2 Water Safety.pdf

8/18/2019 2 Water Safety.pdf

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Water Safety

(Diving)Borhanudin Mohd Yusof @ Mohamed


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Safety Overview

!

Incident

! Is an error or unplanned event that reducesthe safety margin of a dive

! Accident

! Is an unchecked incident resulting in injurythat requires first aid and / or treatment

! Both are significantly reduced by proper divepreparation


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Dive Preparation

! Proper preparation is the result of:

!

Adequate level of fitness

! Appropriate training

! Acquisition of skills

! careful planning

!

Correct equipment


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Level of Fitness

! You need to be physically and medically fit to dive safely and enjoyable

!

Do not mix smoking drugs & alcohol with diving and never diver under theinfluence

! Do not dive when on medication unless cleared by doctor (certain countries

required approval by diving doctor)

! Do not dive with a cold, flu or any allergy that effects ears, lungs or sinuses

! Teeth- after an extraction do not dive until socket is healed (usually 7-10

days)

! Do not dive for 24 hours after donating blood


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Appropriate training

! Must be adequate for the level of diving being planned; e.g: open water scubadiver can’t dive beyond 18m depth and no night dive.

! Dive to the level of the least experienced diver in the group

! Build experience up slowly

! Do an area orientation if unfamiliar with conditions

! Do a refresh course with a qualified scuba instructor if you have not dived forsix month or lack confidence

!

Continuing education improves confidence, skill level, knowledge andexperience.

! Never exceed the limits of your training and always seek further education!


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Acquisition of skills

! Skills must be instinctive, which is only gained from good training and practise(REMEMBER: seek training from QUALIFIED instructor; Dive Master can onlyassist instructor)

! The following minimum skills are essential for safe diving at all level ofqualification.

! Surface skills – e.g: determine correct weight for neutral buoyancy, snorkelcomfortably in varying conditions

! Mask skills – e.g: clear mask effortlessly with one hand, remove and replace maskconfidently, breathe comfortably without mask

!

Regulator skills – regulator clearing, regulator recovery and comfortably exchangeregulator underwater

! Out of air drill – must be an instinctive drill

! Monitoring air consumption

! Good buoyancy control – could prevents injuries

! Buddy system – is the fundamental to safe diving and increase enjoyment, be thebuddy you wish to dive with.


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Dive Planning Stages

! Dive planning is critical to safe diving and all stages must be considered prior tothe dive

! Pre-dive

! Obtain local knowledge from an expert

! select an appropriate dive site

! Ensure minimal hazards and boating traffic

! Monitor weather reports for expected swell and wind conditions

! Check for entry and exit safety

! Select appropriate time to dive, take consideration of tides, currents and weather

! Organised and check equipment

! Inform someone of where and when you are diving and when you expected to return

! Have a diver flag and /or float


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! On site

! Check the condition e.g: current, waves, visibility and weather

!

Erect dive flag! Determine safe entry and alternative exit

! Check for hazards

! Create and agree upon a dive plan

! Assist in gearing up

! Do safety check on each other


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! Post-dive

! Check health

! Notify return

! Fix faulty equipment

! Discuss and record dive in log book

! Avoid predisposing factors for Decompression Illness e.g: consume drugs & alcohol,exercising, flying or driving over hills, minimum an hour surface interval (ifplanning for next dive)


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Managing equipment! Make sure all appropriate equipment

! Pre-dive checks

!

Check all equipment is functional

! Check all equipment is fitted correctly

! Check buddy’s equipment and vice versa

! Care & maintenance

! Regularly check hoses, straps and mouthpieces for sign damage, wear and perishing

! Wash in fresh water after use

! Repair any problems immediately

!

Servicing

! Must be done by a qualified service technician ( annually or every two or three yearsdepend on the type of equipment)


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Pool safety

! Having the appropriate equipment

!

E.g.: life saving equipment! Staying close and being alert in and around the pool

! ensure lifeguard and sufficient staff to monitor the pool,

! review water safety rules at the pool

! Learning and Practicing Water safety skills

! Taking swimming lesson from qualified trainer

!

