2009 final v22675327.pdf

iBIOSCI 101

THE UNIVERSITY OF AUCKLAND

FIRST SEMESTER, 2009 Campus: City

BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

Essential Biology:From Genomes to Organisms

(Time Allowed: TWO hours)

INSTRUCTIONS

Multiple Choice Questions: Multiple Choice Questions: • UsetheTeleformSheet. • Usepencilsonly.Shadetherectanglecompletely. • Donotcrossoutmistakes.ERASEthemcompletely. • Completefamilyname,firstname,initialandIDNumber.Donot completeyourstream.Fillspacesfromlefttoright.

• Yourcodeis22675327. Check this is correct on your teleform. •Failuretoentertheversioncodeorotherdetailscorrectlywill meanyourMCQcannotbemarked.

Short Answers: • PrintyournameandI.D.atthetopofEVERYANSWERPAGE • Recordyouranswersinspacesprovided. • Allquestionsmustbeattempted.

Exam Format: (Totalmarks=100) ALLQUESTIONSMUSTBEATTEMPTED.

Multiple Choice Questions: SectionA: Evolution 20marks SectionB: Biochemistry 25marks

Short Answers: SectionC: Evolution 30marks SectionD: Biochemistry 25marks

Turnintheteleformanswersheetandshortanswersheets(SectionsC&D)RetainyourMultipleChoicequestionpages(sectionsA&B)

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CONTINUED

SECTION A EVOLUTION

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS(20 marks)

(Recommended time 20 minutes)

Choose the CORRECT answer from the alternatives provided.

Question 1: Catastrophism,meaningtheregularoccurrenceofmassextinctions,wasCuvier’sattempttoexplaintheexistenceof

1. naturalselection. 2. thefossilrecord. 3. uniformitarianism. 4. theoriginofnewspecies. 5. evolution.

Question 2: Toevolutionarybiologists,atavisticcharactersaredirectevidenceof: 1. intelligentdesign 2. teleology 3. convergence 4. essentialism 5. phylogeny

Question 3: Whichofthefollowingstatementsareconsistentwiththepunctuatedequilibriuminterpretationofspeciation?

1. PopulationsinHardy-Weinbergequilibriumchangeacrossgeologicalera. 2. Thereisanequilibriumbetweenlivingandextinctspecies. 3. Longperiodsofminorchangeareinterruptedbyshortburstsof

significantchange. 4. Evolutionproceedsataslow,steadypace. 5. Largepopulationsevolvemorequicklythansmallones.

Question 4: Onefindsthatorganismsonislandsaredifferentfrom,butcloselyrelatedto,similarformsfoundonthenearestcontinent.Thisistakenasevidencethat:-

1. Darwinvisitedtheseislands. 2. commonenvironmentsareinhabitedbythesameorganisms. 3. islandformsandmainlandformssharethesamegenepool. 4. theislandformsandmainlandformsareconverging. 5. islandformsandmainlandformsdescendedfromcommonancestors.


CONTINUED

Question 5: Givenapopulationthatcontainsgeneticvariation,whatisthecorrectsequenceofthefollowingevents,undertheinfluenceofnaturalselection?

A. Differentialreproductionoccurs. B. Anewselectivepressureoccurs. C. Allelefrequencieswithinthepopulationchange.D. Adaptationoccursinsomecharacter.

1. B,A,C,D 2. B,D,C,A 3. D,B,A,C 4. B,D,A,C 5. D,B,C,A

Question 6: Thecorrectsequencefromthemosttotheleastcomprehensiveofthetaxonomiclevelslistedhereis

1. kingdom,phylum,class,order,family,genus,andspecies. 2. phylum,kingdom,order,class,species,family,andgenus. 3. phylum,family,class,order,kingdom,genus,andspecies. 4. kingdom,phylum,order,class,family,genus,andspecies. 5. family,phylum,class,kingdom,order,species,andgenus.

Question 7: TheGalapagosarchipelagoappearedabout2millionyearsago,whensubmergedvolcanoes(seamounts)roseabovetheocean’ssurface.Asinglehypotheticalcolonizationeventintroducedaspeciesoffinchtooneislandinthedistantpast.Today,severalislandsinthearchipelagocontainuniquespeciesoffinches.Whatmusthavehappenedfollowingtheinitialcolonizationeventtoaccountforthecurrentpatternofbiogeography?

