8/10/2019 2. the Cell and Intro Biomolecules

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/2-the-cell-and-intro-biomolecules 1/11

CHEMISTRY 160THE CELL 

8/10/2019 2. the Cell and Intro Biomolecules

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/2-the-cell-and-intro-biomolecules 2/11

CELLS

Basic building blocks of life Smallest living unit of an organism

Grow, reproduce, use energy, adapt,respond to their environment

 A cell may be an entire organism or it maybe one of billions of cells that make up theorganism

8/10/2019 2. the Cell and Intro Biomolecules

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/2-the-cell-and-intro-biomolecules 3/11

CELLS MAY BE

PROKARYOTIC

OR

EUKARYOTIC

Prokaryotes include bacteria & lack anucleus or membrane-bound structures

called organelles

Eukaryotes include most other cells &

have a nucleus and membrane-boundorganelles (plants, fungi, & animals)

8/10/2019 2. the Cell and Intro Biomolecules

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/2-the-cell-and-intro-biomolecules 4/11

Nucleoid region contains the DNA •Cell membrane & cell wall• Contain ribosomes(no membrane) to make proteinsin their cytoplasm

Contain 3 basic cell structures:• Nucleus• Cell Membrane• Cytoplasm with organelles

8/10/2019 2. the Cell and Intro Biomolecules

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/2-the-cell-and-intro-biomolecules 5/11

Two Main Types of Eukaryotic Cells

8/10/2019 2. the Cell and Intro Biomolecules

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/2-the-cell-and-intro-biomolecules 6/11

Animal Cell

8/10/2019 2. the Cell and Intro Biomolecules

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/2-the-cell-and-intro-biomolecules 7/11

Plant Cell

8/10/2019 2. the Cell and Intro Biomolecules

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/2-the-cell-and-intro-biomolecules 8/11

Characteristic Bio-membranes and Organelles

Mitochondrion Surrounded by a double membrane with a series of foldscalled cristae. Functions in energy production throughmetabolism. Contains its own DNA, and is believed to haveoriginated as a captured bacterium.

Plasma Membrane  A lipid/protein/carbohydrate complex, providing a barrierand containing transport and signaling systems.

Nucleus Double membrane surrounding the chromosomes and thenucleolus. Pores allow specific communication with thecytoplasm. The nucleolus is a site for synthesis of RNA makingup the ribosome

Chloroplasts (plastids) Surrounded by a double membrane, containing stacked thylakoidmembranes. Responsible for photosynthesis, the trapping of lightenergy for the synthesis of sugars. Contains DNA, and likemitochondria is believed to have originated as a capturedbacterium.

8/10/2019 2. the Cell and Intro Biomolecules

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/2-the-cell-and-intro-biomolecules 9/11

.

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)  A network of interconnected membranes forming channels withinthe cell. Covered with ribosomes (causing the "rough"appearance) which are in the process of synthesizing proteins for

secretion or localization in membranes.Ribosomes 

Protein and RNA complex responsible for protein synthesis

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)  A network of interconnected membranes forming channels withinthe cell. A site for synthesis and metabolism of lipids. Also containsenzymes for detoxifying chemicals including drugs and pesticides.

Golgi apparatus  A series of stacked membranes. Vesicles (small membranesurrounded bags) carry materials from the RER to the Golgiapparatus. Vesicles move between the stacks while the proteins

are "processed" to a mature form. Vesicles then carry newlyformed membrane and secreted proteins to their final destinationsincluding secretion or membrane localization.

Lysozomes  A membrane bound organelle that is responsible for degradingproteins and membranes in the cell, and also helps degradematerials ingested by the cell.

8/10/2019 2. the Cell and Intro Biomolecules

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/2-the-cell-and-intro-biomolecules 10/11

Vacuoles Membrane surrounded "bags" that contain water andstorage materials in plants.

Peroxisomes or Microbodies Produce and degrade hydrogen peroxide, a toxiccompound that can be produced during metabolism.

Cell wall 

Plants have a rigid cell wall in addition to their cell membranes

Cytoplasm enclosed by the plasma membrane, liquid portion called cytosoland it houses the membranous organelles.

Cytoskeleton  Arrays of protein filaments in the cytosol. Gives the cell itsshape and provides basis for movement.E.g. microtubules and microfilaments.

8/10/2019 2. the Cell and Intro Biomolecules

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/2-the-cell-and-intro-biomolecules 11/11

ANIMAL CELL PLANT CELL

lysosome Chloroplast

Starch granule

Thylakoid disk 

Cell wall

Vacuole

Glyoxysome

plasmodesma