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With the cornucopia of pipe available onthe market, discerning which type ofconduit is best for your application can

be an overwhelming decision. TrenchlessTechnology contacted pipe associations andmanufacturers to create profiles of their respectivestocked pipe in order to help you overcome thegreat puzzle of pipes.

The following pages offer initial insight intopiping styles, from steel, clay and iron to plastic,fiberglass and concrete. All information was

provided by the associations or manufacturers.This guide merely scratches the surface of the

endless pool of knowledge that is piping. It is byno means intended to be the end-all descriptionfor pipe. To learn more about each kind ofunderground channels and their uses, pleasecontact the manufacturers, associations or yourconsulting engineers.

Leanne Butkovic is an editorial assistant forTrenchlessTechnology.

PIPE PRODUCTS

Knowing Your Pipe2008 Trenchless TechnologyPipe Selection Guide

By Leanne Butkovic

22 TRENCHLESS TECHNOLOGY August 2008 www.trenchlessonline.com

High Density Polyethylene(HDPE)

Trenchless Applications:Directional drilling; pipe bursting; pipesplitting; microtunneling; sliplining.

Best Suited For: All undergroundutilities including gas, water, sanitarysewer, electrical and communicationduct, storm sewer, water serviceconnection. Industrial applicationswhere abrasion, corrosion and chemicalresistance is critical

Ill Suited For: Due to the wideapplications HDPE pipe can be used in,consultation with the manufacturer forspecific applications is encouraged.

How It Is Delivered: Pipe can becoiled from to 6 in. IPS with lengths

varying from 250 ft to 2,000 ft,depending upon pipe diameter. Forpipe sizes 2 to 63 in., straight lengthsare supplied with typical lengths of 40-or 50-ft joints. Pipe can be provided onreels, but the size of the reel will varyfor each manufacturer.

How It Is Joined: Pipe can be eitherfused or mechanically joined; Bell andspigot for corrugated pipe

Available Diameters: 1/2 to 63 in.(solid wall); 2 to 60 in. (corrugated); upto 120 in. for spiral-profile wall

Design Life: Up to 100 years,depending on design requirements andapplication.

Applicable Standards: AWWA C901for PE water service lines; AWWA C906for PE water distribution andtransmission lines; AWWA DesignManual M55; Various ASTM standards

including but not limited to F1962,

F2620, D232, F477, F2306 and D2321.NSF Standard 14 Plastic Pipingcomponents and related material; NSFStandard 61 Drinking Water SystemComponents; Factory Mutual StandardPlastic Pipe and Fittings forUnderground Fire Protection Service,FM1613. ISO Technical Committee138; AASHTO M294, M252; PPI TR33.

Latest Developments over the LastFive Years: Development of highperformance polymers designated asPE4710: Properties include highertensile strength and higher workingpressure as compared to PE3408. Largediameter electrofusion couplings up to24 in. (larger are in development).

Quotable:Our country must face the

reality of replacing its crumblingunderground infrastructure and addressthe ever increasing demand of limitednatural resources. HDPE pipe, with itsexceptional physical properties andleak free / water tight joining systems,offers communities and utilities a timetested product that they can designwith confidence, Tony Radoszewski,Plastic Pipe Insititute executivedirector

Source: Plastics Pipe Institute

Web: www.plasticpipe.org

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Vitrified Clay Jacking Pipe(VCP)

Trenchless Applications:Pilot tube microtunneling, slurrymicrotunneling, static pipe burstingand sliplining casing.

Best Suited For: Gravity flow sanitarysewers.

Ill Suited For: Pressure applications.

How It Is Delivered:VCP is availablein stock or custom lengths, dependingon diameter. The maximum length is10 ft.

How It Is Joined: Low profilecompression joints utilizing stainlesssteel collars.

Available Diameters: 8- to 48-in.diameters.

Design Life: 200 years.

Applicable Standards:ASTM C-1208,EN 295-7.

Latest Developments Over the

Last Five Years: Higher compressivestrengths due to improvements infiring (vitrification).

Quotable: Vitrified clay jackingpipe has been the predominantjacking pipe material in the diametersmanufactured due to its highcompressive strength (18,000-psiaverage), low-profile zero-leakagejoint and affordability in the typical

1- or 2-m pipe lengths. The chemicalresistance of VCP is unsurpassed,making it the only choice in industrial/commercial applications. The natureof the ceramic material prevents it

from changing properties with age,compared to limited life products,which experience degradation overtime. Every city in the United Statesover 100 years old probably has VCPsewer lines still in service today.These pipelines have endured, despitehaving been made with outdatedmanufacturing technology and havingbeen installed without the benefit ofcurrent construction practices. Withtodays high tech vitrified clay jackingpipe and todays installation methods,

municipalities are able to design andconstruct systems that will provideexcellent service for centuries tocome, said Michael VanDine, theNational Clay Pipe Institute.