A: cladogenesis B: anagenesis C: allopatricspeciation D: adaptiveradiation

1. AandD. 2. BandC. 3. AandC. 4. A,C,andD. 5. B,C,andD.

Question 8: Thereducedresistanceofcheetahstodiseaseisconsideredtobetheresultof: 1. asuppressedimmunesystem. 2. directionalselection. 3. geneflow. 4. anhistoricalbottleneck. 5. arecessiverefuge.

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Question 9: Mostcopiesofharmfulrecessiveallelesinapopulationarecarriedbyindividualsthatare

1. haploid 2. inbred. 3. homozygousfortheallele. 4. heterozygousfortheallele. 5. afflictedwiththedisordercausedbytheallele.

Question 10: Whichofthefollowingmustoccurduringaperiodofgeographicisolationinorderfortwosiblingspeciestoremaingeneticallydistinctfollowingtheirgeographicreunioninthesamehomerange?

1. postzygoticbarriers 2. temporalisolation 3. ecologicalisolation 4. prezygoticbarriers 5. reproductiveisolation

Question 11: ThefrequencyofthesicklecellalleleamongAfrican-Americansisashighas0.20insomepopulations.Inthispopulationtheexpectedfractionofhomozygousindividualsamongthenewbornis:

1. 0.04 2. 0.80 3. 0.64 4. 0.40 5. 0.20

Question 12: Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestdistinguisheshypothesesfromtheoriesinscience?

1. Hypothesesandtheoriesareessentiallythesamething. 2. Theoriesareprovedtrueinallcases;hypothesesareusuallyfalsifiedby

tests. 3. Hypothesesareguesses;theoriesarecorrectanswers. 4. Hypothesesusuallyarerelativelynarrowinscope;theorieshavebroad

explanatorypower. 5. Theoriesarehypothesesthathavebeenproventrue.

Question 13: Whaleshavedivergedextensivelyfromtheotherartiodactyls(eventoedungulatessuchasthecowandpig)inadaptingtoafullyaquaticlife.Werefertoagroupthathasachievedsuchanovelevolutionarytransitionas

1. anorder 2. aphylum 3. ataxon 4. aparaphyly 5. agrade


CONTINUED

Question 14: Elaboratesecondarysexualcharacteristicsormatingdisplaysinmalesarelikelytoevolveinspecieswithwhichmatingsystems?

1. promiscuity 2. monogamy 3. polygamy 4. polyandry 5. blinddating

Question 15: Somedistinctlyrelatedspeciesofdolphinswillinterbreedincaptivity,sometimesproducingviablehybridoffspring.Hybridsare,however,seldomobservedinthewild,evenwhenthespeciesaresympatric.Thissuggeststhat:

1. dolphinshaveapromiscuousmatingsystem. 2. prezygoticisolatingmechanismsarepoorlydevelopedindolphins. 3. postzygoticisolatingmechanismsarepoorlydevelopedindolphins. 4. dolphinsincaptivityareconfused. 5. hybridshavehigherfitnessthannon-hybrids.

Question 16: WhichstatementaboutthebeaksizeoffinchesontheislandofDaphneMajorduringprolongeddroughtistrue?

1. Eachbirdevolvedadeeper,strongerbeakasthedroughtpersisted. 2. Eachbirddevelopedadeeper,strongerbeakasthedroughtpersisted. 3. Eachbird’ssurvivalwasstronglyinfluencedbythedepthandstrengthof

itsbeakasthedroughtpersisted. 4. Eachbirdthatsurvivedthedroughtproducedonlyoffspringwithdeeper,

strongerbeaksthanseeninthepreviousgeneration. 5. Thefrequencyofthestrong-beakallelesincreasedineachbirdasthe

droughtpersisted.

Question 17: ThetwodistinctpopulationsofkillerwhalesalongthecoastofBritishColombia,eachwithdifferentpreyspecialisation(meateatingorfisheating)arethoughttobereproductivelyisolatedbytheirculturaltraditions.Thisisanexampleof:

1. acline. 2. ecotypes. 3. geneticdrift. 4. relativefitness. 5. abottleneck.


