20 - Michael_Winkler - Humboldt State University
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Distributed End-Use Thermal Energy Storage and the Smart Grid
Technologies to Reduce Peak Load and Maximize Use of Renewable Energy
Michael WinklerSchatz Energy Research Center
Copyright 2009, Schatz Energy Research Center, Arcata, CA
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Grid Limitations
20th Century Grid:Centralized, dispatchable generation
21st Century Requirements:Increasing demand for electricityDistributed generationIncreasing desire for intermittent rewewables
Results:Overloaded gridLimitations on intermittent renewables
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Fundamental Problem of Intermittent Renewables
Time mismatch of supply & demandPossible Solutions
Manage Renewable Sources Like Loads (@ < 20% penetration)ExportStore
treehugger.comhttp://plurionsystems.com/images/charts/Summer-peak-coincidence_pop.jpg
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Supply-Demand Mismatch
treehugger.comhttp://plurionsystems.com/images/charts/Summer-peak-coincidence_pop.jpg
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@ Source Other
Thermal
End-Use
Storage Types
Electrical
Cold
Refrig. Water
Heat
Space ProcessA/C
Plug-inHybrids
BatteryBanks
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6Residential Energy Consumption Survey 2005, eia.doe.gov
Residential Energy Expenditures 2005
Space Heating
28%
Water Heating
15%
Refrigerators8%
Other Appliances
and Lighting34%
Air-Conditioning
15%
Total Thermal = 66%
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Battery vs. Thermal StorageCharacteristic Battery Storage Thermal StorageCost ($/kWh) $100-1000 $25-75
Cycle Life 300-500 Unlimited1st Law Efficiency 80-90% 75%-95%Energy Density
(Wh/L)100-250 Cooling
40 (water)260 (ice)Heating
40 (water)160 (hi-T, solid)170 (paraffin)
Preliminary Assessment of Battery Energy Storage and Fuel Cell Systems in Building Applications, Arthur D. Little, Inc., August 2, 2000engr.uconn.edu/~jmfent/ADL%20Building%20DOE%20report%20BES.pdf, P. 85, http://www.steffes.com/downloads/pdf/2100_tech_data_sheet.pdf
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Thermal Storage Media
ColdChilled WaterIce
Heat Hot WaterHigh-Temperature SolidsPhase-Change Media (PCM’s)
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Air Conditioners/Heat PumpsConvert electricity to heat/cold @high efficiency (COP Range: 2 to 5)
=Coefficient of Performance (COP) Electricity InHeat/Cold Out
Key enabling technologies to convert renewable energy (wind, solar-electric, etc.) into heat/cold
vortex.wcupa.edu/ec/graphics/geothermal.gif
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Reducing Peak Grid LoadPeak Shaving vs. Permanent Load Shifting
Peak ShavingShort-term comfort/service reductions to reduce peaks
Permanent load shiftingUsing storage to permanently shift load to far off-peakNo reductions in comfort or service
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8760 Hours of the Year
TDV
Wei
ghte
d En
ergy
Use
OFF
Pea
k
ON
Pea
k
Peak Shaving vs. Permanent Load Shifting (still using high-cost energy)
January June December
Significant On-Peak Cost
Demand ResponseA/C Cycling
TDV = time dependent value of energy; for additional information search: TDV cookbookIce Energy Corp.
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Permanent Load Shifting
8760 Hours of the Year
TDV
Wei
ghte
d En
ergy
Use
OFF
Pea
k
ON
Pea
k
January June December
Insignificant On-Peak Cost
Ice Energy Corp.
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Permanent Load ShiftingMove Building A/C energy to Far Off-Peak
created & stored
Low capacity factor High capacity factor
• Use what nature provides– Transmit energy when consumer demand is low– Store cooling energy at night when its cool
http://www.ctsavesenergy.org/files/ECMB%20Ice%20Energy%20Permanent%20Load%20Shifting%20r4.ppt.
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Permanent Load Shifting - Heat Storage
http://www.steffes.com/offpeak/thermelect/thermelect_overview.aspx
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Variable Renewable Energy…a Must Take Resource
Productively use itRamp another resource to balance systemCurtail itOr Store it for later use
Storage is the Storage is the ““Holy GrailHoly Grail”” for renewable for renewable energyenergy
steffes.com
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Renewables + Heat Pumps + TS =
+ +
Optimization of RenewablesEnergy ConservationEnergy EfficiencyLow Cost, Consumer Cooling & Heating
steffes.com
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Wind and Thermal Energy Storage
Create market for off-peak windReduce need to run on-peak generatorsIncrease availability of wind resource energyProvide bi-directional, utility-controlled regulation of energy resource
Ice Energy Corp.
