2007 Swine Production Medicine

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VMED 5366

B. Olcott DVM,MS,MBA

Swine Production

2007


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Prior to WWII pork was the number one meaton the American table.

Today its number 3 behind beef and chicken.

Chicken is cheap and beef is good.

History of Swine


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During the last 40 years the swine industry hastotally restructured itself.Prior to the 70s swine were raised on dirt and

was a backyard industry.

During the 70s pigs moved into confinementhousing and farms grew.Today, huge consolidation of the industry.

Swine History Lesson


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Geographically pigs were raised in the Midwest.Iowa is still the number 1 pig state but is

closely followed by North Carolina.

Swine History


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Swine Strengths, Weaknesses,Threats and OpportunitiesThreatsTrichinellaReligious issuesPerception of being a

fatty food.Perception of being

the other white meat.

OpportunitiesFeed efficiencyLow priceLow fatCompetes head on

with poultryBacon burgersCracklings

Export market


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Keep useful records for monitoring andevaluating performance.Understand and use of the cost/price

equation. Produce cheaper product.Use marketing techniques that lock in

prices and costs , exploits niches or utilizesvertical integration.Develop expertise capital management and

financial planning.

Economic Survival in the SwineIndustry


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Little demand for individual animal care focusis on herd health and productivity.

Losses are usually in poor reproduction or insubclinical disease.

Knowledge of nutrition, reproduction, housing,ventilation, genetics, breeding and diseases arecritical.

Veterinary Needs for the SwineIndustry


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Diagnosis and treatment of individual animals.Diagnosis and treatment of groups of animals

or whole herds.

Consultative services for the improvement ofproduction, health and finances.

Roles of Veterinarians


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Sale of biologicals and pharmaceuticalsVeterinary servicesDisease dxRxRegulatory

ConsultativeProduction monitoringDisease management

Reproductive management

Veterinary Profit Centers


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The most important function of veterinaryconsultative services is the Walk Through.

The ON-Farm Walk Through


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Walk ThroughToolsEars, eyes nose

tacticalThermometer

Tape measureHygrometerPM knifeSample collections

Melon baller

TasksListenManager

Pigs

LookEnvironment

Pigs

SmellEnvironment

Feed


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Farrowing House

Finger crate

Plastic coated floor

for pigletsCast iron floor for

sow.

Plastic dividers

Active pigs


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Whats wrong with this picture?


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Farrowing crate

Hydraulic crate

Woven wire floors

Metal dividersCold piglets


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Farrowing crate

Newborn pigs

Hydraulic crate.


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Farrowing House

Farrowing cratehybrid bow andfinger crate

Feed mat on floor


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Nursery Pigs

Woven wire floors

Cement walls

Pipe dividersWhy are they

huddled?


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Gestation Barn

Gestating sows

Communal pens


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Gestation Barn

Individualcrates


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Feed Floor

Feeder pigs

Cement slat floors

over a flush pit


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Pigs on Dirt

Farrowing hutches


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Pasture Pigs

Sow and litter ondirt

5,000 sowoperation


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Pigs on DirtAdvantagesAir qualityLess respiratory

disease.

Soft dirtLess locomotor

problems

Free foodNatural

DisadvantagesParasitesEnteric diseaseTemperature

regulationSanitationLabor


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Get the big pictureIdentify sources of problems

Perform necropsies

Come up with a planImplement

Monitor

Walk through procedurecontinued


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Farrow to finish: breed sows and market hogs.Farrow to wean Segregated Early Weaning.Feeder pig operatorsPurebred producersClub pig operationsPet pig operations

Swine Farms


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Average cost is $3,000-$5,000/sow for a farrowto finish facility.

250 sows $1,000,000

Profitability is ratio of corn to market hogs.

Feed is 75% of the cost of a pig.

Costs


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Reproductive performanceFeed wastage

Fat

Neonatal mortalityNumber of pigs weaned/litter

Feed efficiency

Specific diseases

Profit Variables


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Pre-breedingSelection5-6 mo 220-240 lbs

12 perfect teats

Conformationally soundMaternal geneticsDaughters of sows with high maternal breeding

value.

General Herd Health Program:Gilts


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Isolation30 days for most diseases90 days for PRRS

Retest for brucella, PRV and other herd

restricted pathogens.Medicate for ileitis and others

General Program: IncomingGilts


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AcclimatizationBegins after seronegative retestFeed back manure, mummies etcExpose gilts to cull sows.

Vaccinate for known herd diseasesTreat for internal and external parasites

Incoming Gilts


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ImmunizationVaccinate for Parvo, Lepto, Erysip 2xHerd specific pathogens.

Nutrition

Protein 15-16%Ca 0.9%Phos 0.8%Feed intake 4-6 lbs/hd/day

Incoming Gilts


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Move gilts to boarFlush gilts 6-9 lbs/hd/day

Breed during 2nd 3rd estrus

Double mate @ 12 and 24 hours after onset ofestrus.

Reduce feed after mating

Breeding Gilts


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NutritionKeep on 4 lbs/hd/day until last trimesterIncrease to 6.6 lbs/hd/day last trimester.Increase intake during winter months.

