1. J.F.Ks New Frontier toL.B.Js Great Society

2. Major EventsCivil Rights MovementCivil Rights Act, 1964Voting Rights Act, 1965War On Poverty = "GreatSociety"Anti-Poverty Act, 1964Education reformCold War = USinvolvement in Vietnam 3. LBJs State of the Union Address LBJ wants to cut the deficit in Wants to reduce the size of the govtwhile maintaining the size of themilitary LBJ pledges to assist the less fortunateTHE GREAT SOCIETY Declares war on poverty Medicare/Medicad Assistance to the inner cities & ruralareas Unemployment assistance & Jobcreation programs Education Assistance Tax Cuts to stimulate the economy Modernization of schools, libraries,hospitals, & nursing homes 4. LBJs Remarks at the University ofMichigan:(May 22, 1964) Next Generations challenge =solve the problem of poverty American need to build a GreatSociety abundance and liberty for all three places to build the GreatSociety in our cities in our countryside in our classrooms 5. Major Great Society ProgramsWar on Poverty: forty programs that were intended to eliminatepoverty by improving living conditions and enabling peopleto lift themselves out of the cycle of poverty. HOUSING AND URBAN DEVELOPMENTACT DEPARTMENT OF HOUSING ANDURBANDEVELOPMENT ACT FOOD STAMP ACT OF 1964 URBAN MASS TRANSPORTATION 6. Improving Education Education: sixty separatebills that provided for newand better-equipped classrooms, minorityscholarships, and low-intereststudent loans. HIGHER EDUCATION ACTOF 1965 NATIONAL SCHOOL LUNCHACT of 1968 Head Start: program for four-andfive-year-old childrenfrom low-income families. 7. HEALTHCARE:MEDICARE ANDMEDICAID Medicare & Medicaid: guaranteed healthcare to every American over sixty-five and tolow-income families. Medicare was eventually passed during the LBJadministration It was first passed on July 30, 1965 It served as an amendment to Social Security 8. Environment and the Arts The Environment: introduced measures toprotect clean air and water. CLEAN AIR ACT OF 1963 National Endowment for the Arts and theHumanities: government funding for artists,writers and performers. NATIONAL FOUNDATION ON THE ARTS &THE HUMANITIES ACT 9. GREAT SOCIETY 10. 5min LBJ Great Soc 11. March from Selma,Alabama to Montgomery,Alabama to register tovote..Two marches: March 3, 1965, 1st marchwas unsuccessful.NATIONAL MOVEMENT-CivilRights, Marchers CarryingBanner "We March with Selma!",Harlem, New York City, 1965March 15, 1965, President Johnsonintroduced the Voting Rights Act. 12. March 21, 1965, MLKled a 2nd march fromSelma toMontgomery.President Johnsonsent in the NationalGuard to protectmarchers.Successful inregistering 3200African Americansto vote!August 1965, President Johnson signed intolaw the Voting Rights Act.March inHarlem tosupport Marchfrom Selma toDC 13. civil rightsAfrican-AmericanCivil Rights LawCivil RightsAct of 196424thAmendment(1964)Banned the poll tax.VotingRightsAct of 1965Banned literacy tests in counties whereover half of eligible voters had beendisenfranchised.President Johnsonmeeting MLKdiscussing CivilRights.President Johnsonssupport of CivilRights wascontinuation ofPresident Kennedysstand on Civil Rights. Abolished the use of voterregistration or a literacy requirementto discriminate against any voter. Elimination of EmploymentDiscrimination based on RACE 14. Civil Rights Act 3.11 15. THURGOODMARSHALL1st African Americanon SCOTUS Earned nationwiderecognitionthrough Brown v.Board of Education Appointed toSCOTUS by LBJ Significant momentfor an AfricanAmerican to be onthe highest court inthe country 16. Malcolm XX Born in Omaha Nebraska, Malcolm Little was the son of aBaptist preacher who urged Blacks to stand up for their rights.X His father was killed by White Supremacist in Michigan, in1931.X After time, Malcolm moved to Harlem where he becameinvolved in gambling, drug dealing and robbery.X Malcolm Was Arrested at the ageof 20 for armed robbery. In jailhe studied the teaching of theElijah Muhammad and converted to Islam.X His critics accused him of preaching racism, black supremacy,anti-semitism and violence. 17. Malcolm X Speaks, 1965X Be peaceful, be courteous, obeythe law, respect everyone; but ifsomeone puts his hand on you,send him to the cemetery.X Nobody can give you freedom.Nobody can give you equality orjustice or anything. If you're aman, you take it.X You can't separate peace fromfreedom because no one can be atpeace unless he has his freedom. 18. Black Panther Party U.S. African American Militant group. Founded in 1966 in Oakland. Led by Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale. Believed violent revolution was the only way to receivefreedom. Urged African Americans to arm themselves. In the late 60s party leaders got involved in violent confrontationswith the police. Huey Newton was tried in 1967 for killing a police officer. 19. Quiz Yoself 20. Think about it What is theCORRECT ANSWER? 21. The War in Southeast Asiavn mapDomino TheoryMust contain communism and notallow it to spread. If it does, it wouldlead to more countries falling to thecommunists. 