2008 Intermediate Division Student Abstracts

Pittsburgh Regional Science & Engineering Fair is Program of the Carnegie Science Center SciTech Initiative

69th PITTSBURGH REGIONAL SCIENCE & ENGINEERING FAIR April 4-5, 2008

INTERMEDIATE DIVISION PROJECT

ABSTRACTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE INTERMEDIATE DIVISION

BEHAVIORAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

BIOLOGY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

CHEMISTRY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

COMPUTER SCIENCE/MATH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

CONSUMER SCIENCE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

EARTH/SPACE/ENVIRONMENT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

ENGINEERING/ROBOTICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

MEDICINE/HEALTH/MICROBIOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

PHYSICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

TEAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

Note: Additional projects may have been added after the printing of this book. Omissions should not be considered as a negative reflection on the student or their project.

INTERMEDIATE DIVISION – BEHAVIORAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCE

PRSEF Intermediate Division Project Abstracts Page 1

Project Number: MBS001 Grade: 8 Title: The Bouba-Kiki Effect Abstract: Do people prefer round shapes as "bouba" and pointy shapes as "kiki?" The research on the internet shows that people prefer pointy shapes as "kiki" and round shapes as "bouba." To retest this theory my procedure surveyed people to determine whether they think a particular shape is a "bouba" or "kiki." The results were that 90% of people taking the survey said that the round shape was "bouba" and only 10% said that the pointy shape was "bouba." In conclusion, my data further supported the research I discovered on the internet. Project Number: MBS002 Grade: 8 Title: Let's Get Colorful! Abstract: The Stroop effect is a classic in psychology. I wanted to test the effect of interference on the Stroop Effect with gender and eye quality. Volunteers were tested by having them name color-words like blue printed in green ink, but instead of naming the word they have to name the color of the ink the word is printed in. Volunteers were picked to participate who fit the specific characteristics of the variables in this experiment. The results show that males and females without glasses are least effected by the Stroop effect and interference. Project Number: MBS003 Grade: 7 Title: The Effects of Color on Memory Abstract: This experiment is to tell which color helps the most and least in memorization. I hypothesize that red will be the most helpful because it stands out, and yellow will be the least helpful because it is dull and hard to read. To perform this experiment, I used five different groups of fifteen words, each written in a different color. Subjects will view each word group one at a time and then be asked to record as many words of the group as they can remember. The results showed that no one color was more or less helpful in memorization. Project Number: MBS004 Grade: 7 Title: Are Males of Females Better Eyewitnesses? Abstract: The purpose of this experiment was to find out if either males or females were better eyewitnesses. A video clip was picked and a questionnaire developed, the subjects watched the video, and then filled out the questionnaire, lastly the questionnaires were graded. Females did slightly better on a question to question basis. Because the average score of males and females is so slight there is no significant difference, therefore neither males nor females are better eyewitnesses. Project Number: MBS005 Grade: 8 Title: Have Behaviors Changed? Abstract: Please visit exhibit for student's abstract. Project Number: MBS006 Grade: 8 Title: Behavioral Motion Abstract: The purpose of this experiment was to watch the body gestures made by a person whom is answering questions. The reason for this was to determine if those subjects were introverts or extroverts by the movements made and how many that were made. Two questionnaires were prepared for the subjects to answer, and a list of gestures that could be checked off when they were made. In the end,



there were more introverts than extroverts, and it was found that the less time and more gestures made resulted with the introverts and the opposite happened with the extroverts. Project Number: MBS007 Grade: 8 Title: Does Gender Affect Brain Dominance Abstract: Please visit exhibit for student's abstract. Project Number: MBS008 Grade: 8 Title: The Sixth Sense: The Seeing Ear Abstract: Some humans can use echolocation to detect the presence of objects. It is hypothesized that younger individuals can echolocate more accurately than older individuals. One adult and one teenager will participate in controlled exercises to help them learn to echolocate. Subsequently, the subjects will be blindfolded and will try to use their new echolocation skills to identify the presence of (1) objects placed in a room, and (2) large objects in an outdoor space. Data will be collected on the speed with which the subject identifies the presence of the objects and the accuracy of their predictions. Project Number: MBS009 Grade: 7 Title: Cell Phones and Decision Making Abstract: For my science experiment I did, “Does Talking on a Cell Phone Affect Your Ability to Do Simple Tasks?” My hypothesis was that talking on the cell phone negatively affects a person’s ability to complete simple tasks. My procedures were easy to follow. I explained to the participants why I was conducting the experiment and what tasks they needed to complete with and without cell phone use. After organizing the data, I learned my hypothesis was correct. Talking on a cell phone has a negative impact on how accurately participants responded to completing simple tasks. Project Number: MBS010 Grade: 7 Title: Can The Consumption of Chocolate Improve the Memory of Middle School Students? Abstract: The purpose of my experiment was to figure out if my teacher's theory was true. One day she brought chocolate and said giving the child whom acts up chocolate made him more alert and pay attention. Another part of my purpose is to see if teens ages 10-13 can benefit from consuming chocolate.I thought that people whom had chocolate during both experimentation periods would have the best memory.I thought this group would memorize these words better based on my background research.I tested 30 subjects while they watched 20 & 50 words.I thought group C.C(chocolate-chocolate) was going to have the best average but group C.N(chocolate-no chocolate) had the best average of correct answers. Therefore my hypothesis was incorrect. Project Number: MBS011 Grade: 8 Title: Violence in Cartoons Abstract: Please visit exhibit for student's abstract. Project Number: MBS012 Grade: 8 Title: How Can You Implant False Memories Abstract: This experiment tested whether students exposed to false information would recall a short video clip differently from students who did not hear false information. Both the control and test groups watched a video about three monkeys. Test students heard false information about the video (this was that there was a monkey with a white spot). All students took a quiz. The test group answered target



questions more often with the false information than did the control group. Students exposed to false information did recall a short video clip differently. Project Number: MBS013 Grade: 8 Title: Doggie Einstein Abstract: I did this project because I love animals and hope to study their behavior in the future. I was hoping to find which dog group, breed, age group, and gender would be the most intelligent. I performed four Canine I.Q. tests. The Northern Breeds did the best then the Terriers, the Mixes, the Herding Group, the Sporting Group, the Companion Group, the Hounds, and finally the Guardian Group. The Doberman Pincher and Boxer breeds did the best. Ages 4-7 did the best and the males were smarter by about 0.1. I learned that many things influence the intelligence of dogs. Project Number: MBS014 Grade: 8 Title: In The Blink Of An Eye Abstract: Please visit exhibit for student's abstract. Project Number: MBS015 Grade: 7 Title: Which Gender Has The Better Memory Abstract: The purpose of my project was to graph and compare the effects of gender on short term memory. My hypothesis was that males would have a better short term memory. I created a board of 20 black & white pictures. I tested 50 elementary students five grades to see how many pictures they could remember after looking at the board for 15 seconds. They were given 30 seconds to recall the information which I recorded. In conclusion, my hypothesis was proven correct. Project Number: MBS016 Grade: 8 Title: Put Down That Phone Abstract: This project was performed to determine if using a cellular phone while driving effects one's driving skills and cognitive skills. To perform this experiment, I purchased a driving simulator game for my Playstation 2 and borrowed a steering wheel from a friend. I then asked three people of legal driving age to participate in the experiment, to which they agreed. When testing the subjects, I allowed them to drive several laps on a designated course without a cellular phone until they were comfortable with use of the game and the equipment. It took my subjects an average of three laps to get used to the game. Once the subjects were familiar with the game, I then had them drive one lap without using a cellular phone and I recorded the number of times they veered off course or lost control of the vehicle, and if they were able to maintain a certain speed. After they finished the lap without a cellular phone call, I had the subjects drive another lap while I called the sujects on the cellular phone. The subjects had to answer the phone and carry on a conversation until they finished that lap. While I was conversing on the phone with the subject, a volunteer recorded the number of times they veered off course and if they were able to maintain a certain speed. I had my subjects drive two more laps while using a cellular phone and the volunteer recorded the results. After all three subjects completed the driving trials, I concluded that the subjects were not able to maintain their speed during the laps and they lost control of the vehicles more times while using the cellular phone than without. Project Number: MBS017 Grade: 8 Title: Memory vs. Color Perception Abstract: Please visit exhibit for student's abstract.



Project Number: MBS018 Grade: 8 Title: Catchin' ZZZs Abstract: My hypothesis is that without sleep a 13-year-old girl would have slower reflexes and would have a harder time remembering. First I would do 6 tests (3 memory tests and 3 reflex tests) on the subjects before sleep deprivation, and then I would perform those same tests when they were sleep deprived. My results were that only two subjects proved my hypothesis correct. Project Number: MBS019 Grade: 7 Title: Gender Memory Game Abstract: This experiment is to see if boys and girls remember different things. I put pictures of different fruits on one side of a poster then I mixed them up and removed some on the back. Then I have students say what is missing after studying each side for 30 seconds. I did the same thing again but this time with sports balls. The experiment has not been completed yet at the time of this abstract being written. Project Number: MBS020 Grade: 7 Title: Is a Picture Worth a Thousand Words? Abstract: Have you ever had your child say to you, “Mommy, mommy, I can’t see! I wanna see the pictures!”? As you groan and promise you’ll show the pictures, think, do pictures really help a child’s listening comprehension? The study I did proved whether pictures really do help children’s listening comprehension. I went into four different classrooms, two kindergartens and two first grades. I read each class the same story, but two of the classrooms were not shown the pictures. After averaging scores I found that pictures do improve a child’s listening comprehension. So just keep groaning, but show the pictures. Project Number: MBS021 Grade: 7 Title: How did you remember that? Abstract: How Did You Remember That?, is an experiment that I created in order to figure out which type of memory was most affective when teaching an eigth grader. The three tests focused on photographic, auditory, and kinesthetic memory. I created one test that involved interacting with twenty household items. Another test was created where sixteen two-three word syllables were read off to the students. a final test was designed where flash cards were shown to the students on an overhead projector. After each of the tests were given, the students would have to write down all of the names of the objects that they could remember. In conclusion, I feel that the most effective way to teach an eigth grader would be to use the kinesthetic process through interacting with objects and finding the significance of them. Project Number: MBS022 Grade: 7 Title: Math And Music Abstract: Please visit exhibit for student's abstract. Project Number: MBS023 Grade: 8 Title: Color's Effect on Proofreading Abstract: Some teachers use different colored print in class to make the subject more enjoyable. This experiment was intended to find out if different colors of print would have an effect on students’ proofreading skills. It was hypothesized that the black ink would yield the best results while red print would yield the worst. Four different colors of print were tested: black, red, blue, and green (152 tests).



The results showed that 38 subjects found the most proofreading mistakes with the black print, but the red print did not yield the worst results. This may have been because the subjects were most accustomed to black print. This investigation proved my hypothesis to be partly correct. Project Number: MBS024 Grade: 8 Title: The Effect Of Color On Depth Perception Abstract: Good depth perception is useful in many everyday activities such as skiing and hunting. This experiment tested to see if wearing colored glasses will affect an individual’s depth perception. 15 subjects played the game Operation, threw darts at a dartboard, and read eye charts while wearing blue, green, red, brown, and pink lenses. After testing, it was determined that the red glasses had the worst results while the pink glasses performed the best. It is believed that the pink glasses performed the best because they were the lightest and allowed the most light to enter the eye, in addition to providing the greatest contrast between objects viewed by the subjects. Project Number: MBS025 Grade: 8 Title: Does Fahsion Affect the Behaviors of Others Around Us Abstract: For my Science Fair Project I wanted to find out if fashion affects the behaviors of others around us. To do this I had to video tape myself asking a random sampling of people what time it was in two different outfits. By looking at my experiment and tabling the results I could find out if people acted differently towards me depending on what I was wearing. My two outfits were a tomboy outfit and a young lady outfit. By doing this experiment I found that people do treat you differently depending on what you are wearing. Project Number: MBS026 Grade: 8 Title: Billy! Not While You Study! Abstract: The purpose of my experiment is to find which distraction affected your memory most while studying for a test. The distractions where, watching TV or listening to music. My friends and family would study one study guide while watching TV, and another while listening to music. Then they would take two tests. Out of 20 people, 10 people scored better on the music test, 6 on the TV test, and four were tied. My conclusion was Tv is more distracting because of the changing plot, characters, and conflict. Project Number: MBS027 Grade: 7 Title: How Are Those With A Lisp Perceived Abstract: Please visit exhibit for student's abstract. Project Number: MBS028 Grade: 7 Title: Short-Term Memory Enhancement Abstract: Mnemonics is one way to help the brain structure information. In this investigation, 45 test subjects were tested using acronyms, rhyming and an original technique invented by the investigator, alphabet association. Each of these techniques was tested with its own corresponding rote memory technique used as a control group. There were a total of 12 trials in all. The subjects were shown a list of 10 words for 2 minutes. Then, the list was taken away, and they were instructed to write all the words that they could remember. It was determined that the students recalled the most words in the acronym memory technique trial.



Project Number: MBS029 Grade: 7 Title: Does Gym Chewing Affect Concentration Abstract: Please visit exhibit for student's abstract. Project Number: MBS030 Grade: 8 Title: Does your gender affect your multitasking abiliities? Abstract: Please visit exhibit for student's abstract. Project Number: MBS031 Grade: 8 Title: Favorite Chocolate Abstract: This experiment tested 10 brands of milk chocolate to find a correlation between salt, sugar, calories, and the most enjoyed brand of chocolate. The test subjects tasted chocolate in 11 bags containing 10 grams of chocolate, then rated their liking from 1 to 5 on a survey. Between each brand, they drank water. The data showed no correlation between the top three preferred brands for adults and children and the sugar, salt or calorie levels. My conclusion is that my hypothesis was not correct, and there was no correlation between milk chocolate preference and the sugar, salt, and calorie levels. Project Number: MBS032 Grade: 8 Title: Does Consumption Of Beverages Affect Reaction Time? Abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine if the consumption of various beverages could affect the reaction time of ten student athletes. Students were given 355 ml of the following beverages: Gingerale, Orange Juice, Gatorade, water, Orange soda, and Mountain Dew. After 30 minutes, a modified ruler drop test was done. Each student was tested twice for each beverage. Each beverage was given three times. Water served as the control. It was found that all of the beverages affected reaction time. Orange soda lowered the reaction time. All of the other beverages increased the reaction time. Project Number: MBS033 Grade: 8 Title: Effect of Cell Phone Use on Reaction Time Abstract: My experiment involved testing an individual’s ability to blindly catch tennis balls while engaged in various cell phone uses. These ranged from text messaging to hands-free use. I correctly hypothesized that the number of tennis balls missed would increase based on the person’s level of distraction. Project Number: MBS034 Grade: 8 Title: Can Body Language Determine Lying? Abstract: This project was to determine whether a person was lying or telling the truth by their body language. Done With no help from outside sources. The results of this project were that I could tell if the person was lying by the movements of their body. From this project, what I learned is that you can, without machines, tell if someone is lying. You can do it by yourself, without help. The procedure was that I asked the subjects truths and lies about themselves and evaluated their body language. They were able to answer the questions any way they liked. Project Number: MBS035 Grade: 7 Title: An Optical Illusion Unveiled



Abstract: The purpose of this experiment was to study the human response to an optical illusion, created by the shadow of a spinning ballerina, and identify the factors affecting the ambiguous perception. Factors considered were:gender, brain hemispheric dominance, bias and 3D reference. An experimental set up was created to cast a shadow of the spinning ballerina placed on a rotating turntable. Subjects were interviewed in a controlled setting. Their responses about the direction of motion were recorded and analyzed. In conclusion, brain hemispheric dominance and bias play a significant role in perception. Gender and 3D reference have no influence. Project Number: MBS036 Grade: 8 Title: Comprehension Levels Abstract: The purpose of this experiment was to determine the effect of the time of day on comprehension levels. Participants were asked to view a series of movie clips then answer a set of comprehension questions about the clips. This took place once in the early morning and then again mid afternoon. It was concluded from collected data that testers comprehended more material in the morning than in the afternoon. The average number of correct responses in the morning was 65.2% and the average in the afternoon was 40.9%. Project Number: MBS037 Grade: 8 Title: Pitching and Tricking Abstract: The reason is to fool the batters by using different techniques so that the batters can not judge the ball. My procedure is: you stand at 18.44 meters and throw seven different pitches ten times to see what they do. The results were the fastball went 115km/h had no movement, change-up 96.6 km/h and dropped down, forkball 107.8 km/h and tailed to left or right, curve 90.11 km/h dropped off the plate, slider 92 km/h curved, knuckleball 59.6 km/h traveled all over the strike zone, screwball went 72.4 km/h and tailed off right. My conclusion is each pitch is thrown different ways and you need to vary the way you throw each pitch to be thrown with perfection. Project Number: MBS038 Grade: 8 Title: Physical Activity and Testing Abstract: Please visit exhibit for student's abstract. Project Number: MBS039 Grade: 8 Title: Carbon Dioxide and Exercise Abstract: The purpose of my experiment is to determine if physical activity increases carbon dioxide output. For my procedure I filled one cup with 25 milliliters of Bromthymol blue and told subject to blow through the straw using one long breath. I recorded the amount of time it took the liquid to change from green to orange. After doing 50 jumping jacks the test was repeated. It took an average of 10.6 seconds for the color change to occur before exercise and 9.4 seconds after exercise. The conclusion is that more carbon dioxide is expelled after exercise. Project Number: MBS040 Grade: 8 Title: Experiencing Time While Doing A Cognitive Task Abstract: Please visit exhibit for student's abstract. Project Number: MBS041 Grade: 8 Title: Choral Conundrum



Abstract: Have you ever wondered if your ability to sing on pitch has a correlation with age, gender, or musical background? That specific curiosity inspired my project. One at a time, volunteers were given a survey to complete to have a record of their musical background, age, and gender. Then, seven notes were played on a piano that the volunteer practiced singing. Finally, they sang the notes one at a time and their pitch was recorded with a chromatic tuner. According to my data, there was a slight association between ability to sing on pitch and age, gender, and musical background. Project Number: MBS042 Grade: 8 Title: Audio vs. Visual Memorization Abstract: The purpose of this experiment is to help teachers find better methods for memorization. There are three different types of tests: control, visual, and auditory. The subjects will take one of the three types of tests and the experimenter will record and analyze the data. The average number of questions correct out of ten for visual and auditory testing was 6.6 The control testing had an average of 6.4, only .2 less. In conclusion, a person does not seem to learn better with auditory cues compared to visual cues. Project Number: MBS043 Grade: 8 Title: Does the size of a person's ring and index finger indicate a higher or lower score in Math and Reading? Abstract: Please visit exhibit for student's abstract. Project Number: MBS044 Grade: 7 Title: Mixed Messages From Your Brain Abstract: John Ridley created the Stroop Effect in 1936. The Stroop Effect is a demonstration of interference in the reaction time of a task. The interference occurs because words are read faster than colors are named. The interference also occurs because naming colors requires more attention than reading words. During the Stroop Effect the anterior cingulated area is active in people. Project Number: MBS045 Grade: 8 Title: An Effective Way to Solve a Rubik's Cube by Memory Chunking Abstract: The purpose of my experiment was to see if an algorithm using memory chunking would have better results than one that used icons. My hypothesis was the algorithm using memory chunking would have better results than one that did not. I passed out two different algorithms and tested the subjects on them. The results proved my hypothesis correct. Project Number: MBS046 Grade: 8 Title: MOOOO! Abstract: This experiment is to see if students could determine which five milks are which with a blindfold on. The milks involved were; skim milk, chocolate milk, soy milk, 2% milk, and whole milk. The overall results of this experiment were relevant to the hypothesis. The hypothesis was that more then 50% of the people will be able to determine which is which and that the soy milk and chocolate milk would be the easiest to realize. This experiment was done because the experimenter wanted to see if people knew their milks and if they could tell the difference. Project Number: MBS047 Grade: 8 Title: How does caffeine affect blood pressure?



Abstract: Please visit exhibit for student's abstract. Project Number: MBS048 Grade: 8 Title: Does a cell phone conversation affect reaction time? Abstract: The purpose of this experiment is to find out if a cell phone conversation can affect reaction time. For this experiment, I gathered 18 people between the ages of 20-50. They went through a series of tests that involved catching a ruler three times. For my control I made the 18 participants catch a ruler 3 times with no distraction. My other tests were “With Cell Phone” test and “With Bluetooth” test. The data of this experiment was satisfactory. The “Without Cell Phone” test overall mean is 7 inches. The “With Cell Phone” test overall mean is 14 inches and the overall mean of the “With Bluetooth” test is 11 inches. The reaction time turned out to be 190.5 milliseconds for the “Without Cell Phone” test, 238.8 milliseconds for the “With Bluetooth” test, and 269.4 milliseconds for the “With Cell Phone” test. My experiment shows that a cell phone conversation increases the reaction time significantly. The reaction time in the “With Cell Phone” test and “With Bluetooth” test is significantly higher to prove the null hypothesis wrong. My hypothesis is correct that cell phone conversation does increase reaction time significantly. A person cannot concentrate on to tasks at the same time and therefore his performance is compromised. This increases the risk for an accident or even causes an accident. Project Number: MBS049 Grade: 8 Title: Exploring the connection between color and sound Abstract: Please visit exhibit for student's abstract. Project Number: MBS050 Grade: 8 Title: Cell Phones and Multitasking Abstract: Many people talk on cell phones while doing other things. This experiment was intended to discover if talking on a cell phone affects concentration. Twenty- eight test subjects assembled a puzzle within five minutes while holding a cell phone - this was the control group. They assembled another puzzle within five minutes while talking on a cell phone – this was the variable group. For half of the subjects the talking trial was completed first; for the other half, the non-talking trial was completed first to further control the experiment. Subjects put more pieces of the puzzle together when they did not talk on the cell phone than when they did. Therefore, the conversation did distract the subjects. The brain needs more time to process when multitasking is involved. Project Number: MBS052 Grade: 7 Title: Does The Color Of Typing Effect Reading Speed and Accuracy? Abstract: Please visit exhibit for student's abstract. Project Number: MBS053 Grade: 7 Title: Does different types of music affect blood pressure? Abstract: Please visit exhibit for student's abstract. Project Number: MBS054 Grade: 8 Title: Get Out UR Seat 'N' Groove to. . . Abstract: Please visit exhibit for student's abstract.



Project Number: MBS055 Grade: 8 Title: Effect of Chunking on Memory Abstract: The purpose of this experiment was to determine if chunking enables the brain to remember a series of digits more effectively than not chunking. Chunking is a grouping of information in a specific pattern. Twenty-nine test subjects received a response sheet to record a series of digits shown on a projector, in fifteen seconds. Afterwards, they recorded the digits on the response sheet. The data included the test subject’s responses to memorizing the digits. In conclusion, the chunking process helped the test subjects memorize the series of digits more effectively. Project Number: MBS056 Grade: 8 Title: Are Cell Phones A Distraction? Abstract: If testing different students while using their cell phones and doing a puzzle at the same time, then the students will be distracted and complete less of the puzzle, because it is harder to concentrate while doing two tasks. Fifty students were tested for a two minute time period on two word search puzzles. One while using a cell phone and one without. Testing showed that students completed more of the puzzle without the use of a cell phone. Project Number: MBS057 Grade: 8 Title: Color Me Hungry Abstract: Are you the kind of candy eater who picks out which color M&M you want to eat, or do you just eat your M&Ms without looking at which color you have? This project looks at which color M&M was eating the most among a group of eighth graders. The students were tested by eating three M&Ms of their choice out of a plastic baggie. In the baggie, I put three M&Ms of each color (red, orange, yellow, green, blue, and brown). My hypothesis was that the red M&Ms would be the color that would be eaten the most. The experimental results refuted my hypothesis by the students selecting blue as the most popular color M&M eaten. The experiment also showed that green was the second most popular color M&M eaten among the group of eighth graders. Project Number: MBS058 Grade: 7 Title: Does Color Affect Your Mood? Abstract: I wanted to know if color affected one's mood. I thought that color had a huge impact on a person's emotions. To determine whether different colors alter one's emotions, I printed three different pictures, one meant to make one feel happy, sad, and angry, in four different color schemes each. I showed them to people and asked them how they felt when looking at them. My experiment showed no conclusive evidence. Project Number: MBS059 Grade: 7 Title: Can Humans Judge Temperature? Abstract: Please visit exhibit for student's abstract. Project Number: MBS060 Grade: 8 Title: Can Music Affect a Person's Heart Activity Level? Abstract: For my Science Fair Project I wanted to see if music could change a person’s heart activity level. To find the answer I tested people’s heart rate and blood pressure before and after listening to music. I had my subjects rest for 5 minuets and then I tested their heart rate and blood pressure. Next I had them listen to a song and tested them again. I had each subject listen to two songs, Writing on the



Walls by Underoath and Thanksgiving George Winston. I found that music does affect a person’s heart rate but not their blood pressure. Project Number: MBS061 Grade: 7 Title: Color and Memory Abstract: The purpose of this experiment is to determon if the color print of study materials affects memorization. The hypothesis, if subjects are exposed to eighther color or black printed words, then those subjects exposed to black print will memorize more words, was not suported by the data. Although the black print has a higher average, there is not a significant difference. This experiment proves that color does not have an effect on memory.