CONTINUED

Question 18: Inahypotheticalpopulationof1,000people,testsofblood-typegenesshowthat160havethegenotypeAA,480havethegenotypeAB,and360havethegenotypeBB.

WhatisthefrequencyoftheBallele? 1. 0.400 2. 0.600 3. 0.100 4. 0.002 5. 0.001

Question 19: Notwopeoplearegeneticallyidentical,exceptforidenticaltwins.Thechiefcauseofgeneticvariationamonghumanindividualsis:

1. newmutationsthatoccurredintheprecedinggeneration. 2. geneticdriftduetothesmallsizeofthepopulation. 3. environmentaleffects. 4. geographicvariationwithinthepopulation. 5. thereshufflingofallelesinsexualreproduction.

Question 20: Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutspecies,asdefinedbythebiologicalspeciesconcept,is(are)correct?

I. Biologicalspeciesaredefinedbyreproductiveisolation. II. Biologicalspeciesarethemodelusedforgroupingextinctformsof

life. III. Thebiologicalspeciesisthelargestunitofpopulationsinwhich

successfulreproductionispossible.

1. Ionly 2. I,II,andIII 3. IIandIII 4. IIonly 5. IandIII


CONTINUED

Question 21: Whichofthefollowingis(are)TRUEforanabolicpathways? 1. Theyconsumeenergytobuilduppolymersfrommonomers. 2. Theyreleaseenergyastheydegradepolymerstomonomers. 3. Theyareusuallyhighlyspontaneouschemicalreactions. 4. Theyinvolveendergonicreactionsthatbreakcomplexmoleculesinto

simplerones. 5. Theydonotdependonenzymes.

Question 22: Inthesubstratelevelphosphorylationreactions,thesubstrate: 1. hasbeenoxidisedasaresultofaredoxreactioninvolvingthegainofan

inorganicphosphate. 2. hasbeenreducedasaresultofaredoxreactioninvolvingthelossofan

inorganicphosphate. 3. hasadecreasedchemicalreactivity;itislesslikelytoprovideenergyfor

cellularwork. 4. haslessenergythanbeforeitsphosphorylationandthereforelessenergy

forcellularwork. 5. hasanincreasedchemicalreactivity;itisprimedtodocellularwork.

Question 23: Whenaglucosemoleculelosesahydrogenatomastheresultofanoxidation-reductionreaction,themoleculebecomes:

1. dehydrated. 2. reduced. 3. oxidised. 4. hydrogenated. 5. anoxidisingagent.

Question 24: Whyisglycolysisdescribedashavinganinvestmentphaseandapayoffphase? 1. Itbothsplitsmoleculesandassemblesmolecules. 2. Itattachesanddetachesphosphategroups. 3. Itusesglucoseandgeneratespyruvate. 4. Itshiftsmoleculesfromcytosoltomitochondrion. 5. ItusesstoredATPandthenformsanetincreaseinATP.

SECTION B BIOCHEMISTRY

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS(25 marks)


Choose the CORRECT answer from the alternatives provided.


CONTINUED

Question 25: Glucokinase: 1. catalysesthephosphorylationofglucosetoformglucose6-phosphatein

liverandpancreatictissue. 2. hasalowKmforglucoseand,hence,isimportantinthephosphorylation

ofglucoseinthestarvedstate. 3. iswidelydistributedandoccursinmostmammaliantissues. 4. catalysestheconversionofADPtoATP. 5. catalysesareadilyreversiblereaction.

Question 26: Whichofthefollowingnormallyoccurswhetherornotoxygen(O2)ispresent? 1. oxidationofpyruvatetoacetylCoA 2. glycolysis 3. fermentation 4. citricacidcycle 5. oxidativephosphorylation(chemiosmosis)

Question 27: WhichofthefollowingstatementsdescribesNAD+? 1. IntheabsenceofNAD+,glycolysiscanstillfunction. 2. NAD+isreducedbytheactionofhydrogenases. 3. NAD+isreducedtoNADHduringbothglycolysisandthecitricacid

cycle. 4. NAD+candonateelectronsforuseinoxidativephosphorylation. 5. NAD+hasmorechemicalenergythanNADH.

