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Geometric Dimensioningand Tolerancing

for Mechanical Design

Answer Guide

(Answers to the questions and problems at the end of each chapter)

Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing for Mechanical Design Answer Guide

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Chapter 1

Introduction to

Geometric Dimensioning and TolerancingChapter Review

Page 7

1. Geometric Dimensioning and olerancing is a s!mbolic language used to specif!

the size " shape " form " orientation,

and location of features on a part.

#. $eatures toleranced with GD% reflect the actual relationshipbetween mating parts.

&. Geometric Dimensioning and olerancing was designed to insure the proper assembl! of

mating parts " to impro'e quality " and reduce cost .

. Geometric tolerancing allows the maimum a'ailable tolerance and" consequentl!"

the most economical parts.

*. ASME Y14.5!!" is the current" authoritati'e reference document that specifies theproper application of GD%.

+. Plus or minus tolerancing generates a rectangular ,shaped tolerance -one.

7. #$%& generates a c!lindrical,shaped tolerance -one to control an ais.

. /f the distance across a square tolerance -one is 0 .* or a total of .1" what is the

approimate distance across the diagonal2 ' .!!( or .!14

3. 4onus tolerance equals the difference between the actual mating en'elope si-e and the

ma)imum material con*ition .

1. 5hile processing" a rectangular part usuall! rests against a *atum

reference frame consisting of three mutuall! perpendicular planes.


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Chapter #

Dimensioning and Tolerancing

FundamentalsChapter Review

Page 1*

1. 6ach dimension shall ha'e a tolerance ecept those dimensions specificall!identified as reference" maimum" minimum" or stoc.

#. Dimensioning and tolerancing must be complete so there is a full

understanding of the characteristics of each feature.

&. Dimensions shall not be sub8ect to more than one interpretation .

. he drawing should *efine the part without specif!ing

manufacturing methods.

*. A "!+ angle applies where center lines and linesdepicting features are shown on a #D orthographic drawing at right angles and no angle is

specified.

+. A asic "!+ angle applies where centerlines of features in a pattern orsurfaces shown at right angles on a #D orthographic drawing are located or defined b! basicdimensions and no angle is specified.

7. All dimensions and tolerances are applicable at -+/ 0!+2 unless otherwisespecified. 9easurements made at other temperatures ma! be ad8usted mathematicall!.

. All dimensions and tolerances appl! in the free state con*ition

ecept for non,rigid parts.

3. All tolerances appl! for the full *epth "

full length " and

full 3i*th of the feature

unless otherwise specified.

1. Dimensions and tolerances appl! onl! at the *ra3ing leel

where the! are specified.

11. :nits of linear measurement are t!picall! epressed either in the inch s!stem or the


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metric s!stem.

1#. $or decimal inch tolerances" a zero is ne'erplaced before the decimal point for'alues less than one inch.

1&. $or decimal inch tolerances" a dimension is specified with the same number of decimal

places as its tolerance .

1. 5hat are the two t!pes of direct tolerancing methods2

imit *imensioning an* plus an* minus *imensioning

1*. $or decimal inch tolerances" where a unilateral tolerance is specified and either the plus or

minus limit is -ero" its -ero 'alue will ha'e the same numer of *ecimal

places

as the other limit and the appropriate plus an* minus sign .

1+. $or decimal inch tolerances" where bilateral tolerancing or limit dimensioning and

tolerancing is used" both 'alues hae the same numer of *ecimal places

17. Dimensional limits are used as if an infinite numer of zeros

followed the last digit after the decimal point.

1. Angular units of measurement are specified either in *egrees an* *ecimal parts

of a *egree or *egrees, minutes, an* secon*s.

13. 5hat two dimensions are not placed on the field of the drawing2

&he "!+ angle an* a zero#. /f CAD;CA9 database models are used and the! do not include tolerances" tolerance 'alues

ma! be epressed in a A$ pro*uct *efinition *ata set.


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Chapter &

Symbols, Terms, and Rules

Chapter ReviewPage

1. 5hat t!pe of geometric tolerance has no datum features2 /orm controls

#. 5hich of the form tolerances is the most common2 /latness

&. 5hat t!pe of geometric tolerances indicates an angular relationship with specified datum

features2 6rientation controls

. 5hat is the name of the s!mbol that is used to identif! ph!sical features of a part as datum

features and should not be applied to centerlines" center planes" or aes2

$atum feature symol

*. Datum feature identif!ing letters ma! be an! letter of the alphabet ecept2 7, 6, % 8

+. /f the datum feature s!mbol is placed in line with a dimension line or on a feature control

frame associated with a feature of si-e" then the datum feature is what is what ind offeature2

A feature of size

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frame estalishe* y *atum feature A an* *atum features 9 an* at

their ma)imum material oun*aries 0MM92

1#. he all around and between s!mbols are used with what control2 :rofile

1&. he all o'er s!mbol consists of two small concentric circles

placed at the 8oint of the leader connecting the feature control frame to the feature.

1. he continuous feature s!mbol specifies that a group of two or more

interrupted features of si-e are to be considered one single feature of si-e.

1*. /f no depth or remaining thicness is specified" the spotface is the minimum

depth necessar! to clean up the surface of the specified diameter.

1+. he in*epen*ency s!mbol indicates that perfect form of a feature of

si-e at 99C or >9C is not required.

17. he unequally *ispose* profile s!mbol

indicates that the profile tolerance is unilateral or unequall! disposed about the true profile.

1. he *atum translation s!mbol indicates that a datum

feature simulator is not fied and is free to translate within the specified geometric tolerance.

13. he actual mating enelope

is a similar" perfect" feature(s) counterpart of smallest si-e that can be contracted about an

eternal feature(s) or largest si-e that can be epanded within an internal feature(s) so that it

coincides with the surface(s) at the highest points.

#. A theoreticall! eact dimension is called2 a asic *imension

#1. 5hat is the theoreticall! eact point" ais" line" plane" or combination thereof deri'ed from

the theoretical datum feature simulator called2 a *atum

##. A *atum feature is a feature that is identified with either a datum feature

s!mbol or a datum target s!mbol.

#&. A *atum feature simulator (Ph!sical) is the ph!sical boundar! used toestablish a simulated datum from a specified datum feature.

#. A *atum reference frame consists of three mutuall!

perpendicular intersecting datum planes.

#*. 5hat is the name of a ph!sical portion of a part" such as a surface" pin" hole" tab" or slot2

A feature

#+. A regular feature of si-e is a feature that is associated with a directl! toleranced dimension


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and taes one of the following forms?

a. A cylin*rical surface

. A set of t3o oppose* parallel surfaces

c. A spherical surface

*. A circular element

e. A set of t3o oppose* parallel elements


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#7. 5hat is a feature of si-e with the maimum amount of material within the stated limits of

si-e called2 ma)imum material con*ition 0MM2

#. 5hat is a feature of si-e with the least amount of material within the stated limits of si-e

called2 least material con*ition 0M2

#3. 5hat ind of feature alwa!s applies at 99C;994" >9C;>94" or =$@;=942a feature of size or a *atum feature of size

&. he maimum material condition modifier specifies that the tolerance applies at the

ma)imum material con*ition 0MM2 si-e of the feature.

Individual

FeatureOnly

IndividualFeature or

RelatedFeatures

SYMMETRY

CONCENTRICITY

POSITION

Symbol

STRAIGHTNESS

FLATNESS

CIRCULARITY

CYLINRICITY

PROFILE OF A LINE

PROFILE OF A SURFACE

Geometric Characteristics

ANGULARITY

PERPENICULARITY

PARALLELISM

CIRCULAR RUNOUT

TOTAL RUNOUT

Runout

Lo!ation

Orientation

RelatedFeatures

Pro"ile

For#

Type ofTolerancePertains to

Figure 33! Geometric characteristic s!mbols.


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&1. 5rite the names and geometric characteristic s!mbols where indicated in $ig. &,&+.


