesoubstituteheirwillnplaceoflaw,andoovernhoseeoplebyheirarbitrarywill.edirectsorpermitshoseubordinatestonotmerelyviolatehereedomfheress,butactuallyouppressntirelyheublicationfnewspapers.hesearesomeonlyofthenitiatorytepswhatisoollownomancanell.Inarrestingandimprisoningexercisesoliticalower,tsaid,andthereforeno_courtorudgeanakeognizancefhiscts.heHousefRepresentativeshasnonebutpoliticalpowers,yet whentmprisonsacitizenithasoubmittoaudicialorderforhisenfranchisement.fanythingcanproperlybecalledpurelypoliticalower,itsheegislativeowerfCon-gress.etf,byunanimousote,withheresident'spproval.Congresspassesanacttoarbitrarilymprisonorotherwiseunish itizen,heudi-ciarycantakecognizance,sboundoakecognizance,andeleaseheris-onermdespiteofallhedignityandpowerofCongress.hisnotonlyeverylawyer,buteveryolerablynformedcitizenwellknows.hereis,herefore,(nomythorvirtuen oliticalower,merelybecau-etsolitical,ode-priveacitizenofhisconstitutionalightoeprotectedagainstitsunlawfulexerciseohisnjury.

Thereareacertainclassofexecutivepowers,uchasppointingoffice,whichreurelyiscretionary,whichudgesndooksfhighuthority,for the sake of classification, denominate, ather inaccurately, political

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12powers.orthoughallsuchpowermaybepolitical,yetlloliticalowerisnotpurelyiscretionary.heistinctionhereforesroperlyetweenpowerspurelyiscretionary,sheppointing,heeto,ndhereaty-makingpower,andthosewhicharenot.heormerareot,whilstheat-terare,ubjecttoudicialcontrolwithouteferenceoheactwhetherhepowerbepoliticalorotherwise.heresanotherule,which,thoughtmaynotoverhewholeground,soundndafesarstgoes.hats, allministerial,executiveacts,soarasheyrenchuponndividualright,aresubjecttoudicialcontrol.Accordingtothetheoryofour government,everyightmusthavearemedyforitsenforcement,andeverywrongaredress.AsaidyheupremeourtnMarburys.adison, ranch,162:"Theveryessenceofcivilibertycertainlyconsistsinheightofeveryn-dividualoclaimheprotectionfheawswheneverheeceivesannjury.Oneofhefirstdutiesofgovernmentisoffordhatprotection.nGreatBritain,heKinghimselfsuednheespectfulormfpetition,andheneverailstoperformhejudgmentofheCourt.""TheGovernmentfheUnitedtatesaseenmphaticallyermedaGovernmentofaw,andotofmen.twillertainlyceaseodeservehishighappellation,fheawsurnishoemedyorheiolationofaegalright.""Isttobecontendedthatheadsofdepartmentsarenotanswerableothelawsofheircountry?"Whatisherenheexaltedtationofheofficerwhichhallbaracitizenromssertinginacourtfjusticehisegalrights,orhallforbidaourttolistenohisclaim ?fonefheheadsofdepartmentcommitsanllegalact,undercolorofhisffice,bywhichnn-dividualsustainsnjury,tcannotbepretendedhathisfficelonexemptshimrombeingsuedorcompelledtoobeyheudgmentofheaw."Henceheinference,hatwhileheresidentsmerelypassive,onlyail-ingtoexerciseanxecutiveowerwhosexerciseestsnhisdiscretion,orexercisestwithoutinjurytoprivateight,hecourtcantakenocognizance;butwhenthepowersbroughtintoaction,andanndividualherebyllegal-lysustainsnjury,heourtsmayiveimedress,houghheresidenthimselfcommandedheacttobedone.hushectsftheresidentndhisubordinates,inthemanagementofsoldiers,houghapoweraccompaniedwithmuchiscretionasothemodeofexercise,yetbeingministerial,fun-lawfullyusedothenjuryofacitizen,hecourtscangiveimedress.o wherehePresident,nheexerciseofhisdiscretion,astohemodeofman-agingthemilitaryorcenputtingdownarebellion,choosesousepartoftinhellegalrrestndmprisonmentfaitizen,heourtsmustivee-lief.his,oo ,houghasurmisedbyMessrs.LincolnandBates)hePres-identshouldinkhedignityofhisofficeolow,ashimselfpersonallyobe-comehecatch-poleandjailor.AsaidbyBlaokstone, theawisnorespeotorof persons;ut inEngland,forfundamentaleasonsfStateolicy,hissakennubjectionohemaxim thatthekingcanoowrongandnomandatecanbedirectedperson-allyohim.ehaveouchaximregaleasonwhya judicialman-datehouldnotgoagainsthimaswellasanyotherofficer.utfromreasonsofcomitytoaco-ordinatedepartment,andfespectorheexaltedstation,thecourtswillefrainromendingsuchmandatesongandasfarasdutywillpermit.hathistationgiveshimlegalexemptionfromjudicialcoercionisandlepretense.onenowsetterhanMessrs.Lincolnndates,thathecanbeuedfordebtandmadetopayt;hathecanbeuedornarticleofpersonalpropertyandmadeodelivertupromhisveryclutchnhisownpalace;hatifheawofheDistrictofColumbiallowsmprison-mentfordebt,hemay,underaudgmentfheederalCourtthere,ben-carceratedforitsnon-payment,withnoegalpowerintheandtoreleasehimwithoutpayment;ndurther,hatinaStateCourtheanbetriedoranycrime,andvenungormurder. Howerfectlyreposterous,hen,he

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13 pretension,hatheegalityofanarrestorimprisonmenthyneofhisub-ordinates,shallnotbejudiciallynquiredntobecausedonebyhisorder.Thisis mostmagnificentPresidentwehave.eotonlyeniesotheJudiciaryallcontroloverhisofficialacts,butdeniesttoCongress also.his,too,houghearlyallhexecutiveowereasmuehhemajorpartatleasthederiveshroughongress,whoouldepealtwayromimto -morrow.orishisall.elaimshathesesponsibleorisfficialconductoheCourtofmpeachmentlone;et,whenalledponyhegrandnquest,theHouseofKepresentatives,whichhasheolepowerofim-peachment,oaywhyhearrestedandmprisonscertainitizens,heefusestoanswer.eefusesoanswerathenation'scommand,giventhroughtswritfhabeascorpus,andefusestonsweratheequestfhenation'srepresentatives,oratleastthosewhocallhemselvessuch.erily,fthena-tiononlyhadealrepresentatives,hewouldoonbehornofhisloftypreten-sions,hisvaultingmbitioncontrolled,andhemadetonowthatnomaninthiscountrysboveheaw.SeeWebster'stricturesnhene-manpower,AppendixC;ndalsowhatKentndtherjudges,fheupremeCourtofewYork,aidastoamilitarycommander'sexemptionromobedi-enceohewritofhabeascorpus,Appendix,D.)Blaokstono, om.,3 5,iteshetatute6,ar.,whichays:fanypersonberestrainedofhisibertyyorderofanyllegalourt,orbyom-mandoftheKing'smajestyinperson,orywarrantofheouncilboard,orofanyofheprivycouncil,heshallaveawritofhabeascorpustobringhisodybeforeheourt,whohalleterminewhetherheausefhiscommitmentbeust,anddoasousticehallappertain.ponthishecom-mentsasollows:

"Ofgreat_importancetohepublicsthepreservationofpersonalliberty;forfoncetwereeftnheowerofany,hehighestmagistrateom-prison,arbitrarily,whomeverherhisfficershoughtproper,herewouldsoonbeanendofallotherightsndmmunities.omeavehoughtthatunjustattacksevenuponife,orproperty,atthearbitrarywillofhemagis-trate,arelessdangerousohecommonwealthhanuchasareuponheper-sonallibertyoftheubject.obereaveamanofife,orbyviolenceocon-fiscatehisestate,withoutccusationrrial,wouldeorossandnotori-ousanactofdespotismasmustatonceconveythealarmof tyrannythrough-outthewholekingdom ut,confinementofheersonysecretlyhurryinghimtojail,wherehisufferingsareunknownorforgotten,saesspublic,orlessstriking,andthereforemoreangerousnginefarbitrarygovernment.Yetsometimes,whenheStatesnealanger,venthismaybeaneces-sarymeasure.uthehappinessfourConstitutions,hatitisnotlefttotheexecutivepowertodeterminewhenhedangerofhetateissogreatastorenderhismeasureexpedient:oritstheparliamentonly,oregislativepower,hat canauthorizetheCrown,byuspendingthehabeascorpusactforahortorlimitedime,omprisonuspectedersonswithoutivingnyreasonorsodoing.".