Question 28: Musclecells,whenanindividualisexercisingheavilyandwhenthemusclebecomesoxygendeprived,convertpyruvatetolactate.Whathappenstothelactateinskeletalmusclecells?

1. Itisconvertedtoalcohol. 2. ItisconvertedtoNAD+. 3. ItproducesCO2andwater. 4. ItreducesFADH2toFAD

+. 5. Itistakentotheliverandconvertedbacktopyruvate.

Question 29: TheconversionofpyruvatetoacetylCoAandCO2: 1. involvestheparticipationofanoxidation:reductioncoenzyme. 2. iscatalysedbyanenzymebelongingtothedehydrogenasefamily. 3. involvestheparticipationofanactivation-transfercoenzyme. 4. isnotareadilyreversiblereaction. 5. alloftheotheroptionsarecorrect.

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CONTINUED

Question 30: Startingwithcitrate,whichofthefollowingcombinationsofproductswouldresultfromthreeturnsofthecitricacidcycle?

1. 38ATP,6CO2,3NADH,and12FADH2 2. 3ATP,6CO2,9NADH,and3FADH2 3. 3ATP,3CO2,3NADH,and3FADH2 4. 2ATP,2CO2,1NADH,and3FADH2 5. 1ATP,2CO2,3NADH,and1FADH2

Question 31: Theoxygenconsumedduringcellularrespirationisdirectlyinvolvedin: 1. theoxidationofpyruvatetoacetylCoA. 2. acceptingelectronsattheendoftheelectrontransportchain. 3. glycolysis. 4. theKrebscycle. 5. thephosphorylationofADP.

Question 32: Carbondioxideisproducedduringwhichofthefollowingstage(s)? stageI: glycolysis stageII: oxidationofpyruvatetoacetylCoA stageIII: Krebscycle stageIV: oxidativephosphorylation(chemiosmosis)

1. stagesI,II,andIII 2. stageIIIonly 3. stagesII,III,andIV 4. stagesIIIandIV 5. stagesIIandIII

Question 33: Inmetabolicprocessesofcellrespirationandphotosynthesis,prostheticgroupssuchashemeandiron-sulphurcomplexesareencountered.WhatBEST describestheirfunction?

1. tobothoxidiseandreduceduringelectrontransport 2. toactasreducingagents 3. totransportprotonswithinmitochondriaandchloroplasts 4. todonateelectrons 5. toactasoxidisingagents

Question 34: Whatisproton-motiveforce? 1. theadditionofhydrogentoNAD+ 2. movementofhydrogenintothemitochondrion 3. movementofhydrogenintotheintermembranespace 4. thetransmembraneprotonconcentrationgradient 5. theforcerequiredtoremoveanelectronfromhydrogen


CONTINUED

Question 35: WhichofthefollowingdescribesCoenzymeQ/ubiquinone? 1. asmallhydrophobiccoenzyme 2. asubstrateforsynthesisofFADH2 3. anessentialaminoacid 4. avitaminneededforefficientglycolysis 5. aproteinintheelectrontransportchain

Question 36: Whichofthefollowingcoupleschemiosmosistoenergystorage? 1. ATPsynthase 2. cytochromes 3. FADH2 4. electrontransport 5. NADH

Question 37: Inlivercells,theinnermitochondrialmembranesareabout5timestheareaoftheoutermitochondrialmembranes,andabout17timesthatofthecell’splasmamembrane.Whatpurposemustthisserve?

1. ItallowsforincreasedrateoftheCoricycle. 2. Itallowsforincreasedrateofthecitricacidcycle. 3. Itallowsforincreasedrateofglycolysis. 4. Itincreasesthesurfaceforsubstrate-levelphosphorylation. 5. Itincreasesthesurfaceforoxidativephosphoryation.

Question 38: Gluconeogenesis: 1. doesnotrequiretheinputofenergy. 2. isthesynthesisofglycogenfromglucose. 3. usesfourdifferentenzymestobypassthreereactionstepsinglycolysis

thatarenotreversible. 4. consistsofallthereactionsofglycolysisrunninginreverse. 5. isanimportantmechanismtomaintainbloodglucoselevelsinthefed

state.

