2) Tcp_ip, Ipv4,Vlsm y Routing
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Transcript of 2) Tcp_ip, Ipv4,Vlsm y Routing
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Autor: Ingº Héctor Umeres A.E-mail: [email protected]
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Modelos De ReerenciaModelos De Reerencia• Modelo de Reerencia !"IModelo de Reerencia !"I
#!$en "%stems Interconnection&– Desarrollado $or I"! #!rgani'aci(n
Internacional de )ormas&.
– *iene + ca$as o ni,eles.• Modelo de Reerencia */IModelo de Reerencia */I: #*ransmission ontrol rotocol / Internet
rotocol&
– *iene 0 ca$as.– ro$orcionado $or el DoD
#De$artamento de Deena de losEEUU.&
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1unciones de la a$a 12sica
*i$o de Medio *i$o de onector *i$o de "e3ali'aci(n
F í s
i c a
E t h e r n e t
8 0 2
. 3
E I A / T I
A - 2 3 2
V . 3
5
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1unciones de la a$a de Red #)et6or5&
802.3
802.2
EIA/TIA-232
V.35
F r a m e
R e l a y
D a t a - 4 i n 5
P h y s i c a l
H ! "
E t h e
r n e t
IP # IP$ # ARP# RARP
% e t & ' r (
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Introducci(n a */IIntroducci(n a */I
"uit de $rotocolosUni,ersal
Host
Internet
T"P/IP
Host
Router_7 Router_8
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Re)es T"P/IPRe)es T"P/IP
• El est9ndar hist(rico % técnico de laEl est9ndar hist(rico % técnico de laInternet es el modelo */I.Internet es el modelo */I.
• */I se desarroll( como un*/I se desarroll( como unest9ndar aiertoest9ndar aierto #uso $;lico&.#uso $;lico&.• ermite conectar redesermite conectar redes
heterogéneasheterogéneas
• Ar<uitectura =e>ile? <ue $ermitaAr<uitectura =e>ile? <ue $ermitatranserir archi,os o discursos entranserir archi,os o discursos entiem$o real.tiem$o real.
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El *')el' T"P/IPEl *')el' T"P/IP
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ila de rotocolosila de rotocolos*/I*/I
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4a ca$a de A$licaci(n4a ca$a de A$licaci(n
4os dise3adores de */I crearon una4os dise3adores de */I crearon unaca$a de a$licaci(n <ue maneaca$a de a$licaci(n <ue manea$rotocolos de alto ni,el? as$ectos de$rotocolos de alto ni,el? as$ectos dere$resentaci(n? codicaci(n % controlre$resentaci(n? codicaci(n % controlde di9logo #incluir detalles de las ca$asde di9logo #incluir detalles de las ca$as
de sesi(n % $resentaci(n&.de sesi(n % $resentaci(n&. El modelo */I comina todos losEl modelo */I comina todos los
as$ectos relacionados con lasas$ectos relacionados con lasa$licaciones en una sola ca$a %a$licaciones en una sola ca$a %
garanti'a <ue estos datos esténgaranti'a <ue estos datos esténcorrectamente em$a<uetados.correctamente em$a<uetados.
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*/I % a$a de*/I % a$a deA$licaci(nA$licaci(n
*Usado por los Router
1ile *ranser:1ile *ranser:- *1*- *1* BB - 1*- 1*
E-Mail:E-Mail:- "M*- "M*
Remote 4ogin:Remote 4ogin:- *elnet- *elnet BB
)et6or5 Management:)et6or5 Management:- ")M- ")M BB
)ame Management:)ame Management:- D)"- D)" BB
1ile *ranser:1ile *ranser:- *1*- *1* BB - 1*- 1*
E-Mail:E-Mail:- "M*- "M*
Remote 4ogin:Remote 4ogin:- *elnet- *elnet BB
)et6or5 Management:)et6or5 Management:- ")M- ")M BB
)ame Management:)ame Management:- D)"- D)" BB
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4a ca$a de A$licaci(n4a ca$a de A$licaci(n
*E4)E*: *erminal ,irtual. 1*: *ranserencia de archi,os. "M*: orreo electr(nico.
