20 April 1973Volume 180. No. 4083

SCIE:NCE

LETTERS Faculty Organization: S. Jonas; Mediuml for Hybrid Selection: J. W. Littleficld;Brazilian Higher Education: F. M. Tiller; PCB Diet: E. J. Andrewvs; D. Jowvett:J. R. Alleui and D. H. Norback; Reaction to Rhetoric: F. P. Bornsteini:Snapping Turtle Plea: G. T. Nurse; T. H. Jukes and R. Hol/nquist ..........

EDITORIAL \ddritlional SOUrceIs of Financill and Political Support for Scienice...

ARTICLES MetgagIaU.S.s Physics: C. Ml. Fov/et.r...................................Invertebratte Color Visioni and the TuLned-Receptor Paradigm: G. S. Wasserman ....

W hereW e Are Now: S. Weinberg .......... ........................

NEWS AND COMMENT

RESEARCH NEWS

BOOK REVIEWS

Training (Grants (1): There Is Hope Some Max Be Salvagcd ..................

Natvv R & D: Will Congress Have the Nerve to Spear Trident? ................

Meatal Health: NIMH Reeling over Proposed Budget CuLts. ...............

Herhicides.- AAAS Stuldx Finds Dioxin in Vietnamese Fish . . . . .

Optical Data Storagc Mass Memiiorics for Futuire CompuIters? .............

Geomagnetism in Marine Geology, reviewed by A. Cox; Environmental Physiologyof Mlarine Animals, J. Kaniwisher; Insect Sex Pheromones, H. H. Shorey;Problemy Evolyutsii, Tl. Dobzhansky; Ions and Ion Pairs in Organic Reactions,R. A. Snieen; General Relativity, J. Stachel:, Books Received

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REPORTS Comet Encke: Meteor Metallic Ion Identification by Mass Spectrometer:R. A. Goldberg and A. C. Aikini ...............................

Ligmification in Trees: Indication of Exclusive Peroxidase Participation:J. MA. Harkin and J. R. Obst ...............................

Hich-Pressure Polymorph of Thulium: An X-ray Diffraction Study: L. Liu,W. A. Bassett. M. S. Liu ......................................

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Dlf'UADn 1.1 t2nlT RADRY (nnMMUNERBOARD OF DIRECTORS GLENN T. SEABORG LEONARD M. RIESER ROGER REVELLE HICHAliKlU Hi.

Retiring President, Chairman President President-Elect LEWIS M. BRANSCOMB EMILIO Q. DADDARIO

CHAIRMEN AND MATHEMATICS (A) PHYSICS (B) CHEMISTRY (C) AST-RONOMY (D)

SECRETAR IENA DLipman Bers Edwin M. McMillan Thomas E. Taylor Frank D. Drake

SECRETARIES OP F. A. Ficken Rolf M. Sinclair Leo Schubert Arlo U. Landolt

PSYCHOLOGY (J) SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC SCIENCES (K) HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCECarl P. Duncan Robert K. Merton Ernest Nagel

William D. Garvey Harvey Sapolsky Dudley Shapere

INDUSTRIAL SCIENCE (P) EDUCATION (Q) DENTISTRY (R) PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES

Jacob E. Goldman Gordon Swanson Martin Cattoni William Heller

Jordan D. Lewis Phillip R. Fordyce Sholom Pearlman John Autian

DIVISIONS ALASKA DIVISION PACIFIC DIVISION SOUTHWESTERN AND ROCKY MOUNTAIN DIVISIO

Gunter E. Weller Irma Duncan John D. Isaacs Robert T. Orr J. Linton Gardner Marlowe G. Anderson

President Executive Secretary President Secretary-Treasurer President Executive Secretary

:SCIENCE is published weekly, except the last week in December, but with an extra issue on the fourth Tuesday in November, by the American Association for the Advancement

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AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE

Intracellular Plutonium: Removal by Liposome-Encapsulated Chelating Agent:Y.-E. Rahlmtlan, M. W. Rosenthal, E. A. Cerniy ....................... 300

Hyaluronate Inhibition of Chondrogenesis: Antagonism of Thyroxine, GrowthHormone, and Calcitonin: B. P. Toole .......................... 302