Question 39: IngluconeogenesisglucoseisNOTsynthesizedfrom: 1. citrate. 2. acetylCoA. 3. alanine. 4. lactate. 5. glycerol.


CONTINUED

Question 40: WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutglycogenisINCORRECT? 1. Glycogenconsistsofglucosemoleculeslinkedtogetherthrough(β1→4)

glucosidiclinkages. 2. Glycogenissynthesisedinliverandmusclecellsbytheenzymeglycogen

synthase. 3. Thehighestconcentrationsofglycogenarefoundinlivercells. 4. Glycogenisbrokendowninmusclecellstoproduceglucose6-phosphate

whichisusedasanenergysourceformusclecontraction. 5. GlycogenisformedbyglycogensynthaseusingUDP-glucose(“activated

glucose”)asasubstrate.

Question 41: WhichstatementisNOT TRUEofthepossiblemetabolicfatesofglucose6-phosphateproducedinsidethecell?

1. It’sproductionfromglucoserequirestheconsumptionofATP. 2. It’sproductionfromglucoserequirestheactionofakinaseenzyme. 3. ItcanbeconvertedintoacetylCoAwhichisfurthermetabolisedbythe

citricacidcycle. 4. Itcanbeconvertedintoglucose1-phosphate,whichisaprecursorfor

glycogensynthesis. 5. Itcanbeconvertedtoglucosebytheenzymeglucose6-phosphatasein

musclecellsandreleasedintothebloodstreamtomaintainbloodglucose levels.

Question 42: Eventhoughplantscarryoutphotosynthesis,plantcellsstillusetheirmitochondriaforoxidationofpyruvate.Whenandwherewillthisoccur?

1. innon-photosynthesisingcellsonly 2. inphotosyntheticcellsinthelight,whilephotosynthesisoccurs

concurrently 3. inphotosynthesisingcellsinthelightandinothertissuesinthedark 4. incellsthatarestoringglucoseonly 5. inphotosynthesisingcellsindarkperiodsandinothertissuesallthetime

Question 43: Whenoxygenisreleasedasaresultofphotosynthesis,itisaby-productofwhichofthefollowing?

1. splittingthewatermolecules 2. chemiosmosis 3. reducingNADP+ 4. theelectrontransfersystemofphotosystemI 5. theelectrontransfersystemofphotosystemII


CONTINUED

Question 44: SynthesisofATPbythechemiosmoticmechanismoccursduring: 1. photosynthesis. 2. neitherphotosynthesisnorrespiration. 3. respiration. 4. bothphotosynthesisandrespiration. 5. photorespiration.

Question 45: ThereactionsoftheCalvincycleinvolveallofthefollowingmoleculesEXCEPT:

1. ATP 2. inorganicphosphate,Pi 3. NADPH 4. Glyceraldehyde3-phosphate 5. NAD+

QUESTION/ANSWER SHEETS FOLLOW


CONTINUED

THERE ARE NO QUESTIONS ON THIS PAGE.


CONTINUED

QUESTION/ANSWERSHEET

FIRSTNAME: ................................. FAMILYNAME: .......................................................

IDNO: ......................................................

SECTION C EVOLUTION

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

(30 marks)(Recommended time 30 minutes)

NOTE: Answer ALL questions.

marks

6

46. WecansummariseDarwin’stheoryinfiveprinciples.WeconsidersomeoftheseprinciplestobeuniquetoDarwinandothersweattributetohistoricalfiguresthathadaninfluenceonDarwin.ListthreeoftheseprinciplesbelowandincludethenameofthepersonwhoinfluencedDarwinorwhethertheprinciplewasuniquetoDarwinalone. (6marks)

Principle Person

46 47 48 49 Total

FOR OFFICIAL USE


CONTINUED

8

marks

ThiscladogramrepresentedasingleOrderdefinedbythecharacter#6.WithinthisOrderaretwo(andonlytwo)monophyleticFamilies.