Source: National Clay Pipe InstituteWeb: www.ncpi.org

Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)

Trenchless Applications: Segmental

sliplining, directional drilling, close-fitpipe lining and pipe bursting.

Best Suited For: Buried water, buriedreclaimed water, buried force mains,buried sanitary sewer and buried stormsewer.

Ill Suited For: Extremely hightemperature applications where thetemperature of the fluid conveyed isconsistently greater than 140 F.Extremely high-pressure applicationswhere the pressure consistently

exceeds 300 psi.

How It Is Delivered: Standardlengths for pressure pipe are 20 or 22ft. Sewer pipe lengths can be 13, 14 or20 ft long. The pipe is sent bundledand is provided straight.

How It Is Joined: Slipliner pipe hasa gasketed joint. Close-fit and pipebursting is butt fused. HDD uses buttfusion, a spline-locked gasketedcoupler or a bell-and-spigot joint

locked together with steel pins.

Available Diameters: Gasketed PVC

pipe starts at 1.5 in. and is available upto 60 in. for gravity sewer and up to 48in. for pressure pipe.

Design Life: A properly designed,installed and operated system will lastwell in excess of 100 years.

Applicable Standards: Pressure Pipeand Fittings: ASTM D2241, AWWAC900, AWWA C905, AWWA C907 andAWWA C909. Sewer Pipe and Fittings:ASTM D3034, ASTM F679, ASTM F794,ASTM F949 and ASTM F1803.

Latest Developments Over theLast Five Years: Manufacturingimprovements have increased the sizerange available for PVC pipe.Technological advancements havemade possible the option of buttfusing in the field, which has opened anumber of trenchless applications.Innovations have resulted in alternativejoint designs more suitable forsliplining, as well as directional drillingand pipe bursting.

Quotable: PVC is the proven materialwhen performance counts. It has animpressive track record for longevity,durability, low maintenance and easeof assembly. Owners attribute itsexceptional performance to itscorrosion resistance, chemicalresistance and deep-insertion, bell-and-spigot, gasketed joints, said CraigFisher, technical director for the Uni-Bell PVC Pipe Association.

Source: Uni-Bell PVC Pipe Association

Web: www.uni-bell.org

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Polymer Concrete

Trenchless Applications: Pipe jackingand microtunneling applications.

Best Suited For: Sanitary gravitysewer applications.

Ill Suited For: Pressure applications.

How It Is Delivered: Truck, closedcontainer for ocean freight or rail in8- or 10-ft lengths.

How It Is Joined: The joint consistsof a flush stainless steel sleeve thatutilizes an EPDM or SBR gasket system.A wooden distribution ring is provided

to distribute eccentric loads duringthe installation of the pipe.

Available Diameters: Polymerconcrete is available in diametersranging from 8 to 102 in.

Design Life: More than a 50-yeardesign life.

Applicable Standards: ASTMD6783.

Latest Development Over the LastFive Years: Polymer concrete pipeis designed for the typical sanitarysewer system. Within the past coupleof years, a steel reinforced polymerconcrete pipe has been madeavailable to the U.S. municipal andindustrial market. Previously, onlynon-reinforced polymer concrete

pipe was available. The polymer

concrete pipes available can beinstalled by means of direct bury,

jacking or microtunneling and canbe joined to standard manholes andstructures, as well as polymer

concrete manholes and structuresby typical joining methods. Sincethe introduction of polymer concretepipe more than 15 years ago, morethan 1 million ft of pipe has beeninstalled around the world.

Quotable: When selecting a pipematerial, owners should consider theapplication for which the pipe materialwill be utilized, the installation method,the pipe characteristics required forthe chosen installation method and

the required maintenance over thedesign life of the pipe not just initialcosts. When all of these factors areconsidered, we believe polymerconcrete pipe is one of the best valuesavailable in the marketplace, said JeffLeBlanc, engineering departmentmanager for U.S. Composite PipeSouth, LLC.

Source: U.S. Composite Pipe South, LLC

Web: www.uscpsouth.com

Concrete

Trenchless Applications: Jackingand microtunneling.

Best Suited For: Jacking andmicrotunneling applications wherepipe with high strength is needed forthe jacking forces. Box culvert sectionscan be used for applications wheresquare or rectangular shapes may bemore beneficial such as low clearanceareas, pedestrian tunnels, etc.

Ill Suited For: Concrete pipe is notsuited for applications having highinternal pressure.

How Is It Delivered: Pre-castconcrete pipe is delivered in pre-castunits that are ready for installation.