INTERMEDIATE DIVISION – BIOLOGY


Project Number: MBI001 Grade: 7 Title: The Effect Of Time Doing Jumping Jack On Pulse Beats Abstract: Please visit exhibit for student's abstract. Project Number: MBI002 Grade: 8 Title: What is the Most Important Chemical in Fertilizer? Abstract: My experiment is about the different chemicals in fertilizers and how they effect plant growth. I conducted my experiment on four grass types, and with five fertilizers (including a control). Three of the fertilizers combinations lacked one of the chemicals, either nitrogen, phosphorus, or potassium. My hypothesis was that the grasses that were fertilized with phosphorus would flourish while the grasses that lacked it would not be as healthy. Project Number: MBI003 Grade: 8 Title: Which Food Type Will Best Fuel My Frenzy? Abstract: The purpose of this experiment was to determine the specific amount of caloric energy stored in each of the four major food types: proteins, complex carbohydrates, simple carbohydrates and fats. Using a homemade calorimeter, I burned samples of each food type and captured and measured the amount of energy released when they were burned. I hypothesized that complex carbohydrates would create the most energy. I have proven my hypothesis incorrect. Proteins (cashews) actually provided the most caloric energy when burned. I feel that my hypothesis was proven incorrect because none of the food items burned were pure in type. Project Number: MBI004 Grade: 8 Title: Back-Breaking News Abstract: Everyday children are getting harmed at school, but who would have guessed it was by their backpacks! "Back-Breaking News" was based upon the theory that backpacks are too heavy for young children. The procedure consisted of weighing 120 children in grades Kindergarten through Fifth Grade and weighing their backpacks. Comparison between percentages of backpack weight verses body weight was calculated. The difference should be no more than 10%. The data from the investigation showed that there was a concerning difference between a child's weight and their backpack weight. Project Number: MBI005 Grade: 8 Title: Efficient Photosynthesis Abstract: Plants can be grown efficiently in small spaces. My project tested the effect of different wavelengths of reflected light and materials on plant growth. Six plants were grown in small enclosures with white, black, red, blue, yellow and mirrored walls using a constant and identical light source. Results were mixed. A mirrored enclosure produced the greatest growth, but yellow light was better than white as was red light which produced larger and darker vegetation. More efficient growth beyond that of a plain white enclosure was achieved, mostly confirming my hypothesis. Project Number: MBI006 Grade: 8 Title: Artificial Light on Growth Rate of Grass Abstract: The study of plant growth under artificial light is considered a popular study for many botanical researchers. I set up three cells with different types of artificial lighting affecting each tray, to see which promoted the greatest grass growth of red fescue, which is the type of grass in Heinz Field. While monitoring controls, I experimented for five weeks. The results suggested that the AgroMax light source



was best suited for indoor grass growth compared to that of compact fluorescent and incandescent lights. Further research could suggest which artificial illumination is best suited for indoor football fields. Project Number: MBI007 Grade: 7 Title: Can You See Better If You Limit The Eye To Light? Abstract: Please visit exhibit for student's abstract. Project Number: MBI009 Grade: 7 Title: Killing Bugs, Not the Planet Abstract: The purpose of my project was to find the least toxic substance that could kill insects effectively. Both liquid and dry substances were tested. The liquids were sprayed and the dry materials dusted onto five crickets each in separate containers. The containers were covered with cellophane. Most of the liquids worked very fast. The fastest one was the cedar oil. The dry materials worked much more slowly. I determined that, based on my purpose and data, the cedar oil was the best material overall. If I were to redesign my project, I would test more materials and in different situations. Project Number: MBI010 Grade: 8 Title: Minerals vs. No Minerals Abstract: The purpose of this project is to see how vinegar effects bones; mineral loss. Two mayonnaise jars are labeled vinegar and water. Fill one with 175ml., one with 175 ml. water. Place one bone each jar. Wait 1 week; remove the bones from the jars. Try to bend the bones; record what happens. The results are; at the end of the week the vinegar bone was rubbery and bendable; water bone was unchanged. Therefore, the data proves that lack of minerals has a negative effect on human bones. Project Number: MBI011 Grade: 7 Title: Are Fingerprint Patterns Hereditary? Abstract: Fingerprints are often influenced by genetic factors during pregnancy such as nutrition, blood pressure, position in the womb, and the growth rate of the fingers. The basic fingerprint patterns are the arch, loop, and whorl. There are more complex patterns as well such as plain or tented arches, radial loops, and double and double loop whorls. In my project, I tested families to see if fingerprint patterns are genetic because little research has been done in this area. I tested 6 families including both parents, all 6 having from 3 to 8 children. I then examined the prints of all ten fingers and looked for matches with the parents’ fingerprints on the corresponding fingers. As a conclusion, I found that my hypothesis was partially correct. Some of the families showed constant matches while others did not. The average percentage of matches for the fathers was 40.5%, while the average for the mothers was 45.2%. Project Number: MBI012 Grade: 8 Title: How High Can You Rise? Abstract: The purpose of the experiment was to see how much sugar causes yeast to rise the most. The procedure involved using straws to determine how high the dough would rise if you had four mixtures of flour, yeast, sugar, and water with different amounts of sugar in each mixture. Two different types of yeast was used. The data showed that one teaspoon of sugar caused the dough to rise the highest. The conclusion was that sugar does make yeast grow better, but too much sugar inhibits yeast growth. Project Number: MBI013 Grade: 7 Title: Color Preference



Abstract: The purpose of this investigation is to determine if preferences affect decisions.The subjects were asked what their favorite colors are.Responses were recorded.Materials were obtained.Signed permission slips were gathered.M&Ms were poured into a large bowl.Timer was set for 10 seconds.The subjects choose M&Ms.M&Ms were placed into a baggie that was then labeled.Twelve subjects choose the majority of their preference. Nine did not. More subjects picked their favorite color opposed to the number of M&Ms. Project Number: MBI014 Grade: 7 Title: Plant Growth Abstract: Please visit exhibit for student's abstract. Project Number: MBI015 Grade: 7 Title: Plant Population Density Abstract: This investigation was to determine if plants grew best with a fewer amount of seeds or many seeds. When I did my investigation, I took two pots, pot A and pot B. In pot A I planted three seeds, and in pot B I planted ten seeds. I thought that pot A's seeds would grow better because they would obtain more sunlight and had more room to grow. My investigation proved me wrong, and pot B ended up being the tallest plants! Project Number: MBI016 Grade: 7 Title: We Like Music.....Do Plants? Abstract: My project set out to prove if different kinds of music encourage growth. I discovered both rap and musical are positive types of music that encourage growth in plants. I gave the plants the same amount of different genres of music to plants and found that the music of either genre encourages the growth in the plants I used. Project Number: MBI017 Grade: 8 Title: To Be Green, Or Not To Be Green Abstract: The purpose of my project is to find out what the least amount of chlorine that must be used to kill algae. I added the algae to distilled water and then emptied it out into 4 jars. After the chlorine settled in the water, I observed the water for remaining strands of algae. My data showed that an average of about 2 strands of algae were left in the jar with 5 mL of chlorine. In conclusion, 10 mL of chlorine was the least amount needed to kill all of the algae in the water. Project Number: MBI018 Grade: 8 Title: Do vitamins help plant growth? Abstract: The purpose of this experiment was to see if certain vitamins help a plant to grow better. I filled canning jars with water and put in crushed vitamins and ivy plants and then recorded how the plant grew. The average growth for the plants over a the four weeks was 2cm, but some plants died. I found that the plants that grew the best were Miracle-Gro fed plants, with an average of 5cm growth and the Vitamin B-12 fed plants with an average of 4cm growth. Project Number: MBI019 Grade: 8 Title: The Effect of Frost on Grown Geraniums Abstract: Does frost effect plant growth? Changing the temperature that plants are living in from a frost to a warm climate will hinder the growth of that plant. Plants will be exposed to a cold temperature and a



warm temperature to simulate a frost Results-plants exposed to frost died and plants not exposed to frost remained healthy Project Number: MBI020 Grade: 8 Title: Thrive To Stay Alive! Abstract: The purpose of my experiment was to see how chlorine affected plant growth. The procedures I used were break chlorine into pieces. Put it in the watering can. Then, water the plants and wait. Mark down the growth of the plant everday and water it. My data tells me that the non-chlorinated plant would have lived the longest, then the 1/3 a tablet of chlorine, then the 1/4 tablet of chlorine. In conclusion, this project has showed me that chlorine does kill plants. Project Number: MBI021 Grade: 8 Title: Bacteria in My Food, Who Knew? Abstract: The experiment was to find what types of food grew the most bacteria. In the experiment there was bacteria grown from dry cat food, dry dog food, cereal, canned dog food, canned cat food, and canned stew. The experimenter grew bacteria on the Petri where the food was put on to grow bacteria. The bacteria were grown for two weeks. In the end the experimenter found out that the dry cat food and the dry dog food grew the most bacteria. The experimenter did this project because the experimenter cares about the heath of others and health of animals too. Project Number: MBI022 Grade: 8 Title: Musical Plants Abstract: Plants provide beauty, food and are good for the environment. I wanted to learn which type of music will aid in plant growth. Three genres of music will be used and one plant will not be exposed to music. The plants will be placed in different rooms, the music played for a certain period of time, and the height of each plant recorded each day.Record and compare results. Project Number: MBI023 Grade: 7 Title: Road Salt and Seed Germination Abstract: The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effect of road salt on the germination of lettuce seeds. Various concentrations of NaCl in water were added to petri dishes containing lettuce seeds. They were placed in a dark temperate climate for one week. In the 20% solution, 0/15 seeds germinated, as opposed to 15/15 seeds in the control group. The hypothesis, higher concentrations of salt water would produce less seed germination, was supported by the data. Project Number: MBI024 Grade: 7 Title: Effect of Acid Rain on Plants Abstract: Please visit exhibit for student's abstract. Project Number: MBI025 Grade: 7 Title: Effects of Disasters on Plants Abstract: I am going to see if plants could survive three different types of natural disasters: acid rain, oil spills, and hurricanes. To do this, I am going to use vinegar as acid, motor oil as crude oil, and salt for salt water. By combining the equivalent amounts of vinegar, oil, and salt water, I will have the average amounts of ingrediants to simulate real life conditions. I will water the plants every other day and take



pictures. My hypothesis is that the vinegar plant will grow the best, followed by the salt water plant, then the oil. Project Number: MBI026 Grade: 8 Title: How Water Clarity affects the Growth of Aquatic Plants Abstract: Plants make any pond look attractive and interesting. I chose to conduct this experiment to learn if plants grow best in clear water or cloudy water. I used three, rectangular aquariums. Aquarium one was left alone to simulate good water clarity, aquarium two was layered once with contact paper to simulate medium water clarity, and aquarium three was layered twice to simulate bad water clarity. Three Cambomba plants were planted into the gravel of each aquarium. I measured the height of the plants each day. Results of this experiment indicate that plants do grow best in clear water. Project Number: MBI027 Grade: 8 Title: Perception of Sugar for Diabetics Abstract: Does a diabetic's perception of sugar vary when their blood sugar varies? I wanted to test this phenomenon because I am diabetic. Ten subjects were tested: 5 diabetic and 5 not diabetic. Each subject was given a cotton swab dipped in one of four different concentrations of sugar solutions to taste. Ten trials were conducted with every subject at each sugar concentration on different days. The data showed that subjects without diabetes were able to detect the different sugar concentrations more than the diabetic subjects. Variances in blood sugar did influence the taste perception of the diabetic subjects. Project Number: MBI028 Grade: 7 Title: Making Fresh Flowers Last Abstract: The purpose of this experiment is to determine what to add to water to increase the length of time that fresh flowers will live. To complete this experiment, the experimenter will place four carnations separately in the same amount of water and expose them to the same amount of sunlight. The experimenter will add drops of bleach, a spoonful of sugar, and commercially produced flower food to each vase of water respectively, leaving one vase without any added substance. The experimenter will observe the time that each flower lives and record the outcome. This process will be repeated five times. Project Number: MBI029 Grade: 8 Title: Music and Heart Rate Abstract: Does music have an affect on a person's heart rate? I hypothesized that if a person listens to music with a faster tempo, then their heart rate will increase. In my experiment, 50 different people, 25 males and 25 females were tested. Each person listened to 5 different genres of music (rap, country, heavy metal, classic rock, Broadway). The heart rate difference of subjects was recorded after each song. The data showed that music has a small affect on a person's heart rate, and that the majority of subjects' heart rates increased as they listened to more music. Project Number: MBI030 Grade: 7 Title: Which water makes plants taller? Abstract: The purpose of this experiment is to find out the affect of bottled water on the growth of lima bean plants. Two sets of seeds were grown. One set was watered with tap water and the other was watered with bottled water. The height of the plants was measured throughout the experiment and averaged for each group after the growing period.



Project Number: MBI031 Grade: 8 Title: The Effects Of GA3 on Pea Plants Abstract: The purpose of my experiment was to determine which percentage of GA3 would have the greatest effect on pea plants. My hypothesis was that the 1000 ppm concentration would have the greatest effect. I grew the pea plants for 1 week with distilled water. Then, I swabbed each plant with GA3. I did this every other day for 5 days. Here are the final average measurements: 1000 ppm- 15 cm, 750 ppm- 17 cm, 500 ppm- 14 cm, 250 ppm- 14 cm, water- 10 cm. I was proven incorrect. The 750 ppm had the greatest effect on the plants. Project Number: MBI032 Grade: 8 Title: Affect Of Different Temp. On A DNA Abstract: Please visit exhibit for student's abstract. Project Number: MBI033 Grade: 7 Title: Birdseed Abstract: “Which birdseed do wild birds prefer?” It is hypothesized that the experiment is as follows. Wild birds will prefer Black Oil Sunflower birdseed over Striped Sunflower seed, Millet seed, and Thistle seed. A brief procedure of the experiment is as follows. The experimenter fills up 4 paper plates with 59 ml. of a different kind of bird seed in each one. The plates are taken outside and each plate has a nail put through the middle of them so they stay in the ground. The experimenter observes and records what type of birdseed each bird takes for however long is needed, and then the information is written down in the logbook. The results do support my hypothesis. Project Number: MBI034 Grade: 7 Title: Light and Lima Bean Growth Abstract: The purpose of this experiment is to determine the effects of black light, natural light, and florescent light on the growth of lima bean plants. 25 plants were grown under each condition for a period of 14 days. Quantitative data was collected and used to come to draw a conclusion. Project Number: MBI035 Grade: 7 Title: Bird Eats Abstract: Please visit exhibit for student's abstract. Project Number: MBI036 Grade: 8 Title: Steepest Incline A Mesocriecetus auratus Can Climb Up Abstract: This experiment was designed to test a hamster’s climbing ability. I thought the steepest incline a hamster could climb would be 35° since the experimental incline is smooth. The hamster was placed in a tube and timed for how long it took to climb the distance of the tube. The hamster was able to climb up all tested angles: 0° to 90°, every 5°, excluding 5° and 10°(I was unable to accurately measure these angles in my experimental setup). Future experiments could replicate this experiment with a flat surface as opposed to the tube that was used for this experiment. Project Number: MBI037 Grade: 8 Title: Who's the Cleverest Canine



Abstract: How does the breed and age of a dog affect their intelligence? Different tests were used to determine if the dog understands object permanence, the dog's concept of special perception, how a dog overcomes obstacles, how many spoken commands a dog knows, and if a dog could learn a new skill in a small amount of time. From the data collected, the breed and age of the dog did not influence ability to successfully complete the tests but the previous training of the dog by the owner seemed to be the cause of dog intelligence. Project Number: MBI038 Grade: 7 Title: The Proof is in the DNA Abstract: This experiment is to determine if the percentage of DNA varies by mass in different species. DNA was extracted from an onion, banana, peas, chicken, pork, and liver. This was done using a solution containing papain enzyme and detergent, a blender, and alcohol. The extracted DNA was measured and compared for each material for fifty-four trials. The hypothesis stated that complex animal organisms would have a higher DNA percentage. Liver should have the most and peas the least. The results found liver and pork contained the highest, followed by bananas, and chicken and peas (tie). Onion had the least amount. Project Number: MBI039 Grade: 8 Title: Fingerprints Abstract: The purpose of my project was to figure out if a family had all similar fingerprints. Also to see if related families were similar in fingerprints and if un-related families had similar fingerprints. First I fingerprinted three families, one un-related and one related. I fingerprinted each person multiple times on their right index finger. After doing so I classified them as a whorl, loop, or island. Then I concluded that fingerprints are usually similar in a family based on their parents, and that there is no big relationship between related families and un-related families except the blood related parents. Project Number: MBI040 Grade: 7 Title: Mold Abstract: Please visit exhibit for student's abstract. Project Number: MBI041 Grade: 8 Title: Colored Lights and Plant Growth Abstract: The purpose of this project was to see what colored light grows plants the best. I planted six marigolds in each of the four plastic cups. Each cup ws placed under a different light; one under a 25 watt blue light, one was under a 25 watt red light, one was under a green 25 watt and the last one was placed under a 60 watt plant light. The red light's plant grew but died. The blue light's plant did not grow. The green light's plant grew small but died and the plant light's plant grew two large marigolds. Each cup was wtered 2/3 cup of water every three days. My conclusion is the red, blue, and green lights' plants did not have enough light to grow and died. Project Number: MBI042 Grade: 8 Title: The Sound of Crickets Abstract: The purpose of this experiment was to discover if light and temperature affect a crickets’ chirp. The hypothesis is: if crickets are put in a warm temperature and in darkness then they will chirp more than if the crickets are in a cooler temperature and in lighted conditions because crickets are more active at night and chirp more in warmer weather. Four male crickets, thermometer, and stopwatch were used to collect the number of chirps per minute for each cricket. The crickets chirped the most in 25° C and darkness.



Project Number: MBI043 Grade: 7 Title: Which soil grows taller plants? Abstract: The purpose of this experiment is to discover if an environmentally-friendly compost soil can produce taller plants than potting soil. One set of plants were grown in each type of soil for a period of fourteen days. Results show that plants grown in compost grew an average of 29.13 cm. and plants grown in regular soil grew an average of 13.28 cm. Project Number: MBI044 Grade: 7 Title: Dusting for Fingerprints Abstract: The problem is which brush works best in revealing fingerprints. It is hypothesized that out of the following brushes; fiberglass, feather duster, magnetic and natural bristle, the fiberglass brush will reveal the best print. Test four different surfaces; glass, finished wood, soda can and plastic with each brush. Determine which brush works best on the surfaces and repeat the tests four times. Analyze results. Great results achieved from the fiberglass and feather duster brushes. Good results from the natural bristle brush. The magnetic brush yielded the best results. The results showed that the magnetic brush revealed the best print. Project Number: MBI045 Grade: 8 Title: Fruit and Vegetable DNA Abstract: Please visit exhibit for student's abstract. Project Number: MBI046 Grade: 7 Title: Down The Hatch Abstract: Experiment purpose is to test how acid pH affects enzymatic activity. I used eight Dixie cups numbered 1-4 and labeled control and experimental. Control group used 15ml 1% starch solution and experimental 5% starch solution with 5 drops of food enzyme. Added different amounts of lemon juice to each cup. Tested for iodine, glucose, and pH. The data showed that the cup with no lemon juice had pH of 7.4. In the 5ml experimental and 1.7ml, control had same pH of 6.5. Hypothesis is 15ml lemon juice would have the lowest presence of iodine and glucose. My hypothesis disproved. Project Number: MBI047 Grade: 7 Title: Mold Attack! Abstract: Please visit exhibit for student's abstract. Project Number: MBI048 Grade: 7 Title: The Rings and The Rain Abstract: The purpose of this project was to see if the rings of a tree are larger when there is more precipitation. For my experiment, I gathered 10 samples of maple trees and 10 samples of cherry trees and measured their tree rings and then dated them. Next, I gathered the precipitation data of Pennsylvania for the past 50 years and found the yearly precipitation total. I then analyzed the data to see if there was a relationship of large amounts of precipitation and larger tree rings. The results of my experiment were that for the top ten years of precipitation eight of those years had large tree rings in either the maple or cherry tree samples.



Project Number: MBI049 Grade: 7 Title: Does Fly Ash Affect Minnow Respiration? Abstract: Please visit exhibit for student's abstract. Project Number: MBI050 Grade: 7 Title: Roaches: adapt, survive and supreme? Abstract: The purpose of my experiment was to determine if cockroaches could adapt and survive to environmental habitat changes. To summarize the procedure, four Madagascar hissing cockroaches were placed in identical habitats and observed. Three underwent environmental changes; flash flood, oil spill and fire. One remained as the control. Observations were done with changes. Then the habitats were restored. Due to the space limitation, one cockroach perished (flashflood), but I believe it would have survived if able to remove itself more remotely from the water source. In conclusion, statistically my hypothesis was confirmed. Cockroaches are supreme in adaptability and survivability. Project Number: MBI051 Grade: 8 Title: Heart Rate and Aerobics Abstract: The purpose of this investigation was to find which type of dance is the best aerobic exercise. The procedures consist of measuring the pulse of each subject before each dance. The results were recorded and sugjects danced for 15 minutes. The results were recorded again. The data consist of the increased heartbeat in each dance; tap, ballet, jazz, pointe, and hip-hop. Tap, jazz, and hip-hop were close in increased heartbeat, but tap came out to be +33, hip-hop +32, and jazz was +31. The conclusion was that tap had the highest increased heartbeat. Project Number: MBI052 Grade: 7 Title: Antacids, Do They Work? Abstract: My project determines which antacid neutralizes stomach the fastest and which neutralizes stomach acid the most. My hypothosis is that TUMs willl neutralize stomach acid the fastest and Zantac 150 will neutralize stomach acid the most. I performed my experiment with five different antacids: TUMs, Zantac 150, Pepto-Bismol, Alka-Seltzer and Pepcid AC. In my experiment I placed antacids in hydrochloric acid representing stomach acid and I recorded the data. In my analysis, I realized that Zantac 150 works the fastest, but TUMs neutralizes stomach acid the most. Project Number: MBI053 Grade: 8 Title: Tail Wagging Abstract: Can different stimulus affect the length of time a dog's tail will wag? By studying what causes a dog's behavior, humans could build better bonds between themselves and their dogs. To complete this investigation, different visual stimuli were placed at a safe distance away from the dog. Then the length of time the dog's tail wagged and the reactions the dog made were recorded. My data showed that the dog's tail will wag longer when shown a bone rather than any other visual stimuli in this study. Project Number: MBI054 Grade: 8 Title: Needle Drop Abstract: The purpose is to determine if different evergreens in different solutions will affect the needle retention. The hypothesis: if different types of evergreens are put in different types of solutions then White pines in water will hold their needles the longest because White pine needles are found in bundles and water is what they get in nature. White Pines, Colorado Blues Spruces, and Fraser Firs were put in water, glycerin/water mixture, and vinegar/detergent mixture. Fraser firs in glycerin lost the most, and White



pines in water and the vinegar/detergent mixture held all their needles during two weeks, proving the hypothesis correct. Project Number: MBI055 Grade: 7 Title: Do Com. Pl. Auxins Stim. Rt. Growth in Philo. Cuttings? Abstract: The experiment’s purpose was to determine the effectiveness of auxin on cuttings in water glasses. Twenty vases were filled with 145 milliliters of water. Ten moistened philodendron cuttings were coated in auxin and ten has no auxin as a control. Two cuttings were planted in each vase and were kept under unchanged conditions for five weeks. Bud growth and root development was analyzed and observed and recorded in logbook daily. The control group had significant rooting on all cuttings. The auxin group experienced little rooting. In conclusion, the auxin did not stimulate increased root growth on cuttings over 35 days. Project Number: MBI056 Grade: 8 Title: How Do Earthworms React to Different Scents? Abstract: The question arises, what can attract earthworms to a garden? Are there scents that will cause earthworms to move to the neighbor’s garden? To answer these questions, earthworms were exposed to a variety of scents and the reactions of the earthworms (either toward or away from the scent) were recorded and evaluated. Data indicate that earthworms do not have a common preference. This research can be used by gardeners and landscapers as a means of increasing earthworm populations in soils. Project Number: MBI057 Grade: 8 Title: Effect of pH on Protozoa Growth Abstract: The purpose of this experiment was to determine in which pH of water protozoa grows best. Protozoa was grown in different levels of pH, including pH 4,5,6,7, and 8. Each day, a sample of each of the different levels of pH was observed under a microscope. The number of days until substantial protozoa growth was recorded. This experiment showed that the protozoa used grow best in a neutral or basic pH. Project Number: MBI058 Grade: 8 Title: Seed Temperature and Plant Growth Abstract: The purpose of this investigation is to determine if frozen seeds grow at the same rate as room temperature seeds. My procedures were as follows: Place ten seeds in a freezer for twelve hours and leave ten seeds at room temperature. Place them in pots. Measure the plants after three weeks. The average height for the frozen seeds was 10.6 cm. The average height of the room temperature seeds was 3.2cm. By conducting this experiment I concluded that the process of artificial chill stratification, the process used to freeze the seeds, has the better result when growing seeds. Project Number: MBI059 Grade: 7 Title: To Grow a Plant Abstract: The purpose of this was to see if plants grow better with classical music. I exposed plants to music, others to silence. Classical grew better. Plants grow faster if exposed to classical music. Project Number: MBI060 Grade: 8 Title: How Type of Music Affects a Hamster's Concentration Level in a Maze



