20 th Century Independence Movements in Africa and Asia.
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Transcript of 20 th Century Independence Movements in Africa and Asia.
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20th Century Independence Movements in Africa and Asia
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African Independence MovementsWhat motivated African Independence Movements?
1. The United Nations Charter gave the right to self-determination (self-rule).
2. Many African nations fought back against colonial rule after WWII because of long-standing resentment.
The above led to loss of African colonies by Great Britain, France, Belgium, and Portugal.
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Examples of African Independence Movements
• West Africa (ex. Ghana)—Peaceful transition
• Algeria—War for Independence from France
• Kenya (Britain)—Violent struggle under leadership of Kenyatta
• South Africa—Black South Africans’ struggle against apartheid led by Nelson Mandela, who became the first black President of the Republic of South Africa.
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Jomo Kenyatta
• Kenyan revolutionary who led the struggle for independence against the British.
• Became the first president of Kenya (1963)
• Distanced himself from policy of the Mau Mau, a group of Kenyan rebels who fought violently against the British from 1952 to 1960.
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Nelson Mandela
• The first black president of South Africa (1994-1999)
• Campaigned to reform the accepted practice of apartheid (a system of legalized racial segregation of white and black South Africans between 1948 and 1994).
http://www.history.com/topics/nelson-mandela/videos
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Asian Independence Movements
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South Asian Independence
•India wins independence from the British in 1947. Today is the world’s largest democratic nation.•Pakistan (former West Pakistan)–carved out of northwestern India in 1947•Bangladesh (former East Pakistan)- becomes independent in 1971•Sri Lanka (former Ceylon)- wins independence from the British in 1948.
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Mohandas Gandhi
• Led the independence movement against the British in India.
• This movement led to independence from the British in 1947.
• Most closely associated with the use of civil disobedience and passive resistance to gain the attention of the world.
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Jawaharlal Nehru
• A major figure in the Indian independence movement against the British
• The first Prime Minister of independent India (1947).
• Helped establish the 1950 Constitution that aimed to prohibit caste discrimination.
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Muhammad Ali Jinnah
• A Muslim politician and leader of the All India Muslim League. The league’s goal was to create a separate state for Muslims. This separate state, that became the country of Pakistan, was attained in 1947.
• Represented Pakistan as its first Governor-General
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Ho Chi Minh• A Vietnamese
revolutionary, who became the first leader of North Vietnam (1946–1969).
• Led the independence movement against the French from 1941 onward, establishing the communist-governed North Vietnam in 1945.
• Led the North Vietnamese against the South Vietnamese and U.S. in the Vietnam War.