Asbeforeremarked,thesuspensioninthiscountrygivesnosuchpowertotheexecutive;ecause,unliketheKing,it has,x-officio,nosuchpowerofarrest;but,fCongresswishesodoso ,itmustconferthepoweronthePresident,aswasattemptedbythebillwhichassedheenate,andwasejectedbytheHousein807.nthatoccasion,Mr.Dana,aistinguishedmemberofheHouse,romonnecticut, juristand tatesman,aid:Thisbillauthor-izesthearrestofcitizensnotmerelybythePresident,butbyanvpersonact-ingunderhim.maginehisobewhollywithoutprecedent."freasonweremarchingoforceusfromourseatsIwouldnotgreehusodestroythefundamentalprinciplesoftheConstitution,andcommitsuchanactofdespotismandpusillanimity."hiefJusticeTaneyhasgone tepurtherthanhis,anddecided,oratleastntimated,nheMerrimanase,hatCon-gresscanconfernopowerofarrestuponthePresident.fby"dueprocessofaw "heConstitutionmeansthateveryprosecution,nalltsstages,even

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14theincipientoneofarrest,mustbeonductednderjudicialauthority,hentheintimationisclearlyight,orothingislainer,orbetterettled,hanthatCongresscanconfernojudicialpoweruponheexecutive.hatuchia theruemeaningof"dueprocessofaw,"snferableromhelauseay-ing,"nowarrantshallssuebutuponprobablecause,supportedbyoath,andparticularlydescribingthepersonobeeized.ow,whatisprobablecause? andwhataffidavitwillsupporttheallegationofprobablecause?ndwhatisparticularescriptionfheerson?relluestionsoedecided,ndwouldeembyallanalogyndprecedenttoequireajudicialecision.e-sides,heuniformpracticeistohateffect.f,then,Congresscannotexpress-lygranttheower,heresidentannotossiblyhavetbyanyprocessofconstructionorintendment;orallhispower,beingderivedhroughheactsofCongress,twouldbepreposterousocontend,hat,nauthorizinghimousehearmynputtingdownebellion, powercanbempliedtousehear-myinamannerwhichCongresscouldnotexpresslyuthorize.nhecon-trary,hetakestherustonhempliednderstandinghatisdiscretion,stohemodeofusinghepower,hallnotextendbeyondwhatCongresscouldauthorize,hateingmanifestlybeyondtsprobablentention,whichnten-tionshisimperativeguideandaw.

3. THEONSTITOTIONALROHIB ITIOKS.Firstmongheseomeshatwhichays:Theprivilegeofhewritof

habeascorpusshallotbeuspendedunlesswhen,ncaseofebellionorn-vasion,hepublicafetymayrequiret."Itwouldenctoessfpresumptionhanupererogation,oranymanottemptoaidwhathiefJusticeTaneyhasaidnheMerrimancase,oprovethatthewholepowerofsuspensionswithCongress,exclusive-lywithCongress.isopinionwillbeherishednotmerelysanenduringmonumentofofficialfidelity,butasaproudevidenceofoctogenarianability.Itwillbecherishedbyheprofessionshigh,inishedpecimenofumin-ous,convincingjudicialdisquisition.essrs.LincolnndBateshavemani-festedonlyproperprudence,byshrintingfromallattemptoanswerwhatissounanswerable.heycontentthemselveswithafeebleefforttododgeroundit.TheyadmitthathepowertoprohibithessuingfhewritcanonlyeexercisedbyCongress,becausetisaquasirepealofastatute,whichsegis-lation. Withhisadmissiontisdifficulttounderstandevenwhatheymeanbyhemetaphysicalsophistrywithwhichtheyattemptadistinctionbetweenthe power tossue thewritndhe privilegefenjoyingtsrotection.Therohibitionwasotmadeortheakeofheudiciary,butforthatofthecitizen. Itsothingtoheudiciaryoaveheower,buttisallimportanttohecitizenhatheower shouldekeptin operationorisbenefit. Itisimmaterialtohimhowhesdeprivedoftheprotection,whetherbyheegislatureorheexecutive. Thenjurytohimsheame. Itisn-credible,therefore,ocommonmenandmerecommonense,hattheegisla-turehouldeoarefullyrohibitedromaking away his protection,whilsttheexecutivewasleftfreeodisregardhisight. Thishemoreespe-ciallywhentisremembered,thatitisagainstexecutiveofficershatthewritismostenerally,ndeedlmostxclusively,used;ortsheywhomostfrequentlymakeillegal,arbitraryarrests;ndhereforetishey,inparticu-lar,morethanallothers,againstwhomheneedsprotection. Theyarebold,nottoaydesperate,whoattempttoconvicttheConstitutionofsuchanabsur-ditynotmerelyaelf-contradiction,butaortfuicidalelf-nullification.Itwillbenvainoattempttoonvincetheation,hathemakersofhatconstitutionwereuchmal-experts,that,whilstcarefullyprohibitingCongressfromakingawayromhecitizenisudicialrotectiongainstxecutiveoppression,theexecutiveitselfhouldbeeftfreeooppressimatpleasure.CongressandheExecutiveombinedcannfringetherotectionunderer-

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16thexigencysast;"hatis,ntilhisrobablyongwarsver.heConstitutionellsMr.incolnlainly,mphatically,hatehallaveopowerthustotyrannizeoverhisellow-citizens,hatheshallotsoimprisonthem utheayshewill.

Thisruleastoimprisonment,beingomperative,andwithoutxception,itwouldeemopplyvenuringaemporaryuspensionfhewritofhabeascorpus,ohatherecouldotevenhen egalmprisonment,withoutsomeortfjudicialorder.owevermuchhisonstructionmayseemoomepersonsneedlesslyohamperhefficiencyofheGovernmentinputtingdownebellion,hereneedbenourpriseatitsbeingorranged,foromefourwisesttatesmenwerearnestlyopposedollowingny-body,venCongress,touspendhewrit.anyeminentwritersnEnglandandEuropeaveexpressedhepinionhattsuspensionhouldeverbeallowednaRepublic.heargumentbinconvenientimightightfullyn-duceCongress,duringasuspension,oconsideramerearrestasaquasimin-isterialct,uchshexecutivemightconstitutionallyempoweredoperform;utwheneveritcomesoormalmprisonment,forhemereur-poseofrenderingafreeman"powerlessormischief,"henheudicialfunc-tionsmustbebroughtntorequisition.hismaycauseomeinconvenience,somediminutionoffficiency,asitcertainlywillequirealargencreaseofdeputymarshalsandsubordinateudicialofficers;utbetter,farbetterthatinconveniencendxpensehanrustrbitrary,yrannicalowernhehandsofanyman.oourathershought;oetuscontinuetohinkndact;oletusmakethePresidentknowandact.TheargumentsayshatCongresshasthepower,nottheright,atanyimetorepealheactivingheourtsowertossuehewrit,butattemptsouseofthefactinillustrationofthePresident'sassumedpower;nd,therefore,thematterneedsnoomment.utitmayewelloayhatwhilstthisstrue,tisequallytruehatsuchrepealwouldearossabuseofpower,be-ingcontraryohepiritandmeaningoftheConstitution,whichareasmuchtoeobservedastsetter.orincontestablytheonstitutioncontemplatesthatCongresshalllwaysurnish writortherotectionofcitizens,x-ceptwhen,incaseofnvasionorrebellion, itmaythinkpublicsafetyrequiresasuspensionofthatprotection.verysoundtatesmanandlawyerwillagreethatawillfulviolationofhemanifestspiritoftheConstitutionsmorallyasbadasannfractionofitsplainetter.Thergumenturtherays:Theresidentsacivilmagistrate,notamilitaryhief,"andecauseof"theprevailingentimenthathemilitaryoughttobeheldintrictubordinationohecivilpower,"heycontendthePresidentwasmadecommander-in-chiefofhearmy,&c.TocalltheJu-diciaryheivilower,andheresidenthemilitarypower,isatonceamistakeoffactabdanabuseoflanguage."llthiss grosslunder.o grossshe-bluuderthatitsncomprehensiblehowitcouldbecommittedbygentlemenofntelligence.fhecommander-in-chiefofhemilitaryisnottobeunderstoodasincludedwhenpeakingofhewhole"militarypower,"inhenameofcommonensewhocaneincluded?hephrase,"the_mil-itarynubordinationothecivilower,"isborrowedfromnglishpoliticalenactments,awwriters,andistorians.nhatountrythaseenni-formlyunderstoodnottoclassthekingwiththecivil,butthemilitarypower.Themilitaryeinglwaysintrictubordinationohim,therewouldenosignificanceinhephraseftreferredohisaspartofthecivilpower.y"civilpower"ismeantthelawadministeredbyitsownappropriatefunction-ariestheudiciary.ntherwords,heistinctntentionshatwhentheowerofheswordandheowerofhelawcomeinconflict,hewordmustyield.hisswellillustratedbyourStateConstitutions,which,whilstmakingheGovernorcommander-in-chiefofhemilitary,adoptthisphraseintoheirbillofights,aying:Themilitaryshallalwaysbeheldinexactsubordinationothecivilower,"orsingomeimilarlanguage.urelysomuchpainswouldotavebeentakenodo this,ifheGovernorwasin

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17 tendedaspai-tofhatcivilpower,whenheonstitutionhadalreadyplacedthemilitarynubordinationohimastscommander-in-chief.