(a) CirclethegroupsofspeciesmostlikelytobeincludedineachofthetwoFamilies. (2marks) (b) LabelthetwoFamilies(as#Iandor#II)inthediagramandidentifythecharacter

thatdefineseachFamily (2marks) Family#I,character___________________

Family#II,character___________________

(c) WhichspecieshasdivergedthemostfromtheancestralspeciesA?(1mark)

________________________________________________________________

(d) WhichspecieshasdivergedtheleastfromtheancestralspeciesA?(1mark)

________________________________________________________________

(e) WhatspeciesisthecommonancestorofEandH? (1mark)

________________________________________________________________

(f) WhatcharacterislikelytheresultofConvergentEvolution? (1mark)

________________________________________________________________

47. Thecladogrambelowrepresentsthephylogeneticrelationshipsamongsixextantspeciesandfiveancestralspecies(andanoutgroup).Thenumberedhorizontalbarsindicatetheevolutionofcharacterspresentinthetaxaabovethebar. (8 marks total)


CONTINUED



IDNO: ......................................................

marks

8

48. Inthetablebelowlistthemostlikelyforce(ormechanism)resultingintheobservedpatternorchangetoapopulation.

SCENARIO Forceorforcesofchange(a) Geneticanalysisofmuseumspecimens

revealsthatMaui’sdolphinshavelostdiversityinmtDNAoverthelastcentury.

(b) Theinfluenzavirusexchangesgenesfromotherviruseswhenitinfectspigs,chickensandhumans.

(c) HIVpatientstreatedwithpowerfulanti-retroviraldrugsinitiallyshowadeclineincirculatingvirusesbutthenshowarapidincreasedespitecontinuedtreatmentwiththedrugs.

(d) Themostsuccessfulswissstarlingshave4or5eggs.Thosethathavefewerormoreeggs,arelesssuccessfulinraisingthechicks.

(e)Amuseumcuratornoticesamoththatresemblesabutterfly.Hecheckstherecordsandfindsthatthetwospeciesarenotfoundinthesamehabitat.Healsonoticesthatthemothisreportedtobeactiveduringtheday.

(f)Anon-toxicbutterflyhascometoresembleatoxicspecieswhenthetwospeciesarefoundinsympatry.

(g)Twocousinsmarryandoneoftheirchildrensuffersfromararegeneticdisease.

(h)Malewidowbirdswithlongertailfeathersattractandmatewithmorefemalesthandomaleswithshortertailfeathers,eventhoughmalesofthisspeciesprovidenoparentalsupportfortheoffspring.


CONTINUED

marks

8

49. ThePhylogenetictreeabove(Figure3)representsoneofthecurrenthypotheses aboutthepatternandtimingofhumanevolutionandrelatedoutgroups. Referringtothistree,indicatethemostlikelytimepoint(node)orinterval

(branch)fortheoriginofthefollowingcharactersintheevolutionofhomininsusingthelabelednodesasreferencepoints(forexample,atnodeAorbetweennodesBandC). (8 marks total) (a) bipedalism__________________________________________________ (b) radiationofhomininspeciesinAfrica____________________________

(c) thefirstmigrationofHomooutofAfrica__________________________

(d) symbolicrepresentations______________________________________

(e) migrationofmodernhumansfromAfrica_________________________

(f) extinctionofHomo erectus____________________________________

(g) WhatspeciesisrepresentedbynodeI?___________________________

(h) WhatistheapproximatedateofnodeG?__________________________


CONTINUED

50 51 52 53 54 Total

FOR OFFICIAL USE



IDNO: ......................................................

SECTION D BIOCHEMISTRY

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS(25 marks)


NOTE: Answer ALL questions.

0.5

marks

0.5

50. Theabovefigureillustrates,inahighlyschematicway,themembrane- associatedcomplexesoftheElectronTransportChain.(5 marks total)

(a) GivethefullnameforComplexI

_____________________________________________________

(b) NametheelectrondonorwhichdonateselectronstoComplexII

__________________________

(c) NametwoelectroncarryinggroupsassociatedwiththeproteinsinComplexI.

(i) _______________________________________________

(ii) ____________________________________________________

0.5

0.5

Fumarate


CONTINUED

marks

0.5

1

1

0.5

(d) HowmanyATPmoleculesareproducedbysubstratelevelphosphorylationfollowingthecompleteoxidationofonemoleculeofglucosetoCO2andH2O?