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Wind Farm Output (2004)
http://www.wapa.gov/rm/PlanProjectsRM/docs/WACM_Wind.pdf
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WACM Load (2004)
http://www.wapa.gov/rm/PlanProjectsRM/docs/WACM_Wind.pdf
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Thermal Storage (TS) and Renewables
Wide use of Renewables requires storageStore renewable energy when available and provide backup using off-peak base load generationTS provides low cost, long life storage Use of renewables, heat pumps and TS significantly reduces carbon footprintLow Cost of operation for consumer
steffes.com
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TS and Renewables (continued)
Reduces our dependence on imported energy
Demand response benefits to Power Company
Optimizes use of available renewable power
Helps meet state RPS (Renewable Portfolio (Renewable Portfolio Standards)Standards)
steffes.com
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Evolution of Rates for Renewable Energy and Thermal Storage
1. Flat (kWh)2. Fixed Time-of-Use (kWh)3. Interruptible (kWh)4. Critical Peak Pricing (kWh)5. Real-Time (kWh)6. As-Available (kWh)7. Flat (delivered BTU’s)
A. Heat pumps/air conditioners owned by 3rd partyB. Charge for BTU’s, not kWh
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Advanced Rates, Smart Grid and Thermal Storage
Can enble users to:Use energy for compressors only when rates and grid load are lowestContinue full service during scheduled power interruptionsAccept excess energy from intermittent renewables as it is availableDo heating and cooling at low, predictable, fixed cost
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Thermal Storage and the Smart Grid
Smart Grid operator sends requests to demand-responsive loads when:
Grid load is lowIntermittent renewable energy supply > demand
Demand-responsive thermal storage loadsStore energy as heat/cold when grid operator requests, until storage is fullUse stored heat/cold as needed
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Putting it All TogetherSmart Grid/Demand-Responsive Loads
Ice Energy - How OSIsoft addresses our business requirements - Brian Parsonnethttp://www.osisoft.com/osisoft/downloads/Regional_Seminars/Denver/Ice%20Energy.ppt.
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Smart Grid - Evolution
gridpoint.com
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Conclusions
Two major challenges facing the Grid:Reducing peak loadsIncreasing the use of renewable energy
End-use Thermal Storage combined with Heat Pumps through a Smart Grid can play an important role in meeting both challenges
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Thermal Storage Manufacturers
Ice StorageBaltimore Air CoilCalmacDunham-BushIce EnergyIntegrated-Ice Systems Trinity Thermal Systems VogtIce
Heat StorageSteffesPower Tank (Germany)
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Cold Storage – PCM (ice)
Ice Energy Corporation
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Ice Energy Corporation
ice-energy.com/products/commercial/tabid/60/Default.aspx
Ice Bear 30 Hybrid Air Conditioner
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Calmac - Icebank
calmac.com/products/icebank.asp
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Heat Storage - PCM (paraffin)
http://www.powertank.de/fotos/presse/340-Zellen-Latentspeicher.JPG
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Heat Storage - PCM (paraffin)
http://www.powertank.de/engl/downloads/EN-1.pdf
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Heat Storage - PCM (paraffin)
http://www.powertank.de/engl/downloads/EN-1.pdf
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Heat Storage – Solid (magnetite ceramic)
http://www.steffes.com/downloads/pdf/TE-Article-1.pdf
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Heat Pump with Thermal Storage(TS)
http://www.steffes.com/offpeak/comfortplus/3100cutaway_large.aspx
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Smart Water Heater
Minimizes energy costs by coordinating the following with time-varying rates:
Time of water heatingElevation tank temperature
steffes.com
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Links
Ice StorageBaltimore Air Coil - baltimoreaircoil.comCalmac - calmac.comDunham-Bush - dunham-bush.com/pdf/DBush_ICE-CEL.pdfIce Energy - ice-energy.comIntegrated-Ice Systems - bio-radiant.com/PolarBearFR.htmlTrinity Thermal Systems - trinity-thermal.comVogtIce - tubeice.com/turbo/tes/tes.html
Heat StorageSteffes - steffes.com/offpeakPower Tank (Germany) - powertank.de/engl/willkommen.php