22. Johnson Sends GroundForces Remembers Trumans lossof China Domino TheoryrevivedIm not going to bethe president whosaw Southeast Asiago the way Chinawent.- LBJ 23. Johnson SendsGround Forces Advised to rout thecommunists bySecretary of State,Robert S. McNamara Tonkin Gulf Incident -->Aug 64 -- N Vietnamese gunboatsattack 2 US destroyers in Gulf of Tonkinmaybe Tonkin Gulf Resolution-The Blank Check Passed by Congress 5 Aug 1964*No FORMAL declaration of WARby Congress* Committed the US to fighting in Vietnam To take all necessary steps to repel armed attack against US forces, includingforce, to assist South Vietnam and any member of SEATO 24. Years of Escalation: 1965-68 After Gulf ofTonkin incidentJohnson had ablank check towage war inVietnam. Escalation included: Operation RollingThunder Use of agent orange Use of ground troopsfor Search and destroymissions 25. The Ground War1965-1968 No territorial goals Body counts on TVevery night(first living room war) 26. The role of the Media in VietnamThe most significant statement came from the "most trusted man inAmerica", Walter Cronkite. In a CBS special, Cronkite concluded, 'Tosay that we are closer to victory today is to believe, in the face of theevidence, the optimists who have been wrong in the past to say thatwe are mired in a bloody stalemate seems the only realistic, yetunsatisfactory conclusion"WalterCronkiteJohnson is said to have responded to the news by saying- If Ive lostCronkite, Ive lost Middle America. Lyndon Johnson, February 27, 1968 27. The Air War1965-1968 1965: Sustained bombing of North Vietnam Operation Rolling Thunder (March 2, 1965) 1966-68: Ongoing bombing of Hanoinonstop for 3 years! Esp. targets theHo Chi Minh Trail. Downed Pilots: P.O.W.s Carpet Bombing **napalm** 28. The Air War:A Napalm Attack 29. The Tet Offensive,January 1968 N. Vietnamese Army + Viet Congattack South simultaneously(67,000 attack 100 cities,bases, and the US embassy inSaigon) Take every major southern city U.S. + ARVN beat back theoffensive Viet Cong destroyed and N.Vietnamese army debilitated BUTits seen as anAmerican defeat by themedia (shows howimportant accuratejournalism isDontbelieve EVERYTHINGyou see on TV) 30. Impact of theTet Offensive Domestic U.S. Reaction: Withthe portrayal of the TetOffensiveDisbelief, Anger,Distrust of JohnsonAdministration Hey, Hey LBJ! Howmany kids did youkill today? 31. Johnsonspopularitydropped in1968 from48% to 36%. 32. American MoraleBegins to Dip Disproportionate representation ofpoor people and minorities. Severe racial problems. Major drugproblems.Roy Benavidez-receivedthe Medal ofHonor (1981) for his valorousactions in combat in Vietnam onMay 2, 1968. 33. Effect of public opinion: Are WeBecoming the Enemy?Charlie Company, 1st Battalion, 20th Infantry Lt. William Calley,Platoon Leader My Lai Massacre, 1968 200-500 unarmedvillagers 34. Who Is theEnemy? 35. Anti-WarDemonstrationsColumbia University1967 36. Anti-WarDemonstrations May 4, 1970 4 studentsshot dead. 11 studentswoundedKent State University Jackson StateUniversity May 10, 1970 2 dead; 12wounded 37. Tinker v. Des Moines ISD (1969) Situation: students were wearing blackpeace armbands at school and refused totake them off-SUSPENDED decision by the United States SupremeCourt that defined the constitutional rightsof students in U.S. public schools. The Tinker test is still used by courts todayto determine whether a school's disciplinaryactions violate students' First Amendmentrights. 38. 1969 draft lottery(Conscription) Draft lottery starts which adds to the Anti-Warmovement. DRAFT DODGERS: Many draftees refusedto report or moved to Canada. Muhammad Ali Heavyweight Champion-Refused to report.First occurred December 1st 1969Men with birthday between 1944-1950 wereeligible for the draft.366 numbers were put in a tumbler and drawn.258 was the first number drawn (Sep 14th)195 birthdates were drawnA second lottery used 26 letters to place order ofthose drafted ( J was the first letter) 39. Opposition to the draft 40. DemocraticConvention inChicago, 1968Anti-WarDemonstrationsStudent Protestorsat Univ. of CAin Berkeley, 1968Burning Draft Cards 41. 26th Amendment passed The rights of citizens of the United States, whoare eighteen years of age or older, to vote shallnot be denied or abridged by the United Statesor by any State on account of age. Passed 1971 Direct effect of the Vietnam War 42. Miranda v. Arizona (1966) Decided statements made in response to interrogationby a defendant in police custody will be admissible attrial only if the prosecution can show that thedefendant was informed of the rights 43. Impact of theVietnam WarJohnson announces (March, 1968):I shall notseek, and I willnot accept, thenomination of myparty for anotherterm as yourPresident. 44. Foreshadowing: Nixonon Vietnam Nixons 1968 Campaign promised anend to the war: Peace with Honor Appealed to the greatSilent Majority Vietnamization Expansion of theconflict The Secret War Cambodia Laos Agent Orange(chemical defoliant) Cease Fire in 1973