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American Society of Plumbing Engineers

Plumbing Engineering

Design HandbookA Plumbing Engineers Guide to System Design and Specifications

American Society of Plumbing Engineers8614 W. Catalpa Avenue, Suite 1007

Chicago, IL 60656-1116

Plumbing Componentsand Equipment

Volume 4

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Copyright 2008 by American Society of Plumbing Engineers

All rights reserved, including rights of reproduction and use in any form or by any means, including the making of copies

by any photographic process, or by any electronic or mechanical device, printed or written or oral, or recording for

sound or visual reproduction, or for use in any knowledge or retrieval system or device, unless permission in writing is

obtained from the publisher.

The ASPEPlumbing Engineering Design Handbookis designed to provide accurate and authoritative information for the design and

specification of plumbing systems. The publisher makes no guarantees or warranties, expressed or implied, regarding the data and infor-

mation contained in this publication. All data and information are provided with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in

rendering legal, consulting, engineering, or other professional services. If legal, consulting, or engineering advice or other expert assistance

is required, the services of a competent professional should be engaged.

American Society of Plumbing Engineers8614 W. Catalpa Avenue, Suite 1007

Chicago, IL 60656-1116(773) 693-ASPE Fax: (773) 695-9007

E-mail: [email protected] Internet: www.aspe.org

ISBN 978-1-891255-28-1

Printed in China

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

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Plumbing Engineering and Design HandbookVolume 4

Plumbing Components and Equipment

Chair Jason McDonald, CPD

ASPE Vice President, Technical Norman Parks, CPD, CET

Editorial Review Gretchen Pienta

Layout & Design David Ropinski

CONTRIBUTORS

Chapter 1: Plumbing FixturesJoseph Ficek, CPD

Chapter 2: Piping SystemsBruce Weiss, CPD

Chapter 3: Valves

Tom A. Wilson, CPDJason Geller

Chapter 4: Pumps

Steven Skattebo, PE

Chapter 5: Piping InsulationDennis Richards, CPD

Bruce Weiss, CPD

Chapter 6: Hangers and Supports

Jason McDonald, CPD

Chapter 7: Vibration IsolationMark Stickney

Chapter 8: Grease InterceptorsDennis Richards, CPD

Mark J. KaulasMike Gauthier

Greg AymongChapter 9: Cross-connection Control

Steven Skattebo, PE

Chapter 10: Water TreatmentDavid DeBord, LEED, CPD

Chapter 11: Thermal Expansion

Jodie Sherven, CPD

Chapter 12: Potable Water Coolers and

Central Water Systems

Frank Sanchez, CPD

Chapter 13: BioremediationPretreatment SystemsMax Weiss

Chapter 14: Green PlumbingDavid DeBord, LEED, CPD

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About ASPE

The American Society of Plumbing Engineers (ASPE) is the international organization for professionals skilled in

the design and specification of plumbing systems. ASPE is dedicated to the advancement of the science of plumbing

engineering, to the professional growth and advancement of its members, and to the health, welfare, and safety of

the public.

The Society disseminates technical data and information, sponsors activities that facilitate interaction with

fellow professionals, and, through research and education programs, expands the base of knowledge of the plumbingengineering industry. ASPE members are leaders in innovative plumbing design, effective materials and energy use,

and the application of advanced techniques from around the world.

WORLDWIDEMEMBERSHIP ASPE was founded in 1964 and currently has 7,000 members. Spanning the globe,

members are located in the United States, Canada, Asia, Mexico, South America, the South Pacific, Australia, and

Europe. They represent an extensive network of experienced engineers, designers, contractors, educators, code

officials, and manufacturers interested in furthering their careers, their profession, and the industry. ASPE is at the

forefront of technology. In addition, ASPE represents members and promotes the profession among all segments of the

construction industry.

ASPE MEMBERSHIPCOMMUNICATION All members belong to ASPE worldwide and have the opportunity to

belong to and participate in one of the 59 state, provincial, or local chapters throughout the U.S. and Canada. ASPE

chapters provide the major communication links and the first line of services and programs for the individual member.

Communication with the membership is enhanced through the Societys magazine, Plumbing Systems & Design,and the newsletterASPE Report, which is incorporated as part of the magazine.

TECHNICALPUBLICATIONS The Society maintains a comprehensive publishing program, spearheaded by the

professions basic reference text, thePlumbing Engineering Design Handbook. ThePlumbing Engineering Design

Handbook,encompassing 49 chapters in four volumes, provides comprehensive details of the accepted practices and

design criteria used in the field of plumbing engineering. In 2008, thePlumbing Engineering and Design Handbook

of Tablesjoined ASPEs published library of professional technical manuals and handbooks.

