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YIN AND YANG

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Basic concept of Yin-Yang

Yinand Yangare the underlying principlesof Chinese philosophy and medicine.

Good health is believed to come from abalance of Yin and Yang.

What is meaning of Yinand Yang?

Generally speaking, Yinand Yangrefer totwo opposite aspects of interrelated thingsor phenomena in the nature world.

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a. Original meaning

Yangsunbrightness

in Chinese

Yin moondimness

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b. Extending meaning

Through agelong observation of nature,

Ancient Chinese people come to understand

that all phenomena in the universe may beascribed to Yin-Yang,

And founded the theory of Yin-Yang.

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Yang

Warm

Light

Yin

Cool

DimTop

BottomDownward

Upward

hidden

Exposed

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Categorization of Yin and YangPhenomena Yin Yang

Aspect Inside (Lower) Surface (Upper)

Direction Downward (Inward) Upward (Outward)

Temperature Cold (Cool) Hot (Warm)

Brightness Dim (Dark) Light

Position Hidden Exposed

Space Earth Heaven

Time Night Day

Season Autumn, Winter Spring, Summer

Weight Heavy Light

State of motion Relative stasis Evident motion

Internal bones Surface skin

Sinew Body hairParts of body

Zang organs Fu organs

Sex Female male

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Yin and Yang are based on the nature of water and

fire

those with the basic nature of fire (such as heat,

motion, brightness, upward, and outward

directions, excitement) pertain to Yang;

those with the basic nature of water (such as

coldness, stillness, dimness, downward and inward

directions, inhibition) pertain to Yin.

Water and fire act as the symbols of Yin and Yang.

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ExampleA 35 year old female complains of having

1. no energy, when not working she sleeps most of the time.

2. she feels cold often and is uncomfortably sensitive to coolenvironments.

3. her skin appears damp and damp foods make her sleepy.

4. she feels dull emotionally and intellectually.

5. her posture is poor with shoulders that slope forwardgiving the appearance of a caved-in chest.

6. when she speaks only her lips move.7. she has been having less contact with her friends,

preferring to be alone.

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Does She Fit Yin or Yang?

1) stillness

2) cool/cold

3) moist4) passive

5) inward

Yin

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Relationship between Yin and Yang

l.The unity and opposition between Yin and

Yang

2.Interdependence between Yin and Yang3.Transformation between Yin and Yang

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1.The unity and opposition between Yin and Yang

The opposition between Yin and Yang ismeant that all things or phenomena innature have two opposite aspectsYin and

Yang,

such as heavenand earth, ascendinganddescending, dayand night, heatand cold.

The former is Yang and the latter is Yin inevery pair above.

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The unity is the outcome of mutual opposition and

restriction between Yin and Yang.

For example, One day is the outcome of mutual

opposition between daytime and nighttime

Without opposition, there would be no unity;

It is only through this kind of opposition and

restriction that the dynamic balance can beestablished.

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TCM believes that

the normal physiological functions of the

human body result from the opposite and

unified relationship between Yin and Yang.Both of them are always in a state of

dynamic balance.

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2.Interdependence between Yin and Yang

Yin and Yang are opposed to and at the same time,depend on each other.

Neither can exist in isolation without its

opponent's existence.In other words, without Yin there would be noYang, and without Yang there would be no Yin.

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Substances and functions

Essential Questionsays: "Yin in the interior is the basisfor Yang; while Yang in the exterior is the activity forYin."

"Yin" refers to the material

basis of functional activity ofYang

and "Yang" refers to functional activity.

The substance and function are interdependent andinseparable.

This is no substance without function and no functionwithout substance.

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Normal

Nutrient Dynamic Functional Qi(Yin) Balance (Yang)

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Abnormal

However, when the interdependent

relationships between substances and

functions are abnormal,life activities will be broken, thus bringing

about dissociation of Yin and Yang.

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3.Transformation between Yin and Yang

In given conditions, either Yin or Yang maytransform into its opposite side,

Yin may be transformed into Yang,

Yang may be transformed into Yin.

In China, there are four seasons, spring, summer,autumn, winter.

And spring, summer belong to Yang, whileautumn, winter belong to Yin.

When the winter transfer into spring, the characterof season changed too, from Yin to Yang.

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Essential Question states: "Extreme Yingives rise to Yang, while extreme Yanggives rise to Yin."

"Extreme cold brings on heat, whileextreme heat brings on cold".

This is termed "Things will develop in the

opposite direction when they becomeextreme."

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The Application of The Yin-Yang Theory

The Yin-Yang theory permeates all aspects

of the theoretical system of TCM.

The theory is used to explain the organicstructure, physiological function and

pathological changes of the human body.

It also serves as a principle to guide clinicaldiagnosis and treatment.