How Is It Joined: Pre-cast concretepipe used for trenchless applicationstypically has a bell-and-spigot jointutilizing a rubber gasket.

Available Diameters: Circularreinforced concrete pipe is availablein sizes from 12 to 144 in. Elliptical

and Arch shapes are also available forlocations with limited vertical orhorizontal clearance. Additionally,square and rectangular shapes areavailable in standard dimension up to12 by 12 ft, with larger nonstandardsizes also available.

Design Life: Concrete pipe has aproven design life in excess of 100years.

Applicable Standards: ASTM C 14(AASHTO M 86) NonreinforcedConcrete Pipe; ASTM C 985Nonreinforced Concrete Pipe,Specified Strength; ASTM C 76(AASHTO M 170) Reinforced ConcretePipe; ASTM C 655 (AASHTO M 242)Reinforced Concrete Pipe SpecifiedStrength; ASTM C 506 (AASHTO M206) Reinforced Concrete Arch Pipe;ASTM C 507 (AASHTO M 207)Reinforced Concrete Elliptical Pipe;ASTM C 1433 Reinforced ConcreteBox Culverts; ASTM C 1577 ReinforcedConcrete Box Culverts; ASTM C 443

(AASHTO M 315) Joints for ConcretePipe and Manholes; and ASTM C 1628Joints for Concrete Pipe.

Latest Development Over the LastFive Years: The concrete pipe industrycontinues to enhance its productthrough new innovations in concreteadmixtures and production automationto develop a quality product withdurable performance.

Source: American Concrete Pipe AssociationWeb: www.concrete-pipe.org

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Fiberglass ReinforcedPipe

Trenchless Applications:Sliplining, microtunneling,

directional drilling, pipe jacking,pipe bursting, tunnel lining andcasings.

Best Suited For: Potable watertransmission, force main or gravitysewer systems and all applicationswhere there is a corrosive carrieror external environment.

Ill Suited For: Gas transmissionand other hydrocarbontransmission lines.

How It Is Delivered:The typicaldelivered length is 20 ft; however,both short sections (e. g., 5 and10 ft) and longer lengths of up to40 ft are available to minimize thenumber of joints.

How It Is Joined: Fiberglass

pipe utilizes a number of differentgasket-sealed joints. Typically, thepipe joints are push-togethercoupling or bell-spigot joints.Restrained joints are availablefrom some manufacturers forcurved or otherwise stressedpipe sections.

Available Diameters: The pipeis available from 18 to 158 in. indiameter, depending on themanufacturer.

Design Life: In excess of 50years.

Applicable Standards: ASTMD3262 for gravity systems and

AWWA C950 for pressureapplications. Fiberglass pipe canbe utilized in a wide range ofservice conditions. Extreme colddoes not affect the material andthe pipe can be manufactured foroperating temperatures up to 180degrees F and pressures up to250 psi. Each pipe is designed forsoil burden, external waterpressure and live loadingconditions. The pipe is extremelyrepairable and easy to modify in

the field should conditionswarrant. Hydraulic analysis showssuperb flow characteristics,Mannings of n=0.009 and HazenWilliams of C=155. In addition,the pipe is extremely abrasionresistant.

Latest Development Over theLast Five Years: The U.S. marketentry of additional municipal andindustrial fiberglass pipe andmanhole manufacturers to providethe capacity to serve an emerging

large diameter pipe market. TheFiberglass Tank & Pipe Instituterepresents the followingmanufacturers listed alphabetically:Ameron International, ContainmentSolutions Inc., Fiber Glass Systems,Future Pipe Industries, Hobas PipeUSA and L. F. Mfg.

Quotable: Fiberglass pipe hasuniversal applications with leak-free joints, inherent corrosionresistance, superior low friction

hydraulic characteristics andlong life service. While cost-savings accrue from using smallerdiameter high flow rate pipe,there are also installation savingsfrom reduced transportation/on-site handling costs (i.e., highstrength/weight ratio pipe) andreduced labor and installationtime (i.e., longer pipe with fewerjoints). Fiberglass pipe is anengineered product that may becustom manufactured withfiberglass manways and fittings

www.trenchlessonline.com

Circle 14 on reader service card

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to meet the most difficult jobsiteapplications, said Sully Curran, P.E.,executive director, Fiberglass Tank &Pipe Institute.

Source: Fiberglass Tank & Pipe InstituteWeb: www.fiberglasstankandpipe.com

Ductile Iron Pipe

Trenchless Applications: Horizontaldirectional drilling, pipe bursting,microtunneling and pipe jacking.

Best Suited For: Installations thatrequire the pipe to have tremendouscolumnar and tensile strengths, gravity

to high-pressure applications andinstallations that require a robust/strong pipe.