CONVENTIONANDTECHNICALSYMPOSIUM The Society hosts biennial Conventions in even-numbered years and

Technical Symposia in odd-numbered years to allow professional plumbing engineers and designers to improve their

skills, learn original concepts, and make important networking contacts to help them stay abreast of current trends

and technologies. In conjunction with each Convention is an Engineered Plumbing Exposition, the largest gathering

of plumbing engineering and design products, equipment, and services. Everything from pipes to pumps to fixtures,

from compressors to computers to consulting services is on display, giving engineers and specifiers the opportunity to

view the newest and most innovative materials and equipment available to them.

CERTIFIEDINPLUMBINGDESIGNASPEsponsors a national certification program for engineers and designers of

plumbing systems, which carries the designation Certified in Plumbing Design or CPD. The certification program

provides the profession, the plumbing industry, and the general public with a single, comprehensive qualification of

professional competence for engineers and designers of plumbing systems. The CPD, designed exclusively by and for

plumbing engineers, tests hundreds of engineers and designers at centers throughout the United States. Created to

provide a single, uniform national credential in the field of engineered plumbing systems, the CPD program is not

in any way connected to state-regulated Professional Engineer (PE) registration.

ASPE RESEARCHFOUNDATION TheASPE Research Foundation, established in 1976, is the only independent,

impartial organization involved in plumbing engineering and design research. The science of plumbing engineering

affects everything, from the quality of our drinking water to the conservation of our water resources to the building

codes for plumbing systems. Our lives are impacted daily by the advances made in plumbing engineering technology

through the Foundations research and development.

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American Society of Plumbing Engineers

Plumbing Engineering Design Handbook(4 Volumes 49 Chapters)

Volume 1 Fundamentals of Plumbing Engineering(Revised 2004)

Chapter 1 Formulas, Symbols, and Terminology

2 Standards for Plumbing Materials and Equipment

3 Specifications

4 Plumbing Cost Estimation

5 Job Preparation, Plumbing Drawings, and Field Reports

6 Plumbing for People (or Persons) with Disabilities

7 Energy and Resource Conservation in Plumbing Systems

8 Corrosion

9 Seismic Protection of Plumbing Equipment

10 Acoustics in Plumbing Systems

11 Basics of Value Engineering

12 Green Design for Plumbing Systems

Volume 2 Plumbing Systems (Revised 2006) Chapter 1 Sanitary Drainage Systems

2 Grey Water (Water Reuse) Systems

3 Vents and Venting

4 Storm Drainage Systems

5 Cold Water Systems

6 Domestic Water Heating Systems

7 Fuel-Gas Piping Systems

8 Private Onsite Wastewater Treatment Systems (POWTS)

9 Private Water Wells

10 Vacuum Systems

11 Water Treatment, Conditioning, and Purification12 Special-Waste Drainage Systems

Volume 3 Special Plumbing Systems (Revised 2007) Chapter 1 Fire Protection Systems

2 Plumbing Design for Health Care Facilities

3 Treatment of Industrial Waste

4 Irrigation Systems

5 Reflecting Pools and Fountains

6 Public Swimming Pools

7 Gasoline and Diesel Oil Systems

8 Steam and Condensate Piping

9 Compressed Air Systems

10 Solar Energy

11 Site Utility Systems

(The chapters and subjects listed for these volume are subject to modification, adjustment and change.

The contents shown for each volume are proposed and may not represent the final contents of the volume.

A final listing of included chapters for each volume will appear in the actual publication.)

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Chapter 1: Plumbing Fixtures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Accessibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Applicable Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

LEED and Plumbing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Water Closets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Shape and Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Bariatric Water Closets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Water Closet Seat. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Flushing Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Installation Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Flushing Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Urinals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Urinal Styles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Flushing Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Installation Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Flushing Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Lavatories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Size and Shape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Installation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Kitchen Sinks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Residential Kitchen Sinks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Commercial Kitchen Sinks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Service Sinks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Sinks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Laundry Trays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Faucets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Faucet Categories. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Flow Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Backflow Protection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Drinking Fountains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Showers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Shower Valves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Bathtubs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Table of Contents

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Table of Contents iii

Lead and Oakum Joints (Caulked Joints) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

Shielded Hubless Coupling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

Mechanically Formed Tee Fittings for Copper Tube. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

Mechanical Joining of Copper Tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

Joining Plastic Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

Assembling Flanged Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

Making Up Threaded Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62Thread Cutting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

Welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

Joining Glass Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

Bending Pipe and Tubing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

Electrofusion Joining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

Accessories and Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

Anchors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

Dielectric Unions or Flanges. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

Expansion Joints and Guides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

Ball Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63Flexible Couplings (Compression or Slip) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

Gaskets (Flanged Pipe) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

Mechanical Couplings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

Hangers and Supports. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

Pipe Unions (Flanged Connections) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

Pipe Sleeves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

Service Connections (Water Piping) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

Piping Expansion and Contraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

Chapter 3: Valves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73

Approval Organizations and Standard Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

Types of Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

Gate Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

Globe Valve. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

Angle Valve. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

Ball Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

Butterfly Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

Check Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

Plug Valve. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

Valve Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

Brass and Bronze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

Iron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

Malleable Iron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

Stainless Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

Thermoplastic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

Valve Ratings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

Valve Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

Stems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

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Bonnets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

End Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

Water-pressure Regulators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

Regulator Selection and Sizing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

Common Regulating Valves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

Common Types of Regulator Installations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

Valve Design Choices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82Service Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

Multi-turn Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

Quarter-turn Type. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

Check Type. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

Design Detail: Gate Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

Advantages and Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

Disadvantages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

Disc and Seat Designs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

Design Detail: Globe and Angle Globe Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

Advantages and Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83Disadvantages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

Disc and Seat Designs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

Design Detail: Check Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

Design Detail: Quarter-turn Ball Valve. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83


Disadvantages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

Body Styles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

Port Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

Handle Extensions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

Design Detail: Quarter-turn Butterfly Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84


Disadvantages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

Body Styles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

Design Detail: Quarter-turn Valve, Lubricated Plug Cock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84


Disadvantages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

Valve Sizing and Pressure Losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

General Valve Specification by Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

Hot and Cold Domestic Water Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

Compressed Air Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

Vacuum Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

Medical Gas Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

Low-pressure Steam and General Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

Medium-pressure Steam Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

High-pressure Steam Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

High-temperature Hot Water Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

Gasoline and LPG Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

Fire Protection Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

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High-rise Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

Chapter 4: Pumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93

Pump Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

Efficiency. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

Comparison of Similar Centrifugal Pumps. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96

Performance Curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

Staging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

Pump Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

Environmental Concerns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

Pump Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

Pump Installation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

Chapter 5: Piping Insulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

Water Vapor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

Flame and Smoke Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

Cleaning and Sterilization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

Types of Insulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

Fiberglass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

Elastomeric . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

Cellular Glass. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

Foamed Plastic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

Calcium Silicate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107Insulating Cement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

Types of Jacket . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

All-service Jacket . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

Aluminum Jacket. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

Stainless Steel Jacket . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

Plastic Jacket and Laminates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

Wire Mesh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

Lagging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

Installing Insulation for Valves and Fittings for Piping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

Installing Insulation for Tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109Pipe Support Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

Selection of Insulation Thickness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112

Controlling Heat Loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112

Condensation Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

Personnel Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

Economics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

Freeze Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

Insulation Design Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

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FOG Disposal Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160

Gravity Grease Interceptors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160

Field-formed Concrete Units. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161

Equipment Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161

Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162

Flow Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163

Guidelines for Sizing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163Code Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164

Summary of Uniform Plumbing Code Requirements for Interceptors . . . . . . . . . 164

Summary of International Plumbing Code Requirements for HydromechanicalGrease Interceptors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165

Operation and Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165

Economics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166

Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166

Chapter 9: Cross-connection Control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .169

Hydrostatic Fundamentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169

Causes of Reverse Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170

Hazards in Water Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171

Control Paradox. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172

Classification of Hazards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172

Control Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172

Passive Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172

Active Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173

Installations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175

Installation Shortfalls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176

Quality Control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176

Product Standards and Listings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176

Field Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177

Regulatory Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177

Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177

Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179

Appendix 9-A Sample Water Department Cross-connection ControlProgram/Ordinance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179

Appendix 9-B Plumbing System Hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184

Appendix 9-C American Water Works Association Statement of Policy . . . . . . . . . . 184

Appendix 9-D Application of Cross-connection control Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185

Appendix 9-E Safe Drinking Water Act Maximum Contaminant Levels . . . . . . . . . . 186Appendix 9-F Index of Water Treatment Equipment/Water Problems . . . . . . . . . . . 187

Appendix 9-G Case Studies of Cross-Contamination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187

Human Blood in Water Supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187

Chemical Burn in the Shower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187

Propane Gas in Water Supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188

Boiler Water Enters High School Drinking Water. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188

Carwash Water in City Main. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188

Shipyard Backflow Contamination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189

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Hexavalent Chromium in Water Supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189

Dialysis Machine Contamination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189

Chapter 10: Water Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193

Need and Purpose for Water Treatment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194

Damage by Untreated Water. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194

External and Internal Treatment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194Basic Water Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194

Methods of Producing High-grade Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195

Water Conditions and Recommended Treatments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196

Turbidity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196

Hardness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196

Aeration and Deaeration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196

Minerals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197

Ion ExchangeTheory and Practice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197

Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198

Internal Arrangements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198

Ion Exchange Water Softeners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198

Basic Water Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199

Chlorination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199

Clarification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200

Filtration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201

Water Softening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205

Water Softener Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205

Salt Recycling Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209

Salt Storage Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211

Distillation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211

Distillation Equipment Applications and Selection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212

Feed Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214

Specialized Water Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215

Chlorination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215

Ozone Treatment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215

Ultraviolet Light Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216

Reverse Osmosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216

Nanofiltration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220

Ultrafiltration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220

Copper-Silver Ionization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220

Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220

Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224

Chapter 11: Thermal Expansion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227

Aboveground Piping. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227

Pressure Piping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227

Drain, Waste, and Vent Piping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229