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Name Symbol Name Symbol

All Around Free State F

Between " Projected ToleranceZone

P

Number of Places X Tangent Plane T

Counterbore/Spotface # Radius r

Countersink $ Radius, Controlled c

Depth/Deep % Spherical Radius &

Diameter Spherical Diameter '

Dimension, Basic$%&&&

Square (

Dimension,Reference

(60) Statistical Tolerance s

Dimension Origin ) Datum Target'%(&&

A$


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Arc Length$$&

Target Point


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Conical Taper * Slope +

Figure 33" Geometric tolerancing s!mbols.

. Draw the indicated geometric tolerancing s!mbols in the spaces on $igure &,&7.


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&&. he 99C modifier indicates that the tolerance applies at the maimum material condition

si-e of the feature and that a onus toleranceis a'ailable as the si-e of the feature departs from 99C toward >9C.

&. he bonus tolerance equals the difference between the actual mating enelope

size an* MM

&*. he total positional tolerance equals the sum of the onustolerance and the geometric tolerance tolerance.

&+. 5hat is the term used to indicate that a specified geometric tolerance applies at each

increment of si-e of a feature within its limits of si-e2 ;/S

&7. 994" >94" and =94 all appl! in a feature control frame for what ind of feature2

A *atum feature of size

&. 5hat is the single worst,case boundar! generated b! the collecti'e effects of the >9C limit

of si-e" the specified geometric tolerance" and the si-e tolerance called2

;esultant on*ition3. 5hat is the theoreticall! eact location of a feature of si-e established b! basic dimensions

called2 &rue position

. 5hat is the theoreticall! eact profile of a feature established b! basic dimensions called2

&rue profile

1. :sing the drawing in $ig. &,&" complete able &,&.

#. :sing the drawing in $ig. &,&" complete able &,.


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.515-.540

A

Pin.495-.500

1.000

1.000

B

1.000

C

Hole

Figure 33# =efer to this drawing for questions & through .

Internal Feature $%ole&

'ctual (ating

)nvelope ((C *onus

Geometric

Tolerance

Total +ositional

Tolerance

99C .*1* .515 .!!! .!1! .!1!.*# .515 .!!5 .!1! .!15.*#* .515 .!1! .!1! .!!.*& .515 .!15 .!1! .!5.*&* .515 .!! .!1! .!

>9C .* .515 .!5 .!1! .!9C2 .54! .4"5*. 5hat is the geometric tolerance2 .!1! .!!5+. 5hat material condition modifier is specified2 MM MM7. 5hat datum feature(s) control(s) perpendicularit!2 A A


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. 5hat datum feature(s) control(s) location2 9 % 9 %


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)ternal Feature $+in&

'ctual Feature

Si-e ((C *onus

Geometric

Tolerance

Total +ositional

Tolerance

99C .* .5!! .!!! .!!5 .!!5.33 .5!! .!!1 .!!5 .!!- .3 .5!! .!! .!!5 .!!( .37 .5!! .!!< .!!5 .!!.3+ .5!! .!!4 .!!5 .!!"

>9C .3* .5!! .!!5 .!!5 .!1!Table 3. otal positional tolerance for Pins

3. he irtualcondition of a feature of si-e specified with a 99C modifier is a constant boundar!generated b! the collecti'e effects of the considered featureBs 99C limit of si-e and the

specified geometric tolerance.

*. 5here onl! a tolerance of si-e is specified" the limits of si-e of an indi'idual feature

prescribe the etent to which 'ariations in its geometric /orm,as well as si-e" are allowed.

his statement is the essence of ;ule =1

*1. he form tolerance increases as the actual si-e of the feature departs from MM

toward M .

*#. /f features on a drawing are shown coaial" or s!mmetrical to each other and not controlled for

location or orientation " the drawing is incomplete.

*&. /f there is no orientation control specified for a rectangle on a drawing" the perpendicularit!

is controlled" not b! the si-e tolerance " but b! the

title loc> angularity tolerance tolerance.

*. =ule # states that ;/S automaticall! applies" to indi'idual tolerances of feature of

si-es and ;M9 to datum features of si-e.

**. 6ach tolerance of orientation or position and datum reference specified for screw threads

applies to the ais of the thread deri'ed from the pitch *iameter .

*+. 6ach geometric tolerance or datum reference specified for gears and splines must designatethe specific feature at which each applies such as

MA?6; $7A, :7&@ $7A, or M76; $7A .


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+roblems

Page +

A B

Figure 330 9aterial condition s!mbols? problem 1.

1. =ead the complete tolerance in each feature control frame in $ig. &,&3" and write them below(datum feature A is a feature of si-e).

A. &he position tolerance requires that

&he a)is of the controlle* feature

Must lie 3ithin a cylin*rical tolerance zone

.!!5 in *iameter

At regar*less of feature size 0;/S2

6riente* an* locate* 3ith asic *imensions to *atum feature A at

regar*less of material oun*ary 0;M92

4. &he position tolerance requires that

&he a)is of the controlle* feature

Must lie 3ithin a cylin*rical tolerance zone

.!!5 in *iameter

At ma)imum material con*ition 0MM2

6riente* an* locate* 3ith asic *imensions to *atum feature A at

ma)imum material oun*ary 0MM92


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C

A B

D

A

F

E

B4.000

6.000-6.020

1.000

1.000

G

I C

2X 1.375-1.390

2.000-2.020

H

Figure 3.1 Definitions? problem #.

#. Place each letter of the items on the drawing in $ig. &, net to the most correct term

below.

$eature # 4asic Dimension 7 $eature control frame

A 99C / Datum $eature $ rue Position


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Chapter

Datums

Chapter ReviewPage +

1. Datums are theoreticall! perfect points, a)es, lines, an* planes .

#. Datums establish the origin from which the location or geometriccharacteristic of features of a part are established.

&. Datums eist within a structure of three mutuall! perpendicular intersecting datum planes

nown as a *atum reference frame .

. Datums are assumed to eist in and be simulated b! the processing equipment .*. A part is oriented and immobili-ed relati'e to the three mutuall! perpendicular intersecting

datum planes of the datum reference frame ina selected order of prece*ence .

+. he primar! datum feature contacts the datum reference frame with a minimum of

three points of contact that are not in a straight line.

7. Datum features are specified in order of precedence as the! appear from left to right in the

feature control frame .

. Datum feature letters need not be in alphaetical order.

3. 5hen selecting datum features" the designer should consider features that are?

/unctional surfaces .

Mating surfaces .

;ea*ily accessile surfaces .

Surfaces that allo3 repeatale measurements .

1. he primar! datum feature controls the orientation of the part.

11. he datum feature s!mbol is used to identif! physical featuresof a part as datum features.

1#. Datum feature s!mbols shall notbe applied to centerlines, center planes, or

a)es .

1&.

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that surface with an angularit! tolerance and a basic angle.

1. A c!lindrical datum feature is alwa!s associated with two theoretical planesmeeting at right angles at its datum ais.

1*. he two inds of features specified as datum features are?

:lane flat surfaces

/eatures of size

1+. Datum features of si-es ma! appl! at ;M9, MM9 or M9

17. 5here datum features of si-es are specified at =94" the processing equipment must mae

physical contact with the datum features.

1. 5here features of si-es are specified at 994" the si-e of the processing equipment has a

constant oun*ary .

Figure .20 Datum feature of si-e? questions 13 through #.

13. he two,hole pattern is perpendicular to what datum feature2 $atum feature A

#" he two,hole pattern is located to what datum feature2 $atum feature 9

#1. /f inspected with a gage" what is the datum feature 4 diameter of the gage2 B-.!


2

%&$& M A ) M

%&$& M A

B

6.000-6.020

2 X .510-.530 A

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##. /f inspected with a gage" what is the diameter of the # pins on the gage2 B.5!!


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#&. /f datum feature 4 had been specified at =$@" eplain how the gage would be different.

