2005 04 14_kampf_claassen_urban_water_cycle

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The WaterharmonicaUse of Treated Wastewater for Nature

Visit to Texel on 14 April

International Workshop Purificationof Interreg Urban Water Cycle project

Leeuwarden, The Netherlands 13 and 14 April 2005

Ruud KampfWaterboard

Hollands Noorderkwartier

The Waterharmonica: a tool to convert used water into surface water

Theo Claassen

This presentation:

• Membrane filtration or biological post – treatment ??: WFD !

• constructed wetlands to make a “living water” from waste water

• why is treated waste water not surface water??

The Waterharmonica: the link between treated waste water and surface water

• Texel: the Everstekoog constructed wetland

– Texel: “kwekelbaarsjes” or “grickelbacks”, food chains and the

Waterharmonica

• do not throw treated waste away ?!

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Is a sewer system clever ??!!

Per inhabitant per year:

large and expensive sewers

+ 15.000 l drinking water, mainly for “transport”

50 l faeces, 500 l urine plus 100 l kitchen wastes

But as we will learn:every disadvantage has his own advantage

+ 15.000 l rain

“Clear effluents”

It used to be the finest water we had:

Originally drinking water and rain water

Treated wastewaterimprovements: C, N, P

�“Dead water”, not satisfied with quality

regional STP’s

– sludge particles, flocs

– low O2

– odor, foam– loose bacteria

influence at effluent discharge:

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Typical effluent quality oxidation ditch STP• BOD: 2 - 3 mg/l• NH4: 0.1 - 1 mg/l• NO3: 3 mg/l

• Suspended solids: low

But faecal coli: 400 - 800 per ml !

Better than many surface waters !!!

• Is a beautiful island

• A tourist resort

• A bird island

• Still a strong agricultural stronghold

Texel

Spoonbills

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Spoonbills in Europe

The Netherlands

One of the rarest birds in Europe

95 % West-European populationin the Netherlands

Annex I European Bird directive

Symbol of good water management

Breeding population Spoonbills

0200400600800

100012001400

80 85 90 95

Year

NetherlandsTexel

00 05

Water on Texel

• Scarce

• Drinking water from mainland

• Masterplan Water Texel

• Projects like effluent diversion, etc

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Effluent discharge to the sea

Saline nature

Effluent use on the island

Saline nature

Diversion for agriculture

Development

• Centralisation 5 STP’s in Everstekoog

• Use of the effluent elsewhere on the island` –

Constructed wetland Evertsekoog or several more?

Basis:

-•Masterplan Water Texel–Constructed wetland

–Food chain approach Kwekelbaarsjes / Gricklebacks

–Waterharmonica

Plans for Texel under development

Study: Effluent use together with fish ladder

Now: effluent use on the island

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From wastewater to surface water

STP Oxidation Ditch

Constructed wetland

Surface water

A constructed wetland to make a “living water”from treated waste water

Aerial view STP Everstekoog

discharge ditch

presettling basin

9 ditches with reed/cattail

and aquatic plants

sewage treatment plant

Research project1995 - 1999

Everstekoog

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Constructed wetland

a constructed, optimised water system

works on solar energy

– helophytes: reed, cattail – (submerged) water plants– plants on the banks– sediments– algae, Daphnia, etc

A constructed wetland to make a “living water”from treated waste water

Diurnal oxygen pattern

Day 1996

O2 - end ditch (mg/l)light (lux)

176 177 178 179 180 181 1820

4

8

12

16

20

-0.3

1.7

3.7

5.7

7.7

9.7

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Nitrate (mg/l) vs retention time

Hydraulic retention time (days)

Spring Summer Autumn Winter

Just some of the results

Log E.Coli (per ml) vs retention time

Hydraulic retention time (days)

K-value = -0.8

K-value = -0.3

WinterSpring Summer Autumn

HRT in dagen

Seizoenen 199voorjaarzomerherfstwinter

troeb

elhe

id (F

TU)

0 2 4 6 8 10 1202468

101214161820

Turbidity

More but different suspended solids

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After constructed wetland different water

• Natural oxygen regime

• Less sludge particles lead to desinfection

• No odour

• More, but different suspended solids

• Living water:• algae, daphnia

• birds• fish• all kind of “waterlife”

Biodiversity• A wealth of material (partly in the data vaults)

– Constructed wetland Everstekoog (o.a. Sylvia Toet)• Algae mats (phototrofic biofilms, PHOBIA)• Daphnia (increasing number of species) • Macro-fauna• Zoöplanton• Phytoplankton• Fish• Birds

• Biodiversity increases – Implications Water Frame Work Directive?

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• Growth of algae inhibited• Daphnia • New test method!

Toxicity effluents normally no problem for growing biomass on wastewater

But:do not overload your STP

stay alert and use the test method

Ecotox effluents

Texel

More sustainable, natural water systems

well treated wastewatercan be a good source of life!

Learning the process by doing

Resulted in a lot of knowledge and ideas!!