Underground Piping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229

Expansion Tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231

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Expansion of Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232

Expansion of Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232

Boyles Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233

Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234

Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235

Chapter 12: Potable Water Coolers and Central Water Systems . . . . . 237Water in the Human Body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237

Unitary Coolers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237

Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237

Options and Accessories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240

Water Cooler Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240

Refrigeration Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242

Stream Regulators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242

Water Conditioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242

Ratings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243

Central Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243

Chillers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243

Distribution Piping System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244

Drinking Water Coolers and Central Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244

Drinking Fountains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244

System Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244

Refrigeration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244

Circulating Pump. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245

Storage Tank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245

Distribution Piping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246

Installation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247

Standards, Codes, and Regulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247

Chapter 13: Bioremediation Pretreatment Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249

Principle of Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249

Separation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250

Retention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250

Disposal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250

Flow Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251

Sizing Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251

Design Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251

Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252

Stainless Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252

Fiberglass Reinforced Polyester . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252

Polyethylene. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252

Structural Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252

Dimension and Performance Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253

Installation and Workmanship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253

Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253

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Chapter 14: Green Plumbing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255

The Big Picture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255

Water Use Facts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255

Water and Sanitation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255

Water and Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256

Water and Economic Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256

What Is Sustainable Design? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256

Standards and Validation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256

U.S. Green Building Council . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256

How Can LEED Help? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257

The LEED Certification Process. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257

The LEED Rating System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257

Real Life Financial Benefits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258

Obstacles and Objections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258

Domestic Water Use Reduction for Irrigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258

Domestic Water Use Reduction for Fixtures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258

Low-flow Fixtures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258Wastewater Management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259

Rainwater Capture and Reuse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260

Graywater and Black Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261

Biosolids Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261

Energy Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264

Energy Efficiency and Energy-saving Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264

Solar Water Heating. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264

Geothermal Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265

Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267

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Figure 1-1 The older styles of water closets were identified as (A) reverse trap, (B)blowout, and (C) siphon jet, to name a few. Though still used in the industry, theseterms are no longer used in the standards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Figure 1-2 Water closets are identified as (A) close coupled, (B) one piece, and (C)flushometer types. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Figure 1-3 A floor-mounted, back outlet water closet is supported on the floor with thepiping connection through the back wall. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Figure 1-4 A wall hung water closet attaches to the back wall; the water closet does notcontact the floor.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Figure 1-5 The standard rough-in dimension is 12 inches from the centerline of thewater closet outlet to the back wall. The floor flange must be permanently secured tothe building structure.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Figure 1-6 The minimum size water closet compartment is 30 in. 60 in. Spacing isrequired from the centerline of the water closet to a side wall or obstruction andfrom the front lip of the water closet to any obstruction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Figure 1-7 Minimum Chase Sizes for Carriers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Figure 1-8 (A) A Gravity Tank and (B) a Flushometer Tank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Figure 1-9 Urinal spacing must be adequate to allow adjacent users to access theurinals without interference. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Figure 1-10 Minimum Chase Sizes for Urinals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Figure 1-11 Recommended Installation Dimensions for a Lavatory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Figure 1-12 Minimum Chase Sizes for Lavatories. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Figure 1-13 Standard dimensions for a kitchen sink include a counter height of 36inches above the finished floor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Figure 1-14 When grease-laden waste is possible, the sink must discharge to a greaseinterceptor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Figure 1-15 Drinking fountain height can vary depending on the application. . . . . . 14

Figure 1-16 Built-in-place showers require a pan below the floor. The drain must haveweep holes at the shower pan level. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Figure 1-17 A standard bathtub is 5 ft in length. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Figure 1-18 A trench drain can be used as a floor drain in a building. A separate trap isrequired for each section of trench drain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Figure 1-19 Floor Drain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Figure 1-20 Emergency Shower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Figure 2-1 Cast Iron Soil Pipe Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Figure 2-2 Cast Iron Soil Pipe (extra-heavy and service classes) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Figures

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Figure 2-3 Hubless Cast Iron Soil Pipe and Fittings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Figure 2-4 Joints and Fittings for Ductile Iron Pipe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Figure 2-5 Copper Tube Flared Fittings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Figure 2-6 Copper and Bronze Joints and Fittings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Figure 2-7 Copper Drainage Fittings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

Figure 2-8 Standard Glass Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

Figure 2-9 Standard Glass Pipe Couplings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41Figure 2-10 Typical Glass Pipe Joint Reference Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

Figure 2-11 Standard Glass Fittings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

Figure 2-12 Plastic Pipe Fittings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

Figure 2-13 Fusion Lock Process in Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

Figure 2-14 Duriron Pipe (A) Duriron Joint (B) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

Figure 2-15 Copper Pipe Mechanical T-joint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

Figure 2-16 Typical Welding Fittings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

Figure 2-17 Types of Welded Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

Figure 2-18 Anchors and Inserts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

Figure 2-19 Dielectric Fittings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65Figure 2-20 Expansion Joints and Guides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

Figure 2-21 Compression Fittings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