TheresultofthediscussionsJirs(,thePresidenthas,x-officio,nopowerofarrest,andnonebeingconferredbyCongress,hecanhavenone.econd,butevenfhehasuchower,omatterowderived,tmustbeexercisedinhemannerprescribedbytheConstitution hatis,heremustbeineachcaseprobablecausesustainedbyboth,andanorderofarrestparticularlyde-scribingthepersontobearrested,whichcannotbessuedbydeputy.hird,thePresidenthasnopowerouspendherivilegefhewritfhabeascorpus,thatpowerrestingnheiscretionf.Congresslone,consequentlyevenfhispowerof arrestandmprisonment wereconceded,tillthelegalityofthemodenwhichtisexercisedsubjectoJudicialnvestigation,andtothisend,orthenecessaryprotectionoftherightsofcitizens,he,ikeeveryother_officersubjectoheontrolfheawhroughtsppointedfunctionaries.Heremightappropriatelyclose mereeviewofwhatpurportsobeheopinionoftheAttorney-General,butwhichcarrieswithtamplegroundsorsuspicionhattmaynotben.opinion,butonlyhergumentofanofficialadvocate.utthisisnotintendedassuchmerereview,butasacommentonthatandanalogoustopics.mong.theseshatkindrednefmartiallaw,which,orabundantreasons,ooubt,othheresidentnismessage,andheAttorneynispinion,carefullybstainromayingnewordabout,houghheauthorityodeclaremartialawissuedcote'mporarilywiththattouspendhewrit,and,ofhewo,smuchhemajorsurpationofpower. utthePresident'sobsequiouspartizansnongressavenotbeensoabstinentorprudentomeof themmferheuselessnessoftheprotectionofhewrit,nhepresenceofassumedpoweroeclaremartiallaw,whilstothersarguenavoroftheatterpowerromheassumedowerverthe

writ.heubject,herefore,cannoteproperlyisposedofwithoutomenoticefhelaimedoweroeclaremartialaw.ut,shisasl-readybeendonebythewriter,atomelength,naprintedpamphlet,whatisnowobeaidwillbeasbrief'aspracticable.4.MARTIALAW.

TheooksurnishoetterdefinitionofmartiallawhanhativennJacobs'LawDictionary:'Theawofwarhatependsponheustbutarbitrarypowerandleasureofhekingorhisieutenant.eusethabso-lutepower,othathisword,islaw."Adistinctionhouldbemadebetweenmartialaw,asormerlyxecuted,entirelytheiscretionfhecrown,andnboundedntsuthorityeithersoersonsorrimes,andhatatpresentstablished,whichsimitedsoboth."ntherwords,martiallawshewillofthemilitarycommanderwhoproclaimst.Asagreedonallhands,thaseenoreverabolishednEnglandsincethepetitionofight,hasotbeenknownthereorneartwocenturies,hasbeenheldbyLordLoughboroughtobeincompatiblewithhegeniusoftheEnglishConstitution,nd, all authorities concur,annlyostablishedyheomnipotentpowerofParliament.

Areweiableouch awnhiscountry? Canurreecitizensemadeheslavesofamilitarydespot? Thatsheuestion. OurGeneralshaveeenuthorizedyresidentLincoln,oarasecouldauthorize,oproclaimmartiallaw,andGen.FremonthasactuallyproclaimedandisnowenforcingitoversomehundredandixtyhousandofourcountrymenatSt.Louis;his,oo,withoutanyroclamationfebelliongainsthatcity,oragainsttheStateofMissouri. AnytatedheringoheUnionsequallyliableobetreatednheameway. Its,herefore,apressingquestionofthegreatestmomenttohewholenation.Asarascanbeascertained,andasbelieved,therewasnoattempttoestab-lishmartialawuringheevenears'warfheRevolution. Norwasthereanyduringthehreeyears'warof1812,exceptthatofJackson,which,

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18aseforetated,wasirstondemnedsllegalndoidyannteliigeni-courtmartial,henbytheDistrictCourtofheUnitedStates,andafterwardsbyheAppellateCourtofLouisiana.JudgeBay,ofheAppellateCourtofouthCarolina,thirtyorfortyyears-agodecidednheameway,aying:Ifbymartialawaobeunderstoodthatdreadfulystem,heawofarmswhichnormerimeswasxercisedbyheKingofEnglandandisieutenants,wheniswordWastheawandhiswillhepowerywhichtwasexercised, aveohesitationnayingthatsuchamonstercouldnotexistinthisandofibertyandreedom."WhenhequestionofheefundingofJackson'sfinewasbeforeCongress,,theubjectwaseferredyachHouseotsommitteenheudiciary.ThereportoftheCommitteeofheHouseofRepresentativeswaswrittenbyamemberwhoasincebtaineduchnnviableeputationorure,-enlightened,unimpassionedtatesmanship,asenatorPearce,fMaryland.Theeportspeaksthus;"Yourcommitteeonotthinkthathemilitarycommanderhasanyightsiorutiesaramotintoheonstitution,romwhichederiveshisom-mission.fsuchofficersoossesspowersboveheonstitutionandhelawofheland,ofheextentandpplicationofwhichthey,andheyalonemayjudge,andftheConstitutionandawcannotprotectthecitizenagainsttheexerciseofuchextraordinary,undefinedandnndefinabtepowers,thens-ourframeofgovernmentasolemnmockerythen-areourillsanddeclara-tionsfightsdlendnmeaningorms,ndheboastedibertyofnAmericancitizensbutanemptyound."Itwouldbetillmoremonstrousf,besidesaspendinghehabeasgorpus:anddetainingacitizen,itshouldbeclaimedto tryandexecutehimbymartiallaw,whichisnottoleratednngland,norinanycountryexceptwheredes-potismeigns.

"Thisdoctrineofnecessity,whichatoneimeissaidobrogatehe'Con-stitutionandalllaw,andatanothertoustifyhsinvasionofapartofree-men'sprivilegeshattheestmaybereserved,haslongbeeaknownashe -tyrantsplea.tsotoleratednngland,nomatterwhatmayehe -distemperofhetimes;ndwhiletispalpablyincompatiblewithheprin-ciplesofAmericanreedom,tislsoErectlymetndxp-resslydeniedyconstitutionalprovisions."Thecountrymay,nconsiderationofgreatservices,anduponatonementmade,xcusethendividualwhohasviolatedheserinciples;utwhenevertheyieldubmissivelyohenvasionfheseightswheneverheyarepreparedodmit'theyrant'splea theyrefitnlyoeheyrant'sslaves."AriefereportromtheSenate'scommittee,-writtenbyMr.Berrien,eon"demnedmartiallawwithequalemphasis.ButnowwehaveheRhodeslandcase,How,-whichisclaimedoeeog-

;nizeherighttoestablishmartiallawinhiscountry. Itmaybeaidofthatcase,or,ateast,ofheopiniondeliverednt,withoatfearofcontradictionfromanyntelligentawyer,hattiscrude,ll-considered,andmostoosely

-expressed.Thequestionresentedordecisionwashealidityfatatutefhe-LegislatureofRhodeslandwhichrofessedo"establishmartialawoverthetate,"andwhosealidityadeenecognizedytsourts.he-SupremeCourtdecidedthatthisbeingmatterofpureocaltatuteaw,its-decision,accordingoniformsage,mustonform;oheecisionofhelocalCourts.hisbeingdecided,herewasnothingleftinthecase,andthe"remainderofhepinionsmereobiterdictum.ofarasheobiterdictaofhiefJusticeaneyndeliveringhedecisionmayeconstruedntoanimpliedoncessionhatongressmaystablishartialawheyrendirectconflictwithhisrecentdecisionnheMerrimanase.uttsdue-tohimoaythatheresnotthelightestntimationofnyuchowerin'thePresidentorothermilitarycommander,andherecognitionofhepower

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19 inheKhodeslandegislaturewas,nodoubt,ausedyheactofhepeopleofhatStateivinghennderheldolonialharter,withouttheprotectionofawrittenConstitutionorillofights.romhisact,heandtheStateCourtmostprobablynferredaower,ikehatfheomnipotentParliament,oestablishmartiallaw.Heeemsohavelaboredundersomeloosempressionhat therewassomeotheranddifferentkindofmartialawntendedytheRhodeslandLecis-laturethanhatormerlynsenEngland,knownnderheignificantdefinitionofhewillofhe"militarycommander"somethingbetweenhatandheawofCongress,orofState,orheGovernmentofhermyormilitia;orheays:Nomofeorce,however,canbeusedthanisnecessarytoaccomplishheobject;nd'ifthepowerisusedforthepurposesof oppres-sion,oranynjurywillfullydoneoersonorroperty,heartybywhomOTbywhoseorder, itiscommittedwouldundoubtedlybeanswerable."hereisnothingofarbitraryowerinhis,butthereverse.tisnothingutthekindofowerwhichhemilitarymayawfullyse,andmustuse,whencalledmaidofheciviluthorityouppressrebellion,andntirely'withintheimitsofhemilitaryawsrescribedyongress.gain,hesays:"Weorbeartoremarkuponhecommissionsncientlyssuedythein"'toproccsdagainstcertaindescriptionsofpersonsbyhelawmartial.hesecommissionsweressuedyheingtisleasure,withoutheconcur-renceorauthorityofParliament,andwereoftenabusedorthemostdespoticoppressivepurposes.heywerefinallyabolishedandprohibitedbythepeti-tionofightutheybearnoanalogyinanyespecttohedeclarationofmartialawyheegislativeauthorityofhetate,madeorheurposeof self-defensewhenassailedbyanarmedorce."