Increase intake based on BCSProtein 14%

Calcium 0.84%

Phosphorus 0.70%

Gestating Gilts


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ImmunizeClostridium perfringens type C toxoid5 weeks and 3 weeks prior to farrowing.

E. coli bacterin (K88,K99,987P,F41)5 weeks and 3 weeks prior to farrowing

Rotavirus5 weeks and 3 weeks prefarrowing

TGE vaccineParenteral: 5 weeks and 3 weeks prior to farrowing.

Oral: 5 weeks, 3 weeks and 1 week prior to farrowing.Erysipelothrix3 weeks prior to farrowing

Gestating Gilts


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Gestating GiltsParasite controlTreat for mange 1

week prior to farrowdate. Goal is to

eradicate mange.Treat for nematode

parasites 1 week priorto farrowing

Strongyloidesransomi:TranscolostralTransplacental

TranscutaneousA. suisStick to hairs on the

gilt.


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Farrowing GiltsAIAOClean and disinfect

farrowing house.

Clean and disinfectgilts.

Attend farrowings

Induce farrowings

Assist dystocias quickly.Cross foster pigs

Clean manure 2x daily.

Monitor feed intake

Feed laxative diet

7lbs/ton KCL20 lbs/ton Dynamate

MgSO4


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Sows: Prebreeding (Lactating)Maintain BCSFull feedRation densityRestricted ration after

matingWean pigs abruptly at

day 14-28. Resultingin estrus in 4-8 days.

Immunizations7 days prior to

weaningParvo booster

Leptospirosis boosterErysipelothrix booster


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Sows: FarrowingClean and disinfect

crates

Clean and disinfectsows.

Deworm, demangesows.

Feed BMD forclostridium control

Induce farrowingsAttend farrowingsTreat dystocias

quickly.

Feed laxativesFeed grain ad lib in 2-

4 meals/day.Add fats.

Cross foster


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Nursing PigsHeat LampsHeat pads

Creches90-95oFDraft freeNon conductive

surface

Process baby pigs @12-24 hours.Clip needle teethDock tails

Notch ears200 mg IronAntibacterialsGenetic defects


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SEWAdvantagesHealthier weaned

pigsEasily marketed

pigletsSow can have more

litters/yr

DisadvantagesDelayed returns to

estrusDecreased litter size


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Nursery PigsEnvironmentClean warm (85oF)

draft free.Woven wire floor or

expanded plasticcoated metal.

AIAO

Nutrition10-15lb pig Protein 22% Lysine 1.4% Calcium 0.9% Phosphorus 0.8%

25-50lb Protein 20% Lysine 1.10% Calcium 0.9% Phosphorus 0.8%


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Nursery PigsManagementGroups of


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Nursery Pigs: DiseasesRespiratoryMycoplasmaP. multocidaGlassers

PRRS

EntericPostweaning E. coliPostweaning

Rota/Corona


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Growing and Finishing PigsNutritionFeed ad lib50-75 lb pigs18% protein

75-125 lb pigs16% protein

125-260 lb pig14%

ImmunizationHerd specific

APP 10 & 14 wks

ParasitesMonitor and treat

Control mangeMonitorDisease: Slaughter checksNecropsyDays to market


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BoarsThe BoarPuberty at 4.5-5

months

Breeding at 5-9

monthsMature at 18 months

Senile at 48 months

Boar UsageMature (>12 months)

5-7x weekImmature (


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The Boar: Examination

Sheath, scrotum,prepucePreputial

diverticulum PissPocket

TesticlesLegs and feet

LibidoMammary glands


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The BoarTerminal siresADGDays to 260 lbsFeed efficiency

Back fatLoin size

Maternal linesFertilityLitter sizeMilking ability

Weaning weightsMaternal ability


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The BoarImmunization Vaccinate for Parvo, Lepto,

Erysip 2xHerd specific pathogens.

Mange and parasite

controlNutrition Protein 15-16% Ca 0.9% Phos 0.8%

Feed intake 4-6lbs/hd/day

HousingGroup housing until

pubertyIndividual housing

thereafter.In sight of the

breeding barn is ideal


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Production Targets: Breeding


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Production Targets: Farrowing


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Production Targets: Inventory


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Exposure Thresholds


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Temperature Zones


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Breeding animals need more space thengestating animals.

Animals on slats need less space then animalson solid floor.

Roughly double the size of the animal to get sqfoot requirements.

Pen Size Recommendations

Feeder Space and Water


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Small pigs need more feeder space then biggerpigs.Feeder pigs max is 5 pigs per feeder space.Breeding herd is usually fed on the floor.

Maximum of 15 pigs/water nippleWith 2 nipples per pen

Feeder Space and WaterNipples


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Gestating sows, breeding age gilts andboars are all limit fed.Everyone else is ad lib.Basics of feed is ground corn and soybean

meal plus a vitamin/mineral premix.Neonates need animal quality proteins;

blood meal, whey, feather meal etc.Lactating sows may need added fat during

the summer months.

Pig Feeding

2007 Swine Production Medicine

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