Figure 2-22 Mechanical Joint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

Figure 2-23 Hangers, Clamps, and Supports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

Figure 2-24 Pipe Union . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

Figure 2-25 Sleeves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

Figure 3-1 Gate Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

Figure 3-2 Globe Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

Figure 3-3 Angle Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

Figure 3-4 Ball Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

Figure 3-5 Butterfly Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

Figure 3-6 Check Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

Figure 3-7 Valve Stems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

Figure 4-1 Portion of a Close-coupled Centrifugal Pump With anEnd-suction Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

Figure 4-2 Inline Centrifugal Pump with a Vertical Shaft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

Figure 4-3 Enclosed Impeller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

Figure 4-4 Centrifugal Pump with a Double-suction Inlet Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

Figure 4-5 Net Fluid Movement From an Impeller Represented by Vector Y . . . . . . . 96

Figure 4-6 Typical Pump Curve Crossing a System Curve. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

Figure 4-7 Multistage or Vertical Lineshaft Turbine Pump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

Figure 4-8 Cross-section of a Grinder Pump with Cutting Blades at the Inlet . . . . . 100

Figure 5-1 Split Ring Hanger Detail. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

Figure 5-2 Clevis Hanger - High Density Inserts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

Figure 5-3 Temperature Drop of Flowing Water in a Pipeline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

Figure 6-1 Types of Hangers and Supports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

Figure 6-2 Types of Hanger and Support Anchors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127

Figure 6-3 Hanger and Support Anchors for Particular Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

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Figure 7-1 Transmissibility vs. Frequency Ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146

Figure 7-2 Calculator for Vibration Isolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147

Figure 7-2(M) Calculator for Vibration Isolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148

Figure 7-3 Typical Cork. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149

Figure 7-4 Typical Elastomer and Elastomer-cork Mountings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150

Figure 7-5 Typical Steel Spring Mounting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150

Figure 8-1 Rising and Settling Rates in Still Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154Figure 8-2 Cross-section of a Grease Interceptor Chamber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155

Figure 8-3 Trajectory Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156

Figure 8-4 (A) Hydromechanical Grease Interceptor (B) Timer-controlled GreaseRemoval Device (C) FOG Disposal System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158

Figure 8-5 (A) Gravity Grease Interceptor (B) Passive, Tank-type Grease Interceptor . . 160

Figure 9-1 Hydrostatics Showing Reduced Absolute Pressure in a Siphon. . . . . . . . 170

Figure 9-2 Pipe Network With Four Endpoints. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170

Figure 9-3 Five Typical Plumbing Details Without Cross-connection Control . . . . . 170

Figure 9-4 Siphon Sufficiently High to Create a Barometric Loop. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172

Figure 9-5 Five Typical Plumbing Details With Cross-connection Control . . . . . . . . 172

Figure 9-6 Example of Cross-connection Controls in a Building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173

Figure 9-7 Double-check Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174

Figure 9-8 Reduced-pressure Principle Backflow Preventer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174

Figure 9-9 Dual-check with Atmospheric Vent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175

Figure 9-10 Atmospheric Vacuum Breaker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175

Figure 9-11 Hose Connection Vacuum Breaker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175

Figure 10-1 Ion Exchange VesselInternal Arrangements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198

Figure 10-2 Hydrogen-Sodium Ion Exchange Plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199

Figure 10-3 Sodium Cycle Softener Plus Acid Addition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199

Figure 10-4 Automatic Chlorinators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200

Figure 10-5 Manual Control Chlorinator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201

Figure 10-6 Settling Basin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201

Figure 10-7 Mechanical Clarifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202

Figure 10-8 Gravity Sand Filter (Rectangular shaped, material). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202

Figure 10-9 Vertical Pressure Sand Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203

Figure 10-10 Backwashing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203

Figure 10-11 Filtration and Backsplash Cycles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203

Figure 10-12 Mudballs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204

Figure 10-13 Fissures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204

Figure 10-14 Gravel Upheaval . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204

Figure 10-15 Leaf Design, Diatomaceous Earth Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204

Figure 10-16 Lime Deposited from Water of 10 Grains Hardness as aFunction of Water Use and Temperature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205

Figure 10-17 Water Softener Survey Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209

Figure 10-18 Water Softener Sizing Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210

Figure 10-19 Water Softener with Salt Recycling System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211

Figure 10-20 Distillation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211

Figure 10-21 Typical Air Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214

Figure 10-22 Schematic Diagram of a Large-scale System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215

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Figure 10-23 Simplified Plan View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216

Figure 10-24 Reverse Osmosis Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217

Figure 10-25 Osmotic Pressure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217

Figure 10-26 Approaches to Providing Laboratory-grade and Reagent-grade Water . . 219

Figure 10-27 Silver Ionization Unit and Control Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220

Figure 11-1 Expansion Loop Detail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229

Figure 11-2 Closed Hot Water System Showing the Effects as Water and PressureIncrease from (A) P1and T1to (B) P2and T2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230