Thisshowsemustaveaboredndertheelusioneferredto;ethecouldcarcelyhaveommitted reatermistake.heresnot,neverwasanyuchntermediateindofmartialaw.heooksfurnishnoraceorsntunationofanythingfheind.heoldmartialawsheonlyneknownoreverheardof.onsequentlythatandoneothermustbewhat-ismeantwhenevermartiallawisproolaiwedbystatuteormilitaryorder,underthatnameordesignation.onsequently,also,whatheseemingiymakesheCourtsaycanhaveoearingonhematterunderisfcussion,exceptasastrongntimationagainsttheowerofevennunrestrainedegislaturetoestablishheold,heonlymartiallawnhiscountry.

Thedecisionoutoftheway,how,hen,doeshematterstand,onprincipleandanalogyodeclaremartialawstomakeaw.tisomakelawoftheveryhighestcharacter;ortuperoedesallother,and,nffect,epealsallotheraw,andutshisawinheirplace.Now,omakeaworrepealiawsegislation,andhewholeegislativeowerofheation,oaraseonfidedtoanybody,isgrantedexclusivelyto Congress.hisargumentalone,itherewereoother,wouldeerfectlyonclusivegainstheoweroftheresidenttodeclaremartialaw.orothingsbetterestablishednprincipleandyauthoritythanhattheresidentcannotlegislatethatis,makelaw.opermithimtodoowouldervertandubvertallthereatpurposesorwhichheGovernmentwasoarefullydividedntoeptratedepartmentsonsequentlyfmartialawcanbeestablishedatall,tmustbedonebyCongress. CanCongressdoit?-.1!01"110?s?bvious-irst.ecauseheonstitutionays:Therightofhepeopleobeecurentheirpersons,houses,property,andeffectsagainstnreasonableearchesndeizures,halloteviolated;ndioTnTSTaAbut)u.PonP^bablecause,supportedbyoathoraffirmation,andarticularlydescribingtheplaceobeearchedandhepersonorthinginfVinrr .Everyo?eof*eseightshusntendedobeuardedrStWP^1,1VxercIsefmar.tlalaw.hismusteo ,ortherwise7m^ 0 enoreasonformartialaw,heciviluthorityalreadyavingtlju Thmts-MlesS,ndeed,martialawisintendedowyarmpunishoffensesbysomespeedy, summarymethodnotknowntolaw

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20 Thisringsaobjectionecond.ecauseheConstitutionays:Nc?personhalledeprivedofife,iberty,orproperty-withoutdueprocessoflaw."hatis, bythelawoftheland,undertheadministrationofitsassigned

functionariestheudiciary.Third.ecauseheConstitutionguaranteestoanaccusedapeedypublictrialyury,obenformedofhenatureandcauseoftheaccusation,obeconfrontedwithhewitnessesagainsthim,tohavecompulsoryprocessorhiawitnesses,andheassistanceofcounsel,allfwhichmartialawdispenseswithandisregards.ftdidot,hecivilawsufficient,andhereanbeneitherneedoruseforproclaimingheother.heutmostthattheusagesofmartiallawallowisadrum-headcourtmartial,andevenforthatmuchheaccusedsependentuponheiscretionofheommander.ecandis-pensewithallmodesofrial,andrdernaccusedobehotforanythinghechoosestocallanoffensewithoutanyinvestigationwhatever.Theseuaranties> fheonstitutionrewithoutxceptionasotimesofpublicdanger,orforanyupposableasefStatenecessity,andre,here-fore,oelwaysobservedunderallircumstances.ongressasodis-cretionoisregardhem.heyclearlypreventongressromdeclaringmartialaw.hisonstructionsortifiedyhedenunciationofmartiallawintheDeclarationofndependenceaiiditsexpressprohibitionnalltheStateonstitutions,which,beingeneralrantsofallower,withspecificexceptionsorrohibitions,wereupposedoequire,outofabundantau-tion,hepecialnhibitionfmartialaw.utheederalonstitutioncontainsnlyarantofpecifiedpowers,withanexpressreservationofallpowernotgranted,.and,hereeingorantofpowertoestablishmartiallaw,herewasnoneedoritspecialprohibition.Butconcedeheower,cantberansferredothePresident?omorethanCongresscandivestitself,bytransfer,ofanyotheroralltsegislativepower.sbeforeaid,odeclaremartiallawisegislation, classof powerwhichhecannotexerciseonewhich,accordingothefundamentaldivisionofheovernmentntoepartments,seniedohimndonfinedoCongress.Stillheresnecessity,Stateecessity,heawofelf-defense,elf-preser-vation,nherentnllGovernments,which,tsaid,Constitutionsannottakewayaigheraw,whichverridesllonstitutions.heresoreasoningwithhigher-lawmen.heyarealawandareasonohemselves.Tohoseotfhatlassahortrgumentwilleufficient.hateverforceheremayentheargumenthatGovernmentcannotightfullytakefromanndividualthenecessaryrightofself-defense,stillitcannotbedeniedthatGovernmentasheowertompairhatrightmostmaterially.orinstance,thasheower,notheight,odenyheightofkillingnself-defense.ithmuchreaterroprietyananationwhennstitutingov-ernmentthatthingoftsown,or itsownbenefit,nwhichnootherpersonhasadistinct,eparablenterestlimittsantlings,meansndpowersfself-defense.hetherwiseorunwise,thasheower,heustower,ofsaying:etheGovernmentperishatherthanthallocertainhings.TheperfectequityofsuchadeclarationisapparentasoonasweeflecthowdisputableswhatsandwhatsotnecessaryoGovernmentself-defense.Thenationhasheperfectrightnay,itsanimperativedutyofself-defense,ofelf-preservation,oudgellhismatternadvance,ndaywhatheGovernmentmayormaynotdotnyimeandnderallcircumstances.Thisisperfectlyindispensableothepreservationofiviliberty,and,how-overtmayenothercountries,hepreservationofcivilibertywashegreatparamountobjectwithhefoundersofourGovernment;ecauseintspreservationwasdeemedobonvolve!hehappinessandrosperityofthenation.nless,then,heandothersthinkingwithhimcanprovetothesatis-factionofothershatheyhavemorewisdomthanthenation,ogetherwithmorenterestnhepreservationoftsGovernment,hereannotbe,even

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21theoretically,anyustclaimtoahigherawwhichhalloverrideheConsti-tutionandimitthenation'sightfulpowernthisparticular.

"Thereisnoifeorlibertybutnheupreme"andbsolutedominionoflaw.liislessonswritten,inettersofbloodandire,alloverthehistoryofnations.tshemoralofheannalsofepublicseversincetheirecordsbegan.Whenevermenavehoughtgreatthoughts,anddiedbravedeathsforhumanrights,tseverlastingruthaseenproclaimedandealedwithpatriotblood."Butupposeherewas,whichheiesnot,aproperanalogyetween-therightofndividualself-defensend ^thatofGovernmentself-defense.etusseehowthematterstandsnhatview.eforenndividualanakehelawinhisownhandsandillnelf-defense,hemustbedrivenohewallThedangermustbeimmediate,imperativeofdeathorgrievousbodilyharm"withnoothermeansofprobableescape,beforehecantakelifenelf-defense!Now,willteeriouslycontendedhatthisgreatnationofwentymillionsasnheresenceofuchmmediate,mperativeanger,sodriventohewall,thatthencarceration ofsomeiftyorahundreduspectedmeninMary-landorMissouri,orthedeclarationofmartiallaw,isabsolutely,indispensably

necessaryotspreservation?etthatproposition,absurdsts,'mustbeprovenbeforeheigher-lawdoctrinecaneroughtoear,orbeforehetyrant'spleacanhaveanyapplication.tisevendoubtfulwhetherarbitraryarrestandmartialawinacountryikehis,ofparce,catteredpopulation,areanymaterialaidnuppressingebellion.tslsodoubtfulwhethertheycanbesuchaidnhedefenseofanopen,unfortifiedcitylikeBaltimoreorSt.Louis,havingathousandpointsofngressandgress,andwhichhastobedefendedromwithoutandnotfromwithin.utconcedethattheyareamaterialaid,tilltcannotbecontendedthattheyare,ikeheknifeorthepistolusednpersonalself-defense,ndispensablynecessarythatthey.affordtheonlyrobablemeansofescaperomtsdanger.otbeingondispens-ablyecessary,heyootulfillheonditionsofheoctrineftatenecessityandGovernmentrightofelf-defense.Letseaveigheraw,Stateecessity,andhis'ermasteringightofGovernmentself-defensenthatgrave,withoutresurrection,whereourathersfondlyhopedtheyhaddeeplyburiedthem,togetherwithalltheotheraccursedengineryofyranny.Mr.Lincolnneedotflatterimselfwithheopehatposterity,oreventheresenteneration,willccordimbsolutionorissurpationndarbitrarybuseofoweryeasonofhe-equallyreatorvenreateratrocitiesperpetratedttheouthagainstciviliberty.hatisanexampletorhisavoidance,nothismitation.wowrongsevermake ight.e-'pauseamurderwascommittedatLexington,hatisnoeasonforermitting

itmLouisville.ecauseixmillionofourcountrymenaresufferingyranny,thatsoustificationorhismakingheothertwentymillionuffertalso.Unhecontrary,theeliefofhoseixmillionshebestofiswholestringotrgumentsoriswarfnvasionagainstheouth.isnestimableprestigeasthevindicatorofheonstitutionandheawgainstcauselessrebellionstakenromhimwhenhehimselftramplesontheConstitutionandlaws,lemkshimselfoheevelofheebelPresident,andbecomeshemerelawlesschiefofarebellionagainstheConstitution.5.HETwoWARS.