How It Is Delivered: Normally, 18-or 20-ft lengths. However, shorterlengths can be obtained by cutting thepipe.

How It Is Joined: Push-on gasketedjoints with allowable deflection up to

a 5-degree deflection. Push-on flexiblerestrained gasketed joints. Push-on/Push-bar gasketed joints. Bell-less gas-keted joints.

Available Diameters: 3- to 64-in.diameter (3-, 4-, 6-, 8-, 10-, 12-, 14-, 16-,18-, 20-, 24-, 30-, 36-, 42-, 54-, 60- and

64-in. diameters).

Design Life:Indefinite whenproperly installed.

A p p l i c a b l eStandards: ANSI/AWWA C150/A21.50 Thickness Designof Ductile-Iron Pipe.ANSI/AWWA C151/A21.51 Ductile-I ron P ipe,Centrifugally Cast,For Water.ANSI/AWWA C111/A21.11 Rubber-Gasket Joints for

D u c t i l e - I r o nPressure Pipe andFittings.ANSI/AWWA C104/A21.4 Cement-Mortar Lining forDuctile-Iron Pipeand Fittings forWater.ASTM A746 Ductile Iron GravitySewer Pipe.ASTM A716 Ductile Iron Culvert

Pipe.

ANSI/AWWA C105/A21.5 Polyethylene Encasement for Ductile-Iron Pipe Systems.ANSI/AWWA C110/A21.10 Ductile-Iron and Gray-Iron Fittings for Water.

ANSI/AWWA C153/A21.53

Ductile-Iron Compact Fittings for WaterService.ANSI/AWWA C600 Installation ofDuctile-Iron Water Mains and TheirAppurtenances.

Latest Development Over the LastFive Years: In the past five years, theductile iron pipe industry partneredwith Corrpro and developed a risk-based matrix for determining theappropriate corrosion control for ductile

iron pipe. Also, the application of ductileiron pipe for horizontal directional drillapplications has developed.

Quotable: Successful trenchlessinstallations have firmly establishedductile iron pipe as a viable, and in manyinstances, superior pipe option. With theincreasing demand for water andwastewater infrastructure and amovement to reduce the social-economicimpact on rate payers that is oftenassociated with open-cut construction,trenchless installation will certainly play

an increasing role. For these installations,public works personnel and contractorshave the option of installing superiorductile iron pipe.

Source: Ductile Iron Pipe Research AssociationWeb: www.dipra.com

Steel Pipe

Trenchless Applications: Directionaldrilling, jack-and-bore and horizontaldriving (pipe ramming).

Best Suited For: Gas transmission,water transmission, water well drilling,pile driving and caisson sleeves.

Ill Suited For: Chemical or corrosiveservice without protective coatings.

How It Is Delivered: Steel pipe isdelivered in full 20- or 40-ft randomlengths from stock. Some sizes of pipecan be manufactured in lengths up to100 ft without a midweld.

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to 100 ksi yield strength. Large-diameter pipe can also be regularlyproduced and shipped in 80-ft lengths,and with special equipment, in lengthsup to 100 ft.Quotable: When consideration isgiven to selection of pipe materials,the economy of steel pipe will standout, said Bill Buckland, president ofthe National Association of Steel PipeDistributors. It has the lowest cost in

relation to its strength-to-weight ratioof any other material. Most sizes arereadily available from local distributorsand it can be ordered in special sizes,grades and lengths for difficultapplications. Fittings are available forany size pipe.

Source: National Association of Steel Pipe

Distributors Association

Web: www.naspd.com

How It Is Joined: Steel pipe is joinedby welding, threading-and-coupling orcompression fittings.

Available Diameters: Steel pipe isavailable in stock sizes from 1/8- to60-in. outside diameter (OD). Any sizeand wall thickness that is feasible totransport is available through specialorder.

Design Life: The design life of steelpipe will vary depending on the size,grade and coating application.

Applicable Standards: The mostcommon ASTM standards for steelpipe are A-53, A-106, A-139, A-572,A-252 and A-500. The most common

API standards for steel pipe are API 5LGrades B, X-42, X-52, X-56, X-60, X-65,and for Oil Country Pipe, API 5CTH-40, J-55, N-80, P-110. The AWWAdesignation for water pipe is C-200.There is also an AWWA manual M-11for steel water pipe design.

Latest Developments Over the LastFive Years: Steel pipe has the higheststrength-to-weight ratio in relation tocost in the pipe industry. By orderingvariations to the content of the rawmaterial, steel pipe can be used in themost extreme of conditions. Steel pipecan also be bent and coiled and iscapable of carrying extremely highpressures and volume. Steel pipe hasincreased its strength by reducingcarbon and increasing yields and tensile

strengths. Some sizes can be produced

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