Daphnia in presettling basin constructed wetland

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Harvesting Daphnia for research

Daphnia - trivia• Length: 0.3 - 5 mm

• Wet weight: 0.5 - 2 mg

• Filtration capacity: 4 ml/ind.hour

(1000 Daphnia/l filtrates water 4 times per hour)

• Size of food particles between 1 - 40 µm

Protein: 60 %

Fat 10 %

Carbohydrates 6 %

C = 44 %

N = 8 %

P = 1.4 %

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Fish in the Everstekoog constructed wetland

– but only after 3 days retention time

– after 10 days a lot of fish

• in first pond no fish

up to 15 Stickleback per m2

• fish in ditches:

Sticklebacks

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“Kwekelbaarsjes”

growing Daphniaon treated wastewater

as food for Spoonbills

to grow Sticklebacks Grickelbacks

Experimental set-up Everstekoog

4 mesocosms

4 ponds

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Research 1998-2004 – plus

laboratorium exp TNO

Mesocosm research

Pond research

Modelling Daphnia growth

Stowa toxicity research

Development digital Daphnia counting

1998

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

1999

2000

2006

Food chain studies, Horstermeer

Ponds

May – October

2002

Daphnia

algae

0

250

500

750

1000

23/M

ay/02

13/Ju

n/02

03/Ju

l/02

24/Ju

l/02

19/Aug

/02

10/Sep

/02

15/O

ct/02

Dap

hnia

(n/l)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

Chl

orof

yl-a

(µg/

l)

Vijver 1, Daphnia Vijver 1, chlfl

0

250

500

750

1000

23/M

ay/02

13/Ju

n/02

03/Ju

l/02

24/Ju

l/02

19/Aug

/02

10/Sep

/02

15/O

ct/02

Daph

nia

(n/l)

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100

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600

Chl

orof

yl-a

(µg/

l)


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n/02

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/02

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ct/02

Dap

hnia

(n/l)

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200

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500

600

Chl

orof

yl-a

(µg/

l)


0

250

500

750

1000

23/M

ay/02

13/Ju

n/02

03/Ju

l/02

24/Ju

l/02

19/Aug

/02

10/Sep

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15/O

ct/02

Dap

hnia

(n/l)

0

100

200

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400

500

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Chl

orof

yl-a

(µg/

l)


pond 1

pond 3

pond 2

pond 4

Fecal Coli removalmesocosms 2003-2004

Nr of fecal coli/ml vs hydraulic retention time

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• N-removal better in ponds then mesocosms

2003 - 2004NH4 NO3

Influence of submerged water plants in ponds 2, 3 en 4• NH4-removal up to 60 %• NO3-removal up to 30 %

Daphnia bakken

dag_2004

Dap

hnia

nr1234

250 300 350 400 4500

200

400

600

800

1000

?

Stop press: winter 2004 - 2005

Daphnia vijvers

dag_2004

Dap

hnia

nr1234

250 300 350 400 4500

200

400

600

800

1000

Ecoli_bakken

bak nr.

E_C

oli

0 1 2 3 40

100

200

300

400

500

600

Winter 2004 - 2005

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Daphnia size distribution

Bak 1 - grootte Daphnia (mm)

dag_2003

Daphnia =<11> Daphnia =<22> Daphnia =<33> Daphnia =<44> Daphnia =<5

500 550 600 650 700 7500

20

40

60

80

100

120

Biological assessment of water quailty

• HHNK: decades of experience– Microscopic

• Diatoms (van Dam index)• Quick scan phytoplankton

– Moving, Observable with the naked eye• Zooplankton

– Abiotics, water plants, etc

nr. vijver

pHzout/zoetorg. NO2-behsaprobietrofie

1 2 3 42

3

4

5

6

Ponds 2004: van Dam-indexDiatom index,

biological scan:• Number of species• Impression of abundancy

• Oxygen response• “ Saprobie” (“degree of pollution”)• org. N

Improvement of biological water quality

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Kwekelbaarsjes ?”Daphnia, Fish, Spoonbills and treated waste water”

• Feasible:

• growing Daphnia: – Daphnia feed on sludge particles: disinfection!

– Daphnia keep the ponds clear: no algae

• Sticklebacks come to the constructed wetland

• it attracts Spoonbills

Fits in the EU Water Framework Directive

Food chains!

http://www.intarttiles.com/robertekennedy.htm

Food chains + energy flows

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Conclusions Texel

A more natural constructed wetland:

After treatment of waste water or

pre treatment of surface water?!

nutrient removal

disinfection

different, living water

natural values

www.waterharmonica.nl

Thank you !!

The Waterharmonica: the link between treated waste water and surface water

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Recent developmentEvolving interest in filtration techniques

STP Horstermeer

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Horstermeer proefhal2005 – 2008

“zelfde opstelling als Beverwijk, Utrecht”

Joint research project polishing effluent STP Horstermeer

2005 – 2008

a. Effluent• process steps:

– b.1 sandfiltration (bacteria, sludge particles, EPS)– b.2 multi-media filtation (idem, plus denitrification)– c. membrane filtration (only small particles)– d. ultra filtration (no particles) – e. biological active carbon filtration

• but: Daphnia are also good in filtration of small particles !!!• combination of engineering and natural methods

•Ecological engineering is an attractive option!

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How can we use the Texel knowledge as an alternative to fullfill the Water Frame Work directive ??

In preparation on Horstermeer:

•Partners wanted!, combination with the PHOBIA-project (Phototrofic biofilms) ?

Process technology constructed wetlands

• Oxidation ditch / carrousel: – like polluted surface water

combination van (bio)procestechnology, agriculture, biology, etc.

• Processes are comparable– settling, adsorption, (photo katalytic) biofilms, diffusion, growth,

decay, etc.

• Constructed wetland for effluent polishing:– like cleaner surface water

ecological engineering: www.IEES.CH

2005 04 14_kampf_claassen_urban_water_cycle

Environment

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