Thenationisnowafflictedwithwoerriblewarsoingonogether.hewaragainsttheUnion,andawargainstheonstitution,areeingwagedsimultaneously.achwearsathreateningaspectofgreatperil.hichpre-sentshegreaterperiltwouldeifficultoecide.hich,fuccessful,willemostcalamitous,menof intelligencewillhavenodifficultyindeciding,evenhoughtheyknewthataargemajorityofourcountrymenmightdecideaitterently.o,meterminingwhichfhewosheworstreasonthewaragainsttheUnion,orthewaragainsttheConstitutionmenwilldifferin

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22 theameway.patriotcanidewitheitherwar,butmustresisthemboth.emustdohis,evenhoughhebringsponimselfnmputation,fromhegnorant,hatheherebyavorsoneofhesewars.hepatriotismisofittleworthwhichcannotbidethescathingofuchmputations.Independencewasagreatachievement,buttheestablishmentofcivillibertywasa greater. Theformerwascomparativelyoflittleworthwithoutthelatter.TheUnionsaninestimable,nationalbenefit,buttheConstitutionsatiligreaternationalblessing.heprincipalvalueofheUnioniesnhepres-ervationofheConstitution.heUnionshevaseontaininghepreciousointment.etusnotpermitheestrvfctionfheintmentforheakeofthease.Wecannotyieldheeweloetainheasket."hepreserva-tionoftheUnionsworth highprice,anmmenseprice,butitisnotabove,allprice.ecannotffordoiveheestructionfheonstitutionsthatprice.

WemaybeaidtooweadoubleallegianceoneotheUnion,heotherotheConstitution.hichsaramount,enlightenedatriotismwillavenohesitationndeciding.heonesallegiancetomereerritoriallimits,whilsttheotherisalsoallegianceociviliberty.heonelooksmainlytothephys-icalprosperityofthenation,whilsttheotherooksotsmoralwell-beingtsmeansfpermanenthappiness.henesherdinaryatriotismfallnations,hilsthetherseculiaroururselves,xpandingstdoesntoanoblehilanthropy,embracingheeepnterestofallhristen-dom.hepreservationofourConstitutionntsupremacy,tsanctitytsinviolability,sagreatnterestinheausefcivilibertyhroughouttheworld.tsdestructionwouldbetheputtingoutheastlampfhopeothenations.heywouldmournnayless,hopelessgloom.hedoubleealtytoUnionandoConstitutionbeautifullyblendedntoone,shatoubleealtytoountryndoibertymakingheroudisiinciivepatriotUmfourcountrymen.

WhilstweeavetoresidentLincoln,withnrmyfiv eundredthousandmenandapowerfulnavytoesistthewaragainstheUnionverycitizenshouldgirdhimselforhecontestinesistinghetherwaragainsttheConstitution.nthisesistancewecanexpectnoaidromhePresidentforhehimselfshecommander-in-chiefofallheaggressors.eithercanitbeexpectedromCongress,ubduedastsntoabsoluteobedienceohepresidentbyhisivehundredmillionpatronage.eithercantbeexpectedfromanyofhatlargeclass,disseminatedthroughoutsociety,whoarehirst-ingforatasteofthePactoliantreamdistributedbyhim.heoddsareerri-blebutletusnotdespair.heilnminenceoftheperilshouldonlyservewithtrueheartstonervethemthetronger.

Thecelebratedeportnetrenchment,maden826,byaommitteeoftheenate,fwhichMr.VanBuren,Mr.Benton,ndtheristinguishedmenweremembers,aid:Patronagewillenetratehisody,ubduetscapacityofesistance,chainttohecarofpower,andnablehePresidenttoruleaseasilyandmuchmoreecurelywithhanwithoutthenominalcheckothebenate."WemustlookorwardotheimewhenhenominationythePresidentcancarryanymanhroughheenate,andisecommendationarryanymeasurehroughCongress;whentheprincipleofpublicactionwillepenandavowedthePresidentwantsmyvote,and wanthispatronage.hatwillthisbebutthegovernmentofoneman;ndwhatsheovernmentofonemanbutamonarchy?amesarenothing.henatureofathingisinitsubstance,andhenameoonaccommodatestselftoheubstance"Xetthegentlemenwhomadethiseportneverupposedhathisone-manpowerwouldclutchusnesshanortyyears;heyneverimaginedanan-nualpatronageofivehundredmillion.'u

PresidentLincoln,bywayofextenuationforhisusurpation,nhisattempttouspendthewritofJiabeascorpus,asks,nhismessage,"Arelltheawsbutonetogounexecuted,andthegovernmenttselfootopieces,lestthat

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24kindaswellasadictator."hissheavowalfheeliberatepurposeocommitoulreasongainstheonstitutionnhamelessisregardfhisoathforitsupport.heseatrocioussentimentshedeliberatelyutteredwiceinheenatewithoutnydequateebuke.adheybeenutterednheRevolutionongressheywouldavemetwitheringebuke.raditiontellsushatatthegloomiesteriodfheRevolution,when BritisharmywasavagingVirginia,aropositionwasadeneregislatureomakePatrickHenrydictator.hepatriot Corbin, warmriendofHenry,ebukedtheproposer,andilencedheproposition,bycalmlyaying;Yourictato-rialcrowntohisbrow,mydaggerohiseart."hatwasheppropriate,indignantmannerinwhichhetruemenofheRevolutionebukeduchn-famy.raditionhaslenientlyforborneotransmitthenameofthatproposer.Butourmodernproposerasecuredhimselfagainstoblivion.nenduringprinthestandsself-gibbeted,salastingobjectfornationalscornandndigna-tion.erhapshethinkshecanaffordthis.Henodoubtlooksforahighreward.ThepapersellushewaspromptlyofferedtherewardofaBrigadiership.hisheensiblyrefused.edeservesmuchmorehanhat.hy,thepapersellusthat aRepresentativefromMarylandwaspaidthatmuchorpubliclythank-ingthePresidentorhegnominiousdegradationfhistate.fhosepa-perspeakrue,anotheradulatorsoberewardedwithaSupremeJudgeshipforequallinghellustriousail-splitterwithWashingtonay,howinghathesobe greaterationalenefactorhanvenWashington.owthisSenatorhasnotonlybestowedearlyequaladulation,utbyvotes,andpro-fusepublicpromises,hashownhimselfpreparedoorgeheutmostgreedofhePresidentforpower.ewantshimobecomeadictator.hatposi-tioncanbeoohighpayforhim?Inaormer,ecentpublication,hewriter,romaithnheresident'ssupposedamiabilityandreputationforntegritynrivateife,gavehimx- emptionTromanmputeddesignorectdespoticoweronheuinsofheConstitutionorhisownbenefitrhatfhisarty.hatxemptionmustnowbeetractedmoreecentdevelopmentsaveestroyedomuchaithinhatamiabilityandreputedntegrity.isperseverance,sincethemeetingofCongress,neiteratedgross,wanton,uselessviolationsoftheConstitution

showshathehasnoonsideration,uchsnonestmanwouldave,ortheobligationsofhisoathoupportheonstitution,orhebligationsofdutyasacitizenand President.hateveremayhaveeennrivatelife,hehashownhimselfanythingbutamiables resident.hosede-velopments,nconnectionwithheerribleisclosurefviewsbyhisndis-creetpartisanson"theloorsofCongress,equiredoubtsobeubstitutedorthatexemption.hetherheacksntelligenceoeeheinfinite,permanentinjuryhesnflictinguponheountrybyhisadxamplewhetherheispossessedbyheweakman'sfoible,andseekingvengeanceorllheop- probriumastbyheouthponimselfndisartywhetherehas.joinedaconspiracyorgivinghimself,orparty,permanentpoweronthe ruinsoftheConstitutionorwhetherhehasblindlyyieldedhimselftoheguidanceof badmenwhohaveastenedhemselvesuponhim,andwhowillurelyleadhimohisownerdition,orthatofhecountry,mustbeleftorftev-devel-opmentstodetermine.