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1. Explain the tissues and structure of the human

body

The human body is an integrated whole.

All its tissues and structures are organically

connected and may be classified as twoopposite aspectsYin and Yang.

That is why Essential Question states,"Man,

having a form, can not deviate from Yin andYang."

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As for anatomical locations

the upper part of the body is Yang and the

lower part is Yin;

the exterior is Yang and the interior is Yin;the back is Yang and the abdomen is Yin;

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As for Zang-Fu organs(viscera)

The meridians of Zang organs travel in front partsof body, therefore, they are Yin;

While the meridians of Zang organs travel in back

parts of body, therefore, they are Yang.Furthermore, each of the Zang- or Fu-organs can

be re-divided into Yin and Yang.

For example, heart-Yin and heart-Yang, kidney-

Yin and kidney-Yang, stomach-Yin and stomach-Yang, etc.

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All of them are opposite pairs.

Thus, in line with the Yin-Yang theory, the

unity and opposites between Yin and Yangexist in the upper and lower, internal and

external, front and back parts of the human

body, and within all the internal organs as

well.

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2. Explain the Physiological Functions of the

Human Body

The Yin-Yang theory believes that the

normal life activities of the human body

result from the harmonious relationship ofthe unity and opposites between Yin and

Yang.

Take the relationship between function and

matter for example, function pertains to

Yang while matter pertains to Yin.

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Physiological activities of the body are based on

matter.

Without matter, there would be no sustentation for

function activities.

And functional activities are the motive power for

producing matter.

Without functional activities, the metabolism ofmatter would not be performed.

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In this way, Yin and Yang within the human body

depend on each other for existence.

If Yin and Yang cannot complement each other

and become separated from each other, life will

come to an end.

So Essential Question says: "The balance of Yin

and Yang makes the vitality well-conserved; thedivorce of Yin and Yang makes essence-Qi

exhausted."

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3. Explain the Pathological Changes

TCM considers that the imbalance between Yin and

Yang is one of the basic pathogenesis of a disease.

The occurrence and development of disease are

relate to the conditions of both the health Qi and

pathogenic factors.

The nature of both the health Qi and pathogenic

factors can be classified according to the nature ofYin and Yang.

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Health Qi and Pathogenic factors

Health Qi refers to the structure and

functions of the whole organism including

body resistance against diseases;Pathogenic factors generally refer to various

agents that lead to diseases.

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more concrete

1. Yang excess leads to heat syndrome,

2. Yin excess causes cold syndrome.

3. Yang deficiency lead to the excess of Yinand results in cold syndrome;

4. Yin deficiency lead to the excess of Yang

and causes heat syndrome.

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a. Excess of Yin

Mean that Yin is

higher than its normal

level.

Produces cold

syndrome

Main symptom:

feeling chills, limbscold, lassitude,

hypofunction.

010203040506070

normal excessof Yin

YinYang

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b. Excess of Yang

Mean that Yang ishigher than itsnormal level.

Produces heatsyndrome

Main symptom:aversion to heat,thirst, desire for

cold fluid,irritability,constipation, yellowurination,hyperfunction.

010203040506070

normal excessof Yang

YinYang

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c. Deficiency of Yin

Mean that Yin islower than its normallevel.

lead to the excess ofYang and results inheat syndrome

Main symptom:

aversion to heat,thirst, desire for coldfluid, irritability,constipation.

05

101520253035404550

normal

YinYang

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d. Deficiency of Yang

Mean that Yang islower than itsnormal level.

lead to the excessof Yin and resultsin cold syndrome

Main symptom:feeling chills, limbscold, lassitude,hypofunction.

05

101520253035404550

normal

YinYang

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4. Serve as the Guide to Treatment

To the excess of Yang,purging Yang

To the excess of Yin,purging Yin

For the deficiency of Yang,reinforcing Yang

For the deficiency of Yin,reinforcing Yin

In order to redress thebalance between Yin andYang.

010203040506070

normal deficiency

YinYang

purge

reinforce

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Review

1.Concept of Yin and Yang

Original meaning

Extending meaning

2. Relationship between Yin and YangThe unity and opposition between Yin and Yang

Interdependence between Yin and Yang

Transformation between Yin and Yang

3. The Application of The Yin-Yang TheoryExplain the tissues and structure of the human body

Explain the Physiological Functions of the Human Body

Explain the Pathological Changes

Serve as the Guide to Treatment

f

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Difference between the excess of

Yang and the deficiency of Yin

Common: Heat syndrome

Difference:

excess of Yang:+ excess

syndrome, forceful pulse,absolutely heat syndrome

deficiency of Yin:+

deficiency syndrome,

weak pulse, relative heatsyndrome 010

203040506070

normal

2