2007 03 16 dar es salaam kampf 02€¦ · 1 Programme Friday 16 March 2007 University of Dar es...

1

Programme Friday 16 March 2007University of Dar es Salaam

10.00 - 10.15: Introduction by dr. K. N. Njau

10.15 - 11.00: Presentation by Ruud Kampf on the Waterharmonica concept

11.00 – 11.15: Discussion on the presentation, moderator dr. K. N. Njau

11.15 – 11.30: Short introduction to the United Nations sanitation project in the Shimo la Tewaprison in Mombasa, Kenya by Ruud Kampf

11.30 – 12.30: Discussion on the prison project

After lunch Ruud Kampf is available for further discussions

TROPHIC WEBS FROM DISCHARGES: NATURE ENHANCEMENT THROUGH THE WATERHARMONICA CONCEPT:

some new concepts applicable in Eastern Africa?

Ruud Kampf

2

Resources

www.waterharmonica.nl

Pdf of this presentation will become available through

www.waterharmonica.nl/udsm

University of Dar es SalaamFriday 16 March 2007 10.15

Introduction:Ruud Kampf

Waterboard Hollands NoorderkwartierThe Netherlands

Theo Claassen: Wetterskip Fryslan

PhD at Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam and Technical University Delft, With support of Universiteit van Amsterdam

Lluis Sala

3

This presentation:• “Natural” constructed wetlands:

– Texel: Tourists, Spoonbills, Everstekoog constructed wetland, constructed wetlands to

make a “living water” from waste water

• Introduction Waterharmonica: The Netherlands and Catalonia, Spain

• Research projects Everstekoog on Texel and Horstermeer, near Amsterdam

– Food chains, biological filtration of waste water

• Applicable in Eastern Africa???

• Students wanted for practical work

The Waterharmonica: the link between treated waste water and surface water










4

• Is a beautiful island

• A tourist resort

• A bird island

• Still a strong agricultural stronghold

Texel

Spoonbills

5

Spoonbills in Europe

The Netherlands

One of the rarest birds in Europe

95 % West-European populationin the Netherlands

Annex I European Bird directive

Symbol of good water management

During winter in Africa

Aerial view STP Everstekoog

discharge ditch

presettling basin

9 ditches with reed/cattail

and aquatic plants

sewage treatment plant

Research project1995 - 1999

6

From wastewater to surface water

STP Oxidation Ditch

3.400 m3/d Constructed wetland

Surface water

A constructed wetland to make a “living water”from treated waste water

Everstekoog

7

Everstekoog - ditches

July 2005

Nitrate (mg/l) vs retention time

Hydraulic retention time (days)

Spring Summer Autumn Winter

Just some of the results

8

Log Fecal Coli (per ml) vs retention time

Hydraulic retention time (days)

K-value = -0.8

K-value = -0.3

WinterSpring Summer Autumn

After constructed wetland different water

• Natural oxygen regime

• Less sludge particles lead to desinfection

• No odour

• More, but different suspended solids

• Living water:• algae, daphnia

• birds• fish• all kind of “waterlife”

9

What is in the water?: chemical

What lives in the water?: ecology

European LegislationWater Frame Work Directive

Constructed wetland

a constructed, optimised water system

works on solar energy

– helophytes: reed, cattail – (submerged) water plants– plants on the banks– sediments– algae, Daphnia, etc

A constructed wetland to make a “living water”from treated waste water

10

Texel

More sustainable, natural water systems

well treated wastewatercan be a good source of life!

Learning the process by doing

Resulted in a lot of knowledge and ideas!!

Fish in the Everstekoog constructed wetland

– but only after 3 days retention time

– after 10 days a lot of fish

• in first pond no fish

up to 15 Stickleback per m2

• fish in ditches:

11

Sticklebacks

12

Food chains!

http://www.intarttiles.com/robertekennedy.htm










13

Water qualityEmission

Waterharmonica

Distance from discharge

Schematic effect of discharges of wastewater

A physical – chemical

B nutrients

C micro-organisms

D macro-organisms


Water systemWater chain

14

Missing link in water management

•The natural link from tap to source

Existing

Initiatives

EverstekoogGrou

Research Horstermeer

Sint Maartensdijk

Land van Cuijck

Hapert

Efteling

15

STP Land van Cuijk, Waterboard de Maaskant

STP Hapert De Dommel

Water park Groote Beerze

16

Sint Maartensdijk

Aqualân Grou

17

Aqualân Grou !