Asanndicationfheurposefheeigningpartyolothetschiefwithdictatorship,allnoticehouldnotbeomittedof abillpendingbeforetheSenateattheadjournmentofCongress,whichwouldhavepassediftherehadbeenime,asprovedbyestvotes,andwhich,nodoubt,willpassathenextsession.tubstantiallyivesheresidentrhemilitaryommanderipowertodeclaremartiallawoveranyStateordistrictproclaimedobeinre-bellion.tsays,"thecommanderhallmakeucholiceulesandegula-tionsaskemaydeemnecessaryosuppressrebellion,andallhecivilauthori-tieshallbeboundocarrysaidrulesandegulationsintoeffect;"utiftheyfailtooo,henhecommandershallenforcehem.hatismeantbypo -liceegulationsnecessarytosuppressrebellion"omanantell,unlesst

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25means,astseemstodo,uchasthecommandermaychooseohinkneces-sary.ereispowerobeiven,andacommandoegislateveranentireState.orishisconfinedtouchStatesasavenoorganizedcivilgovern-ment,exceptuchssidingebellion,butppliesquallyonyStatewhichthePresidentmaychooseodeclarenrebellion,houghthasaloyalgovernmenthonestlyaidinginhesuppressionof theebellion.nothersec-tionuspendsthewritofhabeascorpusasoallpersons"detainedbymilitaryauthority,"withoutayinghowlongtheuspensionhallast.nothersec-tionays,"s,llpersonsoundnrmsagainstheUnitedStates,orotherwiseaidingheirenemies,shallbedetainedasrisonersorrial,ormayatoncebeplacedbeforeaourtmartialoeealtwithccordingoheulesofwarin,respecttounorganizedarmedbandsnotrecognizedasregulartroops."Whatthoseulesofwararethewriterdoesotknow,butsupposesheyau-thorizedeath.utwhatveryawyerandverymanfntelligenceoesknow,s,hathissamostdisgracefullyoosemodefegislation,evenfCongresshadhepowerthiseferringtoheunknownndnascertainable"rulesofwar"oeterminewhether citizenhallehotbyorderofacourtmartial,orshallhaveaairrialytheawofheand.facitizennotinarmssounddoingwhataourtmartialmaychoosetohinkanaid-ingofheebels,hemaybenstantlyshot.hisssplendidlegislationorafreeKepublic.hatanadmirableenginefortyrannicalpersecution.ack-sonhoughtarespectfulublishedemonstrancegainstheontinuancefhismartiallaw,ongafterheefeatndwithdrawalfhenemy,wasnaidingfhenemy,androsecutedheublisherbefore ourtmartial.Whymayot ackedourtmartialhinkhatnypoken,ritten,rprintedcensureofthePresident,thecommander,oroneoftheirsubordinates,ornytherrivialmattertwhichithermaychooseoakeersonaloffensesuch,ornstance,asensureofAbolitionismisnaidingfheenemy.Anothersection,nheendernessfcongressionalmercy,ayshaten-tenceofdeathhallnotbenflictedponersonstakennarms"withouttheapprovalofheommanderfhemilitarydistrict,eavingheersonstakennotinarmstobemmediatelyexecutedwithoutanyuchapproval.Thetwoections,takentogether,authorizehecommanderof amilitarydis-trict,andhispackedcourtmartials,tonstituteanndiscriminatemassacreofallprisonershoweverandorwhateveraken,contraryohesagesofallcivilizedwarfare,evenamonghostilenations,andwhichusages,asallpublic-istsagree,areheeastloodyhathouldbtainncarryingoncivilwar.(Seeectionsof thebill.AppendixE.)

_Ifherebealowerdepthofnfamynotyetttainednheseimesofo-liticalprostitutionandecklessubserviencyopower,hisbill,whenpassed,willplumbthatdepth.asenesscandivenodeeperintohepoolofdegrada-tion.opermitapackedcourtmartial,contrarytohesagesfcivilwar,recognizednallthecivilwarsofEnglandandnourownongrevolutionarywar,oauthorizethemassacreofprisonersakenwithrmsnheirhands,wouldbeaastingisgracenflictedponheharacterofheation,orwhichevenheivesofeverymembervotingorthebillwouldeittlemorethananadequateatonement.heirastingdisgrace,withveryntelligentmanhereandbroad,now,andntheonguture,sapartofheenaltytheywillcertainlyhaveopay.okeensheirappetiteorbloodandven-geance,hattheyareecklessftheact,hatuch procedureecessarilyinvolveshequalmassacrefllorthernenakenrisonersyhearmiesfheouth.ut,worsehanvenhis,fworsehereanbe,isheermissionoackedourtmartialouthorizeheuttingodeathy militarycommanderfanyitizenritizensemaychoosetoaywereidingrbettingheebels.hatortfaidingrbet-tinghalluthorizehenflictionfdeathheilloesotay.hatisalleftotheiscretionofourmilitarymasters.ow,heegreesandmodesofaidingandabettingarenfinite;omeauthorizinghempositionof

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26 only mallfine,othersahortimprisonment,ascending,ikeothercrime,ngradation,untiltheattainingofuchaidingandabettingasamountsorea-son,whichdeservesdeath.llthesearemassedtogetherwithoutdiscrimina-tion,themilitarybeingauthorizedtonflictdeathfortheightestaswellasthegreatest.hesemenhavenottheense,r,ftheyhavehesense,heyhavenothemercy,odiscriminateetweenaublicrialeforeacourtofaw,byanmpartial jury,bothcourtandjuryactingunderanmposingresponsi-bilityoheublicenseofustice,and rialefore rum-headourtmartial.hecourtandjuryarerammeledwithegalrecedentsof hou-sandyears,trictlydefiningwhatisanaidingndabettingoftreasonwithinthemeaningofheaw.nheotherhand,hecourtmartialsrammeledwithnothingutheirwniscretion,r,ather,heirsubserviencytoheircommander.politicalopiniondifferingromhatofheulingarty,animprudentword,writtenrpoken,ofcomplaintagainstourmasters,oranyothertrivialmatter,maybemadethepretextorheassassinationnderthesanctionofthisbill.Havewecomeothis?oesapoliticalpartydarehusattempttoconfersuchanengineoftyrannyponheirpartychiefthuslothehimwithhepowerofmercilessersecutionagainstheiropposers?oheyhinkthatallenseofustice,allppreciationofiberty,sdeadwithhenationthatnothingcanarousetromtsethargy?rewetopermitthefasteninguponusmartialawthats,hewillf commanderinlieuofaw,underthenewphraseof policeegulations,"ortheoldoneof"aidingndabetting,"expoundedbymilitarydespots?Mr.Lincolnasotwaitedorhepassageofhisbill.artialawhasalreadybeenproclaimedatSt.Louis,withanaccompanyingdeclarationhatallnfractionftsuleswillbepromptlyunished;"hreeewspapershavebeenuppressed,anduietitizensofheirstespectabilityrrestedandeportedoistantastiles;his,oo,withoutnyroclamationfrebellionagainsteithertheStateorthecity.Mr.Lincolncaneasilyreatearebellionwheneverewantsone.odothisheneedonlyepeatinanyStatehavingtheemblanceofpowertoesistwhateasalreadydonenthewonproclaimedtatesofMarylandandMissouri,andewillave,notebellionnaidfisunion,butwithinheUnion,underhenationallag,againstnconstitutionalppression.henhehascreatedheebellionhecanissuehisproclamation,andthenwillcomethisactofongresspretendingoegalizeisictatorship.isartisansmaypretendohinkhisdiscretionmaybeafelyrustedotoabuseuchpower;uttheConstitutionlacesouchelianceonnyman'sorbear-anceordiscretion.eithershenationdisposedorboundoorusthimoranyotherresident.ewhoouldllow,withoutvenublicebuke,threeepetitionsofwantonmassacresyisGermanoldiersnthetreetsof t.Louisofunoffendingmen,women,andhildren,andewhomposessuchneedlesslyrigorousmprisonmentuponcitizensasrespectableashimselforanymemberof hisCabinetornocausebutthatoftheirpoliticalopinionsinavoroftherightofecession,deservesnottobeorusted.

Asoapracticalictatorship,hatsastrayinggainst.elreadyhave dictatorship.ith ubservientongress,withnbedientnor-mousarmy,withanactiveassistingivilorpsof hundred,andsoonobeincreasedotwohundredhousand,withhundredsofhousandsofpartakersandofungryeekersofpatronage,withamuzzledpressand owerlessJudiciary,Mr.incolnsnowthemasterofhisation.iswillsvery-whereaw.hedictatorshipsnullorce.llhatisleftorussodowhatwemayopreventitsbecomingapermanentnstitution.Theigher-lawoctrine,hatastefugeofanaticism,after horoughdefeatinhefieldofargument,wasoreverburied,astwashoped,underanimmovableloadofnationalcontemptandodium.5utwefindtnownotonlyresuscitatedntoewife,butwithvastlyncreasedvigor.romhemereshibbolethofapowerlessactionofanatics,thasbeeninauguratedyhe

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27 Presidentandhishigher-lawCabinetintoheulingprincipleofheGovern-ment.heyavecunninglydroppedtsldameofdiumandeproachsubstitutingthatmoremposingne,heawofwar.heytellsthatours'isamereair-weatherConstitutionnotmadeorhetormyweatherofwarorrebellion hatwhilstpeacehastsConstitutionandaws,warhasalsoitsappropriateaw,uperoedingheotherthisupreme,paramountlawofwarbeingheunbridledwillftsommander-in-chief.hissheecoanizedhigherlawofheday,whichsopenlyclaimedobeaboveallonstitutionalrestraint.ts,onalargerscale,whathasbeenongnownnthiscountryunderthenameoflynchaw.