Abstract: This experiment was designed to test a hamster’s climbing ability. I thought the steepest incline a hamster could climb would be 35° since the experimental incline is smooth. The hamster was placed in a tube and timed for how long it took to climb the distance of the tube. The hamster was able to climb up all tested angles: 0° to 90°, every 5°, excluding 5° and 10°(I was unable to accurately measure these angles in my experimental setup). Future experiments could replicate this experiment with a flat surface as opposed to the tube that was used for this experiment. Project Number: MBI061 Grade: 7 Title: Can Venus Flytraps East Veggies? Abstract: The problem is, can Venus fly traps survive on a diet of veggies. It is hypothesized that the Venus flytrap given meat will be bigger, greener, and healthier than the Venus flytraps given veggies. First, the length across each plant is recorded. Then, one plant is given a live cricket and the other two a piece of chopped celery. After the plants reopen, the condition of the fed head on each plant is recorded. Lastly, the plants are measured again to find out how much they have grown. The results do not support the hypothesis. Project Number: MBI062 Grade: 7 Title: Will a Betta Fish's Environment Affect the Way it Acts? Abstract: The problem is will a betta fish’s environment affect the way it acts? It is hypothesized that the fish in the friendly environment will do better in health and appearance than the fish in the tank with nothing. A brief procedure of the experiment is as follows. For the next three weeks feed each fish six pellets of betta food in the morning and four pellets of betta food at night. Observe each fish on how active they are, how aware they are, how hungry, and their color. The result did support the hypothesis. Project Number: MBI063 Grade: 7 Title: Protection of Plants from Free Radicals Using Antioxidants Abstract: The hypotheses being tested during this experiment was that out of the three antioxidants selected for this experiment, that Vitamin E would provide the greatest protection to the seeds from the free radicals. Radish seeds were exposed to hydrogen peroxide (source of free radicals). Three different antioxidants (Vitamins A, E and C) were evaluated to determine which provided best protection against free radicals. Data indicate that both Vitamins A and E provide protection, while Vitamin C protection was poor. This research could be used by gardeners and landscapers to improve germination rates of various plants. Project Number: MBI064 Grade: 8 Title: Emotions and Heart Rate Abstract: Does fear affect your heart rate while watching a terrifying video? I hypothesized that the subject's pulse rate would increase when watching a scary video. In my investigation, a total of thirty people were tested, which included 15 females and 15 males. At one time three people were taken to a dark room and were placed in front of a computer screen. They watched the video very closely as their pulse rates were checked before, during and after the video. The female subjects had a greater difference in pulse rates than male subjects. Project Number: MBI065 Grade: 8 Title: Methods of Boosting Yeast Fermentation Abstract: This experiment tests various ingredients effects on fermentation. Yeast was first mixed with water, ingredients and flour. The dough was then transferred to graduated cylinder at 68 degrees F. The



increase of dough volume was recorded to judge the effect of ingredients. The increase of water and yeast level in dough increases fermentation speed and the final dough volume. Salt, vinegar and soda slow down fermentation speed and reduce the final volume. Table sugar slows fermentation speed but increases the final volume. When sugar was mixed with yeast and water overnight first, and then with flour, the fastest fermentation speed and the largest volume was achieved. Project Number: MBI066 Grade: 8 Title: Tast Good or Bad, Blame Mom and Dad? Abstract: Please visit exhibit for student's abstract. Project Number: MBI067 Grade: 7 Title: The Effects of Different Colored Plastic Mulch Over Pepper Plants Abstract: Please visit exhibit for student's abstract.

INTERMEDIATE DIVISION – CHEMISTRY


Project Number: MCH001 Grade: 7 Title: Rain, Rain Go Away Abstract: I am investigating the effect of acid rain on plants. I used green bean seeds. Germinated, planted them, then watered them with tap water or a concentration of H2SO4 daily. Repeated for 2 weeks. Recorded and compared results. Project Number: MCH002 Grade: 7 Title: Metal Activity Abstract: Please visit exhibit for student's abstract. Project Number: MCH003 Grade: 8 Title: What "EGG"xactly are you doing to your teeth? Abstract: Please visit exhibit for student's abstract. Project Number: MCH004 Grade: 8 Title: Best Extinguishers Abstract: Which substance will put out a campfire in the quickest and safest manner? My purpose for investigating this project is because I camp a lot and my family and I like to build fires when we are camping. Being a responsible camper requires that you be able extinguish a campfire in the quickest and safest manner. I used a fire pit to build the campfires then tested six different methods to extinguish the fire. From the data, the fire extinguisher puts out the campfire the quickest but isn't as safe as other methods tested. Project Number: MCH005 Grade: 7 Title: Sugary Shapes and Sizes Abstract: Please visit exhibit for student's abstract. Project Number: MCH006 Grade: 8 Title: H2O Electrolysis Abstract: The purpose of the experiment is to see how different water temperatures affect the process of H2O electrolysis. The procedure of H2O electrolysis was completed. Taking pictures of the bubbles surrounding the graphite once the connection was made between the battery and the graphite. Then recorded how the temperature of the water affected the process of H2O electrolysis. Fifteen degrees Celsius showed the greater amount of bubbles surrounding the graphite. Therefore, the hypothesis was not supported by the data. H2O electrolysis performed best at fifteen degrees Celsius, producing the largest amount of bubbles around the graphite. Project Number: MCH007 Grade: 8 Title: Salt Water vs. Metals Abstract: The purpose of this experiment was to determine how salt water affects different metals by visually observing and recording the changes of aluminum, copper, mild steel, zinc galvanized steel, brass, lead, stainless steel, and cast iron per trial. This was done by spraying the metals with a solution of salt water once daily for a period of two weeks per trial. My hypothesis was incorrect because not all



metals had a visual change. The final results showed cast iron and mild steel changed the most. Stainless steel did not appear to change at all but other metals were slightly affected. Project Number: MCH008 Grade: 8 Title: The Effect of Heat on Metals Abstract: The purpose of my experiment was to find what metal(s) would conduct and retain heat the best for a wood burner. I heated each metal for three minutes, and then let them cool for another three minutes. I recorded the start, three minute, second three minute and peak temperatures. Data results showed that copper conducted heat the best, followed by aluminum, steel, cast iron and stainless steel; stainless steel retained heat the best, followed by cast iron, steel, copper and aluminum. Therefore, cast iron or steel would be best for a wood burner. Project Number: MCH009 Grade: 7 Title: Ivory soap science - floats and grow Abstract: Please visit exhibit for student's abstract. Project Number: MCH010 Grade: 7 Title: Just chill Abstract: Please visit exhibit for student's abstract. Project Number: MCH011 Grade: 8 Title: Which metals in ash act as catalysts for the combustion of sugar? Abstract: By identifying the metal that is the best catalyst for burning sugar, sugar might become a renewable energy resource. One gram of sugar was combined with various mixtures of magnesium, potassium, and ash, and then burned. The time of combustion was measured. Magnesium worked as a catalyst in the combustion of sugar, but did not improve ash’s catalytic abilities. Potassium did not work as a catalyst and reduced the effect of ash. Therefore, magnesium and magnesium-enriched ash did work as catalysts for the combustion of sugar. The burning did not release enough energy to act as a reliable fuel. Project Number: MCH012 Grade: 7 Title: How to ripen a banana quickly Abstract: What inspired me to do my experiment about bananas is because I love bananas and I wondered if using a banana hanger affected the ripening. For my experiment I first labeled each banana by how it would be tested. The set up each station one with other fruit, one on the table by itself, one hanging, and one in the refrigerator with another fruit. Then I waited a week by checking often and write down the one that becomes fully ripe the fastest. Project Number: MCH013 Grade: 8 Title: Baking Soda or Baking Powder: What's the Difference Abstract: The purpose of my experiment is to determine the differences between baking soda and baking powder. My experiment had three parts to it: (1) determing the pH of the baking soda and baking powder using a pH meter, (2) determining the amount of carbon dioxide gas given off by using the displacement of water method, and (3) I tested the effects of eliminating either baking soda or baking powder on the texture and rise of banana bread. I found that it is best to bake with a combination of baking soda and baking powder.



Project Number: MCH014 Grade: 7 Title: Water Filtration Chemistry Abstract: The purpose of this project is to evaluate the performance of natural materials as sustainable water filtration media for removing impurities from contaminated water, relative to the performance of clay soil. Samples of limestone, sand, vermiculite and clay soil were leached with 200 ml of water containing known amounts of NH4+, NO3- and Cl-. The leachate was collected in 20 ml increments and analyzed using pH and ion selective electrode analysis methods to prove that all three natural media sample improve pH better than clay soil and that sand and vermiculite remove nitrate and chloride more effectively than clay soil. Project Number: MCH015 Grade: 8 Title: Alcohol Levels of Wines Abstract: Please visit exhibit for student's abstract. Project Number: MCH016 Grade: 8 Title: Got Stink? Abstract: 0.6 grams of 8 deodorants were evenly spread in a sterile Petri dish, and coated with 1 ml of water. They were then placed in an incubator, and left there for 5, 10, 15, or 20 minute time periods. Sheets of paper towel, weighing 0.2g, were placed on the deodorant covered Petri dishes, and allowed to remain for 5 minutes. After this time period, the sheets were then massed to determine the amount of moisture not absorbed during testing. This same procedure was repeated for my control, an empty Petri dish. Project Number: MCH017 Grade: 7 Title: Comparing Ice Melt. Compounds Abstract: I am testing ice melters to find what product melts ice the fastest. I labeled five aluminum cake pans. Placed each cake pan on a digital scale and recorded its empty weight. Add 500 grams of water. Place cake pans in the freezer until solid. I distributed the four ice melt products. Waited a prescribed amount of time, recorded the results. Project Number: MCH018 Grade: 7 Title: Antacids & Neutralization of Gastric Juice Abstract: Many people suffer from heartburn. Therefore the work in this project intended to discover which antacid will neutralize gastric juice the fastest. An antacid is a base that neutralizes stomach acid (hydrochloric acid); an acid + a base yields a salt + water. Many antacids contain calcium carbonate, which is a very powerful active ingredient. Ten antacids and a control were each tested 3 times in this investigation (33 trials). Mylanta worked the best in neutralizing the gastric juice. For my future work I would test a different variety of antacids to see if they would neutralize the gastric juice faster. Project Number: MCH019 Grade: 7 Title: Do Cleaners Really Work? Abstract: The purpose of this experiment if to determine which type of antibacterial cleaner is most effective in killing bacteria. Three brands, Clorox, Fantastic, and 409 were tested along with a control of water. Bacteria samples were taken before and after using the products. Agar plates were incubated and bacteria colonies were counted.



Project Number: MCH020 Grade: 8 Title: Does Temperature Affect Viscosity and Density of LIquids? Abstract: The purpose of my experiment was to find how viscosity and density of syrups change with temperature. Using six syrups, I found the density and the time it took a marble to drop 17cm through 50ml of the syrups at three different temperatures. I calculated the syrup viscosities. My data showed that Syrup 1 changed the least for density and viscosity, and Syrup 6 changed the most in viscosity, while Syrup 2 changed the most in density. In conclusion, each syrup changed in density and viscosity, and the more viscous syrups changed the most across the three temperatures. Project Number: MCH021 Grade: 7 Title: What Solutions Cleans a Penny? Abstract: It is hypothesis that out of all the solutions,baking soda will clean the penny better. Every Friday for the next 4 weeks I will pour all new clean solutions into the containers. Throughout the week, I recorded my observations to see which solutions are working the best. The results do not support the hypothesis Project Number: MCH022 Grade: 7 Title: Set-in Stains, Can they be Removed from Carpeting? Abstract: The question I was trying to answer was if set-in stains could be removed from carpet and what was the best product to use. I stained each carpet with grape juice, coffee, mud and Pepsi. I then applied the suggested amount of the cleaning product. I tested Resolve, Woolite Pod, Oxi Clean and Spot Shot. I saw that the oxygen based products did not perform equally, nor did the bottled products. This contradicted my hypothesis which also stated that Resolve would be the best cleaner; however Spot Shot was superior. Project Number: MCH023 Grade: 7 Title: The Slippery Solution Abstract: Which solution melts ice most efficiently, and which prevents most ice formation. I hypothesized that mineral salt will melt ice the best, and cat litter will cause the most ice prevention. For Group A, sodium chloride on its first trial, the top was 1cm deeper, with water and chunks of ice mixed on the top. Second trial had melted 1 more cm deeper. On the third trial, areas with the most sodium chloride melted 1cm deeper, areas with not as much only melted .5cm. On the 4th trial, bottom has begun to melt, and top stayed the same. The 5th trial, bottoms melted .5cm. On the last trial, the bottom was more water than ice, it melted 1 more cm deeper. For Group A rock salt, on the first trial areas with rock salt melted 1/5cm deeper. During the 2nd trial, edges began to melt but not enough to measure. Third trial, edges were still all that was melting. Fourth trial, the bottom was filled with water. During the 5th trial bottom was filled with a little more water. Cat litter had no change through all trials. Rubbing alcohol also had no change. Project Number: MCH024 Grade: 7 Title: Which Liquid Makes Nails Rust More? Abstract: The purpose of this science experiment is to find which liquid, between water, soda, and milk, would rust nails the most. First one liter of water, milk, and soda were poured into three seperate clear plastic containers. Then three nails were placed into each seperate container. After that a week is waited for results of the project. Then the data is collected. It was concluded that the nails in the water container had 4.4 cm2 of rust while soda had 3.8 cm2 and milk had the least amount of rust with 1.3 cm2. Overall nails im water had more rust



Project Number: MCH025 Grade: 7 Title: Decrease of Vitamin C Over time Abstract: This experiment shows which orange juice retains Vitamin C longest. First, a cornstarch solution is prepared. Water and iodine are then added. This “indicator” solution is placed in three test tubes for each of the juices and controls. Drops of juice are added. The number of drops added before the solution changes color is recorded. As the amount of Vitamin C decreases, the number of drops increases. This is repeated every two days for two weeks Only Tropicana showed a decrease. The hypothesis was partially supported. Some juices seemed to increase Vitamin C, most likely due to human error. Project Number: MCH026 Grade: 7 Title: Volta's Pile Abstract: This experiment was to prove Alessandro Volta’s understanding of electro-chemistry. It proved how two dissimilar metals and an electrolyte can generate a certain amount of electrical potential. The metals used were common pennies, nickels, and dimes. The electrolytic solutions used were vinegar and lime juice. The elements in a Voltaic pile are as follows: Penny, Electrolyte, Nickel, and Dime, Electrolyte, Penny. After constructing a group of ten (10) piles the voltage of each pile was checked and compared to the expected voltage as determined by the red-ox reaction for each element. Finally the additive effect was also checked and compared to the expect value. Project Number: MCH027 Grade: 8 Title: What Effect Does Coca-Cola Have on Metal Abstract: This experiment was to determine the effect Coka-Cola has on different metals. Metals were tested in 8 different cups. 6 oz of coke was poured in each of the 8 cups making sure that the coke covers all of the metal. Wait 24 hours and take metals out of coke. Get the weight of the metal and place metal back into coke. Repeat this step 3 and 4 five more times. None of the metal lost weight but they all got cleaner. Project Number: MCH028 Grade: 8 Title: Think About Others Abstract: To see if second hand smoke is more harmful than just regular smoke.I had 10 smokers breathe into a carbon monoxide tester. The balloon will inflate and the smoker's air will go into the machine. The machine will display the amount of carbon monoxide present in the air. Repeat this step for the children of the smokers. Record and compare results. Project Number: MCH029 Grade: 7 Title: Altered Densities Abstract: My project is Altered Densities. My problem is what mixture of measurements makes the best lava lamp. I hypothesized that 120ml of 70% isopropyl alcohol would be the best measurement for the lava lamp. My hypothesis turned out to be correct. I poured 60 ml of mineral oil then added 150ml of 91% isopropyl alcohol and added a few drops of food coloring. I let that settle and finally added the 70% isopropyl alcohol. I concluded that 120ml of 70% isopropyl alcohol is the best measurement for the lava lamp. Project Number: MCH030 Grade: 8 Title: How Liquids Affect Metal Corrosion



Abstract: My experiment is How Liquids Affect Metal Corrosion . I conducted it because I wanted to know which metal would be the most resistant to drinks. First, I gathered my materials. I cut all of the metal into lengths of three centimeters each. I weighed them on a pharmacy scale and placed them in containers with 100 milliliters of liquid. After two weeks, I reweighed the metals. Coke was most acidic of the drinks. Water was least acidic. Zinc was most corroded of the metals. Copper was least corroded. I concluded that drinks affect metals. Project Number: MCH031 Grade: 7 Title: Liquid Explosion Abstract: Please visit exhibit for student's abstract. Project Number: MCH032 Grade: 7 Title: Can Coca-Cola Burn paint off a Car? Abstract: I chose to do my science project on the affect of Coca Cola on typical automobile paint that was treated with undercoating. The Coca Cola was the agent used to represent acid rain. I used the front bumper of a 2001 Honda Accord, and a 2 liter bottle of Coke. I cut the Honda’s bumper into 8 pieces. The first was left untouched to show what the original paint looks like. The remaining 7 pieces were submerged in Coca Cola. After 24 hours, I removed one piece of the car. I rinsed the Coke from the piece of the car, and marked it “1”. After 48 hours, I removed another piece, rinsed it and marked it, “2”. I continued this for 7 days – removing one piece after each 24 hour period. I was expecting the Coke to severely damage the automobile paint. I was wrong. There was little to no difference from each day’s removal of a piece of car. You will be able to see this for yourself when examining my science project. Project Number: MCH033 Grade: 7 Title: Vitamin C Content in Fruit Juices Abstract: Vitamin C content in different fruit juices and the effect of storage was tested. To each juice, iodine solution was added with starch as indicator. Number of drops to turn the juice blue was noted. More iodine drops needed indicates a higher vitamin C content. Each test was done three times and the average recorded. A titration method using a 500 mg vitamin C tablet was used to calculate the vitamin C content in mgs. Orange juice from frozen concentrate had the greatest amount of vitamin C and the vitamin C content in various types of orange juice deteriorated with storage. Project Number: MCH034 Grade: 8 Title: How the pH of Various Chemicals Affects the Corrosion of Iron Nails Abstract: It was intended that this experiment would determine whether the pH of different materials would affect the corrosion of iron. Four groups of different liquids had eight nails put in each. The difference in mass from before and after the experiment and the average difference of each group were found. Vinegar had the greatest decrease in mass, followed by water and soda water, while baking soda had the lowest decrease. The most acidic pH had the greatest effect on the change in mass. Further work is needed to determine if any of the liquids will prevent corrosion. Project Number: MCH035 Grade: 7 Title: Burning Down the House Abstract: Test the combustibility of sheathing. In the housing industry, several types of sheathing are used for subflooring. I wanted to investigate each type to see which one is more flammable. I cut all the sheathing to identical length, width, and thickness. I suspended each over a candle and measured the length of time in took to burn independently of the candle. Recorded and display the results.



Project Number: MCH036 Grade: 7 Title: It's Too Hot Abstract: The title of my project is It's Too Hot. I did this project because I am an avid fisherman and I wanted to know which type of chemical solution would preserve fish best. To monitor how to do this I monitored how much weight the fish lost. My question is which chemicalsolution will preserve fish best? My hypothesis is that the sodium chloride fish will lose the most weight and be best preserved. I observed that the sodium chloride fish and the control fish were losing the most weight and that the half and half fish was not losing that much weight but was losing some. I concluded that in the first trial the sodium chloride fish lost the most weight and that in my second and third trials that the control fish lost the most weight. Project Number: MCH037 Grade: 7 Title: A Comparison of Cooling Methods Abstract: The purpose is to determine what cooling method will decrease water temperature faster. The hypothesis is if the experimenter uses various methods to cool water, it will become colder faster using a salt and water mixture because research shows this increases the freezing rate. Water bottles were placed into a freezer, refrigerator, cooler with ice, and cooler with ice and salt. Compare the temperatures every 5 minutes for 30 minutes. The water cooled with ice and salt was the coldest after 30 minutes, proving the hypothesis correct. Project Number: MCH038 Grade: 8 Title: What Kind of Salt Melts Ice the Fastest? Abstract: For my science fair project I wanted to see “What kind of salt melts ice the fastest?” To find the answer I timed how long it took ten pieces of ice to melt with no salt on it. Then I put two tablespoons of salt on the ice that was in a strainer. Then I timed how long it took for the ice to melt and I wrote down the temperature. I used six different kinds of salt, so I repeated all these steps for every kind of salt. Project Number: MCH039 Grade: 8 Title: Vitamin C in Oranges Abstract: The purpose of this experiment was to determine which storage method best preserved vitamin C in oranges. 20 oranges were stored in the refrigerator and 20 on the counter top. They were tested over a 12 day period. Results showed that the refrigerator preserved vitamin C over a short period of time but in the long run the counter top storage area was most effective in preserving vitamin C. Project Number: MCH040 Grade: 8 Title: Analysis of Calcium in Milk Abstract: The Purpose of this investigation was to see which milk had the most calcium. During this investagition eight different types of milk were poured into beakers along with distilled water and calcuim chloride solution.Three drops of sodium hydroxide solution and a small amount of Hydroxynaphthol blue was added and stirred.Drops of EDTA were added until all milks were idenical to the control.The number of drops were recorded. The hypothesis organic milk will have the most calcium was not supported by the data. 1% milk had the most calcium at an average of 35% per 240 milliliters. Project Number: MCH041 Grade: 8 Title: Battle of the Toothpastes



Abstract: The purpose of this experiment was to test the effectiveness of a variety of toothpastes in relation to the decay of teeth. "The Battle of the Toothpastes", consisted of five hard-boiled eggs, one being the control and four eggs were applied with toothpaste. All eggs were soaked in apple juice. Data was colected over a period of five consecutive days in which observation of decay on the egg was scaled from 0-3. In conclusion, it was found that the control egg and the egg with children's toothpaste had more decay than the other three eggs with adult fluoride toothpaste. Project Number: MCH042 Grade: 8 Title: Bad Hair Day? Try Green! Abstract: I swim almost everyday and I need to see if hair conditioner prevents my blonde hair from turning green. I cut eight, one inch segments of my hair and wet them with distilled water. I lathered four with conditioner, and four without conditioner. I put each segment into separate glasses containing pool water. I left it in the pool water for 8 hours. I then compared each with different shades of green color. Project Number: MCH043 Grade: 8 Title: Conductibility Abstract: I tested the conductibility of sugar, salt, and purified water and compared it to the conductibility of unpurified water. I made a circuit by connecting wires between an amp-meter, a light, and I cup of water, and changed the water between regular water (control), salt water, sugar water, and purified water, and researched purifiers and salt and sugar. I predicted that purified water would have a less charge than unpurified, and that sugar and salt water would be equivalent. I was partly right. Purified and sugar water had less of a charge; however, salt’s reading went off the scale. Project Number: MCH044 Grade: 7 Title: To Have or Not To Have Starch Abstract: Helping people who want to lose weight or active people and athletes keep their energy high. Athletes will eat more starch than weight watchers. Label items needed. Weigh foods (50 g.). Prepare food and add to cups. Then strain and pitch solids. Add two drops of iodine,two to three minute later; results (has starch will be blue/brown if not, yellow). Foods with starch are apples, potatoes, noodles, rice, carrots, and flour. Foods without starch are salt, tuna, ground beef, and butter. I was wrong. Not sll foods have starch, some were fat. If troops were tired they could eat a starch food. Project Number: MCH045 Grade: 8 Title: It's A Miracle Abstract: Some plants grow best with natural fertilizer, while others grow better with chemical fertilizers. I have a mum plant that will be watered with water, another just planted in dirt, and another in Miracle Grow potting soil. I will water each daily and record the height weekly. Record and compare results. Project Number: MCH046 Grade: 8 Title: Acid Rain and Residential Wood Abstract: The purpose of my experiment is to see if acid deposition accelerates the deterioration in residential woods. The procedure I used was to test the elastic point and breaking point of different type of woods. I designed an apparatus in which I can test the amount of deflection an object gives off using weights. What I found out was that poplar deteriorated slowest and pine deteriorated fastest in the three woods. This research determines poplar can be used in practical appliances such as housing wood in areas such as Novia Scotia and New Brunswick where acid rain is a problem.