D)": "er,icio de nomres dedominio.
H**: Recu$era $9ginas en la CCC
*1*: *ri,ial le transer $rotocol. ")M: "im$le )et6or5 Managementrotocol.
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rotocolos derotocolos deA$licaci(nA$licaci(n
Protocolos de diagnóstico de fallas:• *elnet: es un $rotocolo est9ndar de
emulaci(n de terminal? $ermite a losusuarios se conecten de orma remotacon los routers a$a de A$licaci(n
• I) #ac5et Internet ro$er&: es unautilidad de diagn(stico <ue se utili'a $aradeterminar si un com$utador est9conectado correctamente a$a de Red
• *raceroute: rastrea la ruta <ue toma un$a<uete hacia el destino % se utili'a $arade$urar $rolemas de enrutamiento.
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*/I % a$a*/I % a$a dede*rans$orte*rans$orte
*ransmission ontrol*ransmission ontrolrotocol #*&rotocol #*&User DatagramUser Datagramrotocol #UD&rotocol #UD&
*ransmission ontrol*ransmission ontrol
rotocol #*&rotocol #*&User DatagramUser Datagramrotocol #UD&rotocol #UD&
* : !rientado a la cone>i(n* : !rientado a la cone>i(nUD : )o orientado a laUD : )o orientado a laone>i(none>i(n
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4a ca$a de *rans$orte4a ca$a de *rans$orte
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);meros de uerto);meros de uerto
PortNumbers
TransportransportLayerLayer
A p p l i c
a t i o n
A p p l i c
a t i o n
L a y
e r
L a y
e r
T"PT"P
FTP
TEL
NET
DNS
SNM
P
TFT
P
SMT
P
+P+P2121 2323 2525 5353 6969 161161
RIP
520520
HTT
P
8080
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;; d
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);mero de uerto);mero de uerto*/UD*/UD
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4a ca$a de Interred4a ca$a de Interred
En,iar $a<uetes origen desdecual<uier red en la internet6or5% <ue estos $a<uetes lleguen asu destino inde$endientemente
de la ruta % de las redes <uerecorrieron $ara llegar hasta all2. El $rotocolo es$ec2co: rotocolo
Internet #I&. En esta ca$a se $roduce la
determinaci(n de la meor rutala meor ruta %la conmutaci(n de $a<uetes.
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4a ca$a de Interred4a ca$a de Interred
Esto se $uede com$arar con elsistema $ostal? #cuando en,2a unacarta $or correo? no sae c(mollega al destino #e>isten ,arias
rutas $osiles& lo <ue le interesaes <ue la carta llegue. Encaminamiento #enrutamiento& ontrol de congesti(n.
Red de conmutaci(n de $a<uetes. Mantiene unida toda la
ar<uitectura.
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4a ca$a de Interred4a ca$a de Interred#enrutamiento&#enrutamiento&
4a unci(n de la ca$a de interred es descu4a unci(n de la ca$a de interred es descucu9l es la meor Ruta conocida a tra,és dcu9l es la meor Ruta conocida a tra,és deinternet6or5.internet6or5.
*/I d
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*/I % a$a de*/I % a$a deInterredInterred
Internet rotocol #I&Internet rotocol #I&
Internet ontrol MessageInternet ontrol Messagerotocol #IM&rotocol #IM&
Address ResolutionAddress Resolutionrotocol #AR&rotocol #AR&
Re,erse AddressRe,erse AddressResolution rotocol #RAR&Resolution rotocol #RAR&
Internet rotocol #I&Internet rotocol #I&
Internet ontrol MessageInternet ontrol Messagerotocol #IM&rotocol #IM&
Address ResolutionAddress Resolutionrotocol #AR&rotocol #AR&
Re,erse AddressRe,erse AddressResolution rotocol #RAR&Resolution rotocol #RAR&
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Pr,ea )e I"*PPr,ea )e I"*P "i un router recie un $a<uete <ue no $uede
en,iar a su destino nal? en,2a al origen unmensae IM : Fdestino inalcan'aleG.