WhatacalumnyuponthegreatfoundersoftheRepublictosaytheframeofGovernmentformedbythemwithomuchcarewasintendedmerely as afair-weatheronstitution!tontemplateswarsandebellions,ndivesheneedfulowerordealingwithoth;ettwasntendedottohavewayduringwarorrebellion!uringwarandrebelliontwasobeuspendedandbywhat?yhatthing,ofallothershemostabhorrenttothemenoftheRevolutionthatthendetestedandoreverexecrablehing,amilitarydes-potism.Ifmilitarydespotismcaneverbeanndispensableaidnarryingonwar,tmusthavebeenorpreciselyhatevenears'warhroughwhichtheyhadustpassedafeebleeopletrugglingorndependenceagainstapowerfulenemy,aidedyensofhousandsoforiesandraitors.fvertherewasamilitarycommanderfittoerustedwitharbitraryower,heyknewWashingtonoethatman.uttheygaveimosuchrust;heyacquiescednouchupposedecessityormilitaryominance;ut,ytheirroud,uccessfulxample,aveheieoheoulmputationuponrepublicannstitutions,andaughtheirposterityhatherenevercouldeneed,underanycircumstances,oramilitarydictatorship.Again,weavehexampleofheastwarwithngland,asighteousawaraswaseverwagedyonenationagainstnother,etduringtswholeprogressdenouncedbyaowerfulpoliticalparty,nandoutofCongress,bypublicspeechesandthepublicpress,ogetherwithendlesschargesofcorrup-tionandmbecilityagainstheAdministration.uchwasheascerbityanduntiringzealofhatparty,hat,havingentireoliticalontrolofNewEng-land,trenderedhewholeofhatargeartofhenation'sopulationandwealthalmostperfectlyneutralnhewar,givingtheGovernmentnoaid,buthangingupontike alsiedimb.'DuringheackingndurningfWashincrtonCity,andhemmediatelyucceedingttacknBaltimoreinfact,duringtheearsofigorousblockadeofourports,heoppositionneverceasedohunderorthheirdenunciationsgainsthewarandheAdmin-istration.idheAdministrationresorttoarbitrarymeasuresoilencethisopposition,or to protectitselfagainstthesecretmachinationsofsuspectedspiesandraitors?otso .oman,nopresswasdisturbedorpoliticalopinion.IfthepolicyofthepresentAdministrationhadbeenpursued,notaprominentpoliticianoreditoroftheFederalpartynNewEnglandwouldhavebeenleftoutsideajaU,utPresidentMadisonandhisCabinetwerembuedwithhetruepiritofheRevolution.heyecognizedheupremacyofheawasthendispensablepriceofiberty,atallimes,andnderallircumstances,andheybowedtotinwillingobedience.Theretextofnybsoluteecessityorherbitraryunconstitutionalmeasuresnowadoptedasanaidnuppressingebellionsamereham.tisapretextgottenup,notornationalprotection,butforpoliticalpersecution.Itisamereabsurdityoontendhatherotectionfhisreatationof

twentymillioneedshenstitutionofmartialawthearbitrary,awlesssuppressionof ewnewspapersandhemprisonmentofaewundredsuspectedersons,catteredhroughheountry.artyengeance,otnationalafety,musteheruemotive.llhathoseressesandus-pectedersonscouldpossiblydo,wouldotimpairhetrengthofheov-ernment halfsomuchnay,notatenthpartomuchasuchmanifestationsof adeliberatepurposeofthePresidenttocasthimselffreefromallooustitu-

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28tionalrestraint,andoutimselfaboveheaw.uchacourse,fherewerenoalternative,woulddrivetensofhousandsofoyalUnionmenohedirealternativeofaidingeithertheebellionagainsttheUnionortherebellionagainsttheConstitution.utthereeingnother,aaretterlternative,theywillaidneither.ence,tensof thousandsofthosewhootherwisewouldbective,ealousupportersfheGovernment,rerivenntonactiveneutrality,andohatextenttstrengthscrippledandmpaired.Thewholetheoryuponwhichthepolicyofarbitrary,llegalcoercionests,ifnotmere"pusilanimity,"asaidyMr.Dana,satotalmisconceptionofthecharacterofourpeople.hereisnothinginthewholecircleofUovern-mentorindividualperationswhichheyholdnuchutterbhorrenceasarbitrary,llegaloppression.ivetheenemiesoftheGovernmentthemeansofplayingpon,excitinghiseeling,andouurnishhemanaidfgreatpotency,whilstouorrespondinglyweakenheGovernment.ookattheoppositexamplesofKentuckyndMissouri.heatterhad,atheom-mencementofthesetroubles,asprovedbytheelections,amuchlargerproportionofUnionmenhanthe.former.heybothhadhemisfortuneofhavingGov-ernorsndegislatureswithecessionproclivities,r,ateast,ympathies.TherueUnionmenofbothStatesmploredthePresidenttoetthemalonetoeavetothemthemanagement of theseoeders.heprayerfromKentuckywasheeded,heconsequencebeinghathewaslaced,andasbeenkept,inapositionwhichGen.McClellandhasaidsworthotheGovernmentanarmyoffortyhousandmen.issouriwasnotso fortunate.malignnflu-encentervenedbetweenertrueUnionmenandhePresidenthepolicyofcoerciventerventionwasriedponher.heconsequencewasthatherpositionowostsheGovernmentnrmyofmorehanortyhousandmen. omuchorthecoercionolicy.thouldevereorgottenhatAmericansareunusedocoercionarempatientndertdon'tlikeoeeitcarriedon;nd,herefore,tshouldnevereusedutsalastresortadirenecessity.hemostrespectable,ntelligent,unwaveringUnionmenofMissouritillnsisthat,beyondlloubt,fheyadeenetalone,heresultwouldhavebeentheamehereasnKentucky.

ThewriterwasheirstnionmannKentuckywhoubliclyadvocatedanyortofcoercions emedyorheebellionfheoutherntates.Thisheidnhe0thofAprilast.nccordancewithwhatehenthought,andstillelieves,washelmostundividedopinionofhehinkingmenofKentucky,hesaid Coercionbyannvadingarmyiswhatnontelli-gentpersondoes,oroverdid,contemplate.heevilswouldbeinfinite,withoutanycompensatingbenefitfromuchacourse."hatherecommendedwasthecollectionofdutiesonhip-board,fftheSouthernports.hempotencyofheouthernonfederacyoelievetselfromljisortfoercion,togetherwitliheurthenfaxation,would,twashought,ringheSoutherneopleoheirenses.fnot,henheorciblee-openingofhenavigationofheMississippiandecaptureofNewOrleanswereookedtoforaccomplishingheobject.his,withheadditionofaigorousblockade,substantiallyhelanfGen.Scott,asdivulgednisonversationwiththeeditoroftheNewYorkTimespreviousohebattleofBullRun.ome-thingliketsalsobelievedohaveeenhelanofthePresident'whenheissuedisirstproclamation.heallorhreemonthsvolunteerssullproofthathedidnotcontemplateaeriousnvasion.omanofsensewouldhavehoughtfdependingponhatescriptionfroopsorannvasion.Rumorsaysewasdrivenromhisolicy,andmadeoadoptthatofnva-sion,yheaucusdictationofnineorenGovernorsofNortherntates,rabidartisans,asndispensablyecessaryohealvationofheirparty.Beallthisasitmay,tisworthyofconsiderationwhethertsnotstillesttoresumeomethinglikehatoriginalplan.Withanarmyof seventyhousandmenoguardWashington,andhreatenVirginia;notheroftwentythousandoguardFortressMonroe,andthreatenNorfolkandCharleston;ndnotherofortyhousandouardMissouri,

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29 andthreatenMemphis,wouldputinvasionromtheSouthatdefiance;whilstacomparativemallarmyentbyeamightconquerandoldNewOrleans.ThatlacesoompletelyheeartofLouisianahattsonquestandholdingwouldecessarilyeollowedyhemmediateubmissionofhewholeState;whereasheakingfRichmond,oranyotherouthernity,willamountoittlemorehanheonquestofheroundnwhichheinvadingrmywilleencamped.Louisianaetached,heouthernonfederacysrokenp.heon-federacyannotastwithouter.ississippi,Arkansas,andexasmustsoonollowwhereverheoes.healancewouldeooeebleoholdtogether.esides,theopinionhasbeen,andtills,confidentlyentertainedthat,fherritationofactivewarisremoved,thepeopleofheSouthcannotbebroughttostandtheossofmorehanwocottoncrops.his,planer-mitsheeductionofhearmyoittleovertwoundredhousandperhapsevenlesswithgoodhopeofterminatingthewarinwoyears.ccordingtotheopinionofmanymenullswisesr.LincolnandisCabinetthepresentplandoesnotromiseaterminationofhewarnesshanourtosevenyears,with anequalchanceofprovingunsuccessfulinapermanentsub-jugation,andwhich,fuccessful,wouldeavehewosectionsnnocondi-tionoffeelingtoemainpartsoftheamenation.AdefensivewarbyheNorth,whilstitwouldnotincreaseorintensifyhebadeelingfheections,sdictatedbyveryrincipleofoundolicy.Manyagaciousmendeemitbyarthemostexpeditiousmodeof terminatingthewar.heNorthsarlessnterestedntsspeedyerminationhantheSouth.hemaintenancefanrmyfwoundredhousandwilloonexhausttheresourcesofheSouthernGovernment,unlessinepellingwarofnvasion.nesistinghat,heircitizenswillontributeheastdollar.Initsabsence,theycannotbenducedtostandorwoearsenormousaxa-tionandotallossofrade.fheyattemptthedisadvantageouspolicyofawarof invasionagainsttheNorth,itwouldequirewomentoourone.Theraisingofanarmyofivehundredhousandmen,iftallpracticable,whichmanydoubt,sathingreatlyoedeprecated,andvoidedfpossi-ble.upposehearuccessful,whatsoeonewithiveundredthousandarmedmenaftertsver.heoldier'sifesacomparativelyeasyone.fteraewyearsmenbecomeondoft.hepaysbetterthanforanykindofcommonhardabor.enandofficersecomedisinclinedoexchangeornymodeofdull,proggingndustry.etteememberedthatfullone-halfofhesemenwillbeoreigners,andthatallwillbereatlydisappointedasoheamountofplunderheyexpecttoather.hatwillhinderthemromhelpingthemselvesoutoftheNortherncities?hesemenwillehemastersofheation.herewillbenomeansfesistance.Theycandowithhecountrywhattheyplease.twouldomerelyidicu-lousoaseanyxpectationnheirsupposedespectortheConstitutionandlawsafterthelessonstaughthemyMr.Lincoln.pparentasitnowmustbeoeveryneowmpracticables uddenrushingutofherebellionbyheapplicationofmereorce,withoutwaitingheaidoflowerinfluences,hegranddesideratumhouldehekeepingownofhearmytotheowestpossiblenumber.recipitationandprecipitatorshavehadtheirday.heirdiscomfitureaccompaniedhatofBullRun.lllanshouldbecarefullyevised,andprecipitationshouldbenopart oftheoneadopted.IthaseenhownhatheerriblelunderfoerciventerventionnMissourihasost,nwhatwouldaveeenerquietneutrality,heequiva-lentforanarmyoffortyhousandmen,and,byhrowingherintoherpresentposition,mposed burthennheGovernmentequalonarmyfortythousand,thegreatresultofheblunderbeingightyhousand.hewarofinvasionhasprovedstillmorenjurioustotheUnioncause.revioustheretoitwasdoubtfulwhether,upona fairvote,theUnionmenwerenotthemajorityinmostofthesecededStates.incehenherearenoUnionmenanywhereleft,exceptnWestVirginia,Eastennessee,and ewsparselyscattered