Realised in 2006

http://www.interregnorthsea.org/project-details.asp?id=1-16-31-7-37-04

Grou: Combination of treatment wetland and fish spawning

Snoek-Voorn

Brasem-Snoek Beheerde oevers voor paaiplaats

Snoek

18

The Empuriabrava WWTP

From Lluis Sala, Concorsi de la Costa Brava

19

Workshop 21 October 2005

Explanation by Lluis Sala

20

STP with the first ponds

Daphnia gallore

21

Part of the nature area

Hides

Hiking and biking

22

The constructed wetland

The more “natural” wetland

23

National parkAiguamolls d l’Emporda

Use of enhanced waste water in nature

Main Conclusions Waterharmonica project

• Alternative: use your effluents !!– Do not throw away (waste) water

– Manage the waste water quality

– Make the effluent as ‘clean’ as possible

– Nutrients, sludge particles, food chains

• Waterharmonica is a usable tool– Integrated water management

– Engineers dare to meet biologists….


24

Process technology constructed wetlands

• Oxidation ditch / carrousel: – like polluted surface water

combination van (bio)procestechnology, agriculture, biology, etc.

• Processes are comparable– settling, adsorption, (photo katalytic) biofilms, diffusion, growth,

decay, etc.

• Constructed wetland for effluent polishing:– like cleaner surface water

ecological engineering: www.IEES.CH










25

Harvesting Daphnia for research

“Kwekelbaarsjes”

growing Daphniaon treated wastewater

as food for Spoonbills

to grow Sticklebacks

Gricklebacks=

Growing Sticklebacks

26

Experimental set-up Everstekoog

4 mesocosms

4 ponds

27

Everstekoog Ponds and Mesocosms

from 1998 onwards

28

Storm11 January 2007

Hypothesis

ALGAE

suspended solids DAPHNIA

size of particlescomposition

• food• (eco)toxicity

nature of the particles

lighttemperature

SticklebackSpoonbill

Food chains(Eco)toxicity

Daphnia feces

theory:ponds fed with treated

wastewater will become green because of algae

growth

treatedwaste water

in practice:ponds turned red with Daphnia, which feed on particles in the water (loose bacteria, small

sludge flocs

every algae that appears is immediately consumed by the

numerous Daphnia

nutrients Filtration of Algae

snails

29

Ponds

May – October

2002

Daphnia

algae

pond 3

pond 4

Fecal Coli removalmesocosms 2003-2004

Nr of fecal coli/ml vs hydraulic retention time

30

• N-removal better in ponds then mesocosms

2003 - 2004NH4 NO3

Influence of submerged water plants in ponds 2, 3 en 4• NH4-removal up to 60 %• NO3-removal up to 30 %

Oxygen and suspended solidsmesocosms 2004 - 2005

31

Fecal Coli Winter 2004 - 2005

October 2004 – March 2005

Average water temperature 9 ‘C

efflNr/ml

eggs

28 – 2 – 2006winter Daphnia magna, overgrown with algae, temp +2ºC

antenna

eye

32

A digital tool to monitor population dynamics

development of counting methods for Daphnia populations and possible use for other organisms

•Harm van der Geest (UvA)•Simone Lucker (UvA)•Miriam Leon Paumen (UvA,VU)•Ruud Kampf (HHNK,VU)•Barry Pieters (UvA,UFZ, Leipzig)

Standard software Analysis FIVE

34

Output: numbers/size distribution

Daphnia bakken

dag_2004

Dap

hnia

nr1234

250 300 350 400 4500

200

400

600

800

1000

?

winter 2004 - 2005

Daphnia vijvers

dag_2004

Dap

hnia

nr1234

250 300 350 400 4500

200

400

600

800

1000

•Even in winter Daphnia !!