$atum feature 9 3oul* hae to hae a ariale *iameter such as a

chuc> to ma>e physical contact 3ith the outsi*e *iameter.

#. /f datum feature 4 had been specified as the primar! datum feature at =$@" eplain how the

gage would be different.

$atum feature 9 3oul* not only hae to e a ariale *iameter, such

as a chuc>, to ma>e physical contact 3ith the outsi*e *iameter, ut

the outsi*e *iameter, *atum feature 9, 3oul* align 3ith the gage as

3ell.

#*. /f a datum feature s!mbol is in line with a dimension line" the datum feature is the

feature of size measured b! the dimension.

#+. 5here more than one datum feature is used to establish a single datum" the

*atum reference letters and appropriate mo*ifiersare separated b! a dash and specified in one compartment of the feature control frame.

#7. 5here c!linders are specified as datum features" the entire surface of the feature is

considered to be the *atum feature .

#. /f onl! a part of a feature is required to be the datum feature" a heay chain line

is drawn ad8acent to the surface profile and dimensioned with basic dimensions.

#3. Datum targets ma! be used to immobili-e parts with uneen or irregular surfaces.

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+roblems

Page ++

Figure .1 Datum features at 994 and =94? problem 1.

1. Complete the feature control frames with datum features and material condition s!mbols to

reflect the drawing in $ig. ,#.


24

(+) See below

.010 M (+) (+) M

1.997-2.000

4 X 1.010-1.030

.010 M A B M

A

B

.010 M B A M .010 M A B

4.000

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Figure .2 @pecif!ing datum features and datum feature s!mbols? problem #.

#. Pro'ide the appropriate datum feature s!mbols and datum features in the feature control

frames on the drawing in $ig. ,#1. 0&3o solutions suggeste*.2


25

1.500

B

A

or

D

.010 M A D M Bor

1.500

.060 M A B C.060 M A B C

.010 M A B C

4 X .760-.790

1.000-1.030

2.500 1.500

3.000

3.500

C

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Figure . @pecif!ing datum features and datum feature s!mbols? problem &.

&. @pecif! the appropriate datum feature s!mbols and datum features in the datum eercise in

$ig. ,##.06ne solution. E)plore other possiilities.2


26

%&&& M A ) M

C

2.500

.020 M A

B

.014 M A B M C M

.004

3.945

.500.515

4.200-4.230

A

4 X .514-.590

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Figure . @pecif!ing datum features and datum feature s!mbols? problem .

.

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Chapter *

Form

Chapter ReviewPage #

1. $orm tolerances are independent of all other features .

#. o *atum features appl! to form tolerances.

&. he form of indi'idual features of si-e is automaticall! controlled b! the

size tolerance, rule =1 .

. A form tolerance ma! be specified as a refinement where the size tolerance

*oes not a*equately control the form of a feature .

*. All form tolerances are surface controls ecept for flatness of a me*ian plane

an* straightness of a me*ian line .

+. o cylin*rical tolerance zones or material con*ition mo*ifiers

are appropriate for surface controls.

7. $latness of a surface or deri'ed median plane is a condition where all line elements of that

surface are in one plane .

. $or flatness" in a 'iew where the surface to be controlled appears as a line "

a feature control frame is attached to the surface with a lea*er or e)tension line .

3. he feature control frame controlling flatness contains a flatness symol

and a numerical tolerance .

1. he surface being controlled for flatness must lie between t3o parallel planesseparated b! the flatness tolerance. /n addition" the feature must fall within the

size tolerance .

11. he flatness tolerance -one does not need to be parallel to an! other surface.

1#. he feature of si-e ma! not eceed the oun*ary of perfect form at MM


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1.000-1.020

Figure 42. @pecif!ing flatness? question 1&.

1&. @pecif! the flatness of the top surface of the part in $ig. *,1 within .+ in a feature control

frame.1. Draw a feature control frame with an o'erall flatness of .1* and a unit flatness of .1 per

square inch.

1*. 5hen 'erif!ing flatness" the feature of si-e is first measured to 'erif! that it falls within the

limits of size .

1+. he surface is ad8usted with 8acscrews to remo'e an! parallelism error.

17. $latness 'erification is achie'ed b! measuring the surface in all directions with a

*ial in*icator .

1. @traightness is a condition where an element of a surface, or *erie* me*ianline, is a straight line.

13. /n a 'iew where the line elements to be controlled appear as a line "

a feature control frame is attached to the surface with a lea*er or e)tension line

#. @traightness tolerance is a refinement of the size tolerance, rule =1 "

and must be less than the size tolerance .

'ctual +art Si-e Straightness Tolerance Controlled by

1.#

.!!!1.1 .!! ;ule =11.1+ .!!41.1 .!!41.1 .!!4 Straightness1.* .!!4 &olerance


29

%&$&

%&&$*'$%&&&

%&$&

%&&$* $%&&&

or

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1. .!!4

Table 4! Euestion #1

#1. Complete able *,+ specif!ing the straightness tolerance and what controls it for the drawing

in $ig. *,+.

##. he measurement of surface 'ariation for straightness is performed similar to themeasurement for

flatness .

#&. 6ach line element is in*epen*ent of e'er! other line element.

#. 5here a feature control frame with a straightness tolerance is associated with a si-e

dimension" the straightness tolerance applies to the me*ian line .

#*. 5hile each actual local si-e of the feature must fall within the size tolerance "the feature controlled with straightness of a median line ma! eceed the

oun*ary of perfect form at maimum material condition.#+. A straightness control of a median line will allow the feature to 'iolate

;ule =1 .

#7. /f specified at 99C" the total straightness tolerance of a median line equals the tolerance in

the feature control frame plus an! onus tolerance .

Cylindrical Feature

$Straightness o/ a (edian 5ine&

Feature Si-e

1.# 99C .!!- .!!- 1.1* .!!- .!111.1 .!!- .!1- 1.* .!!- .!11. >9C .!!- .!-

Table 4"@traightness of a median line at =$@ and 99C? question #.

#. Complete able *,7 specif!ing the appropriate tolerances for the si-es gi'en.

#3. @traightness 'erification of a feature of si-e specified at 99C can be achie'ed b!

placing the part in a full form functional gage .

&. @traightness 'erification of a feature of si-e specified at ;/Scannot be achie'ed b! placing the part in a full form functional gage.


3!

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&1. 5hen 'erif!ing circularit!" the feature of si-e is first measured to 'erif! that it falls within

the limits of size and ;ule =1 .

. Circularit! can be accuratel! inspected on a circularity inspection machine .

&&. C!lindricit! is a condition of the surface of a c!linder where all points of the surface are

equi*istant from the a)is .

&. he c!lindricit! tolerance consists of two coa)ial cylin*ers in which

the ra*ial *istance between them is equal to the tolerance

specified in the feature control frame .

&*. C!lindricit! is a composite form tolerance that simultaneousl! controls

circularity, straightness of a surface, an* taper of c!lindrical features.

$eatureof @i-e

$eatureof @i-e

1. $or these controls" datums do not appl! 6 6 6 6 6 6#. $or these controls" rule 1 applies 6 6 6 6&. hese are surface controls 6 6 6 6. hese controls ma! be specified with a leader 6 6 6 6*. hese are refinements of the si-e tolerance 6 6 6 6+. hese tolerances 'iolate rule 1 6 67. hese controls appl! to features of si-e 6 6. hese controls are associated with the dimension

6 63. hese controls ma! eceed the si-e tolerance 6 61. he F s!mbol ma! be used 611. he 99C (circle 9) s!mbol ma! be used 6 6

Table 4# @ummar! of form controls? Euestion &+.

&+.

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+roblems

Page *

3.000

1.000

.XXX = .010

ANGLES = 1

OR

Figure 424 $latness? problem 1.

1. @pecif! a flatness control of .* for the top surface of the part in $ig. *,1*.

0Either a lea*er or an e)tension line can e use*2

#. 4elow" draw a feature control frame with a unit flatness of .& per square inch and ano'erall flatness of .1*.


