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EPA 832-R-06-004 JULY 2006
Emerging TechnologiesEmerging TechnologiesforConveyance Systems
New Installations and Rehabilitation Methods
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Emerging TechnologiesFORConveyance SystemsNew Installations and Rehabilitation Methods
Office of Wastewater Management
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, D.C.
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Emerging Technologies JULY 2006
Conveyance Systemsii
Emerging Technologies for Conveyance Systems:
New Installations and Rehabilitation Methods
EPA 832-R-06-004
July 2006
Produced under U.S. EPA Contract No. 68-C-00-174
Prepared by the Parsons CorporationFairfax, Virginia
Technical review was provided by professionals with extensive experience in
conveyance systems. Technical reviewers of this document were:
Ifty Kahn, Wastewater Collection Division, DPWES, Fairfax County, Virginia
Lynn Osborne, Insituform, Chesterfield, Missouri
Recyled/Recyclable
Printed with vegetable-based ink on paper that contains a minimum of
50 percent post-consumer fiber content processed chlorine free.
Electronic copies of this handbook can be downloaded from
the U.S. EPA Office of Wastewater Management web site at:
www.epa.gov/owm
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Conveyance Systems
Emerging TechnologiesJULY 2006
iii
Preface
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) is charged by Congress
with protecting the nations land, air, and water resources. Under a mandate of
environmental laws, the Agency strives to formulate and implement actions leading
to a balance between human activities and the ability of natural systems to support
and sustain life. To meet this mandate, the Office of Wastewater Management
(OWM) provides information and technical support to solve environmental problems
today and to build a knowledge base necessary to protect public health and the
environment well into the future.
This publication has been produced under contract to the U.S. EPA by Parsons
Corporation and provides current state of development as of the publication date.
It is expected that this document will be revised periodically to reflect advances
in this rapidly evolving area. Except as noted, information, interviews and data
development were conducted by the contractor. Some of the information, especially
related to embryonic technologies, was provided by the manufacturer or vendor of
the equipment or technology and could not be verified or supported by full-scale
case study. In some cases, cost data was based on estimated savings without
actual field data. When evaluating technologies, estimated costs, and stated
performance, the user should collect current and more up-to-date information.
The mention of trade names or specific vendors or products does not represent
an actual or presumed endorsement, preference, or acceptance by the U.S. EPA
or the Federal government. Stated results, conclusions, usage, or practices do notnecessarily represent the views or policies of the U.S. EPA.
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Contents
Page
Executive Summary ....................................................................................................................ES-1
1. Introduction and Approach ....................................................................................................1-1
1.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................................1-1
1.2 Approach .........................................................................................................................1-3
1.2.1 Information Collection and New Process Identification ........................................1-3
1.2.2 Initial Screening Technologies..............................................................................1-3
1.2.3 Development of Technology Summary Sheets ....................................................1-5
1.2.4 Evaluation of Technologies ..................................................................................1-5
1.3 Guidance Document Format and Use ..........................................................................1-11
1.4 Chapter References ......................................................................................................1-12
2. Large-Diameter Sewers and Deep Tunnels ..........................................................................2-12.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................................2-1
2.2 Technology Assessment ..................................................................................................2-1
3. Small-Diameter Sewers and Laterals ....................................................................................3-1
3.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................................3-1
3.2 Technology Assessment ..................................................................................................3-1
4. Manholes .................................................................................................................................4-1
4.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................................4-1
4.2 Technology Assessment ..................................................................................................4-1
5. Conveyance System Management ........................................................................................5-1
5.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................................5-1
5.2 Technology Assessment ..................................................................................................5-1
6. Capacity Restoration ..............................................................................................................6-1
6.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................................6-1
6.2 Technology Assessment ..................................................................................................6-1
7. Conveyance System Assessment .........................................................................................7-1
7.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................................7-1
7.2 Technology Assessment ..................................................................................................7-1
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Contents
Page
8. Research Needs ......................................................................................................................8-1
8.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................................8-1
8.2 Research Needs .............................................................................................................8-18.3 Chapter References ........................................................................................................8-4
Appendix A
Trade Associations ................................................................................................................. A-1
A.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... A-1
A.2 Trade Associations ......................................................................................................... A-1
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List of Tables
Page
Table 1.1 Summary of Conveyance System Technologies .......................................................1-6
Table 1.2 Descriptive Evaluation Criteria ................................................................................1-10Table 2.1 Large-Diameter Sewers and Deep Tunnels Technologies State of Development .2-3
Table 3.1 Small-Diameter Sewers and Laterals Technologies State of Development ...........3-2
Table 4.1 Manhole Technologies State of Development ........................................................4-2
Table 5.1 Conveyance System Management Technologies State of Development ..............5-2
Table 6.1 Capacity Restoration Technologies State of Development ....................................6-2
Table 7.1 Conveyance System Assessment Technologies State of Development ................7-2
Table 8.1 Conveyance System Research Needs .....................................................................8-3
List of Figures
Page
Figure 1.1 Flow Schematic for Guide Development ...................................................................1-2
Figure 2.1 Evaluation of Large-Diameter Sewers and Deep Tunnels Innovative Technologies ...2-4
Figure 3.1 Evaluation of Small-Diameter Sewers and Laterals InnovativeTechnologies ...........3-3
Figure 4.1 Evaluation of Manhole Innovative Technologies .......................................................4-3
Figure 5.1 Evaluation of Conveyance System Management Innovative Technologies ..............5-3Figure 6.1 Evaluation of Capacity Restoration Innovative Technologies ...................................6-3
Figure 7.1 Evaluation of Conveyance System Assessment Innovative Technologies ...............7-3
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3D three dimensional
ADFc critical average daily flow
ADF average dry-weather flow
AMC antecedent moisture conditions
ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers
ASTM American Society of Testing and Materials
BES Bureau of Environmental Services
CCTV closed-circuit television
CIP capital improvement program
CIPP cured-in-place pipe
CSO combined sewer overflow
CWMP Comprehensive Wastewater Management Plan
DEP Department of Environmental Protection
DEQ Department of Environmental Quality
DNR Department of Natural Resources
DO dissolved oxygen
EMC Environmental Management Commission
EPA Environmental Protection Agency
ERDC Engineer Research and Development Center
ESRI Environmental Systems Research Institute
FAC Florida Administrative Code
FELL Focused Electrode Leak Locator
g/ac/day gallons per acre per day
GASB Government Accounting Standards Board
GIS geographic information system
gpcd gallons per capita per day
gpd gallons per day
gpdidm gallons per day per inch-diameter mile
GRP glass-reinforced plasticGWI groundwater infiltration
HDD horizontal directional drilling
HDPE high-density polyethylene
HRT hydraulic residence time
I/I infiltration and inflow
ISS inline storage system
List of Abbreviations
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LF linear foot
MFP Master Facilities Plan
MGD million gallons per day
NASTT North American Society for Trenchless Technology
NDPU Non-Discharge Permitting Unit
NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
NPDES National Pollution Discharge Elimination System
O&M operation and maintenance
OAP Overflow Abatement Program
PF peak flow
POTW publicly owned treatment works
PVC polyvinyl chloride
PWWF peak wet weather flow
RDII rainfall-derived infiltration and inflow
RWQCB Regional Water Quality Control Board
SRF State Revolving Fund
SSES Sewer System Evaluation Survey
SSET Sewer Scanner and Evaluation Technology
SSO sanitary sewer overflow
SSOEP Sanitary Sewer Overflow Elimination Program
SWMM Storm Water Management Model
TISCIT Totally Integrated Sonar & CCTV Integrated Technique
WEF Water Environment Federation
WERF Water Environment Research Foundation
WPAP Water Pollution Abatement Program
WPCF water pollution control facility
WWTF wastewater treatment facility
WWTP wastewater treatment plant
List of Abbreviations
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Conveyance Systems
Emerging TechnologiesJULY 2006
ES-1
Executive Summary
In the year 2000, the United States operated 21,264 collection and conveyance systems
that included both sanitary and combined sewer systems (EPAs Clean Watersheds Needs
Survey 2000 Report to Congress). Publicly owned sewer systems in the country account
for 724,000 miles of sewer pipe and privately owned sewer pipe comprises an additional
500,000 miles (EPAs Report to Congress: Impacts and Control of CSOs and SSOs,
August 2004). Most of our nations conveyance systems are beginning to show signs of
aging, with some systems dating back more than 100 years (American Society of Civil
Engineers, 1999). Over time, a wide variety of materials and practices have been used
for maintenance and repair. Sanitary and combined sewer overflows may be the result of
improper operation and maintenance of sanitary, combined, and/or storm sewer systems,
which can include structural, mechanical or electrical failures, collapsed or broken pipes,
and insufficient capacity. The outcome of programs for overflow control and infrastructure
asset management has resulted in a search for reliable, cost-effective conveyance systemtechnologies. The purpose of this document is to provide a source of information on the
newer technologies available. This document:
Identifies nearly 100 conveyance system rehabilitation, replacement, and evaluation
technologies, including technologies that may extend the life of a conveyance
system.