Figure 11-3 Effects of an Expansion Tank in a Closed System as Pressure andTemperature Increase from (A) P1and T1to (B) P2and T2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231

Figure 11-4 Sizing the Expansion Tank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234

Figure 12-1 Early Drinking Faucet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237

Figure 12-2 Bottled Water Cooler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238

Figure 12-3 Wheelchair-accessible Pressure-type Water Cooler. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238

Figure 12-4 Pressure-type Pedestal Water Cooler. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238

Figure 12-5 Wheelchair-accessible Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239

Figure 12-6 Dual-height Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239

Figure 12-7 Dual-height Design with Chilling Unit Mounted Above Dispenser . . . . 239

Figure 12-8 Floor-mount Water Cooler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240

Figure 12-9 Wall-hung water cooler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240

Figure 12-10 Fully Recessed Water Cooler. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240

Figure 12-11 Fully Recessed Water Cooler with Accessories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241

Figure 12-12 Fully Recessed, Barrier-free Water Cooler for Wheelchair Access . . . . 241

Figure 12-13 Semi-recessed or Simulated Recessed Water Cooler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241

Figure 12-14 Water Cooler Accessories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241

Figure 12-15 Upfeed Central System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243

Figure 12-16 Downfeed Central System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244

Figure 12-17 Drinking Fountain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244

Figure 12-18 Drinking Fountain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244

Figure 13-1 Kinetically Operated Aerobic Bioremediation System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250

Figure 14-1 Typical Small Rainwater Cistern System Diagram. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260

Figure 14-2 Graywater versus Black Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262

Figure 14-3 Simple Solar Domestic Water Heater Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264

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Table 1-1 Plumbing Fixture Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Table 1-2 Faucet Flow Rate Restrictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Table 1-3 Minimum Number of Required Plumbing Fixtures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Table 1-4 Minimum Plumbing Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Table 2-1 Dimensions of Hubs, Spigots, and Barrels for Extra-heavy Cast IronSoil Pipe and Fittings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Table 2-1(M) Dimensions of Hubs, Spigots, and Barrels for Extra-heavy Cast IronSoil Pipe and Fittings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Table 2-2 Dimensions of Hubs, Spigots, and Barrels for Service Cast Iron Soil Pipeand Fittings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Table 2-2(M) Dimensions of Hubs, Spigots, and Barrels for Service Cast Iron Soil Pipe andFittings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Table 2-3 Dimensions of Spigots and Barrels for Hubless Pipe and Fittings . . . . . . . 27

Table 2-4 Standard Minimum Pressure Classes of Ductile Iron Single-thicknessCement-lined Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Table 2-5 Dimensions and Approximate Weights of Circular Concrete Pipe. . . . . . . . 30

Table 2-6 Commercially Available Lengths of Copper Plumbing Tube . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Table 2-7 Dimensional and Capacity DataType K Copper Tube. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Table 2-7(M) Dimensional and Capacity DataType K Copper Tube. . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Table 2-8 Dimensional and Capacity DataType L Copper Tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

Table 2-8(M) Dimensional and Capacity DataType L Copper Tube. . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

Table 2-9 Dimensional and Capacity DataType M Copper Tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

Table 2-9(M) Dimensional and Capacity DataType M Copper Tube . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

Table 2-10 Dimensional DataType DWV Copper Tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

Table 2-11 Dimensional and Capacity DataSchedule 40 Steel Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

Table 2-11(M) Dimensional and Capacity DataSchedule 40 Steel Pipe . . . . . . . . . . 45

Table 2-12 Dimensional and Capacity DataSchedule 80 Steel Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

Table 2-12(M) Dimensional and Capacity DataSchedule 80 Steel Pipe . . . . . . . . . . 47Table 2-13 Plastic Pipe Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

Table 2-13(M) Plastic Pipe Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

Table 2-14 Physical Properties of Plastic Piping Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

Table 2-14(M) Physical Properties of Plastic Piping Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

Table 2-15 Dimensions of Class 1 Standard Strength Perforated Clay Pipe . . . . . . . . 57

Table 2-15(M) Dimensions of Class 1 Standard Strength Perforated Clay Pipe . . . . . 57

Table 2-16 Dimensions of Class 1 Extra Strength Clay Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

Table 2-16(M) Dimensions of Class 1 Extra Strength Clay Pipe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

Tables

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Table 2-17 Maximum and Minimum Rod Sizes for Copper Piping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

Table 2-18 Pipe Union Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

Table 4-1 Centrifugal Pump Affinity Laws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

Table 5-1 Heat Loss in Btuh/ft Length of Fiberglass Insulation, ASJ Cover 150FTemperature of Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

Table 5-2 Heat Loss from Piping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

Table 5-3 Insulation Thickness - Equivalent Thickness (in.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112Table 5-4 Dew-point Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112

Table 5-5 Insulation Thickness to Prevent Condensation, 50F Service Temperatureand 70F Ambient Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