32

or.015

.003/ 1.000

.015

.003/1.000

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Figure 42! $latness? problem &.

&. /s the part in $ig. *,1+ an acceptable part H wh! or wh! not2

o, this part is not acceptale. 7t is 1.!1 thic> an* o3e* .!!4, a

total of 1.!. &he part e)cee*s the 1.!! oun*ary of perfect form

Figure 42" @traightness of a surface? problem .

. @pecif! straightness of a surface of .# on the c!linder in the drawing in $ig. *,17.


33

A!tual Part Measure#ents

1.010 .010

.004

1.018

.005

8.00

.002

.495-.500

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0Either a lea*er or an e)tension line can e *irecte* to the part

surface.2

Figure 42# @traightness of a median line? problem *.

*.

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the outer *iameter of the circularity tolerance zone is 3ithin 1.5!,

the MM of the cylin*er, it is a goo* part. &he cylin*er may not

e)cee* the oun*ary of perfect form at ma)imum material con*ition.

Figure 41 Circularit! and c!lindricit!? problems 7 and .

7. @pecif! a circularit! tolerance of .# on the cone in the drawing in $ig. *,#.

. @pecif! a c!lindricit! tolerance of .* on the c!linder in the drawing in $ig. *,#.


35

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Chapter +

7rientation

Chapter ReviewPage 3

1.

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4.00

A.XX = .01

ANGLES = 1

2.00

3.00

Figure !2. @pecif!ing perpendicularit! of a plane surface? question 11.

11. @uppl! the appropriate geometric tolerance on the drawing in $ig. +,1 to control the &.,inch 'ertical surface of the part perpendicular to the bottom surface within .*.

0Either a lea*er or an e)tension line may e use*.2

1.000-1.010

2.00

A

Figure !24 @pecif!ing perpendicularit! of a feature of si-e? question 1#.

1#. @uppl! the appropriate geometric tolerance on the drawing in $igure +,1* to control the1.,inch diameter 'ertical pin perpendicular to the bottom surface of the plate within .*


37

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at =$@.

Figure !2! Perpendicularit! specified at 99C? question 1&.

1&. /f the pin in $igure +,1* were actuall! produced at a diameter of 1. and toleranced with

the feature control frame in $igure +,1+" what would the total perpendicularit! tolerance be2

.!!

1. he feature control frame for parallelism of a surface must at least contain

a parallelism symol, a numerical tolerance, an* at least one *atum

feature .

1*. Parallelism tolerance of a flat surface is a refinement of the si-e tolerance and must be less

than the

size tolerance .

1+. A surface being controlled with a parallelism tolerance must lie between

t3o parallel planes separated b! the

parallelism tolerance specified in the feature control frame. he tolerance -one must also be

parallel to the datum plane.

17. he controlled surface ma! not eceed the oun*ary of perfect form at

ma)imum material con*ition .

1. 5here applied to a flat surface" parallelism is the onl! orientation control that requires

perfect orientation (Parallelism is a I angle.) at MM


38

.XX = .01ANGLES = 1

.010 A

A1.00

2.00

1.00

7.00

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Figure !2" @pecif!ing parallelism? question 13.

13. @uppl! the appropriate geometric tolerance on the drawing to control the top surface of thepart in $ig. +,17 parallel to the bottom surface within .1.

0Either a lea*er or an e)tension line can e use*2

#. 5hen controlling the parallelism of a feature of si-e" the feature control frame is associated

with the size *imension of the feature being controlled.

#1. /f the feature of si-e is a c!linder" the numerical tolerance is usuall! preceded b! a B .

##. he numerical tolerance for angularit! of a surface is specified as a linear dimension

because it generates a uniform Cshaped tolerance -one.

#&. A plus or minus angularit! tolerance is not used because it generates a

nonuniform, fan ,shaped tolerance -one.

#. 5hen controlling the angularit! of a feature of si-e" the feature control frame is associated

with the size *imension of the feature being controlled.#*. /f the diameter s!mbol precedes the numerical tolerance" the ais is controlled with a

cylin*rical tolerance -one.

#+. As an alternati'e practice" the angularit! s!mbol ma! be used to control

parallel an* perpen*icular relationships .

+lane Sur/aces 'es 8 Ctr9 +lanes

Datum features are required 6 6 6 6 6 6

Controls flatness if flatness is not specified 6 6 6

Circle modifier can appl! 6 6 6

olerance specified with a leader or etension line 6 6 6

olerance associated with a dimension 6 6 6

9aterial condition modifiers appl! 6 6 6

A 'irtual condition applies 6 6 6

Table !

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+roblems

Page 11

Figure !2# Perpendicularit! of a plane surface? problem 1.

1. @pecif! the &.,inch surface of the part in $ig. +,1 perpendicular to the bottom and bacsurfaces within a tolerance of .1. Draw and dimension the tolerance -one.

Figure !20 Perpendicularit! of a pin to a plane surface? problem #.

#. @pecif! the F1.,inch pin perpendicular to the top surface of the plate in $ig.+,13 within a

tolerance of .1* at 99C.

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Figure !1 Parallelism of a plane surface? problem &.

&. @pecif! the top surface of the part in $ig. +,# parallel to the bottom surface within a tolerance

of .. Draw and dimension the tolerance -one.

Figure !2 Angularit! of a plane surface? problem .


4

.XX = .01ANGLES = 1

.004 A

A

1.00

1.00

2.00

.004

4.00 2.00

20

6.00

.003 A

2.75

A.XX = .01

ANGLES = 1

1.00

.003

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. /n $ig. +,#1" specif! the top surface of the part to be at an angle of #I to the bottom surface

within a tolerance of .&. Draw and dimension the tolerance -one.

MM .""! 1.!1

5

#eometric &olerance F.!1! .!1

5Girtual on*ition 1.!!! 1.!!

!

Figure !

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Chapter 7

+osition, General

Chapter ReviewPage 1#*

1. Position is a composite tolerance that controls both the location an*

the orientation of feature of si-es at the same time.

#. he tolerance of position ma! be 'iewed in either of two wa!s?

A theoretical tolerance zone located at true position of the toleranced featurewithin which the center point" ais" or center plane of the feature ma! 'ar! from true

position.

A irtual con*ition oun*ary of the toleranced feature" when specified at 99Cor >9C and located at true position" which ma! not be 'iolated b! its surface or surfaces

of the considered feature.

&. A feature of si-e has four geometric characteristics that must be controlled. hese

characteristics are size, form, orientation, an* location .

. @ince the position tolerance onl! controls feature of si-es such as pins" holes" tabs" and slots"

the feature control frame is alwa!s associated with a size *imension .

*. he location of true position" the theoreticall! perfect location of an ais" is specified with

asic *imensions from the datum features indicated.

+.

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modifier automaticall! applies to the tolerance of the feature.

1#. 5hen the maimum material condition s!mbol is specified to modif! the tolerance of a

feature of si-e" the following two requirements appl!?

he specified tolerance applies at ma)imum material con*ition of the

feature.

As the si-e of the feature departs from maimum material condition toward least material

condition" a onus tolerance is achiee* in the e)act amount of

such *eparture .

1&. he difference between the actual mating en'elope si-e and 99C is the onus

tolerance .

1. he bonus plus the geometric tolerance equals the total positional tolerance .

.510 .550

Figure "1 Geometric tolerance? questions 1* through 1.

1*. /f the tolerance in $ig. 7,# is for a pin .*#* in diameter" what is the total tolerance2 .

!

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+roblemsPage 1#7

Figure "2 Design a gage to inspect for shift tolerance? problem 1.

1.

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Figure " Kero positional tolerance con'ersion? problem #.

#. Con'ert the tolerance in $ig. 7,## to the -ero positional tolerances for the pin and the hole.

Kero tolerance is not used when the tolerance applies at ;/S " or when no

bonus tolerance is a'ailable as in a tolerance specified for threa*s or press fit pins .