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8 0 througliMiddleandWestTennessee.he Warhasconsolidatedhepeople,withthatexception,into nanimous,unchangeablepiritofesistanceoraslongsitmayast.fithouldeushedctivelyforwardorworthreeyears,thewosectionswillometoateeachotherasadaseverth eiinghshandFrenchdid.uchananimositywouldleaveareconstructionoftheUnionscarcelydesirable.tillmmediateeaceoraecognitionoftheindependenceofhesecededtatesisnottoethoughtof.fLouisianaispermittedtogo,thepeacewouldotlastayear.hevastpopulationntheupperwatersofheMississippiilleversubmittoherfinalseparationmerefree_transitondromheGulfwillotatisfythem.avinsr'novesselssuitablefo roceannavigation, whattheyneedand willhaveisamarketatSewOrleans,encumberedwithnosortoftax,wheretheyca nobtaintheirownupplies,ndurnish exico,outhAmerica,andheslandshebouthismnotemperetoield ouisiana.hemayebroughttothattemperneighteenmouths,ifhe irritationisnotkeptteverTeatvanactiveprosecutionofhe war.atisfytheoutherneoplethatth eGovern-mentdoesno tmeanawarofsubjugationorvindictivepersecution,andtsnexttoimpossible thatamajorityofthemwillcontinuetosubmittoenormoustaxationandhelossofhesaleofwoentirecottoncrops.heywillorcetheirGovernmentoyieldouisianaandWesternVirginiaasthericeofpeace,houghheyayave welloundedearhatheirConfederacycannotlastwithoutLouisiana.hepointofhonorwillesaved,theirinde-pendencecknowledged,ndheyillrustoortuneorhealancebhouldheultimateesulteheermanenteparationfVirginia,he Carolinaseorgia,Alabama,andlorida,hatouldearetterorathantheiurtherprosecutionofhiswar,whoseterminationno candidntel-ligentmanca nretendoforesee.utshouldhenticipatedplitofhe Confederacytakelace,hatseparationwouldnotepermanent;ut ,afterthelapseofafewyears,reconstructionofthewholewouldbeth emostproba-bleultimateresult. ^a,

Theressomedangerofreactiontheorth,runningotheextremeofaprecipitateand improvidentpeace.hismay come fromanyone ofseveral^T^Tw,:a!s%trooPs'fai!"reto^isemoney,anotherseriousdisastermheheld,orth einterferenceofEnglandrrance.hetimidityshownastoheamountofaxation,andtsntireostponementoraear,indi-cateawantofonfidenceinhepublicsentimentofheNorth.hepapersfromthatquartertellsthatnlistingalreadyeginstodragheavilyLforetheplaceofthedischargedthreemonthsmenha see nsupplied.heresig-nationoftwohundredofficerssinceth elatedisasterlooksasifzealwasflag-gingdefensivewar,withaigorouslockade,wouldnotreouirehalfas muchinmenormoney,andouldewithinheeasyabilityofheNorthIntheopinionofverymanyhavinghebestmeansfo rjudgingheemperandresourcesofth eSouth,thismodeofconductingth ewarfsth ebestfo ritsspeedytermination,and theonlyonefo r econstructionofheUniontha stheurtherrecommendationofremovingallpretextfo ranyofhoseout-ragesontheConstitutionwhicharefillingth eheartsand mindsofgoodmeneverywherewithgloomanddespondency.

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APPENDIX.EXTRACTS FROM CALHOCNS SPEECH ON JACKSOjj's PROTEST.

Under our system,ll who exercise powerre bound tohow,whenanymplkconstructiveower.peakponheuthorityofheonstitutiontself,which,yanexpressrant,hasvestedallhempliedconstructivepowersinCongress,andnongresslone.earwhatheonstitutionays:on-gresshallhavepower"tomakealllawswhichhallbenecessaryandproperforcarryingintoexecutionheoregoingpowers,andllotherpowersvestedbythisConstitutionnheGovernment oftheUnitedStates,orinanydepart-mentorofficerhereof."

Commentsnnecessary;heesultsnevitable,TheEXeoutive,odepartment,canexerciseanyowerwithoutxpressrantromheConsti-tution,orbyauthorityof law.mostnoble,wiseprovision,ullofthemostimportantonsequences.ytourssmademphatically constitutionalandegalGovernment,nsteadof Governmentcontrolledbythediscretionorcapriceofhoseppointedodministerndxecutetsowers.ytourGovernment,nsteadfconsistingofhreendependent,eparate,conjflieting,hostiledepartments,hasalltspowerblendedharmoniouslyntoone,withoutheangerfonflict,ndwithoutestroyingheeparate,nde-pendentexistenceofheparts.'tLetsauseoramomentocontemplatethisadmirablerovision,heimpleutefficientcontrivanceywhichhesehappyesultsareecured.Ithasbeenoftenaidhathisrovisionofheonstitutionwasunneces-sary;hattrewutfabundantautionoemoveheossibilityofadoubtastohexistenceofmpliedronstructivepowers;ndhatheywouldhaveexistedwithoutit,andoheullextenthattheynowdo.heywhoonsiderhisrovisionsmereurplusageoreatnjusticeoheWisdomofhosewhoramedtheConstitution.hallotdenyhatimpliedoronstructiveowerswouldavexisted,ndoheullxtentsheynowo,withouthisrovision;ut,hadteenomitted,amostimportantquestionouldaveeeneftpenoontroversyWhereouldheyresideinachepartment?ouldachaveheightonterprettsownowers,andssume,ontsownwillndesponsibility,allheowersnecessaryocarryntoeffectthoserantedotbyheConstitution1hatwouldhavebeentheconsequence?Whocandoubtthatastateofperpetual,dangerousonflictetweenheepartmentswouldehenecessary,-inevi-tableresult,andhatthetrongestwouldultimatelyabsorballheowersoftheotherdepartments?eed esignatewhichsthatstrongest?eedprovehattheExecutive,ashearmednterpreter,vestedwithhepatronageofheGovernment,wouldltimatelyecomeheoleexpounderofheCon-stitution?twasoavoidhisdangerousconflictetweenheepartments,andoprovidemosteffectuallyagainsttheabusesofdiscretionaryorimpliedpowers,hathisprovisionhasvestedallhempliedpowersnCongress.

Insteadfaquestionfight,hemakest questionofduty,andhusinvertsherderofhings,eferringisightsohisduties,nsteadfisdutiesoisights,orgettinghatightslwaysrecedeuties,heuties

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32 being,nact,whattherightsmpose,and,ofcourse,thatdutiesdonotconferpower,butmposeobedienceobedience,niscase,oheConstitutionandlawsnhedischargeofhisofficialduties.heoppositeview, thatonwhichhsacts,wouldiveoheresidentheightossumewhateverdutyhemightchoose,andhenconvertsuchdutiesntoowers.his,fadmitted,wouldrenderhimasabsoluteasheAutocratofEussia.

V \ EXTRACTS FKOMWEBSTER'S SPEECH O N JACKSOH'SPROTEST.Theirstobjectofaree_peopleshepreservationofheiriberty;ndlibertyisonlyobemaintainedbyconstitutionalrestraintsandustdivisionsofpoliticalower.othingsmoredeceptivermoredangeroushanhepretenseofadesireoimplifyGovernment.heimplestGovernmentsaredespotisms;henextsimplestlimitedmonarchies;utallepublics,allGov-ernmentsof law,mustimposenumerousrestraintsandlimitationsofauthority.Theymustbeubjectouleandegulation.hisstheveryessenceoffreepoliticalnstitutions.hepiritflibertys,ndeed, oldndearlessspirit;utitsalsoasharp-sightedpirit.ts autious,agacious,ar-seeingintelligence.tsealousofencroachment,jealousofpow