2000 FEB Del Rio Fields Trials of Brassica Carinata and Juncea in Polluted
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Transcript of 2000 FEB Del Rio Fields Trials of Brassica Carinata and Juncea in Polluted
Fresenius Envir Bull 9: 328 - 332 (2000)~ Editors, Freising-WeihenstephanlFRG1018-4619/1000/S-6/328-0S DM 20 or 3,SO/p Áfl~l
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FIELD TRIALS OF BRASSICA CARINATA ~ND BRASSICA JUNCEA IN POLLUTEDSOll-S OF THE GUADm.:MAR RIVER AREA.
M. del Río*, R. Font*, 1. Fernández-Mart~nez*, 1. Domínguez** and A. de Haro*.
* Institute of Sustainable Agriculture, ICSlc. Av. Alameda del Obispo s/n.** CIFA Av. Alameda del Obis~o s/n E-1480. Córdoba. Spain.
SUMl\'IARy
Phytoextraction is a subjet of phytoremediation 'n which metal-accumulating plants are used totransport and concentrate metals from soils joto he harvestable parts1. In this study we test thecapacity of some genotypes of Brassica juncea L. Czern. & Coss.) and Brassica carinata (A.Braun) for uptaking heavy metals from polluted oils after the toxic spill of the Aznalcollar mine(southern Spain). We present the levels of P , Zn, Cu and Cd found in the soil and theconcentrations ofPb, Zn and Cu in the harvested p anís. High concentrations ofPb, Zn and Cu werepresent in the soil. B. juncea had greater eapacit for uptaking than B. carinata for all the metalsanalysed except for Cu.
Key words: heavy metals, uptake, Brassica carina~a,Brassicajuncea, phytoremediation
INTRODUCTION
The toxic spill of the Aznal
.
cÓllar mine on APril
i
2S, 1998, in the proximity of a majar wild life
reserve such as the Doñana National Park (south m Spain) eaused a discharge of aeid waters and
pyritie slurry (S 106m3)to the Guadiamar river a d adjacent agricultural areas (SOOOHa.). Due to
this soils have remained polluted by heavy metalslsuch as Pb, Cu, Zn, Cd, TI, Sb and metalloids as
As.
Recently, phy10remediation has emerged as an aIt~rnative to the engineering based methods. In this
new approach plants are used to uptake eontamin~nts freID the soil and to transIoeate them to the
shoots. Pollutants are then removed by harvestin~ the aboveground tissue for subsequent volume
reduction (i.e. ashing) and storage. Phytoreme4iation is a eost-effective technique that could
remediate a site without dramatically disturbing thF landseape.
A small number of plant species have been identi~ed that are not only eapable of growing on soils
eontaining high levels of met,als but also aeeumul~ti~g those polluta~ts ~o high e~ncentrations in theshoots. These pIants were comed hyperaccumuIat~rs-. On sueh spee1es 1SThlaspz caerulescens L, a
Presented at the 10thIntemational Symposium o~MESAEP in Alicante, Spain, 2 - 6 Oet. 1999
M. del Rio et al. 329
member of the Brassicaceae family and a well known Z~ and Cd hyperaccumulator3.
The success of any phytoremediation technique depends upon the identification of suitable plant
species that hyperaccumulate heavy metals and produce
r
arge amounts ofbiomass using established
crop production and management practices.
Recent evidence has suggested that other species from fhe Brassicaceae family, particularly those
ITomthe genus Brassica, may be more effective. specir such as Brassica juncea, Brassica napusL and Brassica rapa L, have been shown to accumulate moderate levels of heavy metals4-5.
B. juncea and B. carinata were chosen in our study bec4use they are well adapted to mediterranean
climate and they produce at least 20 times more b~omass iban T. caerulencens under field
conditions6.
The specific objective of ibis experiment was to dettrmine the suitability of B. juncea and B.carinata as phytoextraction species based on its growth responses and heavymetal uptake when
grown on contaminated soil.