___________________________

(e) WhyisthenetyieldofATPmoleculesproducedbyoxidativephosphorylationfollowingthereoxidationof2moleculesofNADHformedinglycolysislessthanthereoxidationoftwomoleculesofNADHformedintheoxidativedecarboxylationofpyruvate?

(f) WhyistheATPyieldfromoxidativephosphorylation,30molecules ofATPpermoleculeofglucose,consideredanestimate?

(g) Whatisthemostimportantregulatoryfactordeterminingtherateof oxidativephosphorylation?

_______________________________________________________

50.cont.

Total marks 5


CONTINUED



IDNO: ......................................................

marks

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

51. Thefollowingquestionsrelatetoglycogenandrelatedglucosepolymers. (5 marks total)

(a) Whattypeofglycosidicbondlinksmostoftheglucoseunitsinthefollowingglucosepolymers?

(i) Glycogen ___________________________ (ii) Cellulose ___________________________

(b) Whichtissuestoresthegreatestamountofglycogen?

___________________________

(c) Namethefirstenzymeinvolvedinthebreakdownofglycogenandtheproductsofthereaction.

Enzyme ___________________________ Productofreaction ___________________________

(d) Glycogenmetabolismiscontrolledbyseveralmechanisms.NamethetwoprincipalmechanismsresponsibleforregulatingtheactivityofGlycogensynthase.

(i) ___________________________________________________

(ii) ___________________________________________________

(e) NameaGlycogenStorageDisease(GSD)associatedwithadefectinglycogenbreakdown.Nametheaffectedenzymeandidentifythedefectinglycogenmetabolism.

(i) nameofGSD:___________________________

(ii) identityofenzymewithmutation:

____________________________________________________

(iii) Defectinglycogenmetabolism: _____________________________________________________

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

Total marks 5


CONTINUED

marks

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

52. Thefollowingquestionsrelatetofueluseinthebrain. (5 marks)

(a) IdentifytheATPaseresponsibleforconsumingapproximatelyonethird oftheATPinthebrainandothertissuesinarestinganimalanddescribe it’sfunction. NameofATPase:___________________________________________ Function: _________________________________________________

____________________________________________________

(b) (i) Nametheenzymeresponsiblefortrappingglucoseinsidebrain cellsasglucose6-phosphateinthefirstreactionofglycolysis.

___________________________

(ii) Identifytwokineticpropertiesofthisenzymethatareimportant foritsroleinenergymetabolisminbraincells. (a)________________________________________________

(b) ________________________________________________

(c) Whatmetabolicpathwayisresponsibleformaintainingbloodglucose levelsafterprolongedstarvation(morethan24days)? __________________________________________________________

(d) Nametwosubstratesusedbythispathwaytosynthesizeglucose.

(i) ____________________________________________________

(ii) ____________________________________________________

(e) Apartfromglucose,whatistheothermajorfuelusedinthebrainafter prolongedstarvationandwhatistheprecursorforit’ssynthesis? Fuel: ____________________________________________________

Precursor:_________________________________________________

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

Total marks 5


CONTINUED



IDNO: ......................................................

marks

53. Theabovediagramrepresentsatentativemodelfortheorganizationofthethylakoidmembraneinchloroplasts.Identifythemolecules,proteins,proteincomplexes,metabolicpathwaysand/orcompartmentslabeledA-J.Enteryouranswersbelow(NOTonthediagram). (5 marks total)

A __________________________________________________________

B __________________________________________________________

C __________________________________________________________

D __________________________________________________________

E __________________________________________________________

F __________________________________________________________

G __________________________________________________________

H __________________________________________________________

I __________________________________________________________

J __________________________________________________________

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

Total marks

5


marks

54. Listtwofuelsourcesformusclecontraction.Foreachsourcebrieflydescribe:(a) howthefuelisconvertedintoATP,andbasedonthisinformation

(b) commentontherelativerateofATPproductionandtherelationshipto fuelingintensephysicalactivityofvaryingduration.(5 marks)

Fuel Source 1: ________________________________________________

Fuel Source 2: ________________________________________________

2.5

2.5

Total marks 5

2009 final v22675327.pdf

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