46

'%++,-$%&&,

1.0001.006

.004 M A B C

.000 M A B C

.004 M A B C

.000 M A B C

.998-1.004

.9981.000

HolePin

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Figure "3 A hole specified at >9C? problem &.

&. Calculate the minimum wall thicness between the inside diameter and datum feature 4in $ig. 7,#&.

$atum feature 9 H M B .4!

7. $. H M B .!!&olerance H M B .!!

.44!

&he 3all thic>ness equals half of the *ifferences in *iameters or .!.

0alculating *iameters an* *iing the final *iameter y minimizes

errors.2


47

2.500 .020

A

2.000 .020.020 L A B L

4.059 .003

B

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Figure ". 4oundar! conditions? problem .

. $irst calculate the 'irtual conditions and resultant conditions for the pin and hole. hen

calculate the maimum and minimum distances for dimensions and L in $ig. 7,#.

he :irtual Conditionof the +I;. he :irtual Conditionof the %75).

Gp I MM F #eo. &ol. G h I MM #eo. &ol.Gp I 1.!!! F .!!4 I 1.!!4 G h I 1.!!! .!!4 I .""-

GpJ I .5! GhJ I.4"

Resultant Conditionof the +I;. Resultant Conditionof the %75).

;pI M #eo. &ol. 9onus ; hI M F #eo. &ol. F 9onus

;pI."" .!!4 .!! I ."" ; hI1.!!- F.!!4 F.!!- I1.!1-

;pJ I .4"- ;hJ I.5!

he maimum and minimum distances for dimension 6?

KMa)I $ist. ;pJ GhJ I KMinI $ist. GpJ ;hJ IKMa)I

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YMa)I1.!1 Y MinI ."


49

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Chapter

+osition, 5ocation

Chapter ReviewPage 1*&

1. he floating fastener formula is?

& I @ / or @ I / F &

#. M &he clearance holeocation &olerance at MM

M &he learance @ole MM *iameter

$ M &he /astenerLs MM *iameter, the nominal size

&. he clearance hole >9C diameter formula is @ H M I 0/ F/ hea*2 J .

. he fied fastener is fied b! one or more of the memers eing fastene* .

*. he formula for fied fasteners is?

t1F tI @ / or @ I / F t1F t

+. he location tolerance for both the threaded hole and the clearance hole must come from the

difference between the actual diameter of the clearance hole and the

*iameter of the fastener .

7. /t is common to assign a larger portion of the tolerance to the threa*e* hole.. A fastener fied at its head in a countersun hole and in a threaded hole at the other end is

called what2 A *oule fastener fi)e* fastener

3. 5here specif!ing a threaded hole or a hole for a press fit pin" the orientation of the

hole determines the orientation of the mating pin.

1. he most con'enient wa! to control the orientation of the pin outside the hole is to

proect the tolerance -one into the mating part.

11. he height of the pro8ected tolerance -one is equal to or greater than the thicest

matingpart or tallest stu* or pin after installation.

1#. he dimension of the pro8ected tolerance -one height is specified as a minimum .

1&. wo or more patterns of features are considered to be one composite pattern if the!

are locate* 3ith asic *imensions, to the same *atums features, in


5!

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the same or*er of prece*ence, an* at the same material con*itions

1. Datum features of si-e specified at =$@ require physical contact

between the gagging element and the datum feature.

1*. /f the patterns of features ha'e no relationship to each other" a note such as

SE: ;E8& ma! be placed under each feature control frame allowingeach pattern to be inspected separatel!.

1+. Composite tolerancing allows the relationship from featureCtoCfeature

to be ept to a tight tolerance and the relationship between the

pattern an* its *atum features to be controlled to a looser tolerance.

17. A composite positional feature control frame has one position s!mbol

that applies to the two hori-ontal segments that follow.

1. he upper segment of a composite feature control frame" called the

patternClocating control" go'erns the relationship between the datum features

and the pattern .

13. he lower segment of a composite feature control frame is called the featureCrelating

controlJ it go'erns the relationship from featureCtoCfeature .

#. he primar! function of the position control is to control location .

#1. Datum features in the lower segment of a composite feature control frame must satisf! what

two conditions?&hey are require* to repeat the *atum features in the upper segment

an* they only control orientation

(Assume plane,surface datum features for question numbers ## and #&".)

##. 5here the secondar! datum feature is included in the lower segment of a composite feature

control frame" the tolerance -one framewor must remain :arallel

to the secondar! datum plane.

#&. he lower segment of a multiple single,segment feature control frame acts 8ust lie an!

other position control#. Counterbores that ha'e the same location tolerance as their respecti'e holes are specified b!

indicating the hole callout an* the counterore callout follo3e*

y the geometric tolerance for oth .

#*. Counterbores that ha'e a larger location tolerance than their respecti'e holes are specified b!


5

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separating the hole callout from the counterore callout .

#+. 5hen tolerancing elongated holes" no *iameter symol precedes

the tolerance in the feature control frame since the tolerance -one is not a cylin*er .

#7. he 'irtual condition boundar! is the e)act shape of

the elongated hole and equal in si-e to its irtual con*ition .

#. he position control is used to locate a si-e featurefeature of si-es!mmetricall! at 99C to a datum feature of si-e specified at 994.


52

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+roblems

Page 1**

Figure #" $loating fastener drawing? problem 1.

1. olerance the clearance holes in $ig. ,#7 to be fastened with *;1+ H 1 :C he head bolts(.&1&in diameter) and nuts with a .1 diameter positional tolerance.

@ I / F &


53

1.000

Unless Otherwise Specified:.XXX = .005

ANGLES = 1

4 X .323-.360

.010 M A B C

5.000

4.000

1.000

2.0001.000

2.000

C

A

B

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Figure ## $loating fastener drawing? problems # through *.

#. @pecif! the 99C and >9C clearance hole si-es for 1 (F.13) socet head cap screws.

K B.!C.4- K B.!!C.4- K B.1"!C.4- n,w-!3!m,A,.,/, n,w-!!m,A,.,/,

n,w-!!!m,A,.,/,&. /f the actual si-e of the clearance holes in problem # is .#& in diameter" calculate the total

positional tolerance for each callout.

Actual @i-e .#& .#& .#&

99C .! .!! .1"!

4onus .!1! .!

Geo. olerance F .!

otal olerance .!4! .!4! .!4!

. @pecif! the 99C and >9C clearance hole si-es for &; (F.&7*) he head bolts.

K B.4!!C.4-! K B.

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otal olerance .!-5 .!-5 .!-5

Figure #0 $ied fastener assembl!? problems +.

+. olerance the clearance and threaded holes in the plates in $ig.,#3 to be fastened with*;H11 :C he head bolts (.+#*in diameter). :se a . positional toleranceand +N

location tolerance for the threaded hole.


55

1.000

B

M A B C

2 X

C

A

1.000 3.000

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Figure #31 $ied fastener drawing? problems 7 through 1.


56

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7. @pecif! the 99C and >9C clearance hole si-es for socet head cap screws.

# F.1+ (), :$,#4 # F.1+ (), :$,#4 # F.1+ (), :$,#4

n,w-!25m,A,.,/, n,w-!25m,A,.,/,n,w-!25m,A,.,/,

.1"" .1< .1"4 .1< .1" .1 an* forth, an* at any angle to the

*atum features within the larger tolerance -one.

3. he position control" with no datum features" can be applied to two or more coaial featurescontrolling their coa)iality simultaneousl! within the specified tolerance.

1. A mating plug and socet will assemble e'er! time if the! are designed to their

irtual con*itions

.


67

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+roblemsPage 171

Figure 0# @pecif! coaialit! tolerance? problems 1 through &.

1. 5hat controls the coaialit! of the two c!linders on the drawing in $ig. 3,2

The way the drawing in Figure 9-8 is shown, nothing controls

coaxiality.

#.

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Figure 00 @pecif! coaialit!? problem .

