2006-2007 Evolution by Natural Selection. TINTORETTO The Creation of the Animals 1550 DOCTRINE.
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Transcript of 2006-2007 Evolution by Natural Selection. TINTORETTO The Creation of the Animals 1550 DOCTRINE.
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2006-2007
Evolutionby
Natural Selection
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TINTORETTO The Creation of the Animals 1550DOCTRINEDOCTRINE
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BUT THE FOSSIL RECORD…
OBSERVATIONOBSERVATION
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Life’s Natural History is a record of Successions & Extinctions
Quaternary
Tertiary
Cretaceous
Jurassic
Triassic
Permian
Carboniferous
Devonian
Silurian
Ordovician
Cambrian
Ediacaran
Precambrian,Proterozoic,
&Archarozoic
An
aero
bic
Bac
teri
a
Inse
cts
Rep
tile
s
Din
os
aurs
Mam
ma
ls
Bir
ds
Lan
d P
lan
ts
See
d P
lan
ts
Pla
nts
Art
hro
po
ds
Ch
ord
ates
Jaw
les
s F
ish
Tele
ost
Fis
h
Am
ph
ibia
ns
Ph
oto
syn
thet
ic B
acte
ria
Gre
en A
lgae
Mu
ltic
ellu
lar
An
imal
s
Mo
llu
scs
1.5
4500
700
63
135
180
225
280
350
400
430
500
570
Flo
wer
ing
mya
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LAMARCKOrganisms adapted to their environments by acquiring traits
• change in their life time• Disuse
organisms lost parts because they did not use them — like the missing eyes & digestive system of the tapeworm
• Perfection with Use & Needthe constant use of an organ leads that organ to increase in size — like the muscles of a blacksmith or the large ears of a night-flying bat
• transmit acquired characteristics to next generation
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Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778)
Binomial classification system Sought to discover order in the
diversity of life “for the greater glory of God”
Implied no evolutionary link! Taxonomy
Naming & classifying diverse life Binomial nomenclature
Genus & species
Hierarchy of increasingly general categories
KPCOFGS
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CHARLES DARWIN1809-1882
British naturalist
Proposed the idea of evolution by natural selection
Collected clear evidence to support his ideas
Watch: What Darwin Never Knew
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Robert FitzroyRobert Fitzroy
VOYAGE OF THE HMS BEAGLEInvited to travel around the world
• 1831-1836 (22 years old!)• makes many observations of nature
• main mission of the Beagle was to chart South American coastline
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VOYAGE OF THE HMS BEAGLE
Stopped in Galapagos Islands
• 500 miles off coast of Ecuador
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Armadillos are native to the Americas, with most species found in South America.
Glyptodont fossils are also unique to South America.
SUCCESSION OF TYPES
Why should extinct armadillo-like species& living armadillos be
found on the samecontinent?
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Mylodon (left) Giant ground sloth (extinct)
Modern sloth (right)
“This wonderful relationship in the same continent between
the dead and the living will…throw more light on the appearance of organic beings on our earth,
and their disappearance from it, than any other class of facts.”
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UNIQUE SPECIES
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DARWIN FOUND… BIRDSCollected many different birds on the Galapagos Islands.
Finch? Sparrow?
Woodpecker? Warbler?
Thought he found very different kinds…
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BUT DARWIN FOUND… A LOT OF FINCHESDarwin was amazed to find out:
All 14 species of birds were finches…
Large Ground Finch
Small Ground Finch
Warbler Finch Veg. Tree Finch
But there is only one species of finch on the mainland!
How didone species
of finches becomeso many different
species now?
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TREE THINKING
Large-seed eater? Small-seed eater?
Warbler? Leaf-browser?
Large GroundFinch
Small GroundFinch
Warbler Finch Veg. Tree Finch
Ancestralspecies
Descendantspecies
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CORRELATION OF SPECIES TO FOOD SOURCE
Adaptive radiation
Seedeaters
Flowereaters
Insecteaters
Rapid speciation:new species filling new
niches,because they inheritedsuccessful adaptations
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Warbler finch
Woodpecker finch
Small insectivoroustree finch
Largeinsectivorous
tree finch
Vegetariantree finch
Cactus finch
Sharp-beaked finch
Small groundfinch
Mediumground finch
Large ground finch
Insect eaters
Bud eater
Seed eaters
Cactuseater
Warbler
finch
Tree
finc
hes
Ground finches
DARWIN’S FINCHESDifferences in beaks
• associated with eating different foods• survival & reproduction of beneficial adaptations to foods available
on islands
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DARWIN’S FINCHESDarwin’s conclusions
• small populations of original South American finches landed on islands• variation in beaks enabled individuals to gather food successfully in the
different environments
• over many generations, the populations of finches changed anatomically & behaviorally
• accumulation of advantageous traits in population• emergence of different species
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Seeing this gradation & diversity of structure in
one small, intimately related group of birds, one might really fancy that
from an original paucity of birds in this archipelago,
one species has been taken & modified for different ends.