MA TERIAL A1'j) METHODS
B. carinata and B. juncea were the species selected tJ_~onduct this study. The sowing was made
handly on March 15, 1999. The distance between rors was 50 cm with 50 seeds/linear meter.Plants were harvested on June 18, 1999.At ibis time, the plants had low biomass and seed yield due
to the late sowing and lack of rain during the growing Pfriod.The levels of heavy metals in the soil were estimated *y Departament of Edafology and Chemical
Agriculture of the University of Granada (Spain). T
I
' e samples were digested with nitric and
hydrochloric acids and analysed fo, Pb. Zn. Cu and Cd sing an inductively coupled plasma (ICP)
spectrometer (Perkin Elmer Model SCIEX-Elan-5000A .
All plants were divided into leaves, seeds, pods, ste1s and reGís. The samples were thoroughly
washed with tap water and given a final rinsing with delonized water and then dried at 80°C (degree
celsius) for 48 hours in an oyen and ground in a mili, ,nalysing them separately for Pb, Zn, Cu and
Cd. To prepare the samples for heavy metals analysis,ldry material (ca 250 mg) was digested with3mI..ofnitric acid in a conical flask at a temperature o
l13O0Cand then with 1ml. of perchloric acid
at 230°C. After cooling H2O was added to the acid sol tion until a volume of 15m!. Pb, Zn, Cu, Fe
and Mn were determined using flame by atomic abs; rption spectrometry (perkin Elmer. 1100B)I
and expressed as mg Kg-1dry weight ofplant tissue.
330 M. del Río et al.I
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
jThe results obtained showed that the soil anal sed contained low concentrarían of Cd and high
concentrations of Pb, Zn and Cu (Table 1), al hough plant available metal was low due to the
previous chemical treatments (soi! amendments ~ith calcium carbonato and ferric oxides) used to
fix metals in the soil. \
Table 1. Total, lant available metal and soluble ea metal concentrations in soil.Heavy metal Horizons Total metal Available metal Soluble metal
cm
The polluted soil showed a gradient of concentrrtion for all the metals analysed, decreasing thevalues freIDthe first horizon to the third.
The total content of metal found in the three hon ons ranged 30.64 to 309.57 mgKg-1for Pb; 64.24
to 461.72 rngKg-1for Zn; 20.93 to 127.97 mgKg-1 or Cu and 0.12 to 1.51 rngKg-1for Cd.
Plants of B. juncea accumulated higher amounts t an B. carinata for all the metals analysed except
for Cu (Table 2), as has been previously reported4.
Table 2. Concentrations ofPb, Zn and Cu in BrafiCajunCea and Brassica carinata plants. Results
are means of 5 replicates of B. juncea and 5 replic~tes o/B. carinata.
Species Pb Zn Cn
(mg Kg-1dry weight)5.91 14.767.51 14.91
~1,08 6,704,14 5,82
B. carinata (nc) 1.62B. juncea (nc) 0.07B. carinata 4,43B. juncea 6,23Significative concentrations of Cd were not detectednc: no contaminated soil
It is well known that multiple interactions among t~e metals in the soil can affect the capacity of the
I
mg Kg-I dry soilPb 1 309,57 14,13 1,45
2 258,06
\
14,86 0,303 30,64 5,27 0,27
Zn 1 461,72 114,71 0,702 393,43
\
130,56 0,553 64,24 13,37 0,27
Cu 1 127,97
\
32.53 0.382 107,30 28.52 0.213 20,93
\
15.24 0.09Cd 1 1,51 1,20 0,01
2 1,27 0,88 0,0073 0,12 0,09 0,002
t 1, 2, 3 are horizons 1-10 cm. 10-30 cm and >30 cm re'pe l.ve1Y.
M. del Río et al. 331
plant for uptaking, i.e. studies have shown that the prese e of Cd can increase the accumulation of
Zn in some species7, and in addition Cu decreases Zn ptake in the soil5. This could explain the
differences in Cu content between plants grown in no contaminated soil ITom a locality of the
Guadiamar river afea and those grown in contaminated s il. The first one exhibited values of 14.91
mg Kg-l in the case of B. juncea and 14.76 mg Kg-l fo B. carinata which are higher than those
found in plants grown in contaminated soils (6.70 and 5. 2. mg Kg-\ respectively).