35

Daphnia size distributionnew digital counting method

Bak 1 - grootte Daphnia (mm)

dag_2003

Daphnia =<11> Daphnia =<22> Daphnia =<33> Daphnia =<44> Daphnia =<5

500 550 600 650 700 7500

20

40

60

80

100

120

Daphnia 1 - 2 mm

Daphnia 2 - 3 mm

Daphnia < 1 mm: stable birth rate

Daphnia 3 - 4 mm: older ones grow

Daphnia > 5 mm

Size of Daphnia (mm)

Chitobiase• Daphnia has an external skeleton

• Every growth step softening of skeleton with enzyme Chitobiase

• Chitobiase is found back in water: is used to measure “productivety” seas

• Chitobiase is easy to analyse

• Chitobiase seems to be a measure for Daphnia productivity also

36

Kwekelbaarsjes ?”Daphnia, Fish, Spoonbills and treated waste water”

• Feasible:

• growing Daphnia: – Daphnia feed on sludge particles: disinfection!

– Daphnia keep the ponds clear: no algae

• Sticklebacks come to the constructed wetland

• it attracts Spoonbills

Fits in the EU Water Framework Directive










37

Water Frame Work Directive

Very strict new effluent standards !!

Leads to new very expensive filtration / membrane techniques

Biological filtration of particles from treated waste water

Engineering vs natural processes ?????

Or

Engineering plus natural processes ?????

38

STP HorstermeerPilot-scale research filtration techniques

Horstermeerclose to Amsterdam

2005 – 2008

39

Horstermeer proefhal2005 – 2008

Horstermeer

40

Joint research project polishing effluent STP Horstermeer

2005 – 2008

a. Effluent• process steps:

– b sand filtration (bacteria, sludge particles, EPS)– c. ultra filtration (no particles) – d. biological active carbon filtration

Filtration by Daphnia compared with technical filtration

• combination of engineering and natural methods

effluent

filtrate

Research on m3 scale4 x 4 mesocosms:- 2 x 4: effluent- 2 x 4: filtrated effluent“long term research”

41

Sampling Daphnia

Horstermeer 25 l scale

- Upflow reactors-Food studies

- what do Daphnia eat? - influence of filtration processes- algae vs. sludge particles- ecotoxicological aspects

- Factors influencing growth-Chitobiase, -etc, etc

42

Lab-scale researchUniversiteit van Amsterdam

HorstermeerWhat do the Daphnia eat?

• Daphnia feed mainly on loose bacteria• Do grow better on effluent after sandfiltration?

− sandfiltration remove sludge flocs, but leave loose bacteria− loose bacteria are “better” food then sludge flocs

Marieke van der Vorstenbosch

Algae or Sludge ??

43

How can we use the Texel knowledge as an alternative to fullfill the Water Frame Work directive ??

Horstermeer:

•Partners wanted!, combination with the PHOBIA-project (Phototrofic biofilms) ?

44










THE POTENTIAL OF WATERHARMONICA CONCEPTIN TANZANIA

Presented by: Hamidar Chanzi

IBP 2004/5 - Environmental Science, Saxion University – Deventer

Waterboard Hollands Noorderkwartier, July 11, 2005

“The bridge between treated wastewater and surface water”

45

Waterharmonica What is the potential of this Dutch initiative for Tanzania?

“The bridge between treated wastewater and surface water to fill the gap”

Workshop on water management in Nepal

A Workshop on community management of waste water(treatment and disposal) in low-income, semi-urban communities in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal,

2-13 November 1998

46

Closing the nutrient cycle

Why and howA way to reduce waste water

problems in Nepal

More on www.rekel.nl/water

http://www.rekel.nl/water/nepal_workshop/index.htm

Solutions - basics

• Aimed on the communities, done by the communities– short term solutions:

• self aid– long term solutions:

• with foreign aid, but:– aimed on making jobs, income – minimalise loss of nutrients = chemical fertiliser:

» close the nutrient cycle

• Based on the local culture and knowledge

47

Netherlands: how many liter water per person per day?

