IS 257 - Fall 2002 2002.10.10- SLIDE 1

ORACLE SQL and SQL_PLUS

University of California, Berkeley

School of Information Management and Systems

SIMS 257: Database Management

IS 257 - Fall 2002 2002.10.10- SLIDE 2

Today

• Getting started with ORACLE in SQL-- see assignment on website

• More on SQL and SQLPlus for data manipulation and modification

• Getting Started with ORACLE.

IS 257 - Fall 2002 2002.10.10- SLIDE 3

SELECT

• Syntax:– SELECT [DISTINCT] attr1, attr2,…, attr3 as

label, function(xxx), calculation, attr5, attr6 FROM relname1 r1, relname2 r2,… rel3 r3 WHERE condition1 {AND | OR} condition2 ORDER BY attr1 [DESC], attr3 [DESC]

IS 257 - Fall 2002 2002.10.10- SLIDE 4

CREATE SYNONYM

• CREATE SYNONYM newname FOR oldname;

• CREATE SYNONYM BIOLIFE for ray.BIOLIFE;

IS 257 - Fall 2002 2002.10.10- SLIDE 5

SELECT Conditions

• = equal to a particular value• >= greater than or equal to a particular value• > greater than a particular value• <= less than or equal to a particular value• <> not equal to a particular value• LIKE ‘%wom_n%’ (Note different wild card)• IN (‘opt1’, ‘opt2’,…,’optn’)

IS 257 - Fall 2002 2002.10.10- SLIDE 6

Aggregate Functions

• COUNT(dataitem)• AVG(numbercolumn)• SUM(numbercolumn)• MAX(numbercolumn)• MIN(numbercolumn)• STDDEV(numbercolumn)• VARIANCE(numbercolumn)

IS 257 - Fall 2002 2002.10.10- SLIDE 7

Numeric Functions

• ABS(n)• ACOS(n)• ASIN(n)• ATAN(n)• ATAN2(n, m)• CEIL(n)• COS(n)• COSH(n)

• ROUND(n)• SIGN(n)• SIN(n)• SINH(n)• SQRT(n)• TAN(n)• TANH(n)• TRUNC(n[,

m])

• EXP(n)• EXP(n)• FLOOR(n)• LN(n)• LOG(m,n)• MOD(n)• POWER(m,n)

IS 257 - Fall 2002 2002.10.10- SLIDE 8

Character Functions returning character values

• CHR(n)• CONCAT(char1,char2)• INITCAP(char)• LOWER(char)• LPAD(char, n,char2),

RPAD(char, n,char2)• LTRIM(char, n, cset),

RTRIM(char, n, cset)

• REPLACE(char, srch, repl)

• SOUNDEX(char)• SUBSTR(char, m, n)• SUBSTRB(char, m, n)• TRANSLATE(char,

from, to)• UPPER(char)

IS 257 - Fall 2002 2002.10.10- SLIDE 9

Character Function returning numeric values

• ASCII(char)• INSTR(char1,

char2[,m, n])• INSTRB(char1,

char2[,m, n])• LENGTH(char)• LENGTHB(char)

IS 257 - Fall 2002 2002.10.10- SLIDE 10

Date functions

• ADD_MONTHS(dt, n)• LAST_DAY(d)• MONTHS_BETWEEN(d1, d2)• NEW_TIME(d, z1, z2) -- PST, AST, etc. • NEXT_DAY(d, dayname)• ROUND(d, fmt) -- century, year etc.• SYSDATE• TRUNC(d, fmt) -- century, year, etc.

IS 257 - Fall 2002 2002.10.10- SLIDE 11

Conversion Functions

• CHARTOROWID(char)• CONVERT(char, dchar,

schar)• HEXTORAW(char)• RAWTOHEX(raw)• ROWIDTOCHAR(rowid)• TO_CHAR (date, fmt)• TO_DATE(char, fmt)

• TO_NUMBER(char,fmt)

• TO_MULTIBYTE(char)• TO_SINGLE_BYTE(ch

ar)

IS 257 - Fall 2002 2002.10.10- SLIDE 12

Create Table

• CREATE TABLE table-name (attr1 attr-type CONSTRAINT constr1 PRIMARY KEY, attr2 attr-type CONSTRAINT constr2 NOT NULL,…, attrM attr-type CONSTRAINT constref REFERENCES owner.tablename(attrname), attrN attr-type CONSTRAINT constrN CHECK (attrN = UPPER(attrN));

• Adds a new table with the specified attributes (and types) to the database.

IS 257 - Fall 2002 2002.10.10- SLIDE 13

Types

• VARCHAR2(size)• NUMBER(p, s)• LONG -- long char data• DATE -- from 4712BC to 4714 AD• RAW(size) -- binary• LONG RAW -- large binary• ROWID -- row reference• CHAR(size) -- fixed length characters

IS 257 - Fall 2002 2002.10.10- SLIDE 14

Alter Table

• ALTER TABLE table-name ADD COLUMN attr1 attr-type;

• ALTER TABLE table-name ADD COLUMN attr1 CONSTRAINT xxx constrainvalue;

• ALTER TABLE table-name MODIFY COLUMN attr1 optiontochange;

• … DROP COLUMN attr1;• Adds a new column to an existing database

table.

IS 257 - Fall 2002 2002.10.10- SLIDE 15

INSERT

• INSERT INTO table-name (attr1, attr4, attr5,…, attrK) VALUES (“val1”, val4, val5,…, “valK”);

• OR

• INSERT INTO table-name SELECT col1, col2, col3 as newcol2, col4 FROM xx, yy WHERE where-clause;

• Adds a new row(s) to a table.

IS 257 - Fall 2002 2002.10.10- SLIDE 16

DELETE

• DELETE FROM table-name WHERE <where clause>;

• Removes rows from a table.

IS 257 - Fall 2002 2002.10.10- SLIDE 17

UPDATE

• UPDATE tablename SET attr1=newval, attr2 = newval2 WHERE <where clause>;

• changes values in existing rows in a table (those that match the WHERE clause).

IS 257 - Fall 2002 2002.10.10- SLIDE 18

DROP Table

• DROP TABLE tablename;• Removes a table from the database.

IS 257 - Fall 2002 2002.10.10- SLIDE 19

CREATE INDEX

• CREATE [ UNIQUE ] INDEX indexname ON tablename (attr1 [ASC|DESC][, attr2 [ASC|DESC], ...])

• Adds an index on the specified attributes to a table

IS 257 - Fall 2002 2002.10.10- SLIDE 20

System Information In ORACLE

• Find all of the tables for a user– SELECT * FROM ALL_CATALOG WHERE

OWNER = ‘userid’;– SELECT * FROM USER_CATALOG; (or CAT)

• Show the attributes and types of data for a particular table– DESCRIBE tablename;

IS 257 - Fall 2002 2002.10.10- SLIDE 21

Running commands

• Create file with SQL and SQLPlus commands in it.– Use a plain text editor and NOT a word

processor (or save as text only)

• Give the file the extension .sql

• From inside SQLPlus type – START filename

IS 257 - Fall 2002 2002.10.10- SLIDE 22

Simple formatting in SQLPlus

• SET PAGESIZE 500

• SET LINESIZE 79

• PROMPT stuff to put out to screen

• TTITLE “title to put at top of results”

• COLUMN col_name HEADING “New Name”

IS 257 - Fall 2002 2002.10.10- SLIDE 23

Outputting results as a file…

• SPOOL filename

• Commands

• SPOOL STOP– File will be created with everything between

the SPOOL commands