Know how to perform CPR

! Understand basic of life saving


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The respiratory system

! Components

! Air passages through nasal cavity and mouth

! The trachea (wind pipe)

! The lungs (in thoracic cavity within chest)

! Function

! Our body consumes Oxcygen to produce energy

! Carbon dioxide is a by product of cellular respiration

!

The respiratory system (lungs) allows gas transfer oxcygen in to the blood andcarbon dioxide out of the blood via air sacs called alveoli

! The circulartory system (heart, blood vessels and blood) transport oxygen and

carbon dioxide throughout the body

! The rate of breathing is determined by the level of carbon dioxide in the blood


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! Mouth and nasal passage

! Before reaching the lungs air is humidified, filtered and cooled or heated

! Food goes down oesophagus and air goes up and down the trachea

! Trachea (wind pipe)

! Round tube supported by cartilage bands

! Larynx (voice box) is located at the top of the trachea

! Divides into two bronchi – one to each lung


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! Lungs

! Consist of bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli

! Bronchi divide into bronchioles, the smallest of which contain muscles which can

alter diameter and therefore air flow

!

Bronchioles terminate into about 300 million tiny air sacs (alveoli) which give lungstheir spongy texture

! Gas exchange only occurs in the alveoli


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Pressure

! Scuba air

! Normal atmospheric air that is! Compressed, filtered and dried

! Colourless, odourless and tasteless

! Pressure increases with depth

! The greates pressure changes occur near the surface

! Scuba requires further training beyond 18m and is considered dangerous beyond

40m.

! Air is a mixture of gasses

! Oxygen (21%), Nitrogen (78%) and other gasses 1% (including carbon dioxide and carbon

monoxide-usually only a trace)


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! Gas pressure in air

! The total pressure is made up of the independent pressure due to nitrogen and oxygen

! The independent pressure are referred as partial pressure

! The toxicity of a gas is a direct result of its partial pressure not its percentage

! Too much oxygen

! Breathing air at 40m is equivalent to breathing pure oxygen on the surface

! Pure oxygen on the surface can cause lung problems after 5-6 hours

! Pure oxygen at depth greater than 6m can cause convulsion

! Not enough oxygen

! Unconsciousness and death can result from lower than normal level of oxygen e.g: drownisuffocation, strangulation, cardiac arrest

!

Hyperventilation (over-breathing)

! More than three deep breaths before a breath hold dive constitutes dangerous hyperventilation

! Does not significantly increase available oxygen

! Breath-hold diving and underwater swimming can cause unconsciousness due to lack of oxygen

! Sudden lost of consciouness and hence drowning can occur while still underwater.

! Never hyperventilate before a breath-hold dive, underwater swim or free dive!


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General First Aid

! Shock

!

Physiological response leading to failure of circulatory system

! Life threatening condition and must be identified(pale, rapid or shallowbreathing, weak pulse, dizziness and confusion) and treated quickly.

! Lay patient down and elevate feet

! Reassure

! Protect from environment (out of sun if hot, blanket if cold)

!

Observe airway & breathing! Arrange medical assistance

! Apply basic life support if necessary

! Apply specific first aid for injury or illness


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! Severe Bleeding

! Also known as Arterial bleeding is identified by bright red colour in blood; andblood comes out in spurts

! Must be controlled immediately

!

Never use a tourniquet – a narrow constriction to the wound (eg:by using shoe lace,rope and belt)

! ACTION: apply pressure and elevation

! Press clean cloth onto wound

! Elevate wound if necessary and possible

! Add new dressing over top old ones

! If no dressing, bandages, or pads immediately available use hands directly on wound

! When dealing with bleeding victims take extreme care to avoid cross infection

! Do not move the patient unnecessarily


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! Envenomation

! Cause by snake, cone shell blue ring octopus, spider bites and etc.

! ACTION

! apply pressure and immobilise

!