Blood Cells Preserved in a Mummy 2000 Years Old: M. R. Zimmerman ........ 303

Cyclic AMP Phosphodiesterase in Cloned Astrocytonia Cells: NorepinephrineIntduccs a Specific Enzyme Form: P. U.,-imov. tl. Al. Sl/wit,, B.. Weiv.s ... ..... 304

26-Hydroxyecdysone: New Insect Molting Hormone from the Egg of the TobaccoHornworm: J. N. Kaplanis et al.................................. 307

Octopamine-Sensitive Adenylate Cyclase: Evidence for a Biological Role ofOctopaimine in Nervous Tissue: J. A. Natlianisoln and P. Greengardl....... 308

Activation of Hemoglobin C Synthesis in Sheep Mlarrow Culture: J. W. Adlanlisonand G. Statnato'yannopoulos .................................... 310

Somnatonmedin: Inhibition of Adenylate Cyclase Activity in Subcellular Nlembranes ofVarious Tissues: G. P. E. Tell et al.. .......................... 312

Acetylcholine: Fast Axoplasmic Transport in Insect Chemoreceptor Fibers:R. Sc/lafer ............................ 315

Learning: Classical and Avoidance Conditioning in the NIollusk Pleurobranchaea:G. J. Alpitsos and W. J. Davis . ............................ 317

Selective VisuLal Experience Fails to NModify Receptive Field Properties of RabbitStriate Cortex Neurons: R. R. Afize and E. H. Auitrphly ................. 320

lechItical CoimOIC,entts: Preserve Guatemalan Teosinte, a Relict Link in Corn'sEvolution: W. C. Galitnat ......... ................... 323

AAAS/ CONACYTMEETING

Nonnlllclear Energy for Devclopment: J. F. Weinh/ioll; Transfer of Technolog,yand National Economic Development: J. Bariichl; Aerial Inventory ofNational Resources: J. Burns; Registration and Travel Information ..... . 324

WARD H. GOODENOUGHCARYL P. HASKINS

GEOLOGY AND GEOGRAPHY (E)Helmut LandsbergRamon E. BisqueENGINEERING (M)Raynor L. DuncombeC. Towner FrenchINFORMATION ANDCOMMUNICATION (T)

Jordan BaruchScott Adams

DANIEL P. MOYNIHAN WILLIAM T. GOLDENPHYLLIS V. PARKINS Treasurer

BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES (G)Dorothy BlissRichard J. Goss

MEDICAL SCIENCES (N)Robert A. GoodF. Douglas Lawrason

STATISTICS (U) ATMOSPHERFrederick Mosteller SCIENCESEzra Glaser Max A. Koh

Louis J. Bal

WILLIAM BEVANExecutive Officer

ANTHROPOLOGY (H)Richard N. AdamsAnthony Leeds

AGRICULTURE (0)Roy L. LovvornMichael A. Farrell

RIC AND HYDROSPHERICS (W)hlerttan

COVER

Preserved red blood cells, showingcharacteristic bioconcavity, in a tho-racic vein. The dark granules areautolyzed leukocytes. (Hematoxylinand eosin stain. ahbout x 1400). Seepage 303. [Michael R. Zimmerman,Hospital of the University of Pennsyl-vania, Philadelphia]

The American Association for the Advancement of Science was founded in 1848 and incorporated in1874. Its objects are to further the work of scientists, to facilitate cooperation among then, toimprove the effectiveness of science in the promotion of human welfare, and to increase public under-standing and appreciation of the importance and promise of the methods of science in human progress.

20 April 1973, Volume 180, Number

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FORTHE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE

Science serves its readers as a forum for thepresentation and discussion of important issuesrelated to the advancement of science, includingthe presentation of minority or conflicting pointsof view, rather than by publishing only materialon which a consensus has been reached. Accord-ingly, all articles published in Science-includingeditorials, news and comment, and book reviews-are signed and reflect the individual views of theauthors and not official points of view adopted bythe AAAS or the institutions with which the authorsare affiliated.