Both B. juncea and B. carinata accumulated the highe content of Pb and Cu in the leaves (pb
55.21%; Cu 34.53% and Pb 46.10%; Cu 39.79% in B. ju cea and B. carinata, respectively. Similar
results were obtained by Tlustos8 for Cd, who investi ated the uptake of this metal by radish
(Raphanus sativus L), found the highest concentrarían o~Cd in the leaves ofthis species.The majar part of Zn was concentrated in the stems (~8.62% and 38.92% in B. juncea and B.
Table 3. Percentages ofPb, Zn and Cu in Brassica carin'pta and Brassicajuncea leaves, stem, pod, seeds and root. Results ate means of 25replicates of B. juncea and 126 replicates o/B. carinata.Species parís (%)
Pb Zn46,10 31,2132,47 38,922,83 3,3918,60 26,4855,21 26,9122,91 48,6217,03 12,713,22 11,643,21 4,78
carinata, respectively) (Table 3).
B. carinata leafstempod and seedrootleafstempodseedroot
B.juncea
Cu
39,7928,133,82
28,2634,5326,4621,9122,553,57
In B. juncea the levels of Pb and Cu were in the arder leaves>stem>pods>seeds>roots. The only
exception was Zn which had concentrations in stem>leaves>pods>seeds>roots due to the higher
biomass of the stem. B carinata showed the same relation but pods and seeds had the lowest levels
for al! the metals due to the sowing conditions described previously.
These results show that in spite of the unfavourable agronomic conditions since the sowing until the
harvest, these species concentrated Pb, Zn and Cu contents much higher than the soluble metal
levels present in the soil. To improve the agronomic conditions in the sowing and growing times,
will bring an increase ofthe phytoextraction capacity by these species
332 M. del Rio et al.
ACKNO\YLEDGEl\'IENTS
The authors thank Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) and Consejería de MedioAmbiente (Junta de Andalucía) for supporting this research, and Gloria Femández Martínez(Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible, CSIC, Córdoba), for her help in performing the analyses of soiland plants.
REFERENCES
1-Kumar, P.B.A. N. 1995. Phytoextraction: The use of plants to remove heavy metals from soils.Environ. Sci. Techn. 29 (5): 1232-1238.2- Brooks, RR., Lee, J., Reeves, R.D., Jaffre, T. 1977. Detection of nickeliferous rocks by analysisofherbarium specimens of indicator plants. J. Geochem. Explor. 7: 49-57.3- Baker, AJ.M., Reeves, R.D., Rajar, A S.M. 1994. Reavy metal accumulation and tolerance inBritish population of the metallophyte Thlaspi caerulescens. J. & Presl. (Brassicaceae). NewPhytol. 127: 61-68.4-Kumar, P.B.A N., Dushenkov, V. and Ensley, B.D., Raskin, 1. 1995a. The use of crop Brassicasin phytoeXtraction: a subset of phytoremediation to remo ve toxic metals from soils. In: NinthIntemational Rapeseed Congress. Cambridge, UK. 4 to 7 July. Vol. 3. pp: 753-756.5-Ebbs, S.D. and Kochian, Lv. 1997. Toxicity ofzinc and correr to Brassica species: implicationsfor phytoremediation. J. Environ. Qual. 26: 776-7816-Salt, D.E., Blaylock, M., Kumar, N.P.B.A., Dushenkov, V., Ensley, B.D., Chet, 1. 1995Phytoremediation: A novel strategy for the removal of toxic metals from the enviroment usingplants. Biotechnology. 13: 468-474.7-Tumer, ~f.A. 1973. Effect of cadmium treatment on cadmium and zinc uptake by selectedvegetable species. J. Environ. Qual. 2: 118-119.8-Tlustos, P., Pavlíková, D., Balík, J., Száková, J., Rane, A., Balíková, M. 1998. The aeeumulationofarsenie and cadmium in plants and their distribution. Rostlinná Vyroba. 44 (lO): 463-469.
Received for publieation:
Accepted lar publication:
November 08, 1999
May 08,2000