. >ocate the two holes in the hinge bracets within .& at 99C to the datum features

indicated" and specif! coaialit! to each other. he! must be able to accept a .* diameter

hinge pin. :se 99C and 994 where'er possible.


69

1.000

.750

Unless Otherwise Specified:.XX = .01

.XXX = .005ANGLES = 1

B

2 X .500-.520

36.00

.030 M A B

.000 M

A

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Figure 021 @pecif! coaialit! for the plug and socet? problem * and +.

*. Control the coaialit! of the plug and socet in $ig. 3,1 so that the! will alwa!s assemble.@pecif! 99C and 994 where'er possible.

:lug Soc>et

MM .(5! .(51

#eo. &ol. F .!!! .!!1

Girtual on*ition .(5! I .(5!

+. Draw and dimension the tolerance -ones at 99C in $ig.3,1.


7!

1.0041.000

.001 M A M

.751-.755.000 M A M

.000 @ MMC

.745-.750

A A

1.000.996

.001 @ MMC

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Chapter 1

Concentricity and Symmetry

Chapter Review

Page 11

1. 4oth concentricit! and s!mmetr! controls are reser'ed for a few

unique tolerancing applications .

#. Concentricit! and s!mmetr! both emplo! the same tolerancing concept J

the! 8ust appl! to different geometries .

&. Concentricit! is that condition where the median points of all diametricall! opposed

elements of a surface of re'olution are congruent with the a)is 0or center point2

of a *atum feature .

. Concentricit! is a location control. /t has a cylin*rical shape*

tolerance -one that is coaial with the *atum a)is .

*. Concentricit! tolerance onl! applies on a ;/S basis.

/t must ha'e at least one *atum feature that onl! applies at

regar*less of material oun*ary .

+. $or concentricit!" the aggregate of all me*ian points

must lie within a cylin*rical 0or spherical2 shape* tolerance -one

whose ais is coincident with the ais of the *atum feature .

7. Concentricit! can be inspected" for acceptance onl!" b! placing a *ial in*icatoron

the toleranced surface of re'olution and rotating the part about its *atum a)is .

. o re8ect parts and to inspect features such as regular pol!gons and ellipses" the traditional

method of *ifferential measurements is emplo!ed.

3. he concentricit! tolerance is often used to accuratel! control alance

for high speed rotating parts.


7

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1. Parts toleranced with concentricit! are time consuming and epensi'e" to inspect "

but less epensi'e to manufacture than with the runout tolerance.

11. @!mmetr! is that condition where the me*ian points of all opposed

or correspondingl! located points of two or more feature surfaces are congruent

with the a)is or center plane of a datum feature.

1#. @!mmetr! is a location control.

1&. @!mmetr! has a tolerance -one that consists of t3o parallel planes

e'enl! disposed about the center plane or a)is of the datum feature.

1. @!mmetr! tolerance onl! applies at ;/S .

1*. @!mmetr! must ha'e at least one *atum feature that ma!

onl! appl! at regar*less of material oun*ary .

1+. he aggregate of all me*ian points

must lie within a tolerance -one defined b! t3o parallel planes

equall! disposed about the center plane of the *atum feature .

17. he s!mmetr! tolerance is independent of both size an* form .

1. Differential measurement ecludes size, shape, an* form

while controlling the median points of the feature.

13. he s!mmetr! tolerance is often used to accuratel! control alance

for rotating parts or to insure equal 3all thic>ness .

#. @pecif! s!mmetr! onl! when it is necessar! because it is time consuming an*

e)pensie

to manufacture and inspect.


72

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+roblems

Page 1#

Figure 21" Coaialit! of a c!linder? problem 1.1. he mass of this high speed rotating part in $ig.1,7 must be accuratel! balanced. he

form of the surface is sufficientl! controlled b! the si-e tolerance. @pecif! a coaialit!

control for the ais of the .,inch diameter within a tolerance of .1 at =$@ to datum

feature A at =94.

Figure 21# Coaialit! of an ellipse? problem #.

#. he mass of the ellipse shown in $ig. 1, must be balanced accuratel!. @pecif! a coaialit!control that will locate the median points of the ellipse within a tolerance of . at =$@ to


73

A

%&&0 A

7.990-8.000 3.995-4.000

A .001 A

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datum feature A at =94.


74

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Figure 210 Coaialit! of the heagon? problem &.

&. he mass of the heagon shown in $ig. 1,3 must be accuratel! balanced. @pecif! a

coaialit! control for the median points of the heagon within a tolerance of .* at =$@ todatum feature A at =94.

Figure 2121 @!mmetr! of the slot? problem .

. he part in $ig. 1,1 rotates at a high speed and the mass must be accuratel! balanced.@pecif! a geometric tolerance that will centrall! locate the slot in this part within a tolerance

of .* at =$@ to datum feature A at =94.


75

A

3 X 24.990-25.000

.005 A

% &&( A

2.000-2.0044.000

A

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Chapter 11

Runout

Chapter Review

Page 131

1. Circular runout applies independentl! to each circular element on

the surface of a part either constructed around a datum ais or perpendicular to a datum ais

as the part is rotated

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11. /t ma! be necessar! to include a runout control for indi'idual datum features on a

multiple *atum feature reference .

1#. /f two or more surfaces are controlled with a runout tolerance to a common datum reference"

the worst,case runout between two surfaces is the sum of the t3o tolerances .

1&. /f two features ha'e a specific relationship between them" one should be tolerance**irectly to the other an* not through a common *atum a)is .

1. 9ultiple leaders directed from a runout feature control frame ma! be specified without

affecting the runout tolerance .


77

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+roblems

Page 13#

Figure 22# =unout control? problem 1.

1.

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Figure 2221 Datum features toleranced with a c!lindricit! tolerance? problem &.

&. olerance the #,inch diameter in $ig. 11,1 with a total runout tolerance of .1 to both of

the 1,inch diameter shafts. olerance each 1,inch diameter shaft with a c!lindricit!

tolerance of .*.

Figure 2222 9ultiple features tolerance with one feature control frame? problem and *.

. /n $ig. 11,11" which datum feature" A or 4" taes precedence2

$atum feature A is no more important than *atum feature 9, an*

*atum feature 9 is no more important than *atum feature A.

*. 5hat is the worst possible runout tolerance between the two largest diameters in $ig. 11,112

.!


79

2 X .998-1.000

.0005

A 1.995-2.000

.0005

B.001 A-B

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Chapter 1#

+ro/ile

Chapter ReviewPage #3

1. Profile of a line is the outline

of an ob8ect in a plane as the plane passes through the ob8ect.

#. Profile of a surface is the result of proecting the profile of an oect on a

plane or taing cross sections through the ob8ect at 'arious inter'als.

&. he true profile ma! be dimensioned with what ind of dimensions2

ith asic size *imensions, asic coor*inate *imensions, asic ra*ii,

asic angular *imensions, formulas, mathematical *ata, or ,

un*imensione* *ra3ings .

. he feature control frame is directed to the profile surface with a

lea*er or an e)tension line .

*. 5hat s!mbols do not appl! in the tolerance section of profile feature control frames2

&he *iameter symol an* material con*ition mo*ifiers

+. /f the leader from a profile feature control frame points directl! to the true profile" the

tolerance specified is equally *ispose* aout the true profile .

7. /f the leader from a profile tolerance points directl! to a segment of a phantom line

etending" outside or inside" parallel to the profile" then all the tolerance is

outsi*e or insi*e the true profile .

. 5here a profile tolerance applies all around the profile of a part" the

Nall aroun*O symol is specified.

3. Draw the Rall aroundS s!mbol.

1. /f the profile is to etend between two points" the points are laele*

and a note using the et3een symol is placed beneath the feature control frame.

11. Draw the between s!mbol.


8!

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1#. /f a part is to be controlled with a profile tolerance o'er the entire surface of the part" the

NA 6GE;O s!mbol is specified.

1&. Profile tolerances may or may not ha'e datum features.