Table 5-6 Insulation Thickness for Personnel Protection, 120F MaximumSurface Temperature, 80F Ambient Temperature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114

Table 5-7 Time for Dormant Water to Freeze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114

Table 6-1 Maximum Horizontal Pipe Hanger and Support Spacing . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118

Table 6-2 Pipe Classification by Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125

Table 6-3 Hanger and Support Selections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126

Table 6-4 Recommended Minimum Rod Diameter for Single, Rigid Rod Hangers. . 132

Table 6-5 Load Ratings of Carbon Steel Threaded Hanger Rods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132

Table 6-6 Minimum Design Load Ratings for Pipe Hanger Assemblies . . . . . . . . . . 133

Table 6-7(A) Sample Design Load Tables for Manufacturers Concrete Inserts . . . . 133

Table 6-7(B) Sample Design Load Tables for Manufacturers Concrete Inserts . . . . 133

Table 7-1 The Relative Effectiveness of Steel Springs, Rubber, andCork in the Various Speed Ranges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151

Table 8-1 Droplet Rise Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157

Table 8-2 Minimum Grease Retention Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165

Table 9-1 Air Gap Standards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172

Table 9-2 Types of Back-pressure Backflow Preventer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173

Table 9-3 Types of Vacuum Breakers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173Table 10-1 Chemical Names, Common Names and Formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193

Table 10-2 Water TreatmentImpurities and Constituents, Possible Effectsand Suggested Treatments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194

Table 10-3 Water Consumption Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208

Table 10-4 Comparison of Laboratory-grade Water Quality Produced byCentralized Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218

Table 10-5 Applications of RO Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219

Table 11-1 Linear Coefficients of Thermal Expansion or Contraction. . . . . . . . . . . . 227

Table 11-2 Developed Length of Pipe to Accommodate 1-in. Movement . . . . . . . . 229

Table 11-3 Approximate Sine Wave Configuration With Displacement. . . . . . . . . . . 230

Table 11-4 Thermodynamic Properties of Water at a Saturated Liquid . . . . . . . . . . 232

Table 11-5 Nominal Volume of Piping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233

Table 12-1 Standard Rating Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238

Table 12-2 Drinking-water Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245

Table 12-3 Refrigeration Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245

Table 12-4 Circulating System Line Loss. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245

Table 12-5 Circulating Pump Heat Input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245

Table 12-6 Circulating Pump Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245

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Table 12-7 Friction of Water in Pipes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246

Table 12-8 Pressure Drop Calculations for Example 12-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247

Table 14-1 Treatment Stages for Water Reuse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259

Table 14-2 Rainwater Treatment Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261

Table 14-3 Filtration/Disinfection Method Comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261

Table 14-4 Storage Tank Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262

Table 14-5 Comparison of Graywater and Black Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262

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lumbing Fixtures

It has been said that without plumbing fixtures, therewould be no indoor plumbing. A plumbing fixture issupp e w t water, sc arges water an or waste,and performs a function for the user. Each fixtureis designed for a specific activity to maintain publichealth and sanitation.

e stan ar p um ng xtures use n a p um -ing system include:

Water losets

Urinals

Lavatories

Kitchen sinks

Service sinks

Sinks

Laundry trays

Drinking ountains

Showers

Bathtubs

Bidets

Floor drains

Emergency xtures

In addition, fixture fittings used in connection withthese plumbing fixtures include:

Faucets nd xture ttings

Shower alves

Tub llers

FIX URE M TERI LThe surface of any plumbing fixture must be smooth,impervious, and easily cleanable to maintain a highlevel of sanitation. Fixture materials are selectedbased on these requirements. Common plumbingfixture materials include the following:

treous china: his s a un que aterial thatis specially suited for plumbing fixtures. Unlike

other ceramic materials, vitreous china does notabsorb water because it is not porous. Vitreouschina plumbing fixture surfaces are glazed.The glazing provides a nice finish that is easilycleaned. Vitreous china is also an extremelystrong material. Because vitreous china is

nonporous, it has a very high shrinkage ratewhen fired in a kiln. This accounts for the slightdifferences among otherwise identical plumbingfixtures.

Nonvitreous hina: onvitreous china is aporous ceramic that requires glazing to preventany water absorption. Use of nonvitreous chinafor lavatories and similar fixtures is growingin popularity. The advantage of nonvitreouschina is its low shrinkage rate, which allows thefixture to be more ornately designed.

Glass: Tempered lass xtures are eing used

in more lavatories. These fixtures tend to beornately designed and can be found in numerouses gns an co ors.

Enameled ast iron: The base f enameledcast iron fixtures is a high-grade cast iron. Theexposed surfaces have an enameled coating,which is fused to the cast iron, resulting in ahard, glossy, opaque, and acid-resistant surface.Enameled cast iron plumbing fixtures are heavy,strong, ductile, and long-lasting.

Porcelain enameled steel: orcelain enameledsteel is a substantially vitreous or glossyinorganic coating that is bonded to sheet steel by

fusion. The sheet steel must be designed for theapplication of the porcelain enamel to produce ahigh-quality product.