Project Number: MCH047 Grade: 8 Title: Evaluating De-Icing Products Abstract: This project evaluated the effectiveness of different de-icing products at melting ice. The hypothesis is that rock salt will be the most effective de-icing product at 22 oC, and calcium chloride will be the most effective de-icing product at –18 oC. Name brand products as well as household items were tested. Twenty-five grams of each of the de-icing products was spread onto 400 milliliters of ice, was left on the ice for ten minutes, then the resulting volume of water was measured and recorded. Calcium chloride was the most effective de-icing product tested in this experiment. Project Number: MCH048 Grade: 8 Title: How Sweet It Is Abstract: Wondering why wine was only made with grage juice one day, I decided I'd find out. I gathered up four other likely wines, and did some research. I began to hypothesize that grape would ferment the most in twelve days, because it had the highest sugar percentage. My test group consisted of white grapes, peach, pear, cranberry, and apple. All were organic, just so as to minimize variables. I started a yeast culture before adding the yeast to any juices, just to make sure that they were still active. This is simply a mixture of sugar, water, and yeast. All juices were brought to room temperature before they were experimented with. The yeast went in, and twelve days later, came back out. I had the results. My hypothesis was proven wrong. The peach juice possessed the highest alcohol content at 9%. The others were, from 2nd to 5th: pear, apple, white grape, and cranberry. I theorize that perhaps this may have been due to the viscosity of the liquids, which was not a factor I looked into until after the experiment. Project Number: MCH049 Grade: 8 Title: How pH Dissolves Snail Shells Abstract: The purpose of this study was to see if acid would decrease snail shell mass. The pH of five different concentrations of vinegar and water was measured. Ten snail shells were placed in 15 jars, and the solution was poured in. After six days, the shells air-dried, and the mass was recorded. The mass of the control did not decrease, but the mass of all the other solutions did. My conclusion is that acid will most certainly affect mass of snail shells. In a future study, I plan to see what would happen under a recreated period of acid rain. Project Number: MCH050 Grade: 8 Title: Homeopathic Remedies for GERD Abstract: Some people are very anti-medicine these days whether it's because of the detrimental side effects of medicines or the fact that medicines are drugs. Despite this, people still need to find ways to aid their medical symptoms. Gastro esophageal reflux disease affects an estimated 5%- 7% of the global population. This experiment tested a variety of homeopathic remedies that are known for relieving acid indigestion. Data collected included; pH, temperature, color, and mass. After completing the trials, the data showed that the homeopathic remedies per gram were not as effective as traditional remedies for GERD. Project Number: MCH051 Grade: 8 Title: Dust Explosions:The Relationship Between Surface Area and Rate Of Reaction Abstract: Please visit exhibit for student's abstract.



Project Number: MCH052 Grade: 7 Title: Which Candle Burns Faster? Abstract: Please visit exhibit for student's abstract. Project Number: MCH053 Grade: 7 Title: How Clean is your Drinking Water? Abstract: I wanted to figure out which kind of drinking water is the least contaminated. Test Procedure: Use pre-strerilization vials; pre-sterilize droplets; make sure water is covered while sitting so contaminants don't get it; sterilize thermometer; test 10 different water samples from a specific from a specific type of water; record results for each specific type; plot contaminants on each separate graph; make a summary graph Project Number: MCH054 Grade: 8 Title: Effect of Rust Corrosion on Metal Abstract: Rust is an unwanted impact on any unprotected metallic surface left out in the weather for a period of time. This investigation was to determine which (brand name) rust preventer will protect the metal the best. Twenty-one pieces of 10cm x 15cm steel were put outside in the weather for one month with a variety of different (brand name) rust preventer products applied along with stainless and galvanized pieces. They were all compared to a piece that had no product applied. In the end, the galvanized piece did the best along with two other products that did the same. Project Number: MCH055 Grade: 8 Title: Household Stain Removers Abstract: My project is, “Household Stain Removers”. My question, Which Household Stain Remover Eliminates a Stain in the Best Way, is answered by putting grease on a cotton/polyester fabric and letting each stain remover set on the grease for 10 minutes, then soaked my fabric in cold water to 20 minutes. My variables were vinegar with salt, lemon juice, club soda, and hairspray with rubbing alcohol. Then I reversed the cleaning process by using four different pieces of the same fabric. I applied the stain remover and let it sit for 20 minutes, then in cold water for 10 minutes. Project Number: MCH056 Grade: 8 Title: What is The Most Harmful Drink For Your Teeth Abstract: For my Science Fair project I tested to see What Drink Is the Most Harmful for Your Teeth. To do this I first went to the store and parched my materials and made labels A-G and taped them on the jars. Then I placed 1 egg shell in each that I had washed out in each of the jars with the corresponding labels and filled the jars with the liquids to the rim. I let the jars sit for 12 days and checked it every 3 days. It turned out that Full Throttle was the most harmful on your teeth. Project Number: MCH057 Grade: 7 Title: Non-Phthalates vs. Phthalates in Air Fresheners Abstract: The purpose of this experiment is to determine if air fresheners that contain the chemical phthalates last longer than those air fresheners without phthalates. Papers were sprayed with an air freshener that contains phthalates and were smelled for five days. Additional papers were sprayed with an air freshener that does not contain phthalates and were smelled for five days. The results of the experiment were that the air freshener without the chemical phthalates lasted the longest with a scent still occurring on the fifth day.



Project Number: MCH058 Grade: 7 Title: Testing Wood's Strength in Hot and Cold Abstract: I wanted to know if temperature affects the strength of wood. Wood absorbs moisture. Usually there is more moisture in warm air than cold air, determining how much the wood swells. My hypothesis was that the colder piece would break under less weight because it would be more brittle. It was difficult choosing my experimented wood. I decided to use white pine because it is most commonly used for homes. I experimented on plain pieces of wood. I recorded the data and found that my hypothesis was correct, but to be more confident with this conclusion, further experiments are necessary. Project Number: MCH059 Grade: 8 Title: The Most Effective Melting Agent on Ice Abstract: The purpose for the experiment was to find the best melting agent on ice. Freeze 240ml of water. Put the ice in a larger container and let it melt for 15min, this will be the control. Have four more ice blocks ready with one tablespoon of each chemical on top of it. Continue the process. The results are, table salt is 12.5ml, the control is 2.3ml, rock salt is 16ml, calcium chloride is 42.5ml, and urea melted 10ml off of the ice. Therefore, calcium chloride is the most effective melting agent on ice. Project Number: MCH060 Grade: 8 Title: Removing Crayon From Drywall Abstract: Have you ever been faced with the dilemma of removing crayon from a wall? The goal of this experiment was to aid those faced with this situation! The problem studied was which cleaner will best remove crayon from painted drywall. The answer lies in the polarity of the chemical make-up of the substances. The experimenter hypothesized that Mr. Clean Magic Eraser, WD-40, Formula 409 and Goof Off would each remove at least some crayon and that distilled water would remove none. After conducting 30 trials, the results demonstrated that Magic Eraser was clearly the superior product to tackle crayon marks. Project Number: MCH061 Grade: 8 Title: Light Bulbs and Gases Abstract: Can gases affect the brightness of a light bulb? In my experiment I want to determine which gas; Helium, Butane, or Methane, will make the light bulb glow the brightest. I created a light bulb that could be filled with different gases and then ran current to the filament in the bulb. The brightness of the light produced was measured with a light meter. Data showed that the different gases did produce a difference in brightness. Project Number: MCH062 Grade: 7 Title: Let It Fizz Abstract: My purpose of this project is to see which piece of candy will make Mt. Dew fiz over the top of a can. Since candy has different kinds of reactions to what it will be put into, I want to figure out what candy has the biggest reaction. The supplies are eight cans of Mt. Dew, a pack of Smarties, a pack of Sweet Tarts, two cinnamon mints, and two pieces of Big Red chewing gum. My hypothesis is that the cinnamon mints will have the biggest reaction. Project Number: MCH063 Grade: 8 Title: Vitamins and Minerals



Abstract: My question is, do the vitamin supplements dissolve then absorb into your bloodstream? I think that the Coral Calcium supplement will dissolve then absorb in the hydrochloric acids (vinegar) quickest. I plan on using vitamin supplements Caltrate, Coral Calcium, Flintstones Complete, Omega Smart MD, One a day Weight smart, Radiance Multi Vitamin, and Kids Gummy Vitamins. I will also have 7 cups of vinegar which will be a substitute for the hydrochloric acids in your stomach. I will place one tablet of each vitamin in the vinegar. I will observe the vitamins for 30 minutes to see if they dissolve. Project Number: MCH064 Grade: 8 Title: Which Substance Will Preserve a Banana the Best Abstract: I identified which substance preserves a banana the best. I predicted that salt would preserve a banana the best because meat can be preserved with salt. To do this experiment, I got three fresh bananas. I put each banana into a separate bag. In the first bag, I put 3TBS of salt in it. I did the same with the other bags but with sugar and lemon juice. Over the period of 5 days, I observed and took pictures of each banana. My hypothesis was wrong. Lemon juice worked the best. There was moisture in the salt and sugar bags. Project Number: MCH065 Grade: 8 Title: Citric Acid Concentration in an Endothermic Reaction Abstract: Please visit exhibit for student's abstract. Project Number: MCH066 Grade: 7 Title: Properties of a Polymer Abstract: This polymer experiment tests if changing the recipe would affect the properties of a polymer. The experiment has a simple slime polymer recipe which is broken down and tested with varied amounts of the ingredients. The end result supports the hypothesis. Project Number: MCH067 Grade: 8 Title: The Reliability of Lead Testing Abstract: Lead is a highly toxic element when exposed and used in many common household items. In recent news, manufacturers have been blamed for the high and dangerous amount of lead content in their products. Many concerned parents have felt the need to test the products they own themselves for lead content, but the Consumer Product Safety Commission feels many of these home lead test kits are unreliable. By testing 10 items that have been either recently bought and previously owned with 5 different testing methods, it can be determined if these test kits are accurate for the use of the public, based on professional lab testing. Project Number: MCH068 Grade: 8 Title: Got Milk Abstract: Research has shown that milk, even though seems unlikely of a solution, is in fact beneficial or at least not harmful to plants and grass. Grass seeds were grown using water as a control and others were given either white or chocolate milk. The height and number of grass blades were measured. Project Number: MCH069 Grade: 7 Title: Candy Chromatography: What makes those colors? Abstract: Chromatography is a technique used to separate the various components in a complex mixture or solution. This work was tested to find out which candy type has the most colors. I tested 5



different colors of M&Ms and Skittles and 3 different colors of food coloring 5 times each and calculated the results using the retention factor. It was determined that the food coloring had the most color and pigments. Future implications would be to use more colors and more different types of candy Project Number: MCH070 Grade: 7 Title: Strength Of Milk-Based Adhesives Abstract: My experiment’s purpose was to test the adhesive properties of milk based adhesives. To prepare milk-based glues, I used vinegar, heat, filter paper, and baking soda to coagulate, separate, and stabilize milk-based proteins. To test adhesive strengths, I used milk-based glues to bond two 1.5” squares of cardstock paper. I used a novel testing apparatus and a sequence of graduated weights to identify the amount of force needed to separate the two pieces of paper. The results were the grass-fed Skim milk worked the best. The hypothesis was that the Ultra-Pasteurized skim milk would work the best. I was wrong. Project Number: MCH071 Grade: 8 Title: Does Organic Material Affect the Absorbency of Water? Abstract: I identified if organic material affects the absorbency of water. I predicted that yes and the ½ soil mixture will absorb the most water. I will gather 2750g of sand, 750g of manure, clay, and soil. I also used 10 containers, spoons, saucers, liters of water, and a one liter container. I mixed one liter of water with different amounts of each substance, then I let sit for 12 hours, I did this experiment twice. My hypothesis was correct, the average of both ½ soil tests was 23.9oz of water. In conclusion, organic material affects the absorbency of water. Project Number: MCH072 Grade: 7 Title: C What You're Drinking Abstract: Please visit exhibit for student's abstract. Project Number: MCH073 Grade: 7 Title: My Vegetables Have Gas Abstract: Please visit exhibit for student's abstract. Project Number: MCH074 Grade: 8 Title: Does your Water Have Lead? Abstract: The purpose of mthis investigation was to determine whether lead was occuring more in well water or in regular tap water. I started this investigation after watching a documentary that told of causes of lead in drinking water. Some of the causes were high blood pressure, reduced IQ, and reduced hemoglobin production which is necessary for oxygen transport. So I tested two tap water and two well water sources pH and lead content. Then I put the data into both two bar graphs and data tables. The conclusion was that lead was occuring more often in well water.

INTERMEDIATE DIVISION – COMPUTER SCIENCE/MATH


Project Number: MCM001 Grade: 8 Title: Inverting a Triangle Abstract: A new highway is being built near a local orchard, forcing the orchard owner to reorient the direction of his trees. This situation could be modeled by using pennies. The purpose of my project was to find how many moves it takes to invert a triangle 1000 rows deep. I built triangles up to 10 rows deep, counted how many pennies needed to be moved in order to invert it, made a table to 19 rows deep. I found patterns, and a rule that would help the orchard owner determine how many trees would need to be transplanted. Project Number: MCM003 Grade: 7 Title: Finding the Correct Postage Abstract: Now that the U.S. Postal Service has issued the Forever stamp, customers will no longer be caught with out-dated stamps. They will not have to pick and choose different denominations of stamps in order to put correct postage on envelope. The purpose of this project was to determine what would be the largest denomination that could NOT be formed using an UNLIMITED supply of both 25¢ stamps and 29¢ stamps. I made organized lists of smaller denominations of stamps in order to see if there would be a pattern in highest amount of postage that could not be made. I applied patterns to 25¢ and 29¢, and checked my result using spreadsheet. Project Number: MCM004 Grade: 8 Title: Hand of Batter VS. Hand of Pitcher Abstract: The purpose of this investigation is to determine whether a batter hits better against a pitcher of his own dominant hand or not. MLB.com was logged on to on the internet. The averages for the top fifty left and right handed batters were recorded vs. left and right handed pitchers. Right batter vs. left pitcher, 307.8. Right batter vs. right pitcher, 286.69. Left batter vs. left pitcher, 274.62. Left batter vs. right pitcher, 287.86. The hypothesis was supported by the data. Managers will know that players of opposite hands hit better. This will also make switch hitters more valuabe. Project Number: MCM005 Grade: 8 Title: Which Car Stops Most Often Abstract: The purpose of this experiment is to determine which type of vehicle stops most often at a stop sign. The procedures consist of seeing if cars come to a complete stop at an intersection, and classifying each vehicle into groups; family cars, sports cars, and trucks. There were fifteen cars observed at fifteen different stop signs, all in the same neighborhood. The date shows the number of each type of car to make a complete stop. The conclusion is that sports cars stopped most often at urban intersections. Project Number: MCM006 Grade: 8 Title: Let's Play Poker Abstract: Because poker is so popular, knowing the odds of different hands will make you a knowledgeable gambler. In my experiment, we played 200 hands of 3 kinds of poker. For each hand, I compared the calculated probability with the standard poker probability chart. My hypothesis that “one pair” had the highest probability was denied for the control game, but was supported in the 2 variations. In conclusion, “nothing” was the most common hand for the control game, but “one pair” had the highest probability when there was choice or common cards. The probabilities depend on the type of game played.



Project Number: MCM007 Grade: 8 Title: Finding a Central Location Abstract: School board representatives are trying to find the best location for a new bus center that is equally convenient to residents of four different housing developments. Where should the center be placed so that it is most cost-efficient and time-efficient for the residents of all four developments. Since each development has a different number of residents, I experimented with irregularly shaped quadrilaterals with weighted vertices to locate the central point. Then I tried to find the same answer mathematically, by locating each of the centroids formed by all of the triangles formed within the quadrilateral. Project Number: MCM008 Grade: 7 Title: Are QB's Better Now? A Quadratic Analysis. Abstract: The purpose of this project was to study the quadratic analysis of the evolution of the quarterback (QB) passer rating from the past to the present generation using representative players and correlate to the time of placement in the draft. Microsoft Excel 2007 was used to create the parabolas and the equations in the form of y = ax2 + bx + c. 50% of present QBs and 20% of past QBs fitted my hypothesized "ideal career" parabola. 20% of all QBs analyzed fitted other hypothesized career models. In conclusion, the study showed an evolution of better QB efficiency and performance between the two generations. Project Number: MCM009 Grade: 8 Title: Solve the Cube Abstract: If you ever had your hands on a Rubik's cube you probably have wondered if there was some way to solve the puzzle faster. In math, algorithms help solve problem so I wanted to determine if an algorithm would help solve a Rubik's cube faster. Volunteers were given a cube with a checkerboard pattern and either no algorithm or an algorithm. Time to solve the puzzle were recorded for each group of volunteers. In conclusion, the volunteers using the algorithm took longer to solve the cube than those with no algorithm. Project Number: MCM010 Grade: 8 Title: Better Wireless Network Abstract: Can the distance of your computer affect the signal strength from the router? My investigation for this year will determine how distance between a laptop computer and a router affects signal strength. If you know what the different signal strengths were, you would be able to locate your router in a better position. To complete this investigation, the different signal strengths had to be tested on different days from different areas for a total of five trials for each area. The data collected showed that the closer you are to the router the better signal strength the laptop will receive. Project Number: MCM011 Grade: 8 Title: A Computer's Threat Abstract: The experiment's purpose tested anti-spyware programs in removing spyware. The hypothesis was if anti-spyware programs are tested against spyware, then Spyware Doctor will be best in the removal of spyware. Several anti-spyware programs were tested, including Spyware Doctor, Ad-Aware 2007, Windows Defender, and Spybot-Search and Destroy. The experiment created a system restore point in the computer, installed spyware and anti-spyware programs and ran scans for each program. The results concluded that Spyware Doctor removed the most spyware, followed by Windows Defender, Ad-Aware 2007, and Spybot-Search and Destroy.



Project Number: MCM012 Grade: 8 Title: Most Car for the Money Abstract: The purpose of this project is to analyze how car values depreciate over time and determine which type keeps its value best. First, I gathered information about the vehicles. I put the information in a spreadsheet. I recorded the manufacturer's suggested retail price for each car, and current market price for the years of 2000-2007. I compared the value changes by maker, category and reliability rating. I learned that the foreign cars, sports cars and high reliability cars retained the most value. I concluded that my hypothesis was denied. The American cars did the best in one category out of the five total categories. Project Number: MCM013 Grade: 8 Title: Fair Game in Las Vegas Abstract: Please visit exhibit for student's abstract. Project Number: MCM015 Grade: 8 Title: House of Dots Abstract: The purpose of this project originally was to find the number of dots in the houses following this mathematical sequence 7, 19, 37, 61, 91. But then I expanded it to find the number of blocks that would be the houses if they were three-dimensional. I started by building the houses with pennies or blocks to collect data. I examined the patterns found in simple quadratic and cubic equations and applied these patterns to the ones I found in both parts of my problem, and I was able to find equations that would work. Project Number: MCM016 Grade: 7 Title: Accuracy of Temperature Forecasts Abstract: The purpose of the experiment is to determine what broadcast station in Pittsburgh has the most accurate temperature forecasts. If the accuracy is examined, then WTAE will have the most accurate forecasts because research shows they have the most highly educated meteorologists. The daily temperatures are recorded and then compared to forecasted temperatures. The experiment shows WTAE had the least average degree variation while KDKA had the most days with the least degree variation. The hypothesis proved to be correct. WTAE has the most accurate forecast. Project Number: MCM017 Grade: 7 Title: The Best Sampling Rate of MP3s Abstract: For a digital audio file, a higher sampling rate will result in better sound quality but bigger file size. However, a music file with a greater sampling rate takes up unnecessary space without a noticeable improvement in sound quality. The purpose of this experiment is to find the balance between file size and sound quality of an MP3 file. Common sampling rates were compared to the maximum, 320 kbps. Seven people were tested using the ABX testing method. The conclusion from the data is that a sampling rate of 192 kbps will be sufficient. Project Number: MCM018 Grade: 7 Title: Building Pyramids out of Tennis Balls Abstract: Retailers in many stores display their products using a pyramid formation. It would be useful to know ahead of time just how high the stack will be. The purpose of this project was to determine how many layers would be in a pyramid of 1000 balls, and also to determine how many balls would be in a



pyramid given the number of layers. I first made models of these pyramids using pennies, and then found the pattern by adding the triangular numbers. Finally, I found my patterns in Pascal’s ∆, and used the (n choose r) rule to find the number of balls in any pyramid. Project Number: MCM019 Grade: 8 Title: The Fibonacci Sequence Abstract: To observe and investigate various Fibonacci patterns in life and nature. To discover how the Fibonacci numbers are related to fruits, vegetables, and a woven basket. To look at the rabbit problem that Fibonacci wrote about. I have concluded that there are many different objects in which the Fibonacci sequence can be found. I have also concluded that the Fibonacci sequence contains various patterns within its numbers.

INTERMEDIATE DIVISION – CONSUMER SCIENCE


Project Number: MCS002 Grade: 8 Title: The Effect of Temperature on Insulation Abstract: My experiment is to find out which insulation will save energy and money. I decided to test the different kinds of insulations that have the same R-Value and see which one works the best. In my procedure I tested six different insulated boxes at low temperature for twenty minutes, twenty-five times. The results of the experiment was that the cellous blow in held the highest average temperature. The insulation that held the lowest average temperature was the polyurethane foam. The temperatures of each insulation stayed constant throughout the experiment. I was very surprised with the outcome of the experiment. Project Number: MCS003 Grade: 7 Title: Impact of Laundering on the Mass of Under Armour Abstract: For this experiment, the hypothesis is that laundering will impact the mass of high performance athletic fabrics such as UnderArmour. A new UnderArmour shirt was divided in half (Piece A and Piece B). A saline solution was applied to Piece A to simulate human sweat. Piece A was then subjected to 27 wash/dry cycles. The mass of Piece A was measured after each wash/dry cycle. A second phase of the experiment included use of fabric softener. Data show a decrease in the mass of the fabric when compared with the control (Piece B). This research could be used by fabric maunufacturers to improve the quality of their products. Project Number: MCS004 Grade: 7 Title: Nail Polish Abstract: What nail polish will last the longest? It is hypothesized that N.Y.C. nail polish will last the longest. Step 1: Buy N.Y.C., Maybelline, and Cover Girl nail polish. Step 2: On day one apply N.Y.C. nail polish and take a picture of it. Step 3: In one week take a picture of it again and then take the N.Y.C. nail polish off. Step 4: Once you take off the N.Y.C. nail polish apply the Maybelline nail polish and take a picture of it. Step 5: In one week take a picture of it and then take it off. Step 6: Next apply the Cover Girl nail polish and take a picture of that. Step 7: Then in one week take another picture of it and then take it off. Step 8: Look at the pictures and see which one has the least chipping at the end of each week. Step 9: Repeat steps 2-8 to make sure you got the right answer. Step 10: Record data and make observations. Project Number: MCS005 Grade: 7 Title: Keeping the Bounce in Tennis Balls Abstract: Please visit exhibit for student's abstract. Project Number: MCS006 Grade: 8 Title: Visiting With Viscosity Abstract: For my experiment I tested viscosity on 5 different motor oils at room temperature. I also tested the viscosity after the oils' were heated. I had to find the oils' masses and the time for a marble to flow through the oil. With these two numbers I was able to calculate the density. The most viscous to least at room temperature is Quaker State, Super Tech, Valvoline, and i tie between Pennzoil and Motor Craft. The most viscous when heated are Valvoline, Super Tech, Pennzoil, and a tie between Quaker State and Motor Craft. Project Number: MCS007 Grade: 8 Title: Effect of Water Collection on Milk



Abstract: Grandma always said, “Skim milk is just watered down 2%.” I needed to know if all the milks would contain the same amount of water. 20 ml of skim milk was poured into a beaker and boiled it until all liquid evaporated. The collection beaker was emptied into the graduated cylinder, measured and results recorded. All steps were repeated for the other milks. Chocolate, Whole, 2%, 1%, Skim were tested for water contact and the results are listed in order least to most. Project Number: MCS008 Grade: 8 Title: Now That's Repelling! Abstract: The problem is Does water repellent work best on woven, knitted fabric or felt? In this project, I hypothesized that Scotch Guard will work best on the felt. My procedures are: cut out a piece of felt. Make it big enough so it can cover the top of the measuring cup and for the rubber band to fit over the overlapped material. Cut pieces of felt for the number of repellents used. Cut pieces of the other fabrics as well. Label cups. Spray the fabrics with the different repellents. As the repellents dry, pour 120ml of water onto the fabrics. Wait 5 minutes. Measure the amount of water in the measuring cup. Record the results. Project Number: MCS009 Grade: 8 Title: Does Energizer Last the Longest? Abstract: Batteries are used commonly everyday in many places- in our cars, our PCs, laptops, portable mp3 players, and cell phones. This work is intended to learn if Energizer commercials are advertising truthfully stating their battery lasts the longest. Six different battery brands were put into six identical flashlights The voltage was tested after every two hours, and the data was recorded until the batteries ran out. The entire test was completed three times to ensure accuracy. It was determined that the Energizer Battery did last the longest; however, the Giant Eagle battery was more cost efficient, lasting only one hour less than Energizer on average. Project Number: MCS010 Grade: 7 Title: Which BAND-AID Is The Best? Abstract: The purpose of my experiment was to pick out five BAND-AIDS and find out which is best by measuring how long they stay attached. I hypothesized that the Hello Kitty BAND-AIDS will last the least amount of time and I hypothesize that the Tough Strips will last the longest. I attached 5 half-BAND-AIDs to hardboiled eggs and immersed them in water. I checked them every half hour to see if the BAND-AIDS had fallen off. My hypothesis was disproved. The Sports Strip BAND-AIDS lasted the longest and the Flexible Fabric BAND-AIDS stayed on the least amount of time. Project Number: MCS011 Grade: 8 Title: Which Brand of "Mud" Shrinks the Least? Abstract: With the variety of materials available for doing home repairs, it can be a challenge to determine what materials are the best to use. The purpose of my experiment is to find out which brand of wallboard joint compound shrinks the least. My procedure consisted of placing different brands of joint compound, USG, DAP, Lafarge, and National Gypsum into their own identical forms, and allowing it to dry. I then measured each with a digital caliper, and calculated the difference in the amount of shrinkage. I concluded that USG shrank the least and therefore is the best brand to use. Project Number: MCS012 Grade: 7 Title: Perfectly Popped Popcorn