1. he profile of a surface control usuall! requires a datum feature(s) to properl!

orient an* locate the surface .

1*. Datum features are generall! not use* for profile of a line tolerances where

onl! the cross section is being controlled.

1+. /f the design requires a smaller radius than the radius allowed b! the profile tolerance" a

local note such as" NA 6;E;S ;.!15 MAK,O or N;.!15 MAKO

is directed to the radius with a lea*er .

17. he profile tolerance ma! be combined with other geometric tolerances

to refine certain aspects of a surface.

1. Coplanarit! is the condition of of t3o or more

surfaces ha'ing all elements in one plane .

13. Coplanarit! is toleranced with the profile of a surface feature control frame" connected with

a lea*er " to a phantom line connecting the surfaces.

#. he number of coplanar surfaces followed b! an K precedes thefeature control

frame.

#1. 5here coplanar surfaces are used as a datum feature" it is best to attach the datum feature

s!mbol to the profile feature control frame .

##. Conicit! ma! be controlled with a profile of a surface tolerance .

#&. Composite profile tolerancing is 'er! similar tocomposite positional tolerancing .

#. he upper segment of a composite profile feature control frame is called the

profile locating control J it go'erns the

location relationship et3een the *atum features an* the profile .

#*. he lower segment" referred to as the profile refinement control "

is a smaller tolerance than the profile locating control and go'erns

the size, form, an* orientation relationship of the profile.Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing for Mechanical Design Answer Guide

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#+. he feature profile must fall inside oth profile tolerance zones .

#7. Datum features in the lower segment of a composite feature control frame must satisf! twoconditions?

$atum features in the lo3er segment must repeat the *atum features

in the upper segment of the feature control frame.

$atum features in the lo3er segment only control orientation.

#. A second datum feature ma! be repeated in the lower segment of the composite feature

control frame. 4oth datum features onl! control orientation .

#3. he lower segment of a multiple single,segment profile feature control frame acts 8ust lie

any other profile control .

&. he upper segment of a multiple single,segment profile feature control frame allows the

smaller tolerance -one to translate

relati'e to the datum feature not repeated in the lower segment within the larger tolerance.


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+roblems

Page #1

Figure 22# Profile of a surface? problem 1.

1. @pecif! a profile of a surface tolerance of .#" perpendicular to datum feature A" and all

around the part in $ig. 1#,1.

Figure 220 Profile of a surface between two points? problem #.

#. Control the top surface between points and L in $ig. 1#,13" specif! a profile tolerance of .&" located to datum features A" 4" and C.


83

1.015.015

3 X R.750

A

.020 A

1.800

2.000

R2.000

R1.000

3.00B

.030 A B C

X 7 +

+

#

2.000

60)

"

X

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Figure 21 >ocating a profile of a surface? problem &.

&. Control the entire surface of the die ca'it! in $ig. 1#,# to the datum features indicatedwithin a tolerance of .1* outside the true profile. (

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Figure 22 >ocating a mating profile of a surface? problem .

. Control the entire surface of the punch in $ig. 1#,#1 to the datum features indicated within a

tolerance of .1* inside the true profile. (

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Figure 2 Coplanarit!? problem *.

*. he primar! datum feature is the two lower coplanar surfaces in $ig. 1#,##. @pecif! the

primar! datum feature to be coplanar within ..


86

3.000

2.000

1.000

2.000

C

A

.0042X

B

.000 M A B C

4 X .375-.415

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Figure 23 Profile controlled to datum features of si-e? problem +.

+. olerance the drawing in $ig. 1#,#&. @pecif! controls locating the hole,patterns toeach other and perpendicular to the bac of the part. he holes are for T,inch and

*;,inch bolts respecti'el!. @pecif! a control locating the profile of the part to the

hole,patterns and perpendicular to the bac of the part within a tolerance of .+.

0E)plore other solutions to this prolem2


87

2 X R1.50

R16.00

.XX = .03

.XXX = .010

Angle = 1

.000 M A

.000 M A B M

B

7.000

4.000

2 X R9.00

R1.00

3 X .500-.540

2 X .625-.665

1.000

3.000

.000

.060 A B M

A

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Figure 2. Composite profile tolerancing? problems 7 through 3.

7. /n $ig. 1#,#" specif! a profile tolerance for the center cutout that will control the si-e" form"

and orientation to datum feature A within .1 and locate it to the datum features indicated

within .+. Complete the drawing.

. Draw a profile tolerance below that will satisf! the requirements for problem 7 and orient

the cutout parallel to datum feature 4 within .1.

3. Draw a profile tolerance below that will satisf! the requirements for problem 7 and locate

the cutout to datum feature 4 within .1.


88

%&,& A ) C

%&$& A )

%&$& A )

%&,& A ) C

A

5.000

2.000

1.000

1.000

.060 A B C

.010 A

2.00

C

4 X R.300

1.00B

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Figure 24 Profile of a sheet metal part? problem 1.

1. @pecif! the lower two surfaces of the bottom of the sheet metal part in $ig. 1#,#* coplanar

within .#. olerance the holes with geometric tolerancing. he 99C for each hole is the'irtual condition for the mating part. @pecif! the profile of the top surface of the sheet

metal part within ..


89

%&0& A ) C

%&&& M A ) C

A TWO BOTTOM SURFACES

X 7 ,TP SUF#"(

%&&& M A ) C

4.00

%&2&

.1*0-.220

B

"

X ,

6.0005.000

1.000

3.500

2.000

1.000

2.000

2.000

3.000

/.00

6 X .250-.300

%&&& M A ) C

.500-.540

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Chapter 1&

Graphic 'nalysis

Chapter ReviewPage ##*

1. >ist the ad'antages of graphic anal!sis.

1. :roi*es functional acceptance

. ;e*uces cost an* time

ist the factors that affect the accurac! of graphic anal!sis.

1. &he accuracy of the inspection *ata

. &he completeness of the inspection process

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the configuration of the tolerance zone oerlay gage .

7. /f the tracing paper can be ad8usted to include all feature aes within the

tolerancezones on the tracing paper" the featureHtoHfeature relationships are intolerance.

Figure 2323 =efer to this feature control frame for questions through 11.

. o inspect a datum feature of si-e" the feature control frame ($ig. 1&,1&)" the drawing and

the inspection data dictate the configuration of the *ata graph .

3. Draw the actual location of each feature on the data graph. /f each feature ais falls inside its

respecti'e tolerance -one" the part is in tolerance .

1. /f an! feature ais falls outside of its tolerance -one" further analysis may erequire* to reect the part .

11. /f the tracing paper can be ad8usted to include all feature aes on the o'erla! gage within

their respecti'e tolerance -ones on the data graph and datum ais D contained within its

shift tolerance -one while orienting datum feature 4 on the o'erla! gage parallel to datum

feature 4 on the data graph" the pattern of features is acceptale 0in tolerance2 .


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+roblemsPage ##+

Figure 232. A pattern of features controlled with a composite tolerance? problem 1.

Feature

;umber

Feature

5ocation

/rom Datum

/eature C

6'is

Feature

5ocation

/rom Datum

/eature *

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Figure 2324 A pattern of features controlled with a composite tolerance? problem #.

Feature

;umber

Feature

5ocation

/rom

Datum

/eature C

6'is

Feature

5ocation

/rom

Datum

/eature *

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able 1&,. Perform a graphic anal!sis of the part. /s the pattern within tolerance2 o


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0&he pattern must remain parallel to *atum feature 9 ecause *atum

feature 9 has een repeate* in the lo3er segment of the feature

control frame.2

/f it is not in tolerance" can it be rewored" if so" how2 &he pattern 3ill e in

tolerance if holes numere* an* < are enlarge* y aout .!!4.

Figure 232! A pattern of features controlled to a feature of si-e? problem &.

Feature

;umber

Feature

5ocation /rom

Datum /eature

D

6'is

Feature

5ocation From

Datum /eature

D

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Table 234 /nspection data for the graphic anal!sis problem? problem &.