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DARWIN’S FINCHESDifferences in beaks allowed some finches to…
• successfully compete • successfully feed• successfully reproduce
• pass successful traits onto their offspring
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CORRELATION OF SPECIES TO FOOD SOURCE
More observations…
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Many islands also show distinct local variations in tortoise morphology…
…perhaps these are the first steps in the
splitting of one speciesinto several?
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This is not just a process of the past…
It is all around
us today
ARTIFICIAL SELECTION
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SELECTIVE BREEDING
the raw genetic material (variation)
is hidden there
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SELECTIVE BREEDINGHidden variation can be exposed through selection!
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IN HISTORICAL CONTEXT Other people’s ideas paved the
path for Darwin’s thinking
competition:struggle for survivalpopulation growth
exceeds food supply
land masses change over immeasurable time
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A RELUCTANT REVOLUTIONARY Returned to England in 1836
• wrote papers describing his collections & observations• long treatise on barnacles• draft of his theory of
species formation in 1844• instructed his wife to
publish this essay upon his death
• reluctant to publish but didn’t want ideas to die with him
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AND THEN CAME THE LETTER….
Alfred Russel Wallace a young naturalist working in the East Indies, had written a short paper with a new idea. He asked Darwin to evaluate his ideas and pass it along for publication.
Alfred Russel Wallace a young naturalist working in the East Indies, had written a short paper with a new idea. He asked Darwin to evaluate his ideas and pass it along for publication.
Then, in 1858, Darwin received a letter that changed everything…
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THE TIME WAS RIPE FOR THE IDEA!
Your words have come true
with a vengeance… I never saw a more striking
coincidence…so all my originality, whatever it may amount to,
will be smashed.
To Lyell—
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Voyage: 1831-1836
November 24, 1859, Darwin published
“On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection”
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ESSENCE OF DARWIN’S IDEAS
Natural selection
• variation exists in populations• over-production of offspring
• more offspring than the environment can support
• competition• for food, mates, nesting sites, escape predators
• differential survival• successful traits = adaptations
• differential reproduction• adaptations become more
common in population
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LAMARCKIAN VS. DARWINIAN VIEW
LaMarck
• in reaching higher vegetation giraffes stretch their necks & transmits the acquired longer neck to offspring
Darwin
• giraffes born with longer necks survive better & leave more offspring who inherit their long necks
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UNITY & DIVERSITYOnly evolution explains both the unity & diversity of life.
By attributing the diversity of live to natural causes rather than to supernatural creation, Darwin gave biology a scientific, testable foundation.
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Living creatures havechanged Earth’s environment,
making other life possible
LIFE HAS CHANGED OVER TIME & IN TURN HAS CHANGED THE EARTH
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EVOLUTION AS CHANGE OVER TIME
Evolution!
Evolution!
Evolution!
idea acceptedbefore Darwin
Evolution!
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GALAPAGOSRecent volcanic origin most of animal species on the Galápagos live nowhere else in world, but they resemble species living on South American mainland.
500 miles west of mainland
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"NOTHING IN BIOLOGY MAKES SENSE EXCEPT IN THE LIGHT OF EVOLUTION."
-- THEODOSIUS DOBZHANSKY
MARCH 1973
GENETICIST, COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY
(1900-1975)2006-2007
Coherent explanation of observations
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(5) Over long periods of time, and given a steady input of new variation into a population, these processes lead to the emergence of new species
ESSENCE OF DARWIN’S IDEAS(1) Variation exists in natural populations
(2) Many more offspring are born each season than can possibly survive to maturity
(3) As a result, there is a struggle for existence
- competition
(4) Characteristics beneficial in the struggle for existence will tend to become more common in the population, changing the average characteristics of the population
- adaptations