Stainless steel: A variety f stainless steels areused to produce plumbing fixtures. The differenttypes include 316, 304, 302, 301, 202, 201, and430. One of the key ingredients in stainlesssteel is nickel. A higher nickel content tends toproduce a superior finish in the stainless steel.Types 302 and 304 have 8 percent nickel and

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Type 316 has 10 percent nickel. These are thetwo most common types.

Plastic: Plastic is a generic category for avariety of synthetic materials used in plumbingfixtures. The various plastic materials used toproduce plumbing fixtures include acrylonitrilebutadiene styrene (ABS); polyvinyl chloride

(PVC); gel-coated, fiberglass-reinforced plastic;acrylic; cultured marble; cast-filled fiberglass;polyester; cast-filled acrylic; gel-coated plastic;and cultured marble acrylic. Plastics used inplumbing fixtures are subject to numerous teststo determine their quality. Some of the testingincludes an ignition (torch) test, a cigarette burntest, a stain-resistance test, and a chemical-resistance test.

Soapstone: This is an older material usedpredominantly in the manufacture of laundrytrays and service sinks. Soapstone is steatite,which is extremely heavy and very durable.

ACCESSIBILITYSeveral federal and plumbing industry codes andstandards require certain plumbing fixtures to beaccessible to people with disabilities. Thefederal guidelines are the Americans withDisabilities Act (ADA) Standards for Acces-

sible Design. Accessibility standards alsoare found in American National StandardsInstitute (ANSI)/International Code Council(ICC) A117.1: Accessible and Usable Build-ings and Facilities. More information aboutaccessibility requirements can be found inPlumbing Engineering Design Handbook,Volume 1,Chapter 6.

APPLICABLE STANDARDSPlumbing fixtures are regulated by nation-ally developed consensus standards. Thesestandards specify materials, fixture designs,and testing requirements.

While standards for plumbing fixturesare considered voluntary, when they arereferenced in plumbing codes the require-ments become mandatory. Most fixture

manufacturers have their products certifiedby a third-party testing laboratory as being inconformance with the applicable standard.

Table 1-1 identifies the most commonconsensus standards regulating plumbingfixtures. A complete list of standards canbe found in Plumbing Engineering DesignHandbook, Volume 1,Chapter 2.

LEED AND PLUMBINGThe LEED (Leadership in Energy and EnvironmentalDesign) program is becoming more common in theconstruction industry. Many large corporations havecommitted to certifying all of their new buildings. Thisprogram is put forth by the U.S. Green Building Coun-cil (USGBC). Its intent is to provide a benchmark for

the design of energy-efficient buildings.The section on water efficiency (WE) applies to

plumbing design. The five LEED points are:

WE Credit 1.1: Water-efficient Landscaping:Reduce by 50 Percent

WE Credit 1.2: Water-efficient Landscaping: NoPotable Water Use or No Irrigation

WE Credit 2: Innovative WastewaterTechnologies

WE Credit 3.1: Water Use Reduction: 20 PercentReduction

WE Credit 3.2: Water Use Reduction: 30 PercentReduction

These points can be obtained through design andspecification of water-efficient products and systems.

Table 1-1 Plumbing Fixture Standards

Plumbing Fixture Applicable Standard Fixture Material

Water closet ANSI/ASME A112.19.2 Vitreous china

ANSI Z124.4 Plastic

Urinal ANSI/ASME A112.19.2 Vitreous china

ANSI Z124.9 Plastic

Lavatory ANSI/ASME A112.19.1 Enameled cast iron

ANSI/ASME A112.19.2 Vitreous china

ANSI/ASME A112.19.3 Stainless steelANSI/ASME A112.19.4 Porcelain enameled steel

ANSI/ASME A112.19.9 Nonvitreous china

ANSI Z124.3 Plastic

Sink ANSI/ASME A112.19.1 Enameled cast iron


ANSI/ASME A112.19.3 Stainless steel

ANSI/ASME A112.19.4 Porcelain enameled steel


ANSI Z124.6 Plastic

Drinking ountain ANSI/ASME A112.19.1 Enameled cast iron



ARI 1010 Water coolers

Shower ANSI Z124.2 Plastic

Bathtub ANSI/ASME A112.19.1 Enameled cast iron

ANSI/ASME A112.19.4 Porcelain enameled steel


ANSI Z124.1 Plastic

Bidet ANSI/ASME A112.19.2 Vitreous china


Floor drain ANSI/ASME A112.6.3 All materials

Emergency fixtures ANSI Z358.1 All materials

Faucets and fixture fittings ANSI/ASME A112.18.1 All materials

Waste fittings ANSI/ASME A112.18.2 All materials

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Chapter 1 Plumbing Fixtures 3

In many cases, at least one LEED point can be ob-tained simply by specifying dual-flush water closets,reduced-flow urinals (0.5 gallons

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