&. A part was made from the drawing in $ig. 1&,1+" and the inspection data was tabulated inable 1&,*. Perform a graphic anal!sis of the part. /s the pattern within tolerance2

Yes

Figure 232" A pattern of features controlled to a feature of si-e? problem .

Feature

;umber

Feature

5ocation /rom

Datum /eature

D

6'is

Feature

5ocation From

Datum /eature

D

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. A part was made from the drawing in $igure 1&,17" and the inspection data was tabulated in

able 1&,+. Perform a graphic anal!sis of the part. /s the pattern within tolerance2 o

/f it is not in tolerance" can it be rewored" if so" how2 &he pattern 3ill e in

tolerance if all holes are enlarge* to their M size.


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Chapter 1

' Strategy /or Tolerancing +arts

Chapter ReviewPage #+

Figure 2.2# A hole located and oriented to datum features A" 4" and C for questions 1 through +.

1. 5hat t!pe of geometric tolerances applies to the primar! datum feature in a drawing lie the

drawing in $igure1,12 /orm tolerance

#. 5hat geometric tolerance applies to the primar! datum feature in the drawing in $ig.1,12

/latness

&. he primar! datum feature controls the orientation of the feature being controlled.

Figure 2.20 A feature control frame with two location datum features? question .

. /f the feature control frame for the hole in $ig. 1,1 happened to be the one shown in $ig.

1,13" what relationship would the 1,inch diameter hole ha'e to datum features 4 % C2


98

2.00

4.00

3.000

2.000

B

6.00

C

1.005-1.020

Unless Otherwise Specified:.XX = .03.XXX = .010

ANGLES = 1

A

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&he tolerance zone of the 1Cinch hole 3oul* e parallel to *atum

feature 9 an* parallel to *atum feature an* at the same time,

locate* 3ith asic *imensions up from *atum feature 9 an* oer from

*atum feature .

Figure 2.1 A feature control frame with three position datum features? question *.

*. /f the feature control frame for the hole in $igure 1,1 happened to be the one shown in

$igure 1,#" what relationship would the 1,inch diameter hole ha'e to datum features A" 4

% C2

&he tolerance zone of the 1Cinch hole 3oul* e perpen*icular to

*atum feature A, locate* 3ith asic *imensions up from *atum feature

9 an* oer from *atum feature .

Figure 2.2 A position feature control frame with a refinement? question +.

+. Complete the feature control frame in $igure 1,#1 so that it will refine the orientation of

the hole in $igure 1,1 within a c!lindrical tolerance -one of . at 99C.

7. Draw a feature control frame to control a pattern of holes within a c!lindrical tolerance

-ones .1#* in diameter at 99C to their datum features" datum features A" 4" and C. =efine

the tolerance of the feature,to,feature relationship to c!lindrical tolerance -ones . indiameter at 99C.

. 5hat is the orientation tolerance for the pattern of holes specified in the answer for question

number 72 :erpen*icular to *atum feature A 3ithin a cylin*rical

tolerance zone of .!!! in *iameter at MM.

3. Ueeping in mind that the primar! datum feature controls orientation" eplain how !ou would

select a primar! datum feature on a part. Pey points in selecting a primary

*atum feature areQ

Select a functional surface

Select a mating surface


99

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Select a sufficiently large, accessile surface that 3ill proi*e

repeatale positioning in a *atum reference frame 3hile processing

an* ultimately in assemly

1. ow would !ou determine which datum feature should be secondar! and which should be

tertiar!2

&he secon*ary *atum feature may e more important ecause it is

larger than the tertiary *atum feature or ecause it is a mating

surface.

Figure 2. Pattern of features? questions 11 through 17.

11. @elect a primar! datum feature and specif! a form control for it.

1#. @elect a secondar! datum feature and specif! an orientation control for it. he 'irtual

condition of the mating part is a diameter of .#**.

1&. olerance the e!seat for a T,inch e!.


!!

C

.000 M A B M

2.500

B

3.970

4.235-4.250.005 M A

.014 M A B M C M

.500.515

A

.002

4 X .514-.590

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1. olerance the T,inch clearance holes for T,inch floating fasteners.

1*. Are there other wa!s this part can be toleranced2 ow

Yes, the hole pattern coul* e *atum feature , or *atum feature

coul* e left off entirely.

1+. /f the outside diameter is actuall! produced at .#" how much shift tolerance is a'ailable27f *atum feature 9 3ere perfectly perpen*icular to *atum feature A,

there 3oul* e a cylin*rical tolerance zone shift of .!15 in *iameter.

17. /f the outside diameter is actuall! produced at .# and the e!seat is actuall! produced at .**" how much can this part actuall! shift2 @etch a gage about the part.

7f *atum feature 9 3ere perfectly perpen*icular to *atum feature A,

&he outsi*e *iameter coul* shift ac> an* forth .!15 an* up an*

*o3n .!!5. &he part coul* rotate some.

Figure 2.3 wo patterns of features? questions 1 through #1.


!

B A

3 X .250-.285

.010 M A

.085 M A B C

D

.000 M A D M

1.000

1.000

2 X .510-.540

2.0001.000

C

1.000

1.500

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1. >ocate the two,hole pattern to the surface datum features with a positional tolerance of .*

in diameter at 99C. >ocate the two holes to each other and orient them to datum feature Awithin a c!lindrical tolerance of .1 in diameter at 99C.

13. >ocate the three,hole pattern to the two,hole pattern within a . positional tolerance.

#. he two,hole pattern is specified as a datum feature at 994" at what si-e does each of the

two holes appl!2

Girtual con*ition .5!! in *iameter

#1. /f the 1;#,inch holes are actuall! produced at a diameter of .*&*" what is the shift toleranceallowed for the three,hole pattern2

7f the holes 3ere perfectly oriente* an* locate* an* pro*uce* at a

*iameter of .5

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Problems

Page #3

Figure 2.. >ocating a hole pattern to plane surface datum features? problem 1.

1. Dimension and tolerance the four,hole pattern in $ig. 1,# for 1 cap screws as fied

fasteners. Allow maimum tolerance for the clearance holes and +N of the total tolerance

for the threaded holes in the mating part. 0&he .< MM clearance hole

*iameter is suect to goo* engineering u*gment. 7t might ery 3ell

hae een roun*e* off to .!.2

ow flat is datum surface A2

ithin .!-! in reality proaly 3ithin .!15

.

ow perpendicular are datum features 4 and C to datum feature A and to each other2

' 1+


!3

.500

3.000

4.00

A



4.000.500

6.00

B 2.00

.000 M A B C

4 X .223-.246

C

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Figure 2.4 A ,hole pattern located to a datum feature of si-e? problem #.

#. /n $ig. 1,#*" tolerance the center hole to the outside edges with a tolerance of .+. =efine

the orientation of the 1;#,inch hole to the bac of the part within .*. >ocate the four,hole

pattern to the center hole. Cloc the pattern to a surface. he four,hole pattern mates with apart ha'ing four pins with a 'irtual condition of .#*. Gi'e each feature the maimum

tolerance possible.

At what si-e does the center hole appl! for the purposes of positioning the four,hole

pattern2 Girtual con*ition 3ith respect to orientation .5!! in

*iameter

/f the center hole is produced at a diameter of .*&*" how much shift of the four,hole

pattern is possible2 A cylin*rical tolerance zone .!

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Figure 2.! olerancing? problem &.

/n $ig. 1,#+" the location of the hole patterns to the outside edges is not criticalJ a tolerance of .+ at 99C is adequate. he location between the two 1;#,inch holes and their orientation to

datum feature A must be within .1 at 99C. Control the si,hole pattern to the two,hole

2 X .510-.525

D



B

A

.000 M A D M

6 X .250-.260

1.000

.750

1.500.500

1.000 1.500

1.000

.500

3.00

1.00

4.00

C

.010 M A

.060 M A B C

200732353-Metrology

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Transcript of 200732353-Metrology