Shower bath

47

WCflushing

40

Kitchen 2Dish washing

rest

8washing

cloths

28Washing hands

4Feces urine: 1,5 - 2

(total 136 l per person per day)6

Flush and discharge

Winblad, WHO, 1996

Clean surface weater

Polluted water

48

Cost of water management in The Netherlandsper family in Euro/year

Organisation Cos

Waterboards "Dry feet" 50

Communities Sewers 100

Waterboards Sewage treatment + surface water quality

150

Water companies Drinking water 165

Total Euro 450 per family per year

Based on Dutch Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Watermanagement, 1999

Waste water in Tanzania

“ like in most developing countries………..

and situation likely to worse”

wastewater only produced by 5 % of population•but this 5 % is the wealthiest part

•offices,

•hotels, hospitals

Hamidar Chanz, Tanzania, 2005i

49

Safe fertilizer

Double Vault separation toilet

Short term solution for 80 – 90 % of the

population

Enough fertiliser for the country


A Dutch latrine


50

The New Arusha Hotel160 USD for double room140 USD for single roomDik Dik Hotel120 USD for double room100 USD for single room

Polluter pays?


Polluter pays

Example Masai Mara National reserve :– “Mara Simba is the only lodge in Kenya which has installed a

Waste Water Treatment Plant. The plant was imported from U.S.A. This plant treats all the sewage and produces crystal clear water which is then used for irrigation. We are truly the only environmentally friendly lodge in Kenya”

Why not in Tanzania?

http://www.marasimba.com/introduction.htmlHamidar Chanz, Tanzania, 2005i

51

Some possible treatment methods:

•Constructed wetlands: “natural treatment”

•Oxidation ponds: ponds, mainly used in India

•Oxidation ditches: very simple aerobic treatment

•UASB reactors: anaerobic reactor

(Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket)

Use of treated waste water in Tanzania


Missing link in water management

The natural link from tap to source

“watercycle”

52

What is the starting point of a circle?

Ecological engineering

Polishing and reuse of wastewater

Link between treatment plant and surface water

When reuse treatment becomes attractive

How?


53

Minimise risks

• Treatment of wastewater- Good quality of treated waste water

• Degree of pathogen and chemical removal

• Crops restriction- Crow crops with less risks to worker and consumers

• Proper use of crops and fish- Boil, not eat fresh crops (vegetable or fruits)


Waterharmonica concept is a promising approach that could promote the livelihood of local people in

Tanzania

-Waterharmonica makes waste water safe

-reduce water pollution: better surface water quality

-Safe fertilizer of nutrients from safe wastewater-agriculture, aquaculture

-Polluter pays make waste water a resource

-Water conservation

-wastewater for irrigation; fresh water for domestic uses

Conclusions


54

Finally: Some “wise words”• “Waste water comes from drinking water”• Do not talk about water reuse, it is “wise use”• Polluters pay• No drinking water when no money for sewers

and treatment is available but separation• When waste water: treat it well and use it• Surface and (ground) water quality is important• Think global(ly) and in water cycles

The Waterharmonica: natural link between tap and source !

“My success is the result of my failures”


55










56


www.waterharmonica.nl/stagiaires/stagiaires.htm

http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/sac_empuriabrava/

www.waterharmonica.nl/workshops/2005_10_21_empuriabrava/index.htm

www.waterharmonica.nl/posters/bangor.htm

Pdf of this presentation:

waterharmonica.nl/publikaties/girona/index.htm

Trophic webs from discharges: Nature enhancement through the Waterharmonica concept:

A Catalan and Dutch cooperation

Thank you !!


2007 03 16 dar es salaam kampf 02€¦ · 1 Programme Friday 16 March 2007 University of Dar es...

Documents

Transcript of 2007 03 16 dar es salaam kampf 02€¦ · 1 Programme Friday 16 March 2007 University of Dar es...