Apply a broad pressure bandage over the bites as soon as possible, keep the bitten areastill and do not wash wound.

! Bandage should be as tight as you apply to a sprained ankle. Extend the bandage as high

as possible

! Apply a splint to the limb and bind it firmly. Do not remove until proper medical support isavailable.

! Check circulation every 10-15 minutes, fingers and toes should remain pink or normal

sensation.


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Gas Poisoning

! Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

! Cause: Skip breathing, Tight equipment, Poor regulator function, Hard work, Deep diving

! Direct contamination can also occur but is rare

! Effect: increase rate and depth of breathing, increase heart rate, depression of thenervous system, worsening of nitrogen narcosis, predisposition of Decompression Ilness,predisposes of seasickness, unconsciouness and death.

! Carbon Monoxide (CO)

! Colorless and odorless gas, extremely toxic even in small amount

! Cause:

! direct contamination from combustion engines e.g: vehicle near compressor inlet; poor siting ofportable compressor

! Indirect contamination from compressor due to old or incorrect oil and poor maintenance

! Effect: - CO kills red blood cells, therefore oxygen can’t be transported via blood cellsand increase CO2 in the plasma.


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Types of Bubble Trouble

! Rapid on set Bubble Trouble

! Air Embolism: gas bubbles in the blood stream (usually 0-5 minutes after surfacing)

!

Delayed Onset Bubble Trouble

! Decompression Illness – nitrogen bubbles in the tissues (usually 1-6 hours up to 24 hours)

! Recognition: extreme fatigue, pain in chest, difficulty breathing, loss of balance,confusion, headaches, numbness, speech difficulty, skin rashes/itching orunconsciousness.

! Treatment: recompression in a chamber

! Minimizing the risk

! Never hold your breath on ascent

! Control ascent and always breath normally

! Plan dives may reduce the risk

! Never exceed the no-decompression limit

! Avoid altitude after diving


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Ear injuries! On descent

! Blocked Eustachian tube

!

Failure to equalize Middle Ear

! Poor technique

! On ascent

! Failure to automatically equalize Middle Ear due to blocked Eustachian Tube

! Recognition: pain; bleeding from nose, mouth or ear; hearing difficulties;vertigo; if ear drum ruptures - air can leak out when equalizing is attempted

!

Treatment: rest from diving until ears are functioning correctly

! Prevention: always pressurizes ears on surface and continually equalize during

descent before pressure or pain is felt ;don’t dive with a cold, fever or other

respiratory allergies; if equalization does not occur- surface with buddy


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Dive Management Flow

Good

Preparation

Happy, safe

unstressed diver


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Dive Management Flow

Poor

preparation

Stressed

diver

Uncontrolledstress =

Accident


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Stress

!

Definition: Mental or physical tension

caused by physiological or psychologicalstimuli.


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Physiological Stimuli

! Exhaustion from:

! Cold water, Poor surface skills, Tight wetsuit or equipment, Strong currents and,

Lack of physical fitness

! Occurrence of an incident

! Illness or injury

! Nitrogen Narcosis

! Carbon dioxide build-up (tight wetsuit @ equipment; over exertion)

!

Drugs or alcohol


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Psychological stimuli

!

Perceived danger

! Task loading

! Lack of confidence in ability

! Poor training

! Inexperience


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Recognition

! Increase heart rate

!

Increasing breathing rate! Anxiety

! Inability to complete simple tasks

! Wide-eye look

! Giving up

! PANIC!


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Sign of an Accident

! Abnormal behaviour

! Bleeding

!

Calls for help! Collapse

! Convulsions

! Coughing

! Excessive sweeting

! Experience pain

! Incoordination

! Pale colour

! Unbalanced

! Vomiting

! Urgent or panicky swimming on surface


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Primary Assessment (DR HABCDEF)

!

Danger

!

Response

! Help

! Airway

! Breathing

! Compressions

! Defibrillate

!

Effect CPR

! First Aid


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