Abstract: The problem is Which Brand of popcorn pops the best? It is hypothesized that Out of the five brands of popcorn chosen, Orville Redenbacher’s popcorn will pop the best. A brief procedure of the experiment is as follows. Five different brands of popcorn were popped over a stove. Each of them was tested three times with the same amount of popcorn and oil measured in milliliters, the same heat, and the same pot. Data was recorded. The results do support the hypothesis. Project Number: MCS013 Grade: 8 Title: The Great Egg Drop Abstract: The purpose of this experiment was to see what packaging material best protects eggs. Wrap one egg in 6 mm of each material; bubble wrap, plastic wrap, paper towels, cloth, cardboard, duct tape, Styrofoam and one egg unwrapped. Drop each egg from 130 cm. Record your results (the amount of damage and repeat. The results show that eggs that weren’t wrapped in anything broke every time. When Styrofoam, plastic wrap, bubble wrap, cloth, paper towels and duct tape where used, it cracked each time. 2 out of 4 of the trials when cardboard was used it didn’t crack. Therefore, cardboard protects best of these materials. Project Number: MCS014 Grade: 8 Title: Got Coke? Abstract: The purpose of this experiment is to see if middle school students or adults can distinguish between different types of coke.The procedure used is: 1. Get 4 small dixie cups and mark the bottom of each cup for diet coke, caffeine free diet coke, regular coke and caffeine free regular coke. 2. Pour each of the cokes into the corresponding cups. 3. Have each subject take a sip from each cup and ask if they can tell what type of coke they are tasting 4. Record your results 5. Repeat this procedure with 15 adults and 15 middle school students The data collected showed that neither subject group was 100% accurate. More adults could tell the difference between coke and diet coke then middle school students. No one in either group could distinguish between caffeine and caffeine free. In conclusion the hypothesis of this experiment was correct. Adults as a whole were better able to distinguish between the different cokes. This was a fun experiment to do. It was interesting watching all the different people and their expressions while tasting the cokes. This experiment can be done with all types of various drinks i.e. milk juices, etc. Project Number: MCS015 Grade: 7 Title: Which Diaper is most Absorbent? Abstract: The problem is to determine which brand of diapers is most absorbent Pampers, Huggies, or Luvs. It is hypothesized that pampers will be the most absorbent of the three name brands of diapers tested. Three diapers of each brand (Huggies, Luvs, Pampers) were tested during the experiment. Each diaper was submerged in 40 ounces of water. The excess water was drained from the diapers and measured to determine the average amount of water absorbed by each brand. The results of the experiment support the hypothesis proving that Pampers is the most absorbent of the three brands of diapers tested. Project Number: MCS016 Grade: 7 Title: Stain, Stain, Go Away Abstract: I wanted to see which laundry detergent will efficiently remove stains. I used several brands of laundry detergent. I cut 20 pieces of cotton cloth, stained them with different stain solutions, let the stain sit for two hours, then washed the stained cloth according to manufacturers instruction. I rated the stain and compared results.



Project Number: MCS017 Grade: 8 Title: Attention All Ice Cream Lovers Abstract: The purpose of my project was to help people who want to make ice cream by determining which salt works best for freezing ice cream. My procedure was making an ice cream mixture, taking its temperature, shaking it up with the salt and ice, and taking the final temperature. The results were that salt substitute lowered the temperature the least and sea salt lowered it the most. The conclusion I came to was that smaller granule salts lower the temperature more than the larger granule salts and the salt substitute barely lowered the temperature at all. Project Number: MCS018 Grade: 7 Title: Swish Away the Bacteria Abstract: Bacteria are a normal part of life-especially the ones in your mouth. My project will show which brand of mouthwash can kill the most bacteria. I compared five different brands. After swishing my mouth, I took a sterile cotton swab and wiped the surface of my mouth. I spread the mouth samples on an agar petri dish and watched for bacteria colonies to grow. I recorded and compared the results. Project Number: MCS020 Grade: 8 Title: Homemade vs. Name Brand Abstract: The purpose of this experiment was to see the effect of carpet cleaner on a stain. Gather 10 carpet squares putting them into 3 groups of 3 leaving one for the control. Stain 9 carpet squares with 10mL of grape juice each, let carpet sit for 24hours. Make the homemade solution by mixing all the ingredients together. Spray each carpet 3 times with each of the cleaners. The data shows that the control is .24fc, Resolve is .28fc, Oxy Deep is .26fc, and the homemade solution is .26fc. Therefore the homemade solution cleans as well as a name brand cleaner. Project Number: MCS021 Grade: 8 Title: The Best Deck Protection? Abstract: Acid rain can destroy your decks, playgrounds, and even houses. Advertisements claim that wood sealants can protect the wood for years. This project led me to the question, “Which sealant will best protect the wood from an acid rain solution?” I used 32 pieces of wood, and coated 28 pieces with 7 different sealants. The results of this experiment showed the sealant that protects best against an acid rain solution is Minwax Clear Shield. Project Number: MCS022 Grade: 7 Title: Popcorn Abstract: The purpose of this project was to see which brand of popcorn was the best with respect to buttery tasting, fluffiest, and amount of un-popped kernels. Four brands of microwave popcorn were tested by placing each bag in the microwave for 2 minutes and 10 seconds and then pouring the popcorn into a bowl, where it was measured for its height, the amount of unpopped kernels were counted, and a taste test was performed based on the butter flavoring. The results of the experiment were that Jolly Time popcorn had the best overall averages with respect to fluffiest 11.30cm and it also received a 7 out of 10 rating for its taste test. Project Number: MCS023 Grade: 7 Title: Which Popcorn Pops The Most? Abstract: Please visit exhibit for student's abstract.



Project Number: MCS024 Grade: 8 Title: Is Your Bread Fresh? Abstract: The purpose of this experiment was to see which container kept the bread fresh longest. Take two loafs of bread and put a few slices into a Glad container, Tupperware container, and a Ziploc bag. One loaf of bread will be in the original bag it comes in. Place them in the same room and each day check for any signs of mold. The Tupperware container and Ziploc bag had mold appear. Therefore the data shows that the original bag and Glad container kept the bread fresh longest. Project Number: MCS025 Grade: 7 Title: Distance of Gamecube Controllers Abstract: The purpose of this project is to determin what brand of wireless gamecube controller receives a signal from the furthest distance. The hypothesis is if a Madcat, Gamestop, Wavebird, and Psyclone brand controllers are tested, then the Psyclone controller will go the furthest because it uses the more batteries and claims to have the furthest usage distance. The hypothesis was proven correct however the results would not affect real life because no one would play a game from the maximum distancess the signals were recieved because the game would be out of sight. Project Number: MCS028 Grade: 7 Title: Hair Straighteners Abstract: The problem is which hair straightener works the best. It is hypothesized that the Chi Hair Straightener will straighten hair the best. The hair was straightened by layers. Each piece of hair was measured into 1.54 centimeters and straightened one time through. It was then observed to see how well the straightener straightened the hair. At the end of the day the hair was observed again to see how well the hair stayed straight. The results did support my hypothesis. Project Number: MCS029 Grade: 8 Title: Will It Wash Out? Abstract: Do different detergents and the number of times washed affect the flammability of children's clothing? I thought the number of times washed and the different detergents would effect the flammability of children's clothing. I thought this because during my research I discovered that while being washed in a certain detergent of the certain number of times washed the material could lose it's flammability. The dteregent could raise the flammability. During my procedure I held a candle under a certain fabric. My helper would record how long it took to make even the slightest hole in the fabric. As soon as one of us would see a hole I would remove the candle from underneath and record the data. As for all of the tests the average time it took to make a hole in the fabric was 4.5 and sometimes 4.75 seconds. Do different detergents and the number of times washed affect the flammability of children's clothing? No. The average time that it took to burn a hole in the pieces of fabric was 4.5 seconds. Most of the times were in the 4-5 second range. This shows that there wasn't really a difference in the flammability. Project Number: MCS032 Grade: 8 Title: NRR vs.RPM Abstract: The effectiveness of different types of earplugs for reducing machine-generated noise was explored in this experiment. Each year, there are nearly 1 million people that are exposed to loud sound levels from machine noise that can cause hearing damage. Eight types of earplugs were tested (27 trials in all) using a simulated head, engine noise file, and a decibel meter to control decibel levels. The foam earplugs blocked 8.7% and the rubber earplugs only blocked 6.6% of the noise in comparison to the



control group. In conclusion, the foam earplugs performed the best because they conformed to the shape of the ear canal to block more noise. Project Number: MCS033 Grade: 8 Title: Shampoo Cost vs Quality Abstract: The purpose of my investigation was to determine which shampoo performed the best when tested in five tests. In the pH test Aussie, Matrix, and L'Oreal had an average pH of 6. In the foam formation test Matrix performed best with an average of 164 mLs of foam. In the foam retention test Matrix performed best, losing no foam. In the percent solids test VO5 performed best with 44% solids. In the viscosity test VO5 performed best because the bead took one minute and six seconds to reach the bottom. Matrix performed best in the most tests, proving the hypothesis. Project Number: MCS034 Grade: 8 Title: Watt Bulb is a Bright Idea? Abstract: My question was Which type of light bulb is brighter - a flourescent or an incandescent? I decided to do this experiment because everyone has become energy conscious and I wanted to know how my family would be able to use less electricity and in turn save money. I hypothesized that the flourescent bulb would produce a brighter light. I noticed that a 40 watt flourescent light bulb in the kitchen was brighter than a 40 watt light bulb in a lamp. In order to do my experiment, I first gathered my materials. Next, I installed the lowest rated light bulb into the loght socket. I then plugged the light socket into a working power outlet. Next, I tested the circuit and bulb by turning the light on. If everything worked, I then turned off the light and proceeded to the next step. Now I turned the light bulb back on. I then held the light meter exactly 50cm from the surface of the light bulb. Next, I measured the amount of the light coming from the light bulb in lumens using the light meter. I then recorded the results in my data table. When this was done, I repeated the steps for each light bulb and recorded the correct information in my data table for each bulb. Upon doing the tests, I found that my hypothesis was correct. While doing the testing, I found that a lower wattage flourescent light bulb produced more light than a higher wattage incandescent light bulb. I also noticed that an incandescent light bulb puts off more heat than the flourescent light bulb. If I were to do this experiment again, I would test a larger variety of different sizes and types of both incandescent nad flourescent light bulbs. Project Number: MCS035 Grade: 8 Title: Finding the Best Way to Reduce Germs on a Toothbrush Abstract: The hypothesis for this experiment is that solutions can be found that will reduce the germs on a toothbrush New toothbrushes were “assigned” to each of the 10 agar plates. Each agar plate represented a different solution or method for reducing germs/bacteria. Using several controls, the toothbrushes were used for a two-week period, after which, the toothbrushes were swabbed onto the agar plates. The agar plates were then observed over a two week period. Data indicate that a plain toothbrush cover provided the least amount of protection from germs/bacteria. This research could be used by dentists and other health care professionals. Project Number: MCS036 Grade: 8 Title: The Viscosity of Motor Oil Abstract: Motor oil is necessary to lubricate a car engine to reduce friction and prevent wear. One way of measuring oil’s ability to lubricate is to measure its viscosity. Four different brands of motor oil at three different weights (5W-20, 5W-30 & 20W-50) were tested at heated and cooled temperatures to calculate the changes in viscosity – 3 trials for each condition, brand and weight of oil (108 trials in all). It was determined that viscosity did change as temperature was increased or decreased. Overall, higher priced motor oils showed less of a change in viscosity than the lower priced oils when heated or cooled, which should result in better engine performance.



Project Number: MCS037 Grade: 8 Title: Let The Tooth Be Told Abstract: My project is “Let the Tooth be Told”. In my experiment I tested to see which teeth whitening product works the best. I used eggshells as teeth, and tested toothpaste, strips, and gel. For each product I tested for two weeks. For toothpaste, I brushed the egg about a minute twice a day. For white strips, I applied two a day and let them dissolve. For gel, I applied it in the evening and took it off in the morning. After two weeks, my conclusion was that the toothpaste worked better, and was cheaper than the other products. Project Number: MCS038 Grade: 7 Title: Are Expensive Shoes Better? Abstract: Please visit exhibit for student's abstract. Project Number: MCS039 Grade: 7 Title: Which Drinking Mix is Which Abstract: Please visit exhibit for student's abstract. Project Number: MCS040 Grade: 7 Title: Which Brand Of Fertilzer Works The Best? Abstract: Please visit exhibit for student's abstract.

INTERMEDIATE DIVISION – EARTH/SPACE/ENVIRONMENT


Project Number: MES001 Grade: 8 Title: Acid Rain Abstract: My experiment is on the pH (potential hydrogen) balance of rainfall in Garrett County. Before I started collecting data and analyzing it, I predicted that the pH was not low enough to be acid rain. I used a rain gauge to measure the amount of rain that fell, and a pH meter to measure the pH of the sample. After I recorded the data I averaged the data and made line graph using the data from the samples. Garrett County does receive acid rain. In fact all the samples averaged together had a pH of 5.483, which is acid rain. Project Number: MES002 Grade: 8 Title: Exhausted Peas! Abstract: This project, the effect of car exhaust on pea plants, was chosen because of pollution and how it affects the environment. The hypothesis is "If the time that car exhaust is exposed to pea plants changes, then the increased exposure will decrease the plants growth, color, and texture, because car exhaust has harmful pathogens in it." Pea plants were put into containers filled with car exhaust for different amounts of time, over a two week period, then removed. The results were that the control grew the most, but the "polluted" plants germinated more. Project Number: MES003 Grade: 8 Title: Does the Environment Affect Rain? Abstract: My purpose for this experiment is to find out if the environment pollutes rain water. First I collected 5 rain water events. I prepared the nutrient broth. I poured each sample into a petri dish. After 24 hours I placed petri dishes into the colony counter. Lastly, I added colilert from the pouch to the sample. The results of my experiment yielded that the pH of the rain water samples were below the control sample. There was more bacteria in the samples then I expected. My hypothesis was supported. When there was no rain at all for about three days and then it rained, the water was most polluted. Project Number: MES004 Grade: 7 Title: Height vs Carter Depth Abstract: The purpose of this projecct was to see if drop height affects the size of a crater. In my data I found that craters are caused by collision on the surface and ejects are left all around. To do this project, I got a pale of sand, a golf ball, a baseball, a marble, a ruler, and a cm tape measure. I dropped in all three balls at three different heights. After all my tests I found that the balls depth in the sand at all heights did not change drastically. The craters were all very wide. This tells me that drop height does affect the craters width. It does not affect the depth. That is the conclussion to my project. Project Number: MES005 Grade: 8 Title: Water, Water, Everywhere, But Not a Drop to Drink? Abstract: Can a stream's water quality be determined by its appearance? My investigation for this year will determine if a stream's water quality is as good as the stream looks or if further tests needed to be done to determine water quality. To complete this investigation the stream needed to be tested in five different areas to determine which section had the least amount of acid mine drainage. The data showed that the section right before the acid mine drainage came in contact with the stream had the best water quality. Project Number: MES006 Grade: 8 Title: Crop Rotation Does It Work?



Abstract: The purpose of the experiment was to determine if rotating crops would create more nitrogen and other nutrients in soil. The procedures used were planting lima bush beans and after a growing period of 2 weeks the soil is tested. Then half the trays are to be rotated 3 with cucumbers and 3 with lima beans. After two weeks test the soil and compare the results. Project Number: MES007 Grade: 8 Title: Predict The Weather Abstract: Please visit exhibit for student's abstract. Project Number: MES008 Grade: 7 Title: A Better Way To Use Solar Energy Abstract: My purpose is to convince the people who own anything solar powered to learn from my experiment and improve the way they power their appliances and homes. My procedure is to test the temperature of water and salt three time each day for the affect of the sun. I checked the air temperature, humidity, dew point and sky conditions for 27 days. The results were that salt can store more solar energy and keep it longer than water. The conclusion was that the salt is a better way to power a solar powered device than water. Project Number: MES009 Grade: 7 Title: Effects of Pollution on Solar Cells Abstract: Please visit exhibit for student's abstract. Project Number: MES010 Grade: 8 Title: Effect of Diet Pills on Daphnia Abstract: if daphnia’s heart rate is 180 beats per minute, it increases in 100% dilution because diet pills speed up heart rate. Procedure 1. Daphnia collected. 2. 100%, 10%, 1%, 0.1% serial dilutions prepared by dissolving diet pills in 100 milliliters of water. 3. Plastic washer placed on slide over petroleum jelly used as sealant. 4. Place a drop of one dilution into washer, creating a pool. 5. Daphnia placed on slides. 6. Control- daphnia on slide without serial dilution 7. Heart rate- collected after five minutes using microscope and timer Project Number: MES011 Grade: 8 Title: Saving Energy In Your Home: By Means of Insulation Abstract: Please visit exhibit for student's abstract. Project Number: MES012 Grade: 8 Title: Water Pollution in My Area Abstract: The purpose of my experiment was to learn about pollution in my area. My procedure consisted of using test strips, using a magnifying glass, and surveying the water. The data I gathered for each body of water was pH, alkalinity, chlorine, hardness, nitrite, and nitrate; I looked for living organisms; and I also looked for trash in and around the water. My conclusion was that the creek behind my house was most polluted, and then the Beaver River, the Ohio River, Slippery Rock Creek, and Big Sewickley Creek, and finally bottled water as the least polluted.



Project Number: MES013 Grade: 8 Title: Paper or Plastic? Abstract: This project was performed to see which type of bag is more benefical to the environment, paper or plastic. In my experiment I used 2 types of bags, paper and plastic, which are generally your 2 choices in the checkout line at the super markets. Each type of bag was measured for its mass. I chose this project due to all the subject matter of global warming and the recent broader acceptance of global warming truly happening. There are many issues that go along with global warming. I chose to look at two products most of us or someone in our families use everyday. Although this topic barely scratches the surface of the issue of landfills and global warming, the conclusion is one that will help in making a decision we face at lwast one a week... paper or plastic? Project Number: MES014 Grade: 8 Title: Artificial Light Versus Natural Light Abstract: This experiment was completed to determine if an Aloe plant would grow best under natural or artificial light. Other experiments showed that the Aloe would grow just as well under either source of light. When this experiment was performed one Aloe was kept under a window exposed to sunlight. Another Aloe was kept under artificial light. Each plant received 1c. Water each week, and each plant stayed situated for about two months. The results of this experiment weren't what the hypothesis had suggested. The Aloe under atrificial light grew approximately 1cm. throughout the experiment. The Aloe under sunlight grew approximately 2cm. Project Number: MES015 Grade: 8 Title: Bacteria Can Fix It! Abstract: How do nitrogen fixing bacteria affect clover plant growth? Plants have always enthralled me, so I decided to do an experiment on the growth of plants. To answer this problem I had to set up plants in the same environment. Only one thing was different between the three groups of plants was their source of nitrogen. One third of the plants were grown with water and nothing else, another third of plants were grown in nitrogen fixing bacteria, and the last third was grown in nitrogen fertilizer. Initial data in this experiment showed that the plants grown with nitrogen fixing bacteria grew the best. Project Number: MES016 Grade: 8 Title: How to Build a More Efficient Solar Oven Abstract: The reason that I am doing this experiment is to see how effective solar heating is and how I can make it better. Two of the ovens I built had outside boxes to help attract more heat, one without. I placed a black shelf at the bottom of each of the inner boxes. My results show that my hypothesis was partially correct. I said that B would perform the best because it was the biggest. In 2 out of 4 tests it performed the best. However, A also performed well in 2 out of 4 tests. In the air test, B actually performed the worst. A did the best in all 4 checks. In the future, we couls use solar energy to cook and heat our homes. Project Number: MES017 Grade: 7 Title: Acid Attack Abstract: Pitter, patter, pitter, patter. Rain falls on the ground every day. Some say it is harmless; think again. During the course of my project I have come to learn that acid rain is out there, and it's not a good thing. By testing a wide variety of subjects I have concluded that the effects of acid rain are devastating. In order to accomplish that task, I used accelerated testing, where each variable's treatment is stronger than in real life to speed up the reuslts. This was highly successful. So next time you find yourself watching rainfall, remember, it could be deadly.



Project Number: MES018 Grade: 7 Title: Acidic Dangers Abstract: The problem I'm trying to solve is as stated: Is the rain gauge that is closest to a power industry contain more acids that the others? My hypothesis to this question was: I think the gauge closest to the industry will contain more acids. My procedure was very simple. I placed 3 rain gauges into different locations in my backyard. After periods of rainfall I recorded the amount of rain and the pH level of each. From what my results showed, the rain gauge closest to the industry contained more acids than the others. If I were to do this project again, I would change the area of each gauge, or try testing the soil for acids. Project Number: MES019 Grade: 8 Title: Sandbag Solutions Abstract: In this project, it was determined if the material inside a sandbag affected its ability to hold back floodwaters. The hypothesis was if different materials were tested, then the cat litter would do best because of its absorbency. For the set-up, one graduated cylinder was filled with 100 mL of water. The other cylinder top had two squares of burlap below a funnel filled with one of the four materials. The water was then poured on top of the material, filtered, and the water was measured. The cat litter did the best, followed by the pea gravel, sand, and soil. Project Number: MES020 Grade: 8 Title: Temperature, Salinity & Bioremediation Abstract: Purpose/Application to determine whether water’s temperature and salinity affect how microbes bioremediate oil. Procedure: fill six containers with 25 mL freshwater and 6 with saltwater 2. Add .5 mL oil and 5 mL microbial solution to half the containers. 3. Put samples in 4°, 22°, and 37°C environments. 4. Mass containers. Conclusion: Microbes performed best in 37° saltwater and were more effective in saltwater and warmer temperatures. Average Total % of Mass Lost Trials: Freshwater4° .0036690% Freshwater22° .0007049% Freshwater37° .0069400% Saltwater4° .0090720% Saltwater22° .0116580% Saltwater37° .0170440% Controls: Freshwater4° .0019380% Freshwater22° .0053230% Project Number: MES021 Grade: 8 Title: Plants and Ultraviolet Light Abstract: Do you think ultraviolet exposure to plants can affect their growth? By comparing plant growth under fluorescent and ultraviolet lights, determining the answer to this problem will be possible. The three different types of plants (radishes, grass, and mung beans) were grown in the same environment and temperature and were given the same amount of water. But, the plants were grown in different soils and under the different types of lights (fluorescent and ultraviolet). The initial data recorded showed that plants under the ultraviolet light were healthier.



Project Number: MES022 Grade: 7 Title: Plants on Mars; Will They Grow? Abstract: The purpose of this experiment was to find to what consistency of Iron (III) Oxide is lethal to plant life. I thought that the 50% Iron (III) Oxide to 50% soil wouldn't grow. I grew sunflowers in soil with different consistencies of Iron (III) oxide. The 25% of Iron (III) Oxide grew the best. The Iron (III) Oxide made plants grow bigger. Project Number: MES023 Grade: 7 Title: The Effectiveness of Detergents on Oil Covered Feathers Abstract: The purpose of this experiment is to determine if a particular reagent will have substantially varying effects in removing oil from waterfowl feathers. Of the four reagents selected for the experiment, Goo-Gone was believed to be the most effective. Uniformly sized duck feathers were dipped in oil, and one of the four selected reagents were applied. Data collected included mass of the feathers at various stages of the experiment. It was concluded that De-Solv-It proved most effective in removing oil from waterfowl feathers. This research can be used by groups associated with clean-up efforts after major oil spills. Project Number: MES024 Grade: 7 Title: Collecting Micrometeorites Abstract: The purpose of my experiment was to see if I could collect micrometeorites in rainwater. At the onset of rainfall, three beakers were placed outdoors in area free of overhead obstruction, traffic and pollution. Collected rainwater was examined microscopically for material of reasonable shape and appearance. I was able to collect a total pf 117 micrometeorites over the course of my experiment Project Number: MES025 Grade: 8 Title: Corrosion of cement Abstract: Please visit exhibit for student's abstract. Project Number: MES026 Grade: 8 Title: Let Them Breathe Abstract: I am investigating how does pH effect the breaking down of biodegradable bags. I crated a compost by adding organic materials to potting soil and grass, then divided it into 9 plastic bags. Cut the biodegradable bags into even pieces. Add the 10 pieces of bag to each plastic bag. Add lime into 3 of the bags and sulfur into 3 of the other plastic bags to reduce and increase the pH level. Measure over 6 week period.Record and compare results. Project Number: MES027 Grade: 8 Title: Does Climate Effect Plant Growth? Abstract: The purpose of the experiment was to find whether climate will effect plant growth. The Climates used were a warm and dry, warm and moist, a cool and dry, and a cool and moist climate. The warm and moist plant grew the most, it had an ending height of 72 cm. The warm and dry plant had an ending height of 28 cm. The other two plants did not grow at all. The warm and moist climate is the best for growing plants.