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Pr,ea )e I"*PPr,ea )e I"*P Es $osile <ue el mensae no se $ueda entregar
$or<ue no ha% ninguna ruta conocida hacia eldestino. Una res$uesta de FecoG es unares$uesta e>itosa a un comando $ing.
4 d l ) d l4 d l ) d l
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4a ca$a del )odo a la4a ca$a del )odo a laRedRed
#Acceso a Red&#Acceso a Red&
*amién se denomina ca$a de host a*amién se denomina ca$a de host ared.red.
Asignaci(n de direcciones I a lasAsignaci(n de direcciones I a lasdirecciones 2sicas #MA& $aradirecciones 2sicas #MA& $ara
reali'ar unreali'ar un enlace 2sico?enlace 2sico? #AR?#AR?RAR&.RAR&.
Enca$sulamiento de los $a<uetes IEnca$sulamiento de los $a<uetes Ien tramas.en tramas.
Inclu%e detalles de tecnolog2a 4A) %Inclu%e detalles de tecnolog2a 4A) %CA) % todos los detalles de lasCA) % todos los detalles de lasca$asca$as 2sica % de enlace2sica % de enlace de datosde datos deldelmodelo !"I.modelo !"I.
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*/I % Acceso a Red*/I % Acceso a Red
EthernetEthernet1ast Ethernet1ast Ethernetigait-Ethernetigait-Ethernet
*o5en Ring*o5en Ring
1DDI / *DDI1DDI / *DDIAR ? RARAR ? RAR
1rame Rela% ? .8?1rame Rela% ? .8?A*MA*M
EthernetEthernet1ast Ethernet1ast Ethernetigait-Ethernetigait-Ethernet
*o5en Ring*o5en Ring
1DDI / *DDI1DDI / *DDIAR ? RARAR ? RAR
1rame Rela% ? .8?1rame Rela% ? .8?A*MA*M
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*/I % Acceso a Red*/I % Acceso a Red
• Ethernet: IEEE JK8.L #7Kase-*&.• 1ast Ethernet: IEEE JK8.Lu #7KKase-*&• igait Ethernet: IEEE JK8.L' #7KKKase-
"&.
• *o5en Ring: IEEE JK8.• 1DDI / *DDI• .8 #.87&• 1rame Rela% #N.L&
• A*M #!-L? !-78? !-0J / 7M/s?O88M/s? 8./s&.
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* e I* e I
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Modelo !"I % */IModelo !"I % */I
"imilitudes:"imilitudes: • Amos se di,iden en ca$as.Amos se di,iden en ca$as.• Amos tienen ca$as de a$licaci(n?Amos tienen ca$as de a$licaci(n?
aun<ue inclu%en ser,icios mu%aun<ue inclu%en ser,icios mu%
distintos.distintos.• Amos tienen ca$as de trans$orte % deAmos tienen ca$as de trans$orte % dered similares.red similares.
• "e su$one <ue la tecnolog2a es de"e su$one <ue la tecnolog2a es deconmutaci(n $or $a<uetes #no deconmutaci(n $or $a<uetes #no de
conmutaci(n $or circuito&.conmutaci(n $or circuito&.• 4os $roesionales de net6or5ing deen4os $roesionales de net6or5ing deenconocer amos.conocer amos.
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Modelo !"I % */IModelo !"I % */IDierencias:Dierencias:
• */I comina las unciones de la*/I comina las unciones de laca$a de $resentaci(n % de sesi(n enca$a de $resentaci(n % de sesi(n enla ca$a de a$licaci(n.la ca$a de a$licaci(n.
• */I comina la ca$as de enlace*/I comina la ca$as de enlace
de datos % 2sica del modelo !"I ende datos % 2sica del modelo !"I enuna sola ca$a.una sola ca$a.• */I $arece ser m9s sim$le $or<ue*/I $arece ser m9s sim$le $or<ue
tiene menos ca$as.tiene menos ca$as.•
4os $rotocolos */I son los4os $rotocolos */I son losest9ndares $ara la Internet.est9ndares $ara la Internet.