Editorial Board1973

H. S. GUrowsKYAUTHuR D. HASLERRUDOLF KOMPFNERDANIEL E. KOSHLAND, JR.

ALFRED BROWNJAMES F. CROWSEYMOUR S. KETYFRANK PRESS

GARDNER LINDZEYRAYMOND H. THOMPSONEDWARD 0. WILSON

974FRANK W. PUTNAMMAXINE SLNGERGORDON WOLMAN

Editorial StaffEditor

PHILIP H. ABELSONPublisher Business ManagerWILLIAM BEVAN HANS NUSSBAUM

Managing Editor: ROBERT V. ORMES

Assistant Editors: ELLEN E. MURPHY, JOHN E.RINGLE

Assistant to the Editor: NANCY TEIMOURIANNews and Comment: JOHN WALSH, LuTHEiR J.

CARTER, DEBORAH SHAPLEY, ROBERT GILLETr, NICHO-LAS WADE, CONSTANCE HOLDEN, BARBARA J. CULLITON,SCHERRAINE MACK

Research News: ALLEN L. HAMMOND, WILLIAMD. METZ, THOMAS H. MAUGH II, JEAN L. MARX

Book Reviews: SYLVIA EBERHART, KATHERINE LIv-INGSTON, ANN SELTZ-PETRASH

Cover Editor: GRAYCE FINGER

Editorial Assistants: MARGARET ALLEN, ISABELLABOULDIN, BLAIR BURNS, ELEANORE BuTz, MARY DoaF-MAN, JUDITH GIVELBER, CORRINE HARRIS, NANCYHARTNAGEL, OLIVER HEATWOLE, CHRISTINE KARLIK,MARSHALL KATHAN, MARGARET LLOYD, JEAN ROCK-WOOD, PATRICIA ROWE, LEAH RYAN, JOHN SCHAUER,LOIS SCHMITT, MICHAEL SCHWARTZ, YA LI SWIGART

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4083 SOlE:NCE:

Additional Sources of Financial andPolitical Support for ScienceThe dismantling of the academic scientific research establishment

continues. This is manifest at those universities that traditionally havebeen the leaders of American science, and particularly at the privateinstitutions. In some places, and in some departments, the number ofgraduate students next yearwill be fewer than a third of that a fewyears ago. The state-supported schools have generally not been so hard-hit, but they must be apprehensive that their turn is coming.

Conversations with professors at various institutions give the impres-sion that most have not yet adjusted their thinking to new realities. Theyask about when funding will be restored and what scientists can do tobring about favorable action in Washington. They are thinking, ofcourse, of such moves as writing to their congressmen or seeing some-body.The reality is that the status of science and scientists has changed.

Once scientists were regarded as supermen, and academic research wassupported as the key to national security and commercial leadership.Scientists had an influence on national policies that far exceeded theirnumbers. Today scientists are regarded as mortals-fairly intelligent,fairly well-meaning, but still merely mortals. As pressure groups go,

they are one of many, and their numbers are inconsiderable. Whenthey make statements, however meritorious, their views are discountedjust as those of any other group.

At one time, science needed no allies or advocates, and the federalgovernment was a more than adequate source of funds. Today sciencemust seek additional sources of political and financial support.

At one time, industry was a very effective ally of academic science.Both publicly and in private, spokesmen for industry emphasized thevalue and importance of healthy university science departments. Manycooperative arrangements existed between universities and industry, andthese included various forms of financial support.The relationship withered when massive government funds became

available. Industry was not inclined to try to compete with the federaltreasury. It withered for another reason. The universities de-emphasizedtraining students for industry; they prepared their best students foruniversity positions. This required that a student of any consequencemust persist to the Ph.D. degree. Industry has found that the typicalPh.D. tends to be inflexible; he usually wishes to keep on redoing histhesis, and he expects to pursue a self-directed course. For many pur-poses, a B.S. or M.S. degree is adequate, and individuals with suchdegrees are more likely to adapt readily to a company's needs. Thesituation was especially evident at a recent visiting committee meeting ata leading university. The representatives of industry told of unfilled needsat the B.S. and M.S. levels, but the school was turning out only Ph.D.'s,for which industry had little enthusiasm. It is questionable whether aca-demic science will acquire the political base it needs unless it respondsmore realistically to the needs of industry.At one time, academic science enjoyed excellent financial support

from private foundations. Last year they allocated $784 million, but onlya small fraction went to academic science or support of fellowships. Ifthe plight of the universities were better comprehended, diversion of anadditional 10 percent of foundation funds to the support of sciencemight be feasible, and it would have very substantial beneficial con-sequences.-PHILIP H. ABELSON