Classifies their development as established, innovative, or embryonic.
Provides a Technology Summary Sheet for each innovative or embryonic process
with information about the description, state of development, associated contract
names, and data sources.Compares innovative processes/methods with respect to various criteria.
Identifies research needs to guide the development of innovative conveyance
system management.
This document organizes the information regarding emerging conveyance technologies
into three categories of development.
EmbryonicThey are in the development stage and/or have been tested at laboratory,
bench, or pilot-scale only.
Innovative They have been tested at a demonstration scale, are available and
implemented in at least some locations in the United States, or have some degree of
initial use (i.e., implemented in less than 1 percent of rehabilitation/replacement projects
throughout the United States).
EstablishedThey have been utilized in many locations (i.e., more than 1 percent of
the rehabilitation/replacement projects), or have been available and implemented in the
United States for more than 5 years.
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The document also provides information on each technologyits objective, its description,
its state of development, available cost information, associated contact names, and
related data sources. For each innovative technology, this document further evaluates the
technology with respect to various criteria, although it does not rank or recommend any
one technology over another. Research needs also are identified to guide development of
innovative and embryonic technologies and improve established ones.
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Conveyance Systems
Chapter
1-1
1.1 Introduction
In the year 2000, the United States operated 21,264 collection and conveyance systems
that included both sanitary and combined sewer systems (EPAs Clean Watersheds Needs
Survey 2000 Report to Congress). Publicly-owned sewer systems in the country account
for 724,000 miles of sewer pipe and privately-owned sewer pipe comprises an additional
500,000 miles (EPAs Report to Congress: Impacts and Control of CSOs and SSOs,
August 2004). Most of our nations conveyance systems are beginning to show signs of
aging, with some systems dating back more than 100 years (American Society of Civil
Engineers, 1999). Over time, a wide variety of materials and practices have been used
for maintenance and repair. One cause of sanitary and combined sewer overflows may
be improper operation and maintenance. Improper maintenance can include sanitary,
combined, and/or storm sewer systems, which can include structural, mechanical or
electrical failures, collapsed or broken pipes, and insufficient capacity.
To meet the challenge of ongoing and even increasing needs for maintenance and repair,
many utilities are seeking innovative technologies to replace, renew, or extend the life of
their conveyance systems. Unfortunately, information on new and emerging technologies
is not always readily available or easy to find. In light of this, and with the desire to make
such information available, the EPA has authorized the development of this document.
The goal of this document is straightforwardto provide a guide for people seeking
information on innovative and emerging conveyance system technologies. The guide
lists new technologies, assesses their merits and costs, and provides sources for further
technological investigation. This document is intended to serve as a tool for conveyance
system owners and operators.
To develop this guide, the investigators sought information from a variety of sources,
identified new technologies, prepared planning-level cost summaries for innovative andembryonic technologies. This method is described below and in Figure 1.1.
Introduction and Approach
1
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Figure 1.1 Flow Schematic for Guide Development
1-2
Innovative
Collect Information
Identify Process
Prepare Process Summary Sheets
Prepare Process Evaluation Matrix
ScreenEstablished
No Further Action
EstablishedNo Further Action
Embryonic or Innovative
Screen
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1.2 Approach
1.2.1 Information Collection and New Process Identification
The information collection and new technology identification provided the foundationfor subsequent work. To identify new conveyance system technologies, investigators
gathered information from a variety of sources, including the following:
Published Literature A comprehensive literature review was performed to identify new
technologies, and to evaluate their performance and applications. Specifically, the review
focused on relevant Water Environment Federation (WEF), Water Environment Research
Foundation (WERF), American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) and North American
Society for Trenchless Technology (NASTT) reports and conference proceedings, as well
as monthly publications from these and other organizations.
Gray Literature Vendor-supplied information, Internet research, and consultantstechnical reports comprise the information collected in this category.
Patent Search The U.S. Patent Office website has a very good search engine and
patent application information is available online.
Technical and Trade Associations Investigators contacted a variety of professional
and technical associations in the United States to identify emerging conveyance systems
technologies. A peer review was conducted by experienced municipal engineers, and
consultants who provided input into the list of technologies included in this report and
information on the application and demonstration of these emerging technologies. Trade
Associations, such as North American Society for Trenchless Technologies (NASTT),were also contacted for information and are listed in Chapter 9.
Interviews and Correspondence Individuals known to the project investigation
team, including consultants, academia, and municipal conveyance system owners and
operators, were consulted.
Technologies identified through a search of the above sources were screened to determine
their classification as described below.
1.2.2 Initial Screening Technologies
Emerging technologies typically follow a development process that leads from laboratory
investigations to pilot testing and, subsequently, to initial use or full-scale demonstrations
and new applications before the technology is considered established. Not all technologies
survive the entire development process. Some fail in the laboratory or at the pilot stage;
while others see limited application in the field, due to poor performance or unexpected
costs that cause them to lose favor with practitioners in the field. Even technologies
that become established may also become dated, as technological advances lead to
1-3
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obsolescence. In short, technologies are subject to the same evolutionary forces present
in nature; those that cannot meet the demands of their environment fail, while those that
adapt to changing technological, economic and regulatory climates can achieve long-
standing success and survival in the market.
This project focuses on emerging technologies that are viable, but have not yet been
accepted as established processes in the United States. Neither embryonic nor established
technologies are considered in depth. Early in the development process (laboratory
stage), data is usually insufficient to prove or disprove technology viability at full scale.
Technologies on the other end of the developmental scale, those defined as established
in North America, are also excluded from detailed assessments on the assumption that
they are proven and widely used.
There may be differences between technologies established in Europe or Asia and those
that have reached similar status in the United States. Technologies that have been applied
successfully in other countries have not always flourished here. Because the viability
of imported technologies is not guaranteed, established processes from overseas areclassified as innovative technologies for this project unless they have been proven in
North American applications.
Specific screening criteria used to define the state of development for processes are as
follows:
EmbryonicThese technologies are in the development stage and/or have been tested
at laboratory or bench scale. New technologies that have reached the demonstration stage
overseas, but cannot yet be considered to be established there, are also considered to be
embryonic with respect to North American applications. Seven embryonic technologies
have been identified for use in conveyance systems.
Innovative Technologies that meet one of the following criteria were classified as
innovative:
They have been tested at a demonstration scale;
They have been available and implemented in the United States for less than
5 years;
They have some degree of initial use (i.e. implemented in less than one percent of
rehabilitation/replacement projects throughout the United States); or,
They are established technologies from overseas but not established in the UnitedStates.
Thirty-four innovative technologies were identified for conveyance systems.
Established These processes have been used in many locations in North America.
The category includes technologies that are widely used (e.g., pipe replacement) and
technologies that have been available and are used in United States for more than five years
(e.g., cured-in-place pipe). Fifty-one established technologies have been identified.
1-4
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Some technologies fall into a gray area between the embryonic and innovative categories.
Technologies that fall into this category are incorporated into the innovative category. The
screening assessment summarized in Table 1.1 organizes the technologies in categories
that are discussed in greater detail in the individual chapters. One organizational category
represented in Table 1.1 is based on size. The large-diameter sewers or deep tunnels
category represented in Table 1.1 is defined as any pipe or structure greater than 12inches in diameter. The small diameter sewers or laterals category applies to any pipe 12
inches or less in diameter.
1.2.3 Development of Technology Summary Sheets
Technologies defined as embryonic or innovative are each summarized on an individual
Technology Summary sheet. Each process includes the following information:
Objectivedescription of the goal of the technology.
Descriptiona brief overview of the technology.
State of Development where and how the technology has been applied (i.e.
laboratory study, demonstration scale, full scale, etc.)
Available Cost Informationan approximate range of capital and operations and
maintenance costs, and assumptions made in developing them
Key Words for Internet Search this document is not intended to provide a
comprehensive list of vendors for the included technologies; therefore, key words have
been added to aid the reader in finding additional vendors and current product information
on the Internet.
Contact Names names, addresses, and telephone numbers of contacts with
additional information on the technology.
Data Sourcesreferences used to compile the technology summary.
1.2.4 Evaluation of Technologies
Technologies defined as innovative in the initial screening were subjected to a detailed
evaluation.
Each technology was evaluated with respect to the descriptive and comparative criteriadescribed below. Descriptive criteria include:
State of Developmentdescribes the stage of development for each technology,
ranging from development to full-scale operations.
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Classification Application
Technology and Advancement(s) Established
Innovative
Embryonic
InflowCorrection
InfiltrationCorrection
SewerRehabilitation
SewerReplacement
NewSewersandAppurten
ances
SSOandCSOSewerOverflows
Capacity,
Management,O&
M
Large-Diameter Sewers and Deep Tunnels (Chapter 2)
Coatings and Linings
Thermo-Plastic Liners (anchored or glued)
Glass-Reinforced Plastic (GRP) Panels Modified Cross-Section Lining (fold and form)
Sliplining Noncircular w/New Noncircular Pipe
Sliplining (segmental and spiral wound)
Polymer/Epoxy Concrete Lining
Spray-Applied Cementitious Lining
Non-Portland Polymer Concrete
Spray-Applied Epoxy Coating
Cured-in-Place Pipe (CIPP)
Composite/Fiberglass CIPP for Gravity Pipe Spot (Point) Repair CIPP
Other Technologies
Grout Injection
Horizontal Directional Drilling (HDD)
Gasketed PVC Pressure Pipe
In-Line Pipe Expansion (i.e. pipe bursting)
Internal Pipe Joint Seals
Mechanical Spot Repair Sleeves
Microtunneling Pipe Jacking
Pipe Ramming
Replacement (via excavation)
Sewer Odor and Corrosion Control Inserts (Vortex Flow)
Tunneling
Table 1.1 Summary of Conveyance System Technologies
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Classification Application
Technology and Advancement(s) Established
Innovative
Embryonic
InflowCorrection
InfiltrationCorrection
SewerRehabilitation
SewerReplacement
NewSewersandAppurten
ances
SSOandCSOSewerOverflows
Capacity,
Management,O&
M
Small-Diameter Sewers and Laterals (Chapter 3)
Cured-in-Place Pipe (CIPP)
Composite/Fiberglass CIPP for Gravity Pipe
CIPP for Vertical Applications Lateral CIPP Liner (main to house)
Lateral CIPP Liner (house to main)
Lateral-Main Fiberglass CIPP Connection Inserts
Spot (Point) Repair CIPP Liners
Grout Injection
Lateral Grout Injection
Lateral Grout Injection from Mainline (up to 30 ft length)
Other Technologies
Horizontal Directional Drilling (HDD) Gasketed PVC Pressure Pipe
Impact Moling Steerable Moles
In-Line Pipe Expansion (i.e. pipe bursting)
Lateral Pipe Bursting
Lateral Cleanout Connection
Mechanical Spot Repair Sleeves
Microtunneling
Modified Cross-Section Lining (i.e. fold and form)
Modified Cross-Section Lateral Lining Pipe Jacking
Pipe Ramming
Replacement (via excavation)
Sanipor Technology (flood grouting)
Sliplining (segmental and spiral wound)
Lateral Sliplining
Table 1.1 Summary of Conveyance System Technologies
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Classification Application
Technology and Advancement(s) Established
Innovative
Embryonic
InflowCorrection
InfiltrationCorrection
SewerRehabilitation
SewerReplacement
NewSewersandAppu
rtenances
SSOandCSOSewerO
verflows
Capacity,Management,O&M
Manholes (Chapter 4)
Bench/Invert Rehabilitation
Plastic Composite Invert System
Chimney Rehabilitation
Flexible Sealant Mechanical Chimney Seals (interior or exterior)
Polyethylene Chimney Form
Coatings and Linings
Cured-in-Place (CIP) Liners
Poured-in-Place Concrete Liners
Spray or Trowel-Applied Cementitious Lining
Spray or Trowel-Applied Polymer Coating
Joint Sealing
Cementitious Grout/Patching
Epoxy Grout/Patching
Mechanical Joint Seals
Other Technologies
Fiberglass Rehabilitation Manholes
Frame Adjustments (raise/reset)
HDPE Frame Adjustment Rings
Glass-Reinforced Plastic (GRP) Insert
Lid (Cover) Inserts Replacement
SaniporTechnology (fill and drain)
Sewer Odor and Corrosion Control Insert
Conveyance System Management (Chapter 5)
ESRI-Based One-Call Ticket Management
Mobile GIS
Table 1.1 Summary of Conveyance System Technologies
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Classification Application
Technology and Advancement(s) Established
Innovative
Embryonic
InflowCorrection
InfiltrationCorrection
SewerRehabilitation
SewerReplacement
NewSewersandAppu
rtenances
SSOandCSOSewerO
verflows
CapacityManagementO&M
Public Outreach on Fats, Oils, and Grease (FOG)
Regional I/I Control Program
Sewer Maintenance Program
Capacity Restoration (Chapter 6)
Sewer Cleaning
Pigging (force main cleaning)
Culvert Cleaning System
HDD Attachments for Culvert Cleaning
Other Technologies
Above-Grade Grit Removal System (bridge applications)
Basement Sump Pump Redirection
Foundation/Footer Drain Redirection
Interconnection Elimination Roof Drain Redirection
Root Removal and Control
Storm Water Infiltration Pumps
Conveyance System Assessment (Chapter 7)
Closed-Circuit Television Inspection
Digital Camera Inspection (mobile)
Digital Camera Inspection (mounted)
FELL (Focused Electrode Leak Locator)Electro-Scanning
Ground-Penetrating Radar Laser Profiling/3D Scan/Sonar
Pipe Mechanical/Strucural Reliability Analysis
Sewer Scanner and Evaluation Technology (SSET)
Smart Sewer Assessment Systems
TISCIT(Totally Integrated Sonar & CCTV Integrated Technique)
Wireless Monitoring Systems
Table 1.1 Summary of Conveyance System Technologies
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Applicabilityqualitatively assesses in which market the technology is designed to
be utilized.
Benefits considers the benefits gained (e.g., capital or operational savings) from
implementation of the technology.
Designations for each descriptive criterion are presented in Table 1.2.
Comparative criteria include:
Impact on Homeowners describes whether or not the technology requires the
involvement of the homeowner, and the degree to which the homeowners property
will be disturbed. Excavation and replacement of a line is the baseline for comparison;
technologies with less disturbance are rated as favorable.
riterion
Criterion esignation
Designation escription
Description
State of Development D Demonstration project
L Limited municipal installations
I Full-scale industrial applications, with potential forapplication in municipal conveyance systems
O Full-scale operations overseas
N Full-scale operations in North America
Applicability I IndustrialS Municipal sanitary
T Municipal storm
C Municipal combined
B Municipal sanitary and storm
Potential Benefits C Capital savings
O Operational/maintenance savings
I Inflow/infiltration reduction
S SSO/CSO reductionR Restored structural integrity
M Improved maintenance tracking/management
Table 1.2 Descriptive Evaluation Criteria
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Maintenance Requirements considers the amount of labor required to adequately
maintain the technology. The baseline technology for a collection system is concrete
gravity sewers; technologies with maintenance requirements comparable to concrete
gravity sewers are considered neutral.
The above criteria compared individual technologies with other technologies in the same
category (e.g., liners etc.), and were scored favorable, neutral/mixed, or unfavorable.
The criteria and ratings were applied to each innovative technology and the results are
presented in matrix format. Where available information was insufficient to rate a technology
for a criterion, no rating is given. The project team and reviewers assessed each technology
based on the limited information gathered and their collective judgment, experience, and
opinions. Results of the evaluation are presented in subsequent chapters.
1.3 Guidance Document Format and Use
The remainder of the document is divided into chapters based upon general technologies.One chapter is dedicated to each of the following categories:
Large-Diameter Sewers and Tunnels (Chapter 2)
Small-Diameter Sewers and Laterals (Chapter 3)
Manholes (Chapter 4)
Conveyance System Management (Chapter 5)
Capacity Restoration (Chapter 6)
Conveyance System Evaluation (Chapter 7)
Each chapter overviews the technologies included, classifies the state of development
for each, presents an evaluation matrix for innovative technologies, and concludes with a
Technology Summary sheet for each embryonic and innovative technology.
The technology summaries and evaluation matrices are the cornerstones of each
chapter, broadly overviewing the innovative technologies. Neither the summaries nor the
matrices should be considered definitive technology assessments. Rather, they should
be considered stepping stones to more detailed investigations.
The research needs discussed in Chapter 8 display the specific technologies that may
have a significant impact on conveyance system construction and management, and theirrelevant research needs. The new and improved technology solutions for wastewater
collection systems are key components in the preservation of the collection system
infrastructure. Research on the assessment of the system integrity, the operation,
maintenance, and rehabilitation, and new construction must be considered.
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For the readers convenience, numerous trade associations, who are also excellent
sources of information on emerging technologies in their respectful areas of expertise,
are summarized in Appendix A.
This document should be updated from time to time. Technologies were reviewed in
20042005.
1.4 Chapter References
American Society of Civil Engineers. Optimization of Collection System Maintenance
Frequencies and System Performance(1999)
U.S. EPA. Report to Congress: Impacts and Control of CSO and SSOs. EPA 833-R-04-
001. Office of Water (2004)
U.S. EPA Clean Watersheds Needs Survey 2000 Report to Congress. EPA 832-R-03-
001. Office of Water (2000)
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Chapter
2-1
2
Large-Diameter Sewers and Deep Tunnels
2.1 Introduction
For the purpose of this report, a large-diameter sewer or deep tunnel is defined as any
pipe or structure greater than 12 inches in diameter. This chapter focuses on both new
construction and rehabilitation technologies that can be utilized to restore and maintain
these critical conveyance system components.
2.2 Technology Assessment
A summary of emerging and established technologies for large-diameter sewers and deep
tunnels is provided in Table 2.1. The installation and maintenance techniques for pipes
and structures of this size are well-documented and understood, as they serve the basis
for conveyance systems that date back to over 100 years ago. The list of established
technologies in Table 2.1 reflects this knowledge base.
The large-diameter pipes and structures referred to in this report are greater than 12 inches
in diameter. It is important to note that technologies mentioned in this chapter may bemore common or practical when applied to a more specific size pipe. For example, the
cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) technologies discussed in the chapter are more common for
a medium-size pipe ranging from 15 to 36 inches in diameter. On the other hand, the
glass-reinforced panels (GRP) mentioned are more common amongst the larger diameter
pipes or tunnels with diameters greater than 36 inches. Polyvinyl chloride/high-density
polyethylene (PVC/HDPE) thermoplastic liners using a variety of anchoring and gluing
material, such as Ameron T-loc,Linabond, Amaerplate, and Steuler P&S 400,
have been extensively used for lining water pipe for many years. Therefore, the application
of these two-pass systems for lining tunnels and large sewer pipe, even though relatively
new to the industry, are not considered innovative.
Technology development in this area is now focusing on products for rehabilitation of
existing facilities. Properly maintaining large-diameter sewers and tunnels can be very
expensive as compared with smaller diameter sewers and in many cases municipalities
and organizations have delayed maintenance activities of their large sewer systems to
the point of structural deterioration and failure. GRP panels have been identified as an
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innovative technology aimed at restoring the structural integrity of large-diameter sewers
and tunnels in a cost-efficient manner. Another innovative approach is the use of sewer
pipes made with polymer or epoxy resins, such as Polycrete and Polymer Concrete
FX-826. These materials are extremely strong and corrosion resistant. Epoxy concrete
can be applied in a one-step approach to provide a new interior surface as well as repair
damaged pipe and restore structural integrity.
In addition to rehabilitation advances, progress has also been made to improve existing
techniques so they are more suitable for non-traditional applications. A gasketed PVC joint
has been developed that allows PVC to be used as practical alternative to HDPE pipe in
horizontal directional drilling. Sliplining of a noncircular host pipe with a new, noncircular
pipe has also come into the marketplace recently. In addition, the use of non-Portland
cement based polymer concrete, such as Biocrete, for rehabilitating has demonstrated
significant cost savings in the foreign market.
An evaluation of the innovative technologies identified for large-diameter sewers and
tunnels is presented in Figure 2.1. Summary sheets for each innovative and embryonictechnology are provided at the end of this chapter.
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2-3
Ta
ble2
.1
Large-D
iame
ter
Sewersan
dDeep
Tunne
lsTec
hno
log
ies
Stateo
fDevelo
pmen
t
Establis
hed
Innovative
Embryonic
Composite/FiberglassCIP
PforGravityPipe
GroutInjection
HorizontalDirectionalDrilling(HDD)
In-LinePipeExpansion(i.e.,pipebursting)
InternalPipeJointSeals
MechanicalSpotRepairSleeves
Microtunneling
ModifiedCross-SectionLining(i.e.,
foldand
form)
PipeJacking
PipeRamming
Replacement(viaexcavation)
Sliplining(segmentaland
spiralwound)
Spot(point)RepairCIPP
Spray-AppliedCementitiousLining
Spray-AppliedEpoxyCoating
ThermoplasticLiners(anc
horedorglued)
Tunneling
GasketedP
VCPressurePipe
Glass-ReinforcedPlastic(GRP)Panels
Polymer/Ep
oxyConcreteLining
SewerOdorandCorrosionControlInserts
(VortexF
low)
SlipliningofNoncircularPipewithNew
NoncircularPipe
Non-PortlandPolymerConcrete
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EVALUATIONCRITERIA
INNOVAT
IVETECHNOLOGY
Development
Applicability
Benefit
ImpactonHomeowners
EaseofInstallation
DesignLife
MaintenanceRequirements
COMMENTS
GasketedPVCPressurePipe
L
IS
C
Ascomparedwithreplacem
ent
Glass-Reinforced(GRP)Panels
L
BC
CR
Ascomparedwithreplacem
ent
Polymer/EpoxyConcreteL
ining
L
BI
Ascomparedwithcurrentpractice
SewerOdorandCorrosion
ControlInserts(VortexFlow)
L
SC
O
Ascomparedwithcurrentpractice
Figure
2.1
Eva
lua
tiono
fLarge-D
iame
ter
Sewersan
dDeepTunne
lsInnova
tive
Techno
log
ies
Positivefeature
Neutralormixed
Negativefeature
I=Industrial
S=Municipalsanitary
T=Municipalstorm
C=Municipalcombined
B=Municipalsanitaryandstorm
C=Capitalsavings
O=Operational/ma
intenancesavings
I=Inflow/infiltrationreduction
S=SSO/CSOredu
ction
R=Restoredstructuralintegrity
M=Improvedmaintenancetracking/manage-
ment
KEY
D=Demonstrationproject
L=Limitedmunicipalinstallations
I=Full-scaleindustrialapp
lications,withpotential
forapplicationinmunicipalconveyancesystems
O=Full-scaleoperationsov
erseas
N=Full-scaleoperationsin
NorthAmerica
StateofDevel
opment
Applicability
Potent
ialBenefits
ComparativeCriteria
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Technology Summary
Gasketed PVC Pressure Pipe
Objective:
Increase strength and integrity of polyvinyl
chloride in systems.
State of Development:Innovative
This technology has been around since 2004 and is
widely used in Canada (2030 municipalities to date)as well as parts of the United States.
Description:
The gasketed PVC pressure pipe is assembled in way that is similar to the assembly of the standard PVCpipe, only the gasketed pipe is locked in place with a ring and pin system. The pipe is locked once thesystem is hammered in to place. The wide groove on the spigot end of the pipes allow joint bending in thepipe. The joint bending then allows the PVC pipe to be pulled into boreholes with the ability to withstand theforces involved.
Available Cost Information:
Approximate Capital Cost: 40% higher than regular PVCApproximate O&M Costs: Low
O&M Costs are similar to any regular PVC systems around. In general, they are very low maintenance.
Vendor Name(s):
IPEX Inc.2441 Royal Windsor DriveMississauga, Ontario J5J 4C7 CanadaPhone: 800-463-9572FaxL 905-403-9195E-mail: [email protected]
Practitioner(s):
City of Springfield, MissouriPublic WorksP.O. Box 8368Springfield, MO 65801
R. Stuart Royer & Associates, Inc.
1100 Welborne Drive, Suite 300Richmond, VA 23229
Key Words for Internet Search:
Pressure, pipe, gasket, PVC, water, sewer
Data Sources:
New Research Yields and Innovative Design for PVC Pipe. Trenchless Technology(78 August 2004)
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Technology Summary
Glass-Reinforced Plastic (GRP)
Objective:
Structural rehabilitation of large-diameter gravity
sewers and tunnels.
State of Development:Innovative
This technology has been installed in two municipalities
nationwide. In 2003, GRP panel lining was used torehabilitate 72-inch-diameter pipe in Fort Wayne,Indiana, and pipe ranging from 108 126 inches indiameter in Chicago, Illinois
Description:
Fiber reinforced, filled, thermo-set resin panels are custom designed to fit a variety of sewer and tunnelshapes, including oval, round, rectangular, square, horseshoe. The panels can be installed utilizing a man-entry procedure in conveyance facilities ranging from 54 to 144 inches and higher in diameter. Half-pipepanels arefitted together in place to form a full diameter segment. The annular space between the panelsand the host pipe is filled with grout to complete the installation.
Available Cost Information:Approximate Capital Cost: $10$13/diameter-inch/LF
Approximate O&M Costs: Periodic maintenance and visual inspection
Capital cost information is provided for a line segment that is several hundred feet long (over 200 LF), andincludes both material and installation costs. Using the lower end of the cost range as an example, the unitprice for a 96-inch diameter pipe would be $960/LF.
Vendor Name(s):
Insituform Technologies, Inc.17999 Edison AvenueChesterfield, MO 63005Phone: 636-530-8000
Fax: 636-530-8744E-mail: [email protected]
Practitioner(s):
City of Fort WayneDivision of Water Utilities, Water ResourcesSewer Repair and ReplacementOne Main Street, Room 480
Fort Wayne, IN 46802
Key Words for Internet Search:
Glass-reinforced plastics, GRP, panel, pipefiber, water
Data Sources:
Hicks, M., T.J. Short, P.E., J. Teusch, P.E., L.E. Osborn, P.E. Glass Reinforced Plastic (GRP): A NewRehabilitation Technique for Sewers in Indiana, Proceedings of ASCE Specialty Conference Pipelines,
ASCE Specialty Conference, San Diego, CA (14 August 2004)
Osborn, L., Rehabilitation of Large Chicago Sewers with Glass Reinforced Panels, Proceedings of North
American Society for Trenchless Technology (NASTT) NO-DIG Conference, New Orleans, LA (2224March 2004)
Jason Consultants International, Inc. New Pipes for Old: A Study of Recent Advances in Sewer PipeMaterials and Technology. Alexandria, VA. Water Environment Research Foundation (WERF) (2000)
Vendor-supplied information
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Technology Summary
Polymer/Epoxy Concrete Lining
Objective:
Sewer pipes lined with concrete made with
polymer or epoxy materials are extremelycorrosion resistant.
State of Development:Innovative
The basic technology of spray-applying concrete
linings to repair of existing pipe has been available inthe United States for many years. However, using apolymer or epoxy mixture is relatively new.
Description:
Polymer concrete is made using conventional Portland cement with the addition of 715% resin by weight.The resin is an orthopthalic, isopthalic, vinyl ester resin, or epoxy resins. The resin bonds the differentmaterials together, giving the polymer concrete greater elasticity and safety against fracture as well asimproved corrosion resistance. Polymer concrete can be used to line new pipe or to repair old pipe and canbe applied at the factory or in thefield. The polymer concrete can be applied either in a dry gun Guniteor wet gun Shotcrete approach. Epoxy concrete can be applied in a one step approach to provide a newinterior surface, as well as, repair damaged pipe and to restore structural integrity.
Available Cost Information:
Approximate Capital Cost: Cost ranges from 10%20% more than conventional field-applied concretelining such as Gunite or Shotcrete using Portland cement.
Approximate O&M Costs: $0 unit is self-cleaning. Improved corrosion protection and longer servicelife.
Vendor Name(s):
Fox Industries3100 Falls Cliff Road
Baltimore, MD 21211
Practitioner(s):
See websites for practitioners: http://www.thomasnet.com/products/sealants-cement-concrete-96117932-1.html. or www.foxind.com
Key Words for Internet Search:
Polymer concrete, epoxy concrete, corrosion-resistant pipe lining
Data Sources:
Vendor-supplied information (www.meyer-polycrete.com)
Vendor-supplied information (www.foxind.com)
Association-supplied information (www.nastt.org)
Vendor-supplied information (www.rohmhaas.com)
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Technology Summary
Sewer Odor and Corrosion Control Inserts (Vortex Flow)
Objective:
To prevent the release of odorous gases in drop
structures and force main discharges to sewermanholes.
State of Development:Innovative
This technology has been available since 1998. It has
been used in approximately 30 locations worldwide(ten to fifteen units in the United States, two units inCanada, and two units in Australia).
Description:
A sewer odor and corrosion control insert can be installed in a new or existing precast manhole, and eachinsert is custom designed and built for the specific application. A typical insert consists of a channel that isconnected to the manhole influent line, a drop shaft, and a shaft base that allows wastewater to spill overto the manhole effluent pipe. Patented by IPEX Inc., the spiral flow design of the Vortex Flow pulls odorousgases downward toward the bottom of the cylindrical structure and promotes oxidation of these gases,which naturally reduces odor. Odorous gases are partially oxidized on the way down by the energy of
falling flow, and are then entrained back into the wastewater. An elevation drop of 6 feet or more is requiredfor proper operation of the insert. Thus, this technology is applicable for incorporation in drop manholes,chambers, and pumping stations.
Available Cost Information:
Approximate Capital Cost: Base price $5,000 plus $2,000 for each million gallons per day capacity
Approximate O&M Costs: $0 unit is self-cleaning
Vendor Name(s):
IPEX, Inc.2441 Royal Windsor Drive
Missassauga, Onatrio J5J 4C7 Canada
Practitioner(s):
Parsons Water & Infrastructure10521 Rosehaven Street
Fairfax, VA 22030
Key Words for Internet Search:
Odor, corrosion, control, manholes, sewer, inserts, vortex, flow
Data Sources:
Vendor-supplied information
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Technology Summary
Sliplining of a Noncircular Pipe with a New Noncircular Pipe
Objective:
Reconstruct sewer line and laterals without
excavation using formed-in-place liner forsewers that are not circular.
State of Development:Embryonic
This technology has been used in Europe.Developmental work currently is taking place in theUnited States.
Description:
Sliplining is a rehabilitation process in which a slipliner pipe is placed inside the existing old lateral pipe.The non-circular method uses a liner pipe profile that is designed so that it will slip through the sectionof the sewer that is narrowest. Once the new pipe is in place the pipe is filled with water to discouragedeformation and the space between the new and old pipe is filled with low density foam grout.
Available Cost Information:
Approximate Capital Cost: Unknown
Approximate O&M Costs: Unknown
Vendor Name(s):
Sekisui SPR Americes, LLC7 Sunbelt Business Park Drive, Suite 2Greer, SC 29650Phone: 864-662-1329Fax: 864-662-1350 (fax)Email: [email protected]
Practitioner(s):
See website for practitioners:http://www.sekisui-spr.com/
Key Words for Internet Search:
Sliplining, noncircular pipe, Romo-Line
Data Sources:
North American Society for Trenchless Technology site: www.trenchless-technology.org
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Non-Portland Polymer Concrete
Objective:
Sewer pipes made with polymer orepoxy materials are extremely corrosionresistant.
State of Development:Embryonic
This technology has been available in Germany since 1960. Ithas been used in many locations worldwide, including numerouscities in the United States, Canada, and Australia. Mostapplications to date have been for industrial sewers.
Description:
Polymer concrete is made using conventional Portland cement with the addition of 715% resin by weight.The resin is an orthopthalic, isopthalic, or vinyl ester resin. The resin bonds the different materials together,giving the polymer concrete greater elasticity and safety against fracture as well as improved corrosionresistance. Polymer concrete pipes have been manufactured by various processes including centrifugal andvibrating processes in both reinforced and non-reinforced sections. Circular and oval pipe as well as specialcross-sections and manhole sections can be manufactured in the same way. Epoxy resins can also be usedas an additive to the concrete mixture for pH ranges of 0.5 to 13. Pipes are joined using flexible elastomeric
seals (ASTM D4 161), while widely used for new construction, the use of non-Portland or epoxy concrete forrehabilitation is a new application.
Available Cost Information:
Approximate Capital Cost: Cost ranges from 10% to 20% more than conventional concrete pipe of the samesize and strength.
Approximate O&M Costs: $0 unit is self-cleaning. Provides increased corrosion protection and extendsservice life.
Vendor Name(s):
Meyer Rohr
Otto-Brenner-Str. 5D-21337 Lueneburg, Germany
Practitioner(s):
See website for practitioners:
http://www.meyer-polycrete.com/en
Key Words for Internet Search:
Polymer concrete, epoxy concrete, corrosion-resistant pipe
Data Sources:
Vendor-supplied information (www.meyer-polycrete.com)
Vendor-supplied information (www.foxind.com)Vendor-supplied information (www.nastt.org)
Rohm and Haas Company (www.rohmhaas.com)
Technology Summary
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Chapter
3-1
3.1 Introduction
A small-diameter sewer or lateral, as defined in this document, is a pipe 12 inches or
less in diameter. This chapter focuses on both new construction and rehabilitation
technologies that can be utilized to restore and maintain these critical conveyance
system components.
3.2 Technology Assessment
Table 3.1 includes a categorized list of emerging and established technologies for
small-diameter sewers and laterals. These pipes, especially laterals, have become
the target of many municipal rehabilitation programs because they are the main
sources of inflow and infiltration to conveyance systems. As a result, technological
development in this area has focused mainly on rehabilitation of existing facilities.
Many innovative technologies and approaches for the rehabilitation of small-
diameter sewers and laterals have been identified. These include technologies suchas CIPP liners for vertical rehabilitation applications and fill and drain (Sanipor)
technology. Although several technologies for lateral rehabilitation are starting to
emerge as forerunners in the marketplace, such as CIPP liners, the technologies
themselves are not new and have been used sparingly throughout the United
States for up to 10 years. As such, these technologies have been classified as
established for the purposes of this report.
An evaluation of the innovative technologies identified for small-diameter sewers
and laterals is presented in Figure 3.1. Summary sheets for each innovative and
embryonic technology are provided at the end of this chapter.
3
Small-Diameter Sewers and Laterals
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Established
Innovative
Embryonic
Composite/FiberglassCIPPforGravityPipe
HorizontalDirectionalDrilling(HDD)
In-LinePipeExpansion(i.e
.pipebursting)
MechanicalSpotRepairSleeves
Microtunneling
ModifiedCross-SectionLin
ing(i.e.
fold&form)
PipeJacking
PipeRamming
Replacement(viaexcavation)
Sliplining(segmentalandspiralwound)
Spot(point)Repair
CIPPforVerticalApplications
GasketedPVCPressurePipe
ImpactMolingSteerableMoles
LateralClea
noutConnection
LateralGrou
tInjection
LateralGrou
tInjectionfromMainline
(upto30
ftinlength)
LateralCIPP
Liner(housetomain)
LateralCIPP
Liner(maintohouse)
Lateral-Main
FiberglassCIPPConnectionInserts
LateralPipe
Bursting
LateralSliplining
SaniporTe
chnology(floodgrout)
ModifiedCross-SectionLateralL
ining
Ta
ble3
.1
Sma
ll-D
iame
ter
Sewers
an
dLa
tera
lsTec
hno
log
ies
Stateo
fDeve
lopm
en
t
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3-3
EVALUATIONCRITERIA
INNOVATIVET
ECHNOLOGY
Development
Applicability
Benefit
ImpactonHomeowners
EaseofInstallation
DesignLife
MaintenanceRequirements
COMMENTS
CIPPforVerticalApplications
D
BC
R
As
comparedwithreplacment
GasketedPVCPressurePipe
L
IS
C
As
comparedwithreplacement
ImpactMolingSteerableMoles
L
BC
I
C
As
comparedwithreplacement
LateralCleanoutConne
ction
L
S
O
As
comparedwithnewinstallationusingT-section
LateralGroutInjection
N
S
CI
As
comparedwithreplacement
LateralCIPPLiner(housetomain)
N
S
CIR
As
comparedwithreplacement
LateralCIPPLiner(maintohouse)
N
S
CIR
As
comparedwithreplacement
Figure
3.1
Eva
lua
tiono
fSma
ll-Dia
me
ter
Sewersan
dLate
ralsInnova
tive
Tec
hno
log
ies
P
ositivefeature
N
eutralormixed
N
egativefeature
I=Industrial
S=Municipalsanitary
T=Municipalstorm
C=Municipalcombined
B=Municipalsanitaryandstorm
C=Capitalsavings
O=Operational/m
aintenancesavings
I=Inflow/infiltrationreduction
S=SSO/CSOreduction
R=Restoredstru
cturalintegrity
M=Improvedmaintenancetracking/manage-
ment
KEY
D=Demonstrationproject
L=Limitedmunicipalinstallations
I=Full-scaleindustrialap
plications,withpotential
forapplicationinmunicipalconveyancesystems
O=Full-scaleoperationsoverseas
N=Full-scaleoperationsinNorthAmerica
StateofDevelopment
Applicability
PotentialBenefits
ComparativeCriteria
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EVALUATIONCRITERIA
INNOVATIV
ETECHNOLOGY
Development
Applicability
Benefit
ImpactonHomeowners
EaseofInstallation
DesignLife
MaintenanceRequirements
COMMENTS
LateralGroutInjectionfromMainline
L
S
CI
Ascomparedwithreplacement
Lateral-MainFiberglass
CIPPConnectionInserts
D
BCI
O
Ascomparedwithreplacement
LateralPipeBursting
L
S
CI
Ascomparedwithreplacement
LateralSliplining
P
I
VO
Ascomparedwithreplacement
SaniporT
echnology(floodgrouting)
O
I
V
Ascomparedwithreplacement
Figure
3.1
Eva
lua
tiono
fSma
ll-D
iame
ter
Sewersan
dLa
tera
lsIn
nova
tive
Tec
hno
log
ies
(con
tinue
d)
Positivefeature
Ne
utralormixed
Ne
gativefeature
I=Industrial
S=Municipalsanitary
T=Municipalstorm
C=Municipalcombined
B=Municipalsanitaryandstorm
C=Capitalsavings
O=Operational/maintenancesavings
I=Inflow/infiltratio
nreduction
S=SSO/CSOreduction
R=Restoredstruc
turalintegrity
M=Improvedmain
tenancetracking/manage-
ment
KEY
D=Demonstrationproject
L=Limitedmunicipalinstallations
I=Full-scaleindustrialapp
lications,withpotential
forapplicationinmunicipalconveyancesystems
O=Full-scaleoperationsoverseas
N=Full-scaleoperationsin
NorthAmerica
StateofDevelopment
Applicability
PotentialBenefits
ComparativeCriteria
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CIPP for Vertical Applications
Objective:
Provide a smooth interior surface to a damaged
vertical pipe.
State of Development:Innovative
Am-Drain has been on the market in the United States
since 2003 and available for the rehabilitation of downspouts in Europe for 15 years prior to the United Statesuse.
Description:
CIPP Applications for vertical pipes differ from the lateral lining because of the difficulties accompaniedwith the resin application to a vertical pipe. Typically resin would run down from the upper to lower portionsof the inverted liner. Am-Drain is a needle-punched, nonwoven polyester felt tube with a PVC coating.
Am-Drain is cured to the vertical pipe when the liner harders. An inversion drum, with the help of an aircompressor inserts the liner tube into the damaged pipe while inverting the liner throughout the process.One CIPP vertical method uses a woven liner rather than a normal CIPP liner. This woven liner holds theresin more and prevents it from slipping due to gravity.
Available Cost Information:
Approximate Capital Cost: $14$24/LF dry materials and resin
Approximate O&M Costs: Periodic inspection and cleaning
Costs will vary depending on the degree of bends in the pipe, lining material, and resin mat.
Vendor Name(s):
MaxLiner, LLC450 College DriveMartinsville, VA 24112
Practitioner(s):
Ace Pipe CleaningCarylon Corporation1509 Sylvania Court
Fort Worth, TX 76111
Key Words for Internet Search:
Vertical pipe lining, Am-Drain, vertical CIPP
Data Sources:
Griffen, Jeff. Vertical Lining: Historic Forth Worth Church Has Downspout Repaired Without Destruction ofWall. Rehabilitation Technology: Underground Construction(July 2004)
Vendor-supplied information
Technology Summary
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Technology Summary
Gasketed PVC Pressure Pipe
Objective:
Increase strength and integrity of polyvinyl
chloride in systems.
State of Development:Innovative
Technology has been around since 2004 and is widely
used in Canada (2030 municipalities to date) as wellas parts of the United States.
Description:
The gasketed PVC pressure pipe is assembled similar to how a standard PVC pipe is assembled, only thegasketed pipe is locked with a ring and pin system. The inner and outer rings of the pipe are hammered intoplace locking the joints in the system. Due to the wide groove on the spigot end of the pipe bending at thepipes joints is possible. This joint bending allows the PVC to be pulled into boreholes and to withstand theforces involved.
Available Cost Information:
Approximate Capital Cost: 40% higher than regular PVC.
Approximate O&M Costs: Low
Vendor Name(s):
IPEX, Inc.2441 Royal Windsor DriveMississauga, Ontario J5J 4C7Phone: 800-463-9572Fax: 905-403-9195Email: [email protected]
Practitioner(s):
See website for practitioners:
http://www.ipexinc.com/Content/Common/2_0_Products/2_0_1_Case_Studies/case_study_list.asp
Key Words for Internet Search:
Pressure, pipe, gasket, PVC, water, sewer
Data Sources:
New Research Yields an Innovative Design for PVC Pipe. Trenchless Technology(78 August 2004)
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Conveyance Systems
Emerging TechnologiesJULY 2006
3-7
Technology Summary
Impact Moling Steerable Moles
Objective:
Uses a compaction principle to create a bore in
compressible soils in which pipe is then installed.
State of Development:Innovative
Innovative applications such as steerable moles
allowing curves and direction changes.
Description:
Moling is based on a percussion or hammering action with a pneumatic piercing tool to create a bore bycompacting and displacing soil rather than removing it. The impact mole consists of an enclosed steel tubecontaining an air powered piston that strikes the nose of the tool driving it forward. It has low operationalcosts, simplicity in operations with minimal excavation. Moling is limited by ground conditions. Onesteerable mole is offered in the market place. It uses walkover tracking and remote steering similar to thatin the horizontal drilling industry. A sonde integrated within the forward end of the tool body is made ruggedto withstand the impact of the mole. The current generation of steerable moles have a dual position steeringhead with two operating modes, one for straight and an asymetrical one for steering.
Available Cost Information:
Approximate Capital Cost: $35,000 per machine; price includes all parts and everything needed forimpact moling.
Approximate O&M Costs: Included in capital cost.
Vendor Name(s):
TT Technologies of Illinois2020 E. New York St.
Aurora, IL 60504Phone: [email protected]
Practitioner(s):
U.S. Army Corps of EngineersVicksburg, MS
Key Words for Internet Search:
Impact moling, pipe ramming, trenchless technology, bore, steerable mole
Data Sources:
Guidelines for Impact Moling. TTC Technical Report #2001.03. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, ERDC,Vicksburg, MS
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Emerging Technologies JULY 2006
Conveyance Systems3-8
Technology Summary
Lateral Cleanout Connection
Objective:
Install cleanout on existing lateral where one
does not exist.
State of Development:Innovative
Process has been commercially available for three
years with the installation of several thousand feet ofline.
Description:
The lateral is located by TV camera that finds a location for the cleanout that will not require bends orfittings. A vacuum excavating unit is then used to dig an 18-inch hole that will expose the lateral, thevacuum will be used to remove all soil. A two-part epoxy mix is used to glue the bottom of the saddle to thelateral when it is dropped and snapped over the lateral pipe. After the 15 minutes the epoxy takes to set, awater hydrostatic test is performed, followed by the use of a coring tool to core out the lateral. The couponis removed and a clean out cap is added. A new riser or clean out can be attached.
Available Cost Information:Approximate Capital Cost: $750 to $1,500 each
Approximate O&M Costs: Same as standard cleanout.
Costs vary based on location, depth, and soil conditions.
Vendor Name(s):
LMK Enterprises, Inc.
Practitioner(s):
Rock River Water Reclamation District3333 Kishwaukee St.Rockford, IL 61109
Key Words for Internet Search:
Vacatee, lateral liner system, CIPP, cleanout
Data Sources:
Vendor-supplied information
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Conveyance Systems
Emerging TechnologiesJULY 2006
3-9
Technology Summary
Lateral Grout Injection
Objective:
Seal the lateral-main connection and cracks and
joints in laterals to prevent inflow and infiltrationinto the sanitary sewer system.
State of Development:Innovative
Description:
Seals lateral by creating a impermeable gel ring outside the pipe joint. Lateral grout injection isaccomplished using a packer, which is inserted through a manhole and positioned in the line usinga camera. The packer is rotated and a grouting plug is inflated up the lateral. Grout is injected, to fillthe annular area, into the surrounding soil, creating a sand and gel ring outside the pipe and serviceconnection. The packer elements are deflated and pulled back into packer, scraping excess gel from theservice line.
Available Cost Information:
Approximate Capital Cost: $300$500 per lateral
Approximate O&M Costs: Periodic visual inspections and cleaning recommended
Capital cost estimate is based on grouting each joint in the first 8 ft10 ft of the lateral from the sewer main.
Vendor Name(s):
Avanti International822 Bay Star Blvd.Webster, TX 77598
Practitioner(s):
See website for practitioners: http://avantigrout.com
Key Words for Internet Search:
Grout rehabilitation, injection, lateral pipe, joint sealing
Data Sources:
Methods to Control Leaks in Sewer Collection Systems.An informative White Paper written by C. Vipu,Ph.D., P.E., Director of CIGMAT, and Chairman of Civil Engineering Department, University of Houston,Houston, TX
Jason Consultants International, Inc. New Pipes for Old: A Study of Recent Advances in Sewer PipeMaterials and Technology. Alexandria, VA. Water Environment Research Foundation (WERF) (2000)
Simicevic, Jadranka, Raymond L. Sterling, Ahmad Habibian, Rick Nelson, Roger L. Tarbutto, and AlanJohnson. Methods for Cost-Effective Rehabilitation of Private Lateral Sewers. WERF (2006)
Vendor-supplied information
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Emerging Technologies JULY 2006
Conveyance Systems3-10
Technology Summary
Lateral Grout Injection from Mainline (Up to 30-ft in Length)
Objective:
Seal the lateral-main connection and cracks
and joints in laterals up to 30 feet from the mainsewer line to prevent inflow and infiltration intothe sanitary sewer system.
State of Development:Innovative
A Packer and 30-foot grouting plug have been
developed and tested in a laboratory setting. As of May2005, 24 units have been installed.
Description:
Lateral grout injection is accomplished using a packer, which is inserted into a sewer main through amanhole. The packer is remotely positioned in the mainline at the lateral connection, and a grouting plugis inflated up the lateral. Grout is injected, or pumped, into the lateral up to the location of the group plug.Grout is forced through cracks and joints into the surrounding soil, where it solidifies to form a watertightseal outside the pipeline. This grouting can be applied to laterals up to 30 feet from the main sewer line.
Available Cost Information:
Approximate Capital Cost: Varies
Approximate O&M Costs: Varies
Vendor Name(s):
Logiball, Inc.HC 76 P.O. Box 625Jackman, ME 04945Phone: 800-246-5988Fax: 418-653-5746E-mail: [email protected]
Practitioner(s):
Heitkamp, Inc.New England Pipe Cleaning Co.99 Callender RoadP.O. Box 730Watertown, CT 06795
Key Words for Internet Search:
Grout rehabilitation, injection, lateral pipe, joint sealing, mainline
Data Sources:
Jason Consultants International, Inc. New Pipes for Old: A Study of Recent Advances in Sewer PipeMaterials and Technology. Alexandria, VA. Water Environment Research Foundation (WERF) (2000)
Simicevic, Jadranka, Raymond L. Sterling, Ahmad Habibian, Rick Nelson, Roger L. Tarbutton, and AlanJohnson. Methods for Cost-Effective Rehabilitation of Private Lateral Sewers. WERF (2006)
Vendor-supplied information
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Conveyance Systems
Emerging TechnologiesJULY 2006
3-11
Technology Summary
Lateral CIPP Liner (House to Main)
Objective:
Provide reconstruction of service lateral pipe
without excavation by the installation of a resinconduit liner.
State of Development:Innovative
Description:
Woven or nonwoven material is impregnated with thermosetting resin and installed in an existing pipeline orconduit using an air inversion and curing process. Product designed to rehabilitate pipelines with diametersfrom 2 to 8 inches and negotiates curves (up to 90o) and lines through 46 inch transitions without changingstructural properties of the liner. Installation through existing building sewer lines permit connection withoutstretching into sewer main.
Available Cost Information:
Approximate Capital Cost: Ranges from $2500 $4500Approximate O&M Costs: Periodic visual inspections recommended.
Costs are highly variable and willfluctuate based on pipe size, material, condition, depth, and accessibility(i.e. cleanout available).
Vendor Name(s):
Perma-liner Industries6196 126thAvenue NorthLargo, FL 33773Phone: 727-507-9749Email: [email protected]
Practitioner(s):
Southwest Pipeline539 West 140thStreetGardena, CA 90248
Key Words for Internet Search:
CIPP lateral lining, sewer rehabilitation, resin, house cleanout, DrainLiner, Formadrain, INFlex Liner,Inserv, MaxLiner, PermaLateral, Primeliner, and Verline Lateral, Saertex Liner, PrimeLiner LC,Insituform Lateral, LMK T-Liner
Data Sources:
Jason Consultants International, Inc.New Pipes for Old: A Study of Recent Advances in Sewer PipeMaterials and Technology.Alexandria, VA. Water Environment Research Foundation (WERF) (2000)
Black and Veatch Corporation. Effective Practices for Sanitary Sewer and Collection System Operationsand Maintenance.Alexandria, VA. Water Environment Research Foundation (WERF) (2003)
Bergstrom, E., P.E., B. Swarner, P.E., M. Lopez, P.E., Infiltration and In
flow (I/I) Reduction in 10 PilotProjects, King County, Washington, Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation Collection Systems
2005 Conference, Sustaining Aging Infrastructure: System, Workforce and Funding (CD-ROM), Boston, MA(1720 July 2005)
Simicevic, Jadranka, Raymond L. Sterling, Ahmad Habibian, Rick Nelson, Roger L. Tarbutton and AlanJohnson. Methods for Cost-Effective Rehabilitation of Private Lateral Sewers. WERF (2006)
Vendor-supplied information
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Emerging Technologies JULY 2006
Conveyance Systems3-12
Technology Summary
Lateral CIPP Liner (Main to House)
Objective:
Provide reconstruction of service lateral pipe
without excavation by the installation of a resinconduit liner.
State of Development:Innovative
Description:
The polyester resin-impregnated tube is installed into an existing service lateral through the mainline pipe.The resin and tube are inverted into place so that when installed the cured-in-place pipe will fit the internalcircumference of the existing pipe. The resin and tube are held in place by internal pressure until cured intoa impermeable continuous pipe within a pipe.
Available Cost Information:
Approximate Capital Cost: $3,500 for installation in lateral up to 20 ft from main; $45 per ft beyond 20 ft
Approximate O&M Costs: Costs will vary depending on quantity of materials, quality of installations,
location, and other installation needs
Vendor Name(s):
Insituform Technologies, Inc.702 Spirit 40 Park DriveChesterfield, MO 63005Phone: 636-530-8000Fax: 636-519-8010Email: [email protected]
Practitioner(s):
Boston Water and Sewer CompanyBoston, MA
Key Words for Internet Search:
CIPP lateral lining, sewer rehabilitation, resin, mainline
Data Sources:
Jason Consultants International, Inc. New Pipes for Old: A Study of Recent Advances in Sewer PipeMaterials and Technology. Alexandria, VA. Water Environment Research Foundation (WERF) (2000)
Black and Veatch Corporation. Effective Practices for Sanitary Sewer and Collection System Operationsand Maintenance. Alexandria, VA. WERF (2003)
Bergstrom, E., P.E., B. Swarner, P.E., M. Lopez, P.E., Infiltration and Inflow (I/I) Reduction in 10 PilotProjects, King County, Washington, Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation Collection Systems2005 Conference, Sustaining Aging Infrastructure: System, Workforce and Funding (CD-ROM), Boston, MA(1720 July 2005)
King County Department of Natural Resources and Parks, Wastewater Treatment Division. Pilot Project
Report, Regional Infiltration and Inflow Control Program, King County, WA. (October 2004)Simicevic, Jadranka, Raymond L. Sterling, Ahmad Habibian, Rick Nelson, Roger L. Tarbutton, and AlanJohnson. Methods for Cost-Effective Rehabilitation of Private Lateral Sewers. WERF (2006)
Vendor-supplied information
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Conveyance Systems
Emerging TechnologiesJULY 2006
3-13
Technology Summary
Lateral-Main Fiberglass CIPP Connection Inserts
Objective:
Provide reconstruction of service lateral pipewithout excavation by the installation of a resinimpregnated,flexible felt tube.
State of Development:Innovative
Description:
Installation of a polyester or vinyl impregnated corrosion resistant fiberglass insert into a lateral openingtofit T and Y connections. Insert is factory-impregnated with an epoxy bonding component. The laminateis placed on an applicator, driven into the lateral opening and inserted by air inversion approximately 6inches into the lateral and 3 inches in the mainline on either side of the lateral opening. The product isavailable for lines between 6 and 36 inches in diameter.
Available Cost Information:
Approximate Capital Cost: $1,300 to $1,700 per insert
Approximate O&M Costs: Capital and O&M costs will vary depending on quantity of materials, quality
of installations, location, and other installation needs.
Vendor Name(s):
Top Hat SystemsCosmic Sondermaschinenbau GmbHSteinabruck 353072 Kasten, Austria
U.S. Distributor Amerik Supplies, Inc.260 Ainsley CourtMarietta, GA 30066Phone: 770-924-2899
Practitioner(s):
Town of PinetopsPinetops, NC
Southwest Pipeline539 West 140thSt.Gardena, CA 90248
Key Words for Internet Search:
Top hats, connection inserts, CIPP lateral
Data Sources:
Materials and Technology. Alexandria, Virginia: Water Environment Research Foundation (WERF)(2000)
Larsen, P., P.E., G. Keibler, and E. Heijn. Awakening From the Nightmare on 10th Street TrenchlessRepair to Prevent Deep Excavations in Closed Rear-Yard Easements, Proceedings of the 77th AnnualWater Environment Federation Technical Exposition and Conference [CD-ROM], New Orleans, LA (26Oct. 2004)
Bergstrom, E., P.E., B. Swarner, P.E., and M. Lopez, P.E. Infiltration and Inflow (I/I) Reduction in 10
Pilot Projects, King County, Washington, Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation CollectionSystems 2005 Conference, Sustaining Aging Infrastructure: System, Workforce and Funding [CD-ROM],Boston, MA. (1720 July 2005)
King County Department of Natural Resources and Parks, Wastewater Treatment Division. Pilot ProjectReport, Regional Infiltration and Inflow Control Program, King County, WA (October 2004)
Vendor-supplied information
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Emerging Technologies JULY 2006
Conveyance Systems3-14
Technology Summary
Lateral Pipe Bursting
Objective:
Replace an existing lateral without excavation,
with the same or larger diameter pipe (applicablefor 48 inch diameter pipe).
State of Development:Innovative
Description:
A portable static bursting system (Grundotugger) with a direct bolt expander and optional pneumaticpiercing tool is used to hydraulically pull a winch cable and the expander tool and new pipe through anexisting line. The expander fractures the existing pipe and displaces the fragments into the surroundingsoil while the new pipe is pulled in behind. Lateral bursting allows for a increase in the diameter from theoriginal host size.
Available Cost Information:
Approximate Capital Cost: $25,000 for Grudotugger, estimated $40LF.
Approximate O&M Costs:
Vendor Name(s):
TT Technologies2020 E. New York St.
Aurora, IL 60504Phone: 800-533-2078Fax: 630-851-8299www.tttechnologies.com
Practitioner(s):
King CountyDepartment of Natural Resources and ParksWastewater Treatment Division201 S. Jackson St., Suite 505Seattle, WA 98104-3855
Key Words for Internet Search:
Static pull, pipe bursting, lateral rehabilitation, Grundotugger
Data Sources:
Jason Consultants International, Inc. New Pipes for Old: A Study of Recent Advances in Sewer PipeMaterials and Technology. Alexandria, VA. Water Environment Research Foundation (WERF) (2000)
Black and Veatch Corporation. Effective Practices for Sanitary Sewer and Collection System Operationsand Maintenance. Alexandria, VA. WERF (2003)
Bergstrom, E., P.E., B. Swarner, P.E., and M. Lopez, P.E. Infiltration and Inflow (I/I) Reduction in 10 PilotProjects, King County, Washington, Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation Collection Systems2005 Conference, Sustaining Aging Infrastructure: System, Workforce and Funding (CD-ROM), Boston, MA(1720 July 2005)
King County Department of Natural Resources and Parks, Wastewater Treatment Division. Pilot Project
Report, Regional Infiltration and Inflow Control Program, King County, WA (October 2004)District of West Vancouver and Dayton & Knight Ltf. (D&K). West Vancouver (Pipe Bursting) Case Study(Oct 6Dec 18, 2003)
Vendor-supplied information
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Conveyance Systems
Emerging TechnologiesJULY 2006
3-15
Technology Summary
Lateral Sliplining
Objective:
Reconstruct sewer line and laterals without
excavation using formed-in-place liner.
State of Development:Innovative
Innovative application for house laterals. Essentially no
longer used for small-diameter lateral repair.
Description:
Lateral sliplining is a rehabilitation process in which a slipliner pipe is placed inside the existing old lateralpipe. This method does not include any folding or heating of the slipliner, and will decrease the innerdiameter of the existing pipe by the size of the new pipe. Sliplining is a more practical process for largerdiameter laterals because of the p