Project Number: MES028 Grade: 8 Title: Bottle H2O vs Tap H2O: Right Choice? Abstract: The problem in my experiment is: Bottled Water vs. Tap Water…Are we making the right choice? For my experiment, I hypothesized that tap and bottled water have a similar quality. I retrieved tap water samples from water fountains on my school campus and my home. I also used three bottled water samples. For each water sample, I performed tests for pH, chlorine, iron, and hardness. I sent some water samples to labs to test for lead, fecal coliform, a heterotrophic plate count, and if water passed the PADEP standards. In conclusion, all bottled and tap water met drinking water standards. Project Number: MES029 Grade: 8 Title: Global Warming! Giant Plants taking over the World Abstract: There has been a big concern about global warming in recent years. Carbon dioxide is the major green house gas responsible for it. This experiment was conducted to find out the effect of elevated CO2 levels on plant growth, so we can take preventative measures to protect our environment. I’ve grown plants in different levels of CO2, and I have measured their growth rate. I discovered that the plants gave the optimum growth rate at levels between 600-800 ppm, but they didn’t grow well over a CO2 level of 1000 ppm. Project Number: MES030 Grade: 7 Title: Pollution in Pittsburgh Abstract: My purpose was to compare how much particle pollution there is in places that are visited daily. I hypothesized that parks would have lower number of particles than high traffic areas. My experiment was simple; I spread petroleum jelly on grid-index cards and left them out for a period of 24 hours. At the end, I counted the particles under a light microscope and compared the count between the various locations. In my experiment, the particle counts were not much different between the locations that were tested. Project Number: MES031 Grade: 8 Title: The Effect of Herbicide Retention on Seed Growth Abstract: The hypothesis for this experiment is that a small percentage of herbicide will be adsorbed is soil, and thus, will retain its effectiveness for a given period of time. After a rain event, however, the herbicide will be washed away from the soil and will no longer be effective. Three soil columns were used to evaluate this hypothesis. Data indicate that herbicide are adsorbed onto soil, however, they do not retain their effectiveness for an extended period of time. This research is beneficial to gardeners and landscapers with regard to herbicide concentrations and application frequency. Project Number: MES032 Grade: 8 Title: Algae Farm Abstract: The purpose was to determine the effects on algae using various chemicals. The procedure consisted of using five clean quart jars filling each with the following; pond/ tap water only, pond/ tap water and copper sulfate crystals, pond/ tap water and fertilizer, pond/ tap water and detergent, and finally pond/ tap water and vegetable oil. Jars were placed in direct sunlight for two weeks and observed. The conclusion determined copper sulfate crystals killed the algae, and the fertilizer and vegetable oil allowed the algae to grow. There was no significant change to the jars containing, pond water only and detergent. Project Number: MES034 Grade: 8 Title: Plants to the Rescue



Abstract: I investigated bioremediation. My purpose was finding a natural solution to clean up oil spills. I gained data for my project by placing a layer of motor oil in cylinders containing four plant types to see if the plants would absorb the oil. I recorded the oil level for four weeks. Each plant type survived and absorbed oil. Jungle Val plants had the highest absorption rate. Reed Grass plants absorbed the least amount of oil. My hypothesis was proven correct. Jungle Val would be a natural solution to help clean oil spills in fresh water. Project Number: MES035 Grade: 7 Title: Homemade Barometer Abstract: The purpose of the project is to build a homemade barometer and test its accuracy against the professional barometer. If a homemade barometer is built to predict air pressure then the homemade barometer will show the same air pressure as a professional barometer because the design chosen is made to be accurate. The data shows that most of the time the homemade barometer was accurate as compared to the professional barometer. Project Number: MES036 Grade: 7 Title: Another One Bites the Dust Abstract: The purpose of this project is to find which material filters pollution the best. I tested five different filters using everyday materials. I used a hairdryer to blow powdered charcoal through each filter. I measured the amount of charcoal that passed through each filter. The material that was the most effective was cotton. The texture of the fabric and the thickness helped to contain the blowing charcoal. I learned that we must continue to improve the filters we use in our industries, cars, and homes so that we can stop the problem of pollution of our air and global warming. Project Number: MES037 Grade: 7 Title: Remediation of Contaminated Soil Using Activated Carbon Abstract: This project will investigate the feasibility of using activated carbon to adsorb oil from soil samples. Specifically, samples of oil-contaminated soils wereamended with varying amounts of activated carbon. Grass seed planted on the soil samples was observed over a three week period. The number of grass blades in each sample was recorded as a means of evaluating the effectiveness of the activated carbon to adsorb the oil. This research can be used by homeowners and landscapers. Project Number: MES038 Grade: 8 Title: Oil Slick Abstract: The purpose of this experiment is how oil affects the evaporation of water. First, fill 5 jars with 200 milliliters of water, add the following amounts of oil (milliliters),one to each: 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20, place the jars somewhere that they will not be bothered for 2 weeks. The beginning height of the liquid in each jar was: no oil-5.5 cm, 5 ml oil-5.6 cm, 10 ml oil-5.7 cm, 15 ml oil-6 cm, 20 ml oil-6.1 cm. The final average height of the liquid in each jar was: no oil-4.5 cm, 5 ml oil-4.8 cm, 10 ml oil-5.3 cm, 15 ml oil-6 cm, 20 ml oil-6 cm. The more oil decreased the evaporation of the water. Project Number: MES039 Grade: 7 Title: Organisize It! Abstract: The purpose of my project was to see which organic material could hold the most water. I measured out four pots of sand. Then I took two pots and added manure and one with peat moss. I then added water to all the pots. I waited twelve hours and repeated twice. My results were that the peat moss held the most water, then came manure, and then sand without organic material. In conclusion, my



project was supported by my hypothesis. So, people who need to water their plants over long periods of time should put peat moss on their plants.

INTERMEDIATE DIVISION – ENGINEERING/ROBOTICS


Project Number: MER001 Grade: 7 Title: Safe Landing Abstract: The purpose of my experiment is to determine which shape of parachute will stay in the air longest. I believe the circular parachute will stay in the air longest. Six different shaped parachutes of equal size were built and tested ten times each. The same weight was attached to each parachute then dropped from the same height. The time of descent was measured. The results showed that the circle stayed in the air longest with an average time of 4.26 seconds. The time for the triangle was shortest at 2.92 seconds. My hypothesis was confirmed. Circular parachutes stay up longest. Project Number: MER002 Grade: 8 Title: Wind Power! Abstract: Please visit exhibit for student's abstract. Project Number: MER003 Grade: 8 Title: Robotic Arm Designs On Distance Abstract: My purpose was to explore programming robots and building different robotic arms. My procedure was assembling a robot from Lego parts, downloading a program I designed from NXT Software onto it and testing it on a black-tape course so the light sensor could sense it, and assemble a container for a pencil. The robot grasps the pencil and brings it back 40.64 centimeters. I would repeat this procedure using different designs. My data showed how far the pencil would be carried with each design. My conclusions were the combined design came first, the three-prong followed and the scoop-with-bar was third. Project Number: MER004 Grade: 8 Title: The Physics of Swimming Abstract: Purpose of the experiment to test the importance of variables for swimming, including number of strokes per minute (SPM), angle of the arms, and hand. Procedures used: I made a machine: N.E.P.T.U.N.E. Navigational Experimental Prototype Testing Unidirectional Nautical Equipment, using motorized K’nex. I timed it swimming 5 yards and took the average of 5 runs for each variable. Data: At 14 SPM the average time was 24 seconds, and at 33 SPM the average time was 41 seconds. Changing the angles only made a slight difference. Conclusions: The most important variable in swimming is the SPM. Project Number: MER005 Grade: 7 Title: Axle Energy Abstract: The rear axle of a car spins as it drives down the highway. This energy is being wasted. This work intended to learn if a generator could be placed on the car's axle to generate electricity. I attached magnets to a car axle. I placed coils of wire wrapped around an iron core next to the magnets. The axle was spun to simulate the car driving. I used volt meter to measure the electricity generated. It was determined that this method can generate electricity. Future work is planned to determine if multiple generators could be placed on an axle. Project Number: MER006 Grade: 8 Title: The Best Wood for Baseball Bats Abstract: The purpose of this investigation was to determine which type of wood hits a baseball the farthest. I gathered all materials needed then assembled the apparatus with the piece of hickory attached.



I used it for five trials then switched the hickory with white ash. I repeated this for sugar maple. Sugar maple hit the ball the farthest, hickory came in second, and white ash came in third. Sugar maple hit the ball the farthest because it was denser than white ash but lighter than hickory. Project Number: MER007 Grade: 8 Title: Can Concrete Be Made Stronger? Abstract: Concrete is a construction material made from many compounds. This project is intended to determine if increasing or decreasing the water to cement ratio in a concrete mixture will increase its strength. Four trial groups with ten cement discs each (40 discs in all) were tested using the directions on the cement bag: One group with water decreased by 25%, one with the recommended water content , and two more with the addition of 25% and 50% extra water, respectively. It was found that the addition of 25% more water maximizes the concrete’s strength. Upon further research, it was found that the chemical reactions of the hydration stage require sufficient water to react. The static weight testing apparatus designed by the investigator to break the concrete was unsuccessful, resulting in the use of compression chamber. Future research would utilize small incremental changes in water content. Project Number: MER009 Grade: 8 Title: Wind It Up! Abstract: The purpose of my experiment was to determine if a micro wind turbine could use the wind's kinetic energy to charge the battery of a power tool and to determine if drag causes us to use more energy then we are creating. I used a turbine, resistors, an amp meter, and drag calculations for my experimenting. I found that you are using more energy than you are actually creating. Although it is beneficial to use renewable resources such as wind power, sometimes other variables affect the efficiency and practicality. Project Number: MER010 Grade: 8 Title: Warm chickens, more eggs? Abstract: In agriculture, production rates are very important. Dairy cows have been found to increase their milk production when given soft heated pads to lay on. The goal was to design and test a nest box which would increase chicken egg production. The results were positive, but other factors may have influenced results. Project Number: MER011 Grade: 7 Title: A Study of Inter-Robot Communication Abstract: To assist and help us everyday, we often use one robot to accomplish the task at hand. However, a better option may be to have several smaller communicating robots. My project studies the usefulness of this variation and how it compares to our current method keeping in mind various factors such as complexity, cost, efficiency, robustness, and scalability. To study and compare the two options, executed a complex task using both methods. After collecting and analyzing data, I came to the conclusion that for simpler small-scale tasks one robot is better; whereas in complex tasks, multiple robots are better. Project Number: MER012 Grade: 8 Title: Bridges and Mass Abstract: The purpose of this investigation was to see which type of bridge could withstand the mast mass. During this investigation, three types of bridges were constructed, two of each type. They were placed on two pillars of the same height. Mass was added and the amount of mass that broke each



bridge was recorded. The hypotheseis, the arch bridge would withstand the most mass, was not supported. The truss bridge withstood the most mass at an average of 23.5772 kilograms. Project Number: MER013 Grade: 8 Title: Arch vs Suspension Bridges Abstract: The purpose for my project is to determine whether making the beam a suspension or arch bridge will make the beam stronger. I designed and made two arch, suspension, and beam bridges. I tested each bridge with various amounts of weights until failure recording the deflection. I found that the suspension deflected 47.3% less than the deck beam. The arch started out increasing the bridges strength by 14% less deflection than the deck beam. I thought the arch would strengthen the bridge more but the design of the arch caused the early failure. The suspension increased the bridges strength more. Project Number: MER015 Grade: 8 Title: Solar Heating Abstract: Please visit exhibit for student's abstract. Project Number: MER016 Grade: 8 Title: Riding on Air Abstract: Please visit exhibit for student's abstract. Project Number: MER017 Grade: 8 Title: Learning the ABC's of CBA's Abstract: Please visit exhibit for student's abstract. Project Number: MER018 Grade: 7 Title: Fast Gas Extractor Abstract: Please visit exhibit for student's abstract. Project Number: MER019 Grade: 8 Title: Does the type of bridge affect how much weight it can hold? Abstract: The purpose was to see if the design of a bridge influenced the amount of mass it held. The procedure was to design and build bridges constructed from balsa wood, each approximately same length/mass. Attached marker under bridge, placed note card next to marker and leveler in the middle of bridge. Pulled trolley across bridge, increasing weights until leveler’s bubble shifted. Record data on mass held and marker’s line on note card, showed buckling. Truss held 1540 grams, arch held 1320 grams, suspension held 880 grams, and control held 440 grams before buckling. Truss bridges withstand greatest amount of mass. Project Number: MER020 Grade: 8 Title: Shock Force on Structure Stability Abstract: My project tests how the height of a structure and the shock force of a simulated earthquake affect its structural stability. I created a shake table using plywood and tennis balls, and used two weights to simulate the beginning shock of an earthquake. I made a structure to hold the weights up and I pulled the weights back 45°, 90°, and 135°. The weights would then hit the shake table and the structure either



fell or did not fall. Structure stability is inversely proportional to its height and to the shock force applied to it. Project Number: MER021 Grade: 8 Title: Popsicle Power: Arch or Suspension Abstract: Please visit exhibit for student's abstract. Project Number: MER022 Grade: 8 Title: Making A Stronger Bridge Abstract: Trusses are the skeletal structures for many bridges. The purpose of this experiment was to determine which of the triangle truss designs would have the greatest strength to weight ratio: a. equilateral 60-60-60 design b. right isosceles 90-45-45 design c. 90-60-30 design. Nine prototype bridges were constructed using balsa wood, three bridges of each design type. Each bridge was tested by hanging increasing amounts of weight from the center of the span up to the stress level or breaking point. Results indicate that the truss using the right isosceles triangle design had the greatest strength/weight ratio, the truss using the equilateral triangle design had the next greatest strength to weight ratio, the truss using the triangle design of 90-60-30 had the lowest strength/weight ratio. Project Number: MER023 Grade: 8 Title: Tin Whiskers Abstract: Please visit exhibit for student's abstract. Project Number: MER024 Grade: 8 Title: Magnets Permanent And Electro Abstract: Please visit exhibit for student's abstract. Project Number: MER026 Grade: 8 Title: Bridges Abstract: Please visit exhibit for student's abstract. Project Number: MER027 Grade: 8 Title: Recycled Plastic in Concrete Abstract: I wanted to see if recycled plastic bottles can strengthen concrete. I hope to find a simple way to strengthen and reinforce concrete. I mixed together concrete ingredients and let the cylinders set for two weeks. I broke the cylinders in a concrete compression machine and repeated with the plastic bottle cylinders. The variable mix had an average compression of 25,635.91 kilopascals. The average for the control was 31,893.92 kilopascals. My hypothesis was not supported by the results because the control mix was stronger than the variable. However, the variable mix was reinforced by the recycled plastic. Project Number: MER028 Grade: 8 Title: To C or Not to C Abstract: This experiment will determine if it is beneficial to learn ROBOTC or the same can be accomplished using the LEGO® MINDSTORMS® program to program the NXT controllers. A NXT robot was programmed with same task, one written with ROBOTC and the other with MINDSTORMS® software.



Analysis to compare the performance of both programs was performed. The memory usage, programming time, complexity, and debugging during the program development were analyzed. The main results were that the ROBOTC uses much less memory than the MINDSTORMS® software. Further experimentation procedures and conclusions will be documented at the science fair.

INTERMEDIATE DIVISION – MEDICINE/HEALTH/MICROBIOLOGY


Project Number: MMH001 Grade: 8 Title: Bacteria Growth On Surfaces Abstract: I was always told that public places harbored bacteria but I did not know which places. So I decided to test certain surfaces for bacteria content. I chose surfaces that were frequently touched but not cleaned at a mall. I tested the enter button of an ATM, an escalator handrail, an elevator button, a soap dispenser, and a water fountain button for the highest concentration of bacteria. I collected my samples and grew them in a laboratory. I concluded that the ATM enter button had the highest concentration of bacteria, and the water fountain button had the second highest. Project Number: MMH002 Grade: 8 Title: Germs Abstract: I chose to do this experiment becayse people always sneeze, and cough and i wanted to find out how far germs can travel so that people can stay away at a safe distance from the germs. Project Number: MMH003 Grade: 8 Title: Which type of lip gloss carries the most bacteria? Abstract: My experiment was to determine if the way of applying lip gloss has an affect on the bacterial growth. I believed that the lip gloss applied with a wand would carry the most bacteria. I swabbed four new lip glosses, all to be applied differently, onto agar plates. After using the lip glosses for 5 days, I swabbed the lip glosses onto agar plates and counted the bacterial growth. The lip gloss applied with my finger grew the most bacteria, followed by the lip gloss from a squeeze tube. The lip gloss with a wand did not carry bacteria. Project Number: MMH004 Grade: 8 Title: C.V. Scaffold Degradation Abstract: My objective is to test whether breakdown materials from cardiovascular scaffold degradation show any toxic effect on yeast cells, used in place of human cells. Scaffold degradation products were divided and plated with yeast, grown overnight. The effect was measured by counting the number of surviving yeast colonies after exposure to four different concentrations of scaffold degradation products. The two treatment groups(with 1.0 mL and 0.1 mL of degradation solution averaged 148.375 and 201.5 surviving colonies, respectively. The control(0.0 mL) averaged significantly lower - 81.625. I conclude that scaffold degradation materials have no toxic effects at these concentrations. Project Number: MMH005 Grade: 8 Title: Effectiveness of Mouthwash Abstract: Please visit exhibit for student's abstract. Project Number: MMH006 Grade: 7 Title: How affective is your Mouthwash? Abstract: In order to begin testing I swabbed Bacillus cereus onto a nutrient agar plate using a back and forth and side to side motion.Paper disks were then created to soak in the mouthwash being tested. The disks were soaked and dripped for 30 seconds and put into the incubator set at 37 degrees Celsius for 48 hours.Then the zone of inhibition was measured.



Project Number: MMH007 Grade: 7 Title: Temperature Effect on Decay Abstract: My project was conducted to see in which temperatures apples decayed most.Four apples were massed, exposed to a decaying apple, then placed in the following areas- Room Temperature, Freezer, Refrigerator, and under a 40 watt bulb. The apples were then checked daily for two weeks. After two weeks the apples were massed, then cut off decy, then massed again. The apples under the 40 watt bulb decayed the most, following room temperature, refrigerator, then freezer. To preserve apples, place them in the freezer for least decay. Project Number: MMH008 Grade: 7 Title: Bacteria on Restroom door handles Abstract: Please visit exhibit for student's abstract. Project Number: MMH009 Grade: 7 Title: Which Facial Cleanser Kills the Most Bacteria Abstract: The purpose of this experiment was to find which facial cleanser killed the most bacteria. In my procedure I spread bacteria on an agar plate and poked holes in it. I then put a small amount of each facial on the holes. I later measured the zone of inhibition using centimeters. In my data I found that Clean & Clear worked the best followed by Clearasil and then Olay. I concluded that Clean & Clear killed the most bacteria. If I were to change the experiment I would do more trials and more facial cleansers. Project Number: MMH010 Grade: 8 Title: Synthetic Antibiotics VS. Natural Antibiotics Abstract: Many people are diagnosed with bacterial infections every year. This experiment was intended to find out if synthetic or natural antibiotics performed better on common bacterial strains such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Micrococcus luteus. Five natural antibiotics and four synthetic antibiotics were tested to discover which would exhibit the best average zone of inhibition. Thirty Petri dishes were used (90 trials), and it was determined that Grapefruit Seed Extract and Penicillin performed the best of the natural and synthetic antibiotics. The natural antibiotics best inhibited the growth of E. coli, whereas the synthetic antibiotics best inhibited S. epidermidis and M. luteus. Project Number: MMH011 Grade: 7 Title: Cleaner and Greener Abstract: The motivation for this project is an interest in horticulture and a healthier environment. Chemical cleaners contain toxic ingredients. Could I create a safer product? Mold samples, and herb oils were created and compared with Tilex .The results varied. The basil oil showed the largest reduction in mold. The hypothesis was correct with surprising results. The basil oil eliminated the most surface mold, and continued to repel mold. These results have led me to wonder if different combinations of herb oils would prove to be even more effective. This could possibly be an idea for a future science project. Project Number: MMH012 Grade: 7 Title: How Store Bought Food Effects Baby Mice Abstract: Please visit exhibit for student's abstract.



Project Number: MMH013 Grade: 8 Title: The Five Second Rule Abstract: Please visit exhibit for student's abstract. Project Number: MMH014 Grade: 8 Title: Candy Confusion Abstract: The purpose of my experiment was to identify the types of medicines that could mistakenly be confused with candy and ingested by children. My experiment consisted of showing various types of candy and medicine to children and ask to identify them. The medicine that was mistaken most for candy was Ex-Lax and the least mistaken was Excedrin. The candy that was confused the most was Tic-Tac and the least M&Ms and Hershey’s. I need to contact the companies and submit my results so maybe they can change the look of their products to help minimize confusion and accidently overdoses. Project Number: MMH015 Grade: 7 Title: Aloe Vera Versus Ampicillin Abstract: Please visit exhibit for student's abstract. Project Number: MMH016 Grade: 8 Title: I Spy From the Side of My Eye Abstract: Please visit exhibit for student's abstract. Project Number: MMH017 Grade: 8 Title: Antibacterial Soaps: Yes or No Abstract: Please visit exhibit for student's abstract. Project Number: MMH018 Grade: 8 Title: Bacteria In A Bottle Abstract: The purpose of my experiment was to find out if it is safe to reuse water bottles. Five water bottles were used and reused a number of times. The inside of the bottle mouth was swabbed and later swabbed onto petri dishes. My results were the bottle used four times had the most bacteria. Second was the bottle used twice and the unused bottle. Third was the bottle used once. The bottle used three times had the least. I concluded that reusing water bottles increases the bacteria and also when the bottles are manufactured they may be contaminated with bacteria. Project Number: MMH019 Grade: 7 Title: Bacteria in a School Setting Abstract: The objective of this experiment is to determine if the number of people that inhabit a building correlates with the amount of bacteria that can be found in a building. The areas that were tested for bacteria samples in each building were the drinking fountains, door handles and knobs, sink faucets, light switches, restrooms, locker rooms, mouse and keyboards in computer labs, chairs, and desks. Bacteria were incubated for 48 hours and colonies were counted.



Project Number: MMH020 Grade: 7 Title: Which Spray Deodorant Reduces the Most Bacteria Abstract: The purpose was to see which spray deodorant reduces the most bacteria while determining if increasing the dosage of deodorant would correlate to decreasing bacterial growth. Underarm bacteria were measured to determine which deodorant was most effective and which quantities limited bacterial growth best. Data was collected by measuring the zone of inhibition. This measurement recorded the resistance of the deodorant to the bacteria. My results proved that Right Guard was more effective in preventing bacterial growth. The other conclusion that was proven was doubling the amount of deodorant does not double the protection. Project Number: MMH021 Grade: 8 Title: Bact. Concentrations in School Envir. Abstract: The goal is to make people aware of what areas are most prone to harmful bacteria and prevent people from getting diseases from bacteria. By finding the methods that are effective in minimizing bacteria concentrations, the spread of harmful bacteria infections (such as MRSA) can be reduced. A commercially available bacteria kit will be used to culture. Specific locations will be tested. Swab samples will be taken from each location in triplicates. Samples will be cultured for bacteria growth. Each culture will be assessed for growth and bacteria type. Areas will be retested before and after routine cleaning. Project Number: MMH022 Grade: 8 Title: Bacteria Battles Abstract: For my experiment, I wanted to find what the effects of household items would be on bacteria. I used a lemon juice and salt mixture, hot sauce, bleach, hydrogen peroxide, and germ-X. At a lab at Penn State when the third day arrived, and the testing was over, I had to measure the “rings” around the filter paper in the Petri-dishes. I concluded that bleach was the best disinfectant, then hot sauce, hydrogen peroxide, lemon juice and salt mixture, and finally germ-X and water tied for last. Project Number: MMH023 Grade: 7 Title: Are Middle Schoolers Healthy? Abstract: My prediction was that the average teenager - I would think the average middle schooler - isn't healthy. It actually turned out that middle schoolers are healthy. The survey is a series of eleven questions that are checked on a scale of one to five with five being the best. Project Number: MMH024 Grade: 8 Title: Heart Rates: Elliptical vs. Treadmill Abstract: The purpose of this project was to see if heart rates are higher while exercising on an elliptical or treadmill. The hypothesis was if heart rates are measured of people exercising on an elliptical and treadmill, then the people exercising on the elliptical will have a higher heart rate because it gives your whole body a workout while a treadmill focuses more on lower body. The materials were an elliptical, treadmill, timer, heart rate monitor and fifty people to do the project on. People exercised for five minutes on both machines then took heart rates. My hypothesis was right. Project Number: MMH025 Grade: 7 Title: Gatorade vs. Gatorade Rain and Tooth Decay



Abstract: This project’s purpose is to determine if Gatorade or Gatorade Rain will decay a tooth the most as measured by mass loss. If teeth are soaked in the liquids then the teeth in the Gatorade will lose the most mass in twenty-one days because research shows acid decays teeth and Gatorade has the most acid. Daily for twenty-one days the teeth will be be removed from the liquid, dried, and massed. The data supported the hypothesis that teeth in Gatorade will have the most mass decrease over twenty-one days. The conclusion is Gatorade shouldn’t be consumed on a regular basis. Project Number: MMH026 Grade: 8 Title: Pulse, Now Available At E.B. Games Abstract: The purpose of this experiment is to see which of three video games- Dance, Dance Revolution, Super Smash Brothers Melee, Guitar HeroIII ----- increased the pulse rate the most. If I knew this, I would know which game increased the heart beats. The most active game would act as an exercise. A radial pulse base-rate was recorded for four participants. New data was recorded after playing each game ten minutes and we waited until each pulse reached the base level before advancing to the next game. My data chart records DDR increased the heart rate the most, Guitar Hero III next and SSBM the least. My conclusion is moement increases heart beat. The type of video game played can give th e heart exercise it needs to stay healthy Project Number: MMH027 Grade: 8 Title: Protines Affect On Blood Sugar Abstract: Please visit exhibit for student's abstract. Project Number: MMH028 Grade: 8 Title: The Best Way to Preserve Food Abstract: The purpose of this investigation is to determine which preservative does a better job,salt or vinegar. measure 40mL of chicken broth into 27 plastic containers. Add selected amounts of salt(.25g, .5g, 1g, and 2g.) and vinegar (.625mL, 1.25mL, 2.5mL) at each measurments. Include three containers for control. Stir until dissolved; recorded label. Examine each microscope under microscope on the 3rd, 5th, and 7th days. Record results. The data showed that the containers with vinegar had less bacteria than the containers with salt. This went against the original hypothesis. Project Number: MMH029 Grade: 8 Title: Which Antibiotic Cream is Most Effective? Abstract: The purpose of this experiment is to see which antibiotic cream is most effective. I swabbed bacteria and punched holes into the bacteria and placed the cream in the agar. For both experiments, triple antibiotic cream was the most effective. My hypothesis was correct, triple antibiotic cream did inhibit the most bacteria for both experiments. Project Number: MMH030 Grade: 7 Title: Ouch! Abstract: Sterile paper disks will soak for 5 min. in each liquid antiseptic being tested. Bacteria will be streaked across an agar plate. The paper disks will drip for five min. before being place on the quadrants. Plates will be taped shut, inverted, and placed in an incubator set at 37 degrees C for 48 hrs. Project Number: MMH031 Grade: 8 Title: Bacterial Resistance



Abstract: The purpose of this experiment was to find out if bacteria become resistant to antibiotics. The procedures involved culturing the bacteria for four generations and then plating bacteria with either penicillin or tetracycline and measure the zone of inhibition. The results show that the antibiotic was less effective for each generation. Project Number: MMH032 Grade: 7 Title: Natural vs. Chemical Abstract: Fit, Veggie Wash, Lemon Juice, Baking Soda, Vinegar and water were mixed and tested to see which product eliminated the most bacteria on an apple. A template was cut and used to identify the area being tested and numbered for identification. Before and after tests were conducted. The plate was then taped shut and placed in an incubator for 48 hours. The percent reduction was then calculated. Tap water served as the control. Project Number: MMH033 Grade: 7 Title: Exercise & Recovery Pulse Rate Abstract: The heart is a muscular organ responsible for pumping blood through the blood vessels. A person’s pulse is the throbbing of the arteries as an effect of the heartbeat. This experiment intended to learn if regular exercise affects recovery pulse rate. In this experiment, 32 subjects did 5 minutes of supervised, structured exercise and then recorded their carotid pulses every minute for the next 8 minutes. Subjects were then asked to complete a written survey, asking how much the subject exercised per week. After organizing and graphing the data, it was determined that the groups that exercised more showed a better recovery pulse rate. This experiment did show that when you exercise more, you have a stronger heart. Future implications are to test more subjects and have them do more exercises. Project Number: MMH034 Grade: 8 Title: The Price Of A Clean Mouth Abstract: Please visit exhibit for student's abstract. Project Number: MMH035 Grade: 8 Title: Green vs. Traditional Cleaners Abstract: The purpose of this experiment is to find out whether green cleaners can inhibit bacteria as well as traditional cleaners. Micropipetor used to put 3 µL of E. coli bacteria on 17 agar plates. Spread bacteria on agar plates. Poke 4 holes in each agar. A micropipetor used to take 3 µL of cleaner and place in each of 4 holes on agar plate. Find zone of inhibition after 24. Repeat after another 24 hours. Repeat again. I predicted the traditional cleaners would inhibit more bacteria. The hand soap, bleach, bathroom, kitchen, and shower cleaner all rejected my hypothesis. Project Number: MMH036 Grade: 8 Title: Natural Antibiotics Abstract: Please visit exhibit for student's abstract. Project Number: MMH037 Grade: 8 Title: Is It Wise to Sanitize Abstract: My experiment was on the effectiveness of hand sanitizers and hand soaps. I wanted to test how well each liquid will do. To find this information, I readied 20 Petri dishes with nutrient aga and E. Coli, waited 3 days, counted colonies and put the solution onto the E. Coli bacteria. I recounted, looking



for the amount of colonies that were killed in the process, after 1 hour, 3 hours and 24 hours. I found that out of all of my solutions, Soft Soap (vs. Equate) killed the most bacteria (by percentage) and the Purell is a better choice than Germ-X. Project Number: MMH038 Grade: 8 Title: Bathroom Bacteria Abstract: Please visit exhibit for student's abstract. Project Number: MMH039 Grade: 8 Title: Is a Canine's Mouth Cleaner Than a Human's? Abstract: I am doing this project because I would like to see if the old saying about dog’s mouths being cleaner than humans is true or false. My procedure consists of swabbing the dog’s and human’s mouths. I will then grow the bacteria in agar petri dishes. After checking my results every 24 hours for 4 days, I came up with my conclusion. My results showed canines had consistently lower averages of bacteria growth compared to humans, and very few reached the highest category of growth. I concluded that dog’s mouths are cleaner than humans. I think this is useful, and important to myself and society! Project Number: MMH040 Grade: 8 Title: The Best Hand Sanitizers Abstract: Can hand sanitizers can serve as a suitable substitute for hand washing? The purpose of this experiment is to find out which hand sanitizer is the most effective at inhibiting bacterial growth. In the experiment I set up 24 Petri dishes and streaked 8 of them with E.coli, 8 of them with M.luteus, and 8 of them with S.epidermidis. I applied 9 disks containing one of the hand sanitizers to 3 divided Petri dishes each streaked with one of the 3 different bacterial strains. This was repeated for each hand sanitizer; the procedure was the same for the control group which was water. The results suggested that Vicks Early Defense is the most effective at killing bacteria.

INTERMEDIATE DIVISION – PHYSICS


Project Number: MPH001 Grade: 7 Title: Circular Motion Abstract: Please visit exhibit for student's abstract. Project Number: MPH002 Grade: 7 Title: The Sky If Falling!!! Abstract: Please visit exhibit for student's abstract. Project Number: MPH003 Grade: 8 Title: Comparison of Battery Storage Capacity Abstract: The purpose of this experiment was to test battery energy storage capacity. Fully charge, measure, and weigh all batteries. Connect batteries to resistor, battery terminals, amp and volt meters .Record amperage and voltage every minute until it holds half voltage. Repeat steps. The results were. Lead-acid batteries: 11.9 volts to 6.03 volts in 105 minutes and held 12.1859 amp hours, nickel-hydride batteries: 5.9 volts to 2.49 volts in 283 minutes and held 12.1859 amp hours, alkaline batteries: 5.57 volts to 3.25 volts in 652 minutes and held 31.6513 amp hours. The battery with the best storage capacity was alkaline batteries. Project Number: MPH004 Grade: 8 Title: What bridge holds the most weight Abstract: First I thought of building bridges and seeing which bridge holds the most weight. While researching I found the Pratt truss, the Baltimore truss, and the Pennsylvania petit truss and I predicted that the Pennsylvania petit truss holds the most weight. Now all I had to do is make a large sketch of the bridges design to use as a pattern. Next I got some wood and cut it to the right size. Then I glued them together to make the bridge. I concluded that the Pennsylvania petit truss held 34 pounds, Baltimore truss 27 pounds, Pratt truss 16 pounds. Project Number: MPH005 Grade: 7 Title: Darts In Motion Abstract: Please visit exhibit for student's abstract. Project Number: MPH006 Grade: 7 Title: Solar energy Abstract: The purpose of my project, Solar Energy, was to find out if you can use solar energy to heat water. I made a solar simulator that uses a halogen light bulb and a water tube under plexi-glass to simulate sunlight. I found that using solar energy to heat water would be a good alternate energy source. It can be utilized more efficiently and economically than a regular water heating system. Solar energy would be efficient because it uses natural sunlight. To learn about this, I ran several tests to see the effects of my simulated heat source on water. Project Number: MPH007 Grade: 7 Title: Right On Target Abstract: My question was using a compound bow will there be a difference in arrow drop with field points weighing 75, 100, and 125 grain from 23 meters. My hypothesis is that the 75 grain field point will



be 3.8 cm or more higher than the 100 grain, the 100 grain will be a bull's-eye, and the 125 grain field point will be 3.8 cm or more lower than the 100 grain field point. Paper targets were made using circle template, pencil, ruler, and yellow highlighter. Attach paper target to the block using the four nails. Place the target 23 meters from shooting position. Shoot six times using each field points. determine the average difference in arrow drop. Repeat procedure using each grain field point. My conclusion was that all of the arrows were 5 cm apart except that the 100 grain arrow hit 5cm lower than expected. The reason the arrow hit lower was because at the end of flight it reduced in speed and dropped more because of the angle the arrow had hit on the target. Project Number: MPH008 Grade: 7 Title: Acoustic Foam Selecting the Best Abstract: The purpose of the project is to determine which acoustic foam absorbs the most sound. The hypothesis is that if three different types of foam are tested then the melamine would absorb the most sound frequencies because it is denser and the more expensive than urethane and bed foam. The experiment tests the foam in a home-made tube using a sound frequency program. The results show that the hypothesis was incorrect because urethane absorbed the most sound. If someone wanted to sound proof an area, they should use urethane acoustic foam because of its superior performance. Project Number: MPH009 Grade: 8 Title: Hard Hitting Abstract: Different types of wood all have different densities. The problem is to determine why some types of more are more difficult to hammer a nail through than others. I used 4 pieces of hard wood, cut to equal length, width, and height.Using an apparatus, stike nails through each piece and record results. Compare. Project Number: MPH012 Grade: 8 Title: How to Make Golf Inexpensive Abstract: Do more expensive golf balls have a longer driving distance? To complete this project I had to create a swinging mechanism. Using this swinging mechanism to drive the five different types of golf balls with the eleven different types of golf helped me collect my data. The data that was recorded was the weight of the ball, the club and the distance the golf ball traveled. In summary, the data showed that there weren't any significant differences with the different golf balls; however, differences did occur with the different clubs used to hit the golf balls. Project Number: MPH013 Grade: 8 Title: Effect Of Env. On The Heating Of A Bronze Rod Abstract: Please visit exhibit for student's abstract. Project Number: MPH014 Grade: 8 Title: Atlatl or Not? Abstract: An atlatl is a tool historically used in many parts of the world to enhance spear throwing. The purpose of this project was to see how much farther a spear could be thrown using an atlatl. Several atlatls were constructed. Throwing trials were conducted by volunteers. The average of all the throws combined using an atlatl was 12.7m. In conclusion, the use of an atlatl could enhance the ability to throw a spear by 38%.



Project Number: MPH015 Grade: 8 Title: The Sky Is Falling! Abstract: The experiment was completed to show how gravity can have an effect on objects. This was tested by dropping items with the same volume but different weights, and then timing it as it was falling until it hit the ground. The fastest time was 1.41 seconds, which was a container that weighed 16.2 grams. The slowest time was 1.54 seconds and weighed 11 grams. Therefore while testing this procedure, it was discovered that gravity had no effect on the objects' falling time. Project Number: MPH016 Grade: 7 Title: Longest flight-distance: Flap or no Flaps? Abstract: Please visit exhibit for student's abstract. Project Number: MPH017 Grade: 8 Title: Turn Up The Heat Abstract: My main purpose of my experiment was to see if roofing shingles affected the temperature of a home. I put different colored shingles on boxes and kept record of the temperatures.My data showed that they did not effect it. In conclusion the color of the shingles on your roof do not make your house warmer. Project Number: MPH018 Grade: 8\ Title: What Type of Wood Burns the Longest Abstract: The purpose of this experiment was to see what type of wood burns the longest. The three types of wood used were Poplar, White Pine, and Red Oak. The mass was measured for each wood sample before burning. Each of the samples was burnt on a grill for 20 minutes. After the burning process, the wood sample was taken off the grill and the mass was measured again. Red Oak should have lost the least percentage of mass because it is the densest. Poplar, the second densest, lost the least percentage of mass, while White Pine lost the most. Project Number: MPH019 Grade: 8 Title: Paintball Performance Abstract: My project is about paintball performance. My question is does the temperature of paintballs affect their performance. I thought the paintballs with the warmest temperature which is 90 degrees would have the best accuracy and splat the best. What I did was get 5 different temperatures of paintballs and 10 paintballs for each temperature. I shot the 10 paintballs of one temperature at a target. Then I examined the range of shots and how well they splattered. I did this for the rest of the temperatures and got my results. Project Number: MPH020 Grade: 8 Title: Wheels Abstract: The purpose of my experiment was to determine if wheel diameter can affect car speed. I hope to learn if wheel diameter is increased that it will affect the speed. I constructed a ramp and rolled cars with different wheel sizes down it. I timed how fast the cars went down the ramp and recorded the times. My results showed that the larger wheel does go faster than the smaller wheel because on average the larger wheel went down the ramp faster than the smaller wheel. My results supported my hypothesis. I predicted the larger wheel would go faster.



Project Number: MPH021 Grade: 8 Title: Color's Impact on Solar Cell Energy Abstract: When a color of light shines on a solar cell, the other colors of light are removed and various amounts of energy are generated. This experiment tests what color of light works the best with a solar cell. Different colored transparencies are placed over a solar cell, and a voltage is taken. This voltage is compared to a voltage of the same solar cell with no transparency. Results showed that a blue colored transparency makes a solar cell generate more electricity than other colors. To continue this experiment I would try using a different type of solar cell. Project Number: MPH022 Grade: 7 Title: Hydroelectricity Abstract: The problem is can enough hydroelectricity be produced in an aquarium to power a light bulb? It is hypothesized that by putting a turbine in water and connecting it to four magnets, which will spin over four coils to generate electricity, the coils would be connected to a light emitting diode. A brief procedure of the experiment is as follows: I put a turbine in water, connected it to a rotor disk with four magnets, which spun over four coils to generate electricity. The coil leads were connected to the leads of a light emitting diode. The results did not support the hypothesis. Project Number: MPH023 Grade: 8 Title: Wet Threads Dry Threads Abstract: I wanted see which fabric absorbs the most moisture. I compared different fabric types to see which ones would absorb the most moisture. I used several different types of material and compared the wet and dry weights for each material to see which one absorbed the most moisture. Project Number: MPH024 Grade: 8 Title: Length of Wire vs Amperage Abstract: The purpose of the experiment was to verify how the length of wire affects amperage. The procedure was to connect different lengths of wire in a closed circuit, using the following lengths 0.25,10, 20, 30, 40 feet of wire. Connect the amp meter to test amperage of each length. Using 0.25 feet of wire the amperage was 194ma. Using 10 feet of wire the amperage was 193ma. Using 20 feet the amperage was 189ma. Using 30 feet the amperage was 187ma. And using 40 feet the amperage was 185.6ma. The experiment showed that the more resistance the lower the amperage. Project Number: MPH025 Grade: 8 Title: Lenz's Law Trial Abstract: Please visit exhibit for student's abstract. Project Number: MPH026 Grade: 8 Title: Hydropower Abstract: Most water plants distribute water at 100 psi and the pressure is reduced in the home, commercial business and factories using a pressure regulator. What if we could harness that energy by reducing the pressure through a centrifugal pump connected to a DC motor? By putting the pump in the water stream and running it backwards, we can reduce the pressure while generating electricity. My project proves that there is a great deal of hydropower available that is not being used, and worse yet, being wasted.



Project Number: MPH027 Grade: 8 Title: The Effect of Voltage on an Electromagnet Abstract: The purpose in this experiment is to find how voltage effects the strength of an electromagnet. The procedure is, first attach an iron core to base, coil wire 40 times around base, hang paperclip in front of magnet, measure pulling distance for 3V, 6V, and 9V, perform 5 trials. The data shows that the magnet will pull 25.6 mm. (3V), 28.8 mm. (6V), and 32.6 mm. (9V). In conclusion, voltage effects the strength of an electromagnet. So, as voltage increases the strength of the magnet increases, and visa versa. Project Number: MPH028 Grade: 8 Title: Light Intensity Through Fog Abstract: The purpose of my experiment was to discover which color of light shines the brightest through fog to possibly make walking through fog safer for everyone. In order to do this I shined different colors of light through a mixture of milk and water and the found their intensities using a light meter. After many tests, I gathered that the lights that shine the brightest through fog is clear light and yellow light. The yellow light especially was bright through the fog, which is the color of light that should be used in fog. Project Number: MPH030 Grade: 8 Title: Can We Break The Sound Barrier? Abstract: Which is the best material to use to constuct a sound barrier in a classroom? I beleive that a porous material, such as cork, will be a more effective barrier than a non porous material, such as plexiglass. A Thicker material will be more effective than a thin material. Project Number: MPH031 Grade: 8 Title: Evaluation of Energy Efficiency of L.E.D. Lights Abstract: This experiment will evaluate the energy efficiency of LED light bulbs when compared to incandescent light bulbs. Energy efficiency will be measured by measuring the current required to light comparable LED and incandescent bulbs and also measuring the relative irradiance of each bulb. Current will then be used to calculate power and therefore energy consumption. Project Number: MPH032 Grade: 8 Title: Body Heat Abstract: From which area of the human body do you lose the most heat, the leg, arm, or head? My hypothesis states the human body will lose the most heat through the head. I conducted tests on three human subjects. I took measurements and utilized my data to determine the body surface area. Then gathering body temperature data, I determined what area of the body had the most heat loss. I computed the averae temperature of different parts of the body using a thermal imaging camera. The camera image showed different colors to indicate different temperatures on the body. Project Number: MPH033 Grade: 8 Title: Impact of Paint Color on Energy Absorption Abstract: The hypothesis to be tested in this experiment is that different colors of paint absorb or reflect heat at different rates with darker colors absorbing the most. Four aluminum boxes of equal dimensions were constructed. Each box was painted a different color (black, green, red or white). Each box was irradiated for a total of 16 minutes, and the temperature inside the box was recorded at 2 minute intervals. Data indicate black absorbs the most heat. A second phase was also included. This research can be useful to those interested in maximizing energy savings.



Project Number: MPH034 Grade: 8 Title: Which Electro Magnet is Stronger? Abstract: My project is Witch Electromagnet is Stronger. I was testing to see witch electromagnet is stronger using different gauges of wire and wraps. My hypothesis is that the electromagnet at 30 wraps and 12 gauge wire will be the strongest. First I made 9 electromagnets by wrapping 12, 14, and 22 gauge wire at 10, 20, 30 wraps around a nail. I tested each electromagnet 5 times and took the average number of paper clips the electromagnet picked up. My hypothesis was correct the electromagnet with 30 wraps and 12 gauge wire picked up the most paper clips. Project Number: MPH035 Grade: 7 Title: Conserving Energy Abstract: Please visit exhibit for student's abstract. Project Number: MPH036 Grade: 7 Title: Bringing Down The House Abstract: Please visit exhibit for student's abstract. Project Number: MPH037 Grade: 8 Title: Lemon De-Light Abstract: I set out to see if it's possible for a lemon to produce electricity. I expected that I would be able to light a small flachlight bulb with one or two lemons. I performed the first three trials by connecting one and two lemons to a small flashlight bulb to see if it would light. Each lemon had a penny and a nail in either end and were hooked to the flashlight bulb or to each other by alligator clips and copper wire. The next two trials were performed by connecting one and two lemons to the voltmeter with alligator clips. I found that the lemons were not able to light a small flashlight bulb, but I did get readings on a voltmeter. I concluded that the lemons were not able to light the small flashlight bulb. Project Number: MPH038 Grade: 7 Title: Effect of Three Insulators on Heat Loss Abstract: The purpose of this experiment is to determine which insulating fabric will prevent the most amount of heat loss. If the amount of heat lost is related to fabric insulation, then wool fabric will insulate the most, because wool contains more tiny air pockets to slow heat conduction. The experimenter wrapped cotton, wool, and polyester fabrics around 3 different bottles containing heated water, and monitored the temperature drop. The data shows that wool is the better insulator, because it allowed the least amount of heat to be lost. Project Number: MPH039 Grade: 8 Title: I Just Wanna Ride Sir! Abstract: The purpose of “I Just Wanna Ride Sir!” was to find the effect of boring/stroking on horsepower, torque, and speed of a CR85R motor. A stock CR85R was taken to Hetrick Racing, bored/stroked to a Hetrick 90. Then it was tested on a dyno to find horsepower, torque, and speed. The stock CR85R has a bore/stroke of 47.5mm x 47.8mm, a lower torque and a max horsepower of 18hp. The Hetrick 90 has a bore/stroke of 51mm x 51.4mm, torque was greatly increased and horsepower was 23-24hp. The Hetrick 90 has a great increase in horsepower, torque, and speed.



Project Number: MPH040 Grade: 8 Title: Soil Compaction Abstract: I wanted to test the level of soil compaction in different areas.I will make an instrument to test different areas to indicate which soil is the most compacted.I will see which area is hard and which is soft. Project Number: MPH041 Grade: 7 Title: Impact Dynamics Abstract: The problem is what surface gives the greatest bounce. It is hypothesized that out of the surfaces chosen for this experiment, a linoleum floor will cause the greatest bounce. A brief description of the experiment is as follows; The same rubber ball will be dropped several times on five different surfaces. The height will be recorded with a yard-stick. At the end of four weeks I will determine the average bounce height for all five surfaces. The results showed that concrete yielded the highest average bounce height at 75.2 cm. Here are the results for the other surfaces: wood bounced an average of 65.4 cm., linoleum 74.3 cm., carpet 46.7 cm., and grass bounced an average of 16.9 cm. Therefore, the hypothesis was not supported. Project Number: MPH042 Grade: 7 Title: The Panel Perdicament Abstract: Neutral Density and primary color filters were placed under different wattages of light bulbs to determine what affects the energy generated by a solar panel.The panel was then connected to a digital multimeter to find the energy generated by a solar panel. Project Number: MPH043 Grade: 8 Title: Airfoils Abstract: My question is, How much lift can different sized airfoils produce? I hooked each airfoil up to a U made out of 2x4’s and blew air through a piece of tar paper directly at the airfoils. If the wing could lift itself, we added washers until the wing could not lift them any more. I have 3 different wings a 12”x 3 1/4”, 10”x 3 ¼”, and a 8”x 3 ¼”. My hypothesis is that the 12 ¼” wing will produce the most lift. Project Number: MPH044 Grade: 7 Title: The Ideal Trajectory Abstract: My goal was to find out what the ideal angle to launch in order for it to travel the farthest . I created a PVC pipe barrel launcher by looping a bungee cord through an eye onto a dowel rod inside of it. Then I attached it onto the outside of the PVC pipe with a hose clamp. I drilled holes at the angles of 15, 30, 45, 60, and 75. Then I could attach the barrel onto the base with a U bolt. This allowed me to test different angles repeatedly and determine the ideal angle. Project Number: MPH045 Grade: 8 Title: Fingerprints Abstract: For my science fair project I studied fingerprint analysis. I wanted to see if a moisturized hand or a washed hand left a clearer fingerprint. I predicted that a moisturized hand would leave a better and clearer fingerprint. I used a fingerprinting kit to collect the data, which included a fingerprinting brush and black magna powder. I also used clear tape to collect the fingerprints off the surfaces. I used multiple surfaces in my experiment. I concluded that my hypothesis was correct and it was clear that a moisturized hand leaves a much better fingerprint behind.



Project Number: MPH046 Grade: 8 Title: Investigating Windmill Effeciancy Abstract: The purose of my experiment is to see if the amount of wings on a windmill effect the energy generated. Procedure 1. Set up windmill, and positioning. 2. Turn on fan. 3. Make note of energy generated for 2 blades. 4. Repeat process with 3, 4, and 6 blades. I found out that as the number of wings increase efficiancy decreases. also that 3 wings was most efficiant. Project Number: MPH047 Grade: 8 Title: The Choice of Running Surface and Impact on the Human Body Abstract: With regard to impact to the human body, is there a difference between running surfaces? It was hypothesized that sand will have lowest impact to the human body and concrete will be greatest. The force of impact which causes damage to the body, is directly proportional to the acceleration of the foot and leg, which is given by Newton’s formula F=ma. To complete the relative comparison of the chosen running surfaces, an accelerometer from a Wii gaming system was used. Data indicate turf has least impact. This research can be used by athletes as well as athletic shoe manufacturers. Project Number: MPH048 Grade: 8 Title: Stretching the Truth Abstract: Samples of human hair from subjects of different ages, gender, hair color, texture and treatment, were tested for strength and elasticity. Measurements were expected to order these factors from greatest hair strength to least. Measured hair lengths were attached at one end, and 5g weights were added gradually until each sample broke. Significant stretching occurred before breaking. Hair strength varied widely amongst samples, from 55-135g, with 94g average, and was independent of hair type. Similarly, hair stretched from 45-100%, with an average of 65%. Stronger hair stretched more, but no correlation could be made with hair characteristics. Project Number: MPH049 Grade: 8 Title: Keep The Heat, Kick The Cold Abstract: The purpose of this project is to see which type of undergarment keeps people warmest in cold weather. If a popcorn kernel heating bag is placed in a 100% cotton long sleeve T-shirt, then it will lose the most heat because cotton fibers are loosely woven. The bag was heated in the microwave and placed in the sleeve of one of four shirts (100% cotton long sleeve T-shirt, 100% thermal shirt, Nike Pro Winter Long Sleeve Mock, Under Armour Cold Gear SubZero Mock) used. It was kept at a constant temperature for 20 minutes. Temperatures were taken at 0, 10, and 20 minutes. Total heat loss was calculated. The cotton shirt lost the most heat. Project Number: MPH050 Grade: 8 Title: Quest for Quiet Abstract: The purpose of this project is to find what material absorbs sound best. The hypothesis is: If acoustical foam is used to insulate, then it will absorb the broadest range of frequencies, because acoustical foam has varying thicknesses but is not very dense. Sound-proofed box was constructed, white noise was sent through the materials, and take readings (recorded by a Phonic PAA3 Audio Analyzer). The results were acoustical foam has the best overall absorption of sound. The experiment concluded that the acoustical foam and plywood absorbed the most overall sound. Project Number: MPH051 Grade: 7 Title: Automobile Aerodynamics



Abstract: The purpose was to determine which shape of automobile is best aerodynamically. The faster design will move more smoothly through the air, reducing friction and resistance thus reducing gas consumption. The following is a brief description of my procedure. Three cars were created out of polystyrene insulation foam. A chassis was made to fit all of the cars. A slingshot was created using a bungee cord and a chair to propel the car forward. When the car reached the finish line, 5 meters from the starting point, the stop watch was stopped. All three cars were tested 10 times and the results were recorded. Sweeper and sport both have an aerodynamic shape, more so than a van, allowing them to cut through the air more efficiently. Project Number: MPH052 Grade: 7 Title: Fast Flying Abstract: The purpose of my project is to determine whether it is faster to fly from East to West or West to East across the United States. First, I recorded 10 flights from Chicago O'Hare and Pittsburgh International Airports. I, then, recorded 10 flights from Pittsburgh International to Chicago O'Hare Airports. I calculated the average flight time for each flight. I compared the average flight times for the flights headed west and flights headed east. My data concluded that flights headed to Chicago from Pittsburgh were longer than flights from Chicago to Pittsburgh. Project Number: MPH053 Grade: 7 Title: Temperature Effect on Fishing Line Abstract: My project was Temperature Effect on Fishing Line. Sometimes when my father and I go fishing our lines snap. I used 3 monofilament lines of equal lengths. I hung them off of a wooden rack with 1.35 kg weights hanging on them at room, warm, and cold temperatures. My hypothesis was supported. Warm temperature area fishing lines stretched the most. Room temperature lines stretched some while cold temperature lines barely stretched at all. Project Number: MPH054 Grade: 7 Title: Kowabunga! Abstract: I performed a science fair project to determine which shape of parachute falls the slowest. I did this project to assist anyone who sky-dives. I cut out three parachutes, a circle, a square, and a triangle, out of a garbage bag. I let the parachutes descend from a 16 foot drop from my banister five times each. I calculated the speed of each drop's speed. In my final analysis, the circular parachute had the longest drop. To account for the differences in the shape, I calculated the resistance ratio which compared the speed of each fall per square inch. Project Number: MPH055 Grade: 8 Title: Sparky Abstract: Please visit exhibit for student's abstract. Project Number: MPH056 Grade: 8 Title: A Comparison of Pykrete Types Abstract: The purpose of this investigation was to determine which type of sawdust gives pykrete, a type of ice, a slower melting rate. 500mL of two different types of sawdust, fine cut and wood shavings, were each mixed with 500mL of water and then put into a freezer. After 24 hours, they were taken out and permitted to sit at room temperature for 3 hours. After three hours, all the liquid contents of each sample were poured into different cups with coffee filters in them to drain the water from the sawdust. The amount of water in each cup was measured.



Project Number: MPH057 Grade: 7 Title: Which Hearing Aid Battery Is Best? Abstract: Please visit exhibit for student's abstract. Project Number: MPH058 Grade: 7 Title: Fruit Power Abstract: The purpose of this experiment was to find out if fruit that had conductors placed in them would have more electrical power than fruits that did not. In this I found out that the zinc and copper work as electrodes and that acidic juices in the fruit worked as a brine, and those are the main sources of a battery. At the end of my experiment, I found that the fruits that had conductors in them had more volts than ones that didn't. The apple seemed to have more volts than the other fruits. The apple had 0.970 volts of electricity. Project Number: MPH059 Grade: 8 Title: Sweet Spot on a Baseball Bat Abstract: The purpose of this experiment was to locate the best spot on a baseball bat that will hit a ball the farthest. In order to locate his spot a batting device was designed and built. This device was used to hit the ball off of a tee at a constant speed. Different spots on the bat were tested and data was recorded to locate the best spot. The ball traveled the farthest 8 and 18 centimeters from the barrel end of the bat. Based on three trails it was concluded that the sweet spot was at 13 centimeters. Project Number: MPH060 Grade: 8 Title: Fruits vs Electricity Abstract: The purpose of this experiment was to find out which fruit would produce the most electricity. First, insert a 2-1/2 piece of copper wire into each fruit. Then, connect the leads on the multimeter to each wire. After that, measure the voltage and record the volts. Test each fruit three times and determine the average volts. The orange’s average was 2v. The tomato’s average was 7v. The lemon’s average was 5.3v. The apple’s average was 3.3v. since the tomato averaged out to be 7 volts, this was the best conductor and the apple was the worst. Project Number: MPH061 Grade: 7 Title: What Material Absorbs Impact Best? Abstract: The purpose for this experiment was to discover the low cost materials that can protect delicate items such as an egg. Ten materials were tested. An egg was packed using the materials and placed in a box. The box was dropped from seven feet above ground level. It was acquired that the egg didn’t crack when - foam, ‘Kirkland’- kitchen napkins, and styrofoam were used as packing materials. The cheapest material from those three was ‘kitchen napkins’. They absorb the same impact as foam and styrofoam, but at the lowest cost. Project Number: MPH062 Grade: 7 Title: Performance of Golf Balls Based on Composition Abstract: The hypothesis of this experiment is that the shape and size of the dimples will affect the ball’s accuracy under putting conditions. Five different golf balls were tested for distance and accuracy under controlled conditions. A second phase included an evaluation of the ball's center of gravity. Data indicate the composition and construction of the golf ball have no impact on putting distance or accuracy. This research could be used by golfers in their selection of golf balls.



Project Number: MPH063 Grade: 8 Title: Salinity & Buoyancy Abstract: My project is “Salinity & Buoyancy”, my question is “Does increasing the salinity in water affects the buoyancy of an object”. To test this I first poured one liter of water into a bowl and added 6 grams of salt, and then placed a Styrofoam cup in the water. Then I measured its buoyancy by putting a ruler in the water next to the cup. After that I kept adding salt by 6 grams at a time and measured the cups buoyancy until no more salt would dissolve. Project Number: MPH064 Grade: 7 Title: Bouncing to new heights Abstract: Please visit exhibit for student's abstract. Project Number: MPH065 Grade: 7 Title: Construction vs. Distance Abstract: To begin testing it was necessary to place two 23 kilogram weights on the bottom of each side of my machine for stability. I then placed a Nike One Platinum ball on the tee and pulled the club back until it touched the swing control bar located at the top of the device. The club was allowed to swing freely striking the ball and propelling it across the gym floor. This procedure was repeated twelve times for each brand of golf ball tested as well as the hollow plastic ball which served as the control. Project Number: MPH066 Grade: 8 Title: Do All Shapes Obey the Law? Abstract: This science fair of 2007-2008, I did my project on Stokes' Law and the viscosity of fluids. I asked the question; would Stokes' Law apply to any other shape besides a sphere. I hypothesized that an object that's shape was similiar to that of a sphere would be affected by Stokes' Law. To put in brief terms, for my experiment, I dropped a sphere and several other shapes into a graduated cylinder filled with a viscous fluid. Then, I recorded how long it took each shape to reach a certain mark that was marked on the side of the cylinder. Then from that, I was able to acquire my data such as drag and buoyancy to help me understand if the other shapes falling through the liquid used Stokes' Law. In the end, my hypothesis was proven correct. Stokes' Law did have more effect on objects with a shape closer to that of a sphere's shape than objects with more of a nonspherical shape. Project Number: MPH067 Grade: 8 Title: Cheating at Baseball Abstract: I chose to find out if an altered baseball bat would have any affect on the distance of a baseball. I hypothesized that an altered bat would have no affect on the distance of a baseball. To find out which baseball bat hit the baseball the farthest, I had to prepare the baseball bats. The baseball bats were drilled and then filled with either cork, sawdust, or superballs. Each baseball bat was used on the batting device. Ten baseballs were hit from the baseball tee and I recorded the distance of each baseball. Next I hit ten baseballs using each baseball bat. I hit ten baseballs off the tee and recorded the distance of each baseball. The solid wood bat hit the baseball the farthest on average. The next baseball bat that hit the baseballs the farthest was the cork bat, then the bat with the superballs and the last was the bat filled with sawdust. The final conclusion was that the best baseball bat to use was the solid wood bat that had not been altered.



Project Number: MPH068 Grade: 7 Title: Splat Abstract: I wanted to see if height effects dispersion. I placed an egg on a stand at 3 specified heights. Dropped the egg and recorded the distance Recorded and compared results. Project Number: MPH069 Grade: 8 Title: Sniper vs. Factory Abstract: My science fair project is called “Sniper vs. Accuracy”. I was testing to see if a longer barrel will affect the accuracy of a paintball gun. My hypothesis is that the longer barrel will make it more accurate. First I set up a target on a blackboard that I hung on a tree. Next I measured 10 feet from the board and put a target on it. Then I shot at the target. As I shot at the target I looked at the results. Last, I repeated until I was shooting at 60 feet. Project Number: MPH070 Grade: 8 Title: Blast Off!!! Abstract: Please visit exhibit for student's abstract. Project Number: MPH071 Grade: 8 Title: Water Pressure vs. Hose Diameter Abstract: The purpose of this experiment was to show how the diameter of a hose effects water pressure. Two cups of water were put in each hose set at 90° angles. Put hoses on marked spots of a container, tape a piece of paper to the bottom of the container so it marks the exact spot where the water lands. Let the water flow, measure all 3 trials. 6/16" hose was most effective with a distance of 18". 3/16" was the least effective with a distance of 13". The data shows that the 6/16" hose was most effective. Project Number: MPH072 Grade: 7 Title: Are They Hot Or Are They Cold Abstract: Please visit exhibit for student's abstract. Project Number: MPH074 Grade: 8 Title: The Spark Of Electricity Abstract: Can different insulators affect the color of an electrical piezoelectric spark and distance the spark can jump when setups are placed in different air temperatures? By attaching a metal sphere to a barbeque fire starter and then placing another sphere at a variable distance away, a spark would jump. The best insulator was determined by placing different insulating materials between the spheres. Finally, the setups were placed in three different air temperatures. The data showed that temperature had little effect, the color of the spark was usually blue or purple, and the wet paper was the most conductive. Project Number: MPH075 Grade: 8 Title: Weight vs Acceleration Abstract: Please visit exhibit for student's abstract.



Project Number: MPH076 Grade: 8 Title: Powering Up The Earth Abstract: Please visit exhibit for student's abstract. Project Number: MPH077 Grade: 8 Title: How Design Affects Velocity Abstract: Six cars of various size and shape were designed so that they could be tested on a ramp. Two photogates were placed 1 meter apart on a ramp placed at a 30 degrees angle from the ground. The control was then released down the ramp and the velocity was recorded. This was repeated 5 times for all the variables and the control. The information was then used in a mathematical equation that was used to determine the amount of friction that the car encountered. Project Number: MPH078 Grade: 8 Title: Durability of Guitar Strings Abstract: Is it possible that the brand of guitar strings affects how long they last? To test this hypothesis, I decided to test the amount of tension it would take to break different brands of guitar strings. To do this, I suspended each string from the roof and gradually added weight until the string broke. I expected a certain brand of guitar strings to withstand more weight than the others. This did happen; one of the guitar string brands could withstand a little more tension than the others, which demonstrated which guitar string brands would last longer. Project Number: MPH079 Grade: 7 Title: Speed vs. Age and Gender Abstract: Please visit exhibit for student's abstract. Project Number: MPH081 Grade: 7 Title: Medieval Angles Abstract: The purpose of this experiment is to discover which launch angle of 45°, 50°, 60°, and 90° produces the largest distance to a whiffle golf ball on a self built catapult. If a whiffle golf ball is launched from the launch angles of 45°, 50°, 60° and 90°, then the 45° launch will produce the longest distance because recent experimental results by college students show this. The data shows that the 50° launch produced the largest distance at an average of 190 centimeters. Project Number: MPH082 Grade: 8 Title: Amount of Volts Produced By Vegetables Abstract: In my project, I wanted to see if it was possible to use vegetables as batteries, which would help us save energy if they ended up working. I chose the cucumber, pepper, onion, potato, and carrot. I tested each vegetable by putting a penny and a galvanized nail in them and connected them to a voltmeter. I found that the cucumber produced .57 volts, the pepper, .51 volts, the onion, .58 volts, the potato, .71 volts, and the carrot, .61 volts. I concluded that the potato would make the best battery followed by the carrot, onion, cucumber, and the pepper. Project Number: MPH083 Grade: 8 Title: 4 Balls - Curve Comparison Abstract: Please visit exhibit for student's abstract.



Project Number: MPH084 Grade: 8 Title: Breaking Eggs Abstract: My project is “Can an egg withstand a greater compressive force from the sides versus the ends”. My hypothesis was that the sides of the egg will withstand more than compressive force. I gathered my materials which were two raw eggs, two pans, water, putty, and a stopwatch. Then I did my experiment which was I placed an egg in the pan with the putty around it and placed my second pan on top. Then I added a cup of water every fifteen seconds until the egg cracked. I concluded that the sides endured more compressive force than the ends. Project Number: MPH085 Grade: 8 Title: Sock It To Me! Abstract: Three different sock materials were tested to find out which one created the most static electricity. Socks made of wool, cotton, and polyester were charged by being dragged across a nylon carpet twenty times for three trials. The trials were repeated using polyester carpet. The socks were touched to a homemade leaf electroscope to measure the amount of static electricity each had created. The distances between the foil leaves of the electroscope were compared. The polyester sock on the nylon carpet created the most static electricity. The wool sock on the polyester carpet created the least. Project Number: MPH086 Grade: 7 Title: Human Battery Abstract: The purpose of my project was to figure out how much voltage the human body could produce with wet and dry hands. I took a voltmeter, some copper and aluminum, and tested how much voltage I could produce. I had thought that since water conducts electricity, wet hands would cause more voltage to be produced, but my data did not support my hypothesis. I found that dry hands produced more electricity. Future work will be to add more variables, such as gloved hands, one wet hand and one dry hand, and water at different temperatures. Project Number: MPH087 Grade: 8 Title: Strength of Wire Nail Connections Abstract: The purpose of this project is to determine which diameter of wire nail develops the strongest connection and if the nail's diameter is directly proportional to the strenth of the connection. Use wooden boards of equal size. Overlap them and nail together.Slowly operate a reel to increase the force on the overlapped board until the nail connection fails. Observe, record and compare results.

INTERMEDIATE DIVISION – TEAM


Project Number: MTM001 Grade: 7 Title: Bubblepooloza Abstract: The purpose of our experiment was to see which gum lasted the longest. We also wanted to see if the producers used false labeling on the wrappers to make consumers want to buy their product. We used a chart to mark the amount of time that a type of gum lasted. We then compared the times and found out which type of gum lasted the longest. In conclusion, Stride lasted the longest. Some gum wrappers such as Bubblicious said that their gum lasted long, but it didn’t. We had a lot of fun doing this experiment. Project Number: MTM002 Grade: 8 Title: Calorie conspiracy Abstract: Experiments were performed to determine if Low fat/Low calorie junk foods have more or less calories than their alternatives. Ten different types of junk foods were used to test if this is fact or fiction. We tested this theory using a homemade Calorimeter and then recorded the data. We then charted the data in order to analyze and compare the experimental results. The results showed that some of the Low fat/Low Calorie junk foods have less calories than there alternatives but it was very surprising that some Low fat/Low Calorie junk foods did not have less calories than their alternatives. Project Number: MTM003 Grade: 7 Title: Do cartoons lie? Abstract: Please visit exhibit for student's abstract. Project Number: MTM004 Grade: 8 Title: Does playing computer games deteriorate the memory (if so, how)? Abstract: What is the effect of video games on the human brain and how does it damage the human memory? We have three kids to test on (7 years old). They will paly the game "Drift and burn 365" (a computer racing game). We will test jour participants before and after they play. They will play every other day for 8 days, adding another half and hour every other day to their session. During the testing times, the kids will not be hungry, thirsty, or in need of going to the W.C. They will be tested on flash cards at the end of their playing time and we will keep close track of their results. Project Number: MTM005 Grade: 7 Title: Fruits of power Abstract: All of us have a challenge today to reduce pollution and to keep our earth free from toxic and hazardous waste. Batteries we use every day have chemicals which pollute our environment. This project looks at how we can produce electricity using naturally available fruits or vegetables. Our hypothesis is that the electrolyte in fruits and vegetables enables to conduct electricity and we can produce more by having a number of vegetables or fruits in series, enough to light a lamp. The experiment was conducted by choosing different types of fruits and vegetables and the results supported our hypothesis by producing electricity to light an LED lamp. Project Number: MTM006 Grade: 7 Title: Good night kids, and hello work Abstract: We decided to test five nurses who work night shift on simple memory tasks. We had two memory tests and a maze. Each nurse took the tests at four in the morning at work and at four in the afternoon home. The data, insinuated that our hypothesis had been correct. Since we both live with



parents who work nights we wondered how well they could complete simple memory tasks while working. We found out later how being sleep deprived affected their progress. Project Number: MTM007 Grade: 7 Title: Got Milk? Abstract: The purpose of the experiment is to see if drinking milk helps decrease the spiciness better than water or cola. We will test which liquid takes away the affects of hot wings the best. The subjects, tasting the difference will each eat 3 hot wings. Then they will drink wither milk, water, or Pepsi after eating one whole hot wing. Project Number: MTM008 Grade: 7 Title: How watches react to water pressure Abstract: Please visit exhibit for student's abstract. Project Number: MTM009 Grade: 7 Title: Jazzy, Down Home Country, Metal Abstract: Our project was to see if the number of shots made when shooting a basketball differs with the type of music playing. For our experiment we, the people conducting the experiment, shot four baskets each while listening to the music. The music we choose to use was Jazz, Country, and Heavy Metal. The conclusion we found was that shooting with ________ music playing was the most effective towards shooting the basketball. Project Number: MTM010 Grade: 7 Title: Left/Right What Side Are You? Abstract: Not many people know that their brain is divided, or that one side works harder than the other! This work intended to learn which side of the brain works harder, the right or the left. What we did was administer a questionnaire to 40 people, reviewed the tests, and charted the results. It was determined that the left side worked harder than the right side in a study of 40 people. Some literature suggests that your brain controls some of your abilities. Future work is planned to see the reason for your brain being divided upon birth. Project Number: MTM011 Grade: 7 Title: Sun Angle vs. Power Abstract: The purpose of this experiment is to see if the angle you can change on a solar panel affects the power produced. The procedures we used was trying out five difference angles and testing the, three times. The data we collected was the ninety degree angle was the most proficient. Our conclusion is that a ninety degree angle is the best for a flat roof. Although we did some research and found that the angle would be something different on our houses. On our houses a sixty degree angle would work the best. We also used projects in this project. Project Number: MTM012 Grade: 7 Title: What brand of popcorn pops the most kernels? Abstract: Through this project we intended to learn which type of popcorn has the most popped popcorn kernels. We separated 100 kernels from each type of popcorn and microwaved them for 2 minutes. After five trails we discovered that Pop Secret Cheesy popcorn had the most popped kernels. The average number of popped kernels is 67.4 out of 100 popped kernels.



Project Number: MTM013 Grade: 7 Title: What is the effect of pesticides on plants Abstract: The purpose of this experiment is to see what will happen when many of the world's plants become polluted with pesticides. We will ad one teaspoon of pesticides to a fully grown pea plant each day for ten days. We will then record all of the changes that occur. Project Number: MTM014 Grade: 8 Title: Which exercise will make your pulse beat the fastest? Abstract: Purpose of the experiment is to know which exercise will make your heart beat the fastest. The faster your heart beats the stronger it will get. Procedures used: 1) We picked 7 children from the ages 12-14 to test them for which exercise will make their pulse beat the fastest. 2) We chose the following exercises: Jumping jacks for 2 minutes, running for 2 minutes, lifting weight for 2 minutes, stretching for 2 minutes. We measured their pulse before they exercise and after. Also before they exercise they must be at rest. Project Number: MTM015 Grade: 7 Title: Which is the Greenest and the Greatest? Abstract: Many people water their grass with just plain water but we wanted to see if that was the best liquid to use. We decided to water the grass for 21 days using tap water, Vitamin Water and Coca-Cola. Then, every three day we measured the grass and recorded its height. In the end, Vitamin Water grew 19 cm and 6 mm, tap water grew 19cm and 3mm, and Coca Cola grew 10cm and 2mm. We conclude that grass grows best with Vitamin Water and tap water. Project Number: MTM016 Grade: 8 Title: Let's C What’s In Your Orange Juice Abstract: Our experiment's purpose was to determine whether Minute-Maid Low Acid, Great Value concentrate, Original Minute-Maid, or freshly squeezed orange juice contained the most Vitamin C. The Vitamin C content was determined by the amount of iodine required to titrate a known concentration of Vitamin C. Contrary to our hypotheses that the freshly squeezed and Original would have the most Vitamin C, we found the concentrare contained 5.4 mg, the most Vitamin C, while Low Acid contained 5.0 mg, Original 4.7 mg, and freshly squeezed 3.3 mg. This experiment is important for people needing to increase their Vitamin C intake. Project Number: MTM017 Grade: 8 Title: Power Peas! Abstract: Our purpose of doing this project was to see which type of liquid would make the peas grow the tallest. We started by putting the soil into foam cups and then we added the seeds. Every day we gave the plants their specific liquid, for a certain amount of time. We lessened the amount of liquid every five days. We recorded the growth every other day. Our results were inconclusive. Water won the first trial, then Gatorade won the second trial, and apple juice won the third trial. In this project, we learned how to grow peas. Project Number: MTM018 Grade: 8 Title: Solar Parade Abstract: Please visit exhibit for student's abstract.



Project Number: MTM019 Grade: 8 Title: Super Spectacular Spectrometer Abstract: Please visit exhibit for student's abstract. Project Number: MTM020 Grade: 7 Title: Watch Your Step? Abstract: My team watched a mall escolator to determine if people use it correctly, and which type was unsafe the most. Project Number: MTM021 Grade: 8 Title: Which Window Type Blocks Infrared Sun Lamp Rays Bests? Abstract: Preliminary results show window #4, Argon filled Gas Sample, successfully blocked "sun lamp rays" better than the other samples. Project Number: MTM022 Grade: 8 Title: Knots to Go Abstract: My partner and I took fishing line and tested the strength of several different knots. We tested to see when each knot broke and how many pounds of force it took to break or slip.

2008 Intermediate Division Student Abstracts

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Transcript of 2008 Intermediate Division Student Abstracts