• 4as redes t2$icas no se desarrollan4as redes t2$icas no se desarrollannormalmente a $artir del $rotocolonormalmente a $artir del $rotocolo!"I? éste se usa como gu2a.!"I? éste se usa como gu2a.
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!"IApplication
PresentationSession
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
SNMPSNMPDNSSMTPFTPTelnetApplications
Transport
(Host to Host)
Internet
(Interred)
Network Interface
(Host a la ed)
Acceso a ed
Trans!ission
"ontrol Protocol
#ser Data$ra!
Protocol
AP Internet Protocol (IP)
I"MP
%thernet%thernet &ANs&ANsTToken in$TToken in$ FDDIFDDI
*/I
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Resoluci(n de DireccionesResoluci(n de Direcciones I % MAI % MA
ara en,iar un $a<uete desde nuestraestaci(n 7+O.7O.L8.7 hacia la estaci(n7+O.7O.L8.8? es necesario conocer ladirecci(n MA de la estaci(n destino.ara solucionar esto se desarroll( el$rotocolo AR.ara conocer ésta direcci(n MA
corres$ondiente a un I? emite unroadcast? $reguntando: ¿ Quién es el propietario de176.16.32.2 ?
*odos los e<ui$os de la red escuchan
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Resoluci(n de DireccionesResoluci(n de Direcciones I % MAI % MA
A Quien es elpropietario
de
!"#"#$%#%
!"#"#$%#&'''!"$*C
!'cal ARP
*a IP *A"
r'a)cast 1*A"s
&'''$*!%+,
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Resoluci(n de DireccionesResoluci(n de Direcciones I % MAI % MA
A
,-u. est/!"#"#$%#% desde
la 0,C
!"#"#$%#&'''!"$*C
!'cal ARP
*a IP *A"
&'''$*!%+,
+nicast 1*A"
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B
A
# ,12 1e-uest
r'a)cast
1*A"s
Address Resolution rotocolAddress Resolution rotocol 1ARP1ARP
4..32.
Quien es el
propietariode176.16.32.
2
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&'''!"$*C
A 6
Escuc67 el
8roadcast9Su 42 es :
!"#"#$#%
!'cal RARP
*a IP *A"
IP A))ress
Re,erse AR: RARRe,erse AR: RAR
RARP6er7er
RARP"lient
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1,12 1e-uest
(6ard;areaddress)
1,12server
1,12client
IP a))ress 9
Re,erse AR: RARRe,erse AR: RAR
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ARPARP y RARPRARP En un direccionamiento ARAR :
4a estaci(n uente conoce su MA e I address?% $regunta a todas la dem9s $or el $ro$ietariode la I destino. Res$onde la destino desde la MA.
En un direccionamiento RARRAR :4a estaci(n uente conoce s(lo su MA address% $regunta a todas las dem9s? cu9l es su I.
Res$onde el "er,idor RAR.
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Direcciones */IDirecciones */I
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IP A))ress "lassesIP A))ress "lasses
K Host Host Hoslass A:
1 # % 16 17 2$ 2& 31
7K )et6or5 Host Hoslass :
1 # % 16 17 2$ 2& 31
77K )et6or5 )et6or5 Hoslass :
777K lass D: *,lticast;r',
*,lticast;r',
*,lticast;r',
1 # % 16 17 2$ 2& 31
1 # % 16 17 2$ 2& 31
#880 S 8LP&
#7P8 S 88L&
#78J S 7P7&
#7 S 78O&
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IP A))ress "lassesIP A))ress "lasses
En lase FG : • /os tres prieros "its son F77KG• Rano n*ero de Redes + 1%2.0.0.0 a 223.2&&.• N*ero posi"le de Redes + 221 + 20%71&2
• 'l N*ero posi"le de Hosts o !s + 2# + 2&6
En lase FDG : • /os uatro prieros "its son F777KG• Rano de n*ero de Redes + 22$.0.0.0 a
23%.2&&.2&&.2&&
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irecci'nes IP P=licas yirecci'nes IP P=licas yPri7a)asPri7a)as
IA)A #Agencia de asignaci(n den;meros de Internet& : administracuidadosamente la $ro,isi(n dedirecciones I.
aranti'a <ue no se generen re$etici(nI utili'ales en orma $;lica. "e dee otener I $;licas de un
$ro,eedor de Internet #I"&.
El crecimiento de Internet las I$;licas comen'aron a escasear. "oluci(n: I,O e I $ri,adas. 4os Routers descartan I $ri,adas.
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irecci'nes IP P=licasirecci'nes IP P=licasy Pri7a)asy Pri7a)as
laseI Direcciones ri,adas
lase A 7K.K.K.K S 7K.8.8.8lase 7+8.7O.K.K S 7+8.L7.8.8
lase 7P8.7OJ.K.K. S
7P8.7OJ.8.8)A* : *raducci(n de Direcciones de Red ?)A* : *raducci(n de Direcciones de Red ?con,iertecon,ierteDirecciones $ri,adas a $;licas.Direcciones $ri,adas a $;licas.
)A* : *raducci(n de Direcciones de Red ?)A* : *raducci(n de Direcciones de Red ?con,iertecon,ierteDirecciones $ri,adas a $;licas.Direcciones $ri,adas a $;licas.
>? i i l>?,ienes asi@nan las
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>?,ienes asi@nan las>?,ienes asi@nan las)irecci'nes IP9)irecci'nes IP9
Hasta 7PPJ esta asignaci(n eraregulada $or la IA)A.
Actualmente esta asignaci(n la reali'ala Internet or$oration or Assigned)ames and )umers #IA))&.
IA)) es la res$onsale de asignarlas direcciones I? de losidenticadores de $rotocolo? de lasunciones de gesti(n del sistema dedominio #D)"& % de la administraci(ndel sistema de ser,idores ra2'.
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Asi@nacin )e )irecci'nesAsi@nacin )e )irecci'nes
Di i i t d H!"*Di i i t d H!"*
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Direccionamiento de H!"*Direccionamiento de H!"*
'0 '0
'1 '1 10.1.1.1
10.1.#.11
10.1.30.10
172.16.2.2
172.16.3.10
172.16.10.12
Network Host
172.16.2.1
10.6.12.1
Routin a"leRoutin a"le NetworkNetwork4nter5ae4nter5ae 172.16.0.0
'0
10.0.0.0 '1
Determinaci(n de DireccionesDeterminaci(n de Direcciones
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Determinaci(n de DireccionesDeterminaci(n de Direccionesde H!"* Accesilesde H!"* Accesiles
7+8 7O K K
7K7K77KK KKK7KKKK KKKKKKKK KKKKKKKK
1 2 # 6 $ 3 2 1 6 # $ 2 1
1 2 # 6 $ 3 2 1 6 # $ 2 1
1 2 # 6 $ 3 2 1 6 # $ 2 1
1 2 # 6 $ 3 2 1 6 # $ 2 1
KKKKKKKK KKKKKKK7 8KKKKKKKK KKKKKK7K LKKKKKKKK KKKKKK77 0
77777777 777777K7 O L77777777 7777777K OL77777777 77777777 OL
- 8 OL0 de H8 + 216 – 2 + 6&&3$
de H8 + 2N – 2
N de "its en lapori9n de Host
)et6or5 Host
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Di i i t iDi i i t i
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Direccionamiento sinDireccionamiento sin"unets"unets
172.16172.16.0.1.0.1172.16172.16.0.2.0.2 172.16172.16.0.3.0.3 172.16172.16.2&&.2&.2&&.2&
7+8.7O.K.K7+8.7O.K.K
)et6or5 7+8.7O.K.K)et6or5 7+8.7O.K.K
Direccionamiento conDireccionamiento con
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Direccionamiento conDireccionamiento con"unets"unets
172.16.3172.16.3.0.0
172.16.1172.16.1.0.0 172.16.2172.16.2.0.0
)et6or5 7+8.7O.K.K)et6or5 7+8.7O.K.K
172.16.$172.16.$.0.0
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"unet Addressing"unet Addressing
4as "unets #"uredes&? son unae>tensi(n del );mero de Redes#)et6or5s&.
4os dis$ositi,os de la red usan una
m9scara de sured #"unet Mas5&? $aradeterminar <ue $arte de la direcci(n Ies usada $ara la net6or5 ? sunet %los dis$ositi,os #hosts&.
Una sunet mas5 es de L8 its?conteniendo el n;mero de FunosG $arala red % sured? % el n;mero de FcerosG$ara los hosts.
" t" t M 5M 5
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"unet"unet Mas5 Mas5
IAddress 7+8 7O K7+8 7O K
)et6or5 Host)et6or5 Host
Deault"unetMas5
8 8 K8 8 K77777777 77777777 KKKKKKKK KKKK77777777 77777777 KKKKKKKK KKKK
)et6or5 Host)et6or5 Host
J its"unetMas5
8 8 88 8 8
)et6or5 "unet Host)et6or5 "unet Host
: a"i;n se puede esri"ir oo <16 ( de uno
: a"i;n se puede esri"ir oo <2$ ( de uno
" t" t M 5M 5
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"unet"unet Mas5 Mas5
4os its $ara la FsunetG son tomados4os its $ara la FsunetG son tomadosdeldel
cam$o de direcciones de host.cam$o de direcciones de host. El n;mero de sunets est9nEl n;mero de sunets est9nidenticadosidenticados$or la Fsunet mas5G.$or la Fsunet mas5G. 4a Fsunet mas5G $uede ser denotada4a Fsunet mas5G $uede ser denotadadede
las siguientes maneras:las siguientes maneras:• 7+8.7O.K.K7+8.7O.K.K 8.8.K.K8.8.K.K #decimal&#decimal&
• 7+8.7O.K.K /7+8.7O.K.K /7O7O #it#it
lases % M9scaraslases % M9scaras
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lases % M9scaraslases % M9scarasEst9ndaresEst9ndares
Direcci(n
7er.!cteto
itsde
Red
itsde
Host
M9scara $orDeecto
reo deRed
lase A K S 78+ J 80 8.K.K.K /Jlase
78J S7P7
7O 7O 8.8.K.K /7O
lase 7P8 -88L
80 J8.8.8.
K/80
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"unet Mas5 con "unets"unet Mas5 con "unets
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"unet Mas5 con "unets"unet Mas5 con "unets
172.16.2.160172.16.2.160
2&&.2&&.2&&.02&&.2&&.2&&.0
10101100 00010000 00000010 1010
)et6or5 "unet Ho
11111111 11111111 11111111 0000
10101100 00010000 00000010 0000
7+8 7O 87+8 7O 8%=mer'%=mer')e Re))e Re)
El n;mero de red ue e>tendida $or J iEl n;mero de red ue e>tendida $or J i
"unet Mas5 con "unets"unet Mas5 con "unets
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"unet Mas5 con "unets"unet Mas5 con "unets
172.16.2.160172.16.2.16010101100 00010000 00000010 1010
)et6or5 "unet Ho
11111111 11111111 11111111 1100
10101100 00010000 00000010 1000
7+8 7O 87+8 7O 8 7 7%=mer'%=mer')e Re))e Re)
El n;mero de red ue e>tendida $or 7KEl n;mero de red ue e>tendida $or 7K
2&&.2&&.2&&.1%22&&.2&&.2&&.1%2
Eercicios de F"unetEercicios de F"unet
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Eercicios de "unetEercicios de "unetMas5GMas5G
Address "unet Mas5 lase "uAddress "unet Mas5 lase "u7+8.7O.8.7K 8.8.8.K7+8.7O.8.7K 8.8.8.K
7K.O.80.8K 8.8.80K.K7K.O.80.8K 8.8.80K.K
7K.LK.LO.78 8.8.8.K7K.LK.LO.78 8.8.8.K
7O7.7L8.OL.L8 8.8.8.K7O7.7L8.OL.L8 8.8.8.K
7P8.7OJ..0 8.8.8.K7P8.7OJ..0 8.8.8.K
7+8.7O.8.K 7+8.7O.8.K
A 7K.O.7O.KA 7K.O.7O.K
A 7K.LK.LO.KA 7K.LK.LO.K
7O7.7L8.OL. 7O7.7L8.OL.
7P8.7OJ..K 7P8.7OJ..K
roadcast Addressroadcast Address
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roadcast Addressroadcast Address
172.16.3172.16.3.0.0
172.16.$172.16.$.0.0
7+8.7O.8.87+8.7O.8.8#roadcast $ara todas las "unets&#roadcast $ara todas las "unets&
172.16.3.2&&172.16.3.2&&#roadcast Directo&#roadcast Directo&
172.16.2172.16.2.0.0
8.8.8.88.8.8.8#roadcast Red 4ocal&#roadcast Red 4ocal&8.8.8.88.8.8.8#roadcast Red 4ocal&#roadcast Red 4ocal&
d t Add d t Add
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roadcast Addressroadcast Address• roadcasting es so$ortado en todas lasroadcasting es so$ortado en todas las
redes.redes.
• 4os mensaes FroadcastG son los <ue4os mensaes FroadcastG son los <ue
cada host en la red necesita $ara $odersecada host en la red necesita $ara $oderse
,er.,er.
• 4os direccionamiento de roadcast4os direccionamiento de roadcast
#roadcast Address& es ormado usando#roadcast Address& es ormado usando
todos los unos en la direcci(n I.todos los unos en la direcci(n I.
ResumiendoResumiendo
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Resumiendo
7+8 7O 87+8 7O 8
172.16.2.160172.16.2.16010101100 00010000 00000010 1010
2&&.2&&.2&&.1%22&&.2&&.2&&.1%211111111 11111111 11111111 1100
10101100 00010000 00000010 1000172.16.2.12#172.16.2.12#
10101100 00010000 00000010 1011172.16.2.1%1172.16.2.1%1
10101100 00010000 00000010 1000172.16.2.12%172.16.2.12%
10101100 00010000 00000010 1011172.16.2.1%0172.16.2.1%0
HostHost
Mas5 Mas5
"unet"unet
roadcastroadcast
1irst I1irst I
4ast I4ast I
Eem$lo "unet - lase Eem$lo "unet - lase
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Eem$lo "unet lase Eem$lo "unet lase
172.16.2.121172.16.2.121
2&&.2&&.2&&.02&&.2&&.2&&.0
10101100 00010000 00000010 0111
Network Network 8u"net HostNetwork Network 8u"net Host
11111111 11111111 11111111 0000"unet"unet + 10101100 00010000 00000010 0000
4 Host =ddress + 172.16.2.1218u"net >ask + 2&&.2&&.2&&.0
roadcastroadcast + 10101100 00010000 00000010 111
8u"net =ddress8u"net =ddress ++ 172.16.2.0172.16.2.0Host =ddressesHost =ddresses ++ 172.16.2.1 – 172.16.2.2172.16.2.1 – 172.16.2.2?roadast =ddress?roadast =ddress ++ 172.16.2.2&&172.16.2.2&&
# "its de 8u"nettin# "its de 8u"nettin
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"unet - lase "unet - lase
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"unet lase "unet lase
lase FG : Mas5 7O its 8.8.
"2 );mero de its"2 );mero de its 88 Mas5 7O V 8 iMas5 7O V 8 iEs decir :Es decir :
11111111.11111111.11000000.0000 8 . 8 . 7P8 . K8 . 8 . 7P8 . K
7O V7O V 88 M 8M 8 )70)70
E>tensi(n de la M9scaraE>tensi(n de la M9scara
"unet - lase "unet - lase
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"unet - lase "unet lase
T "unetsT "unets 88MM
MM T its E>t. ReT its E>t. Re
T HostsT Hosts 88)) -- 88 )) T its HosT its Hos
Donde:M : );mero de its de e>tensi(n de l m9scara? #T de unos&.) : );mero de its de la $orci(n de
m9scara $ara Hosts #T de ceros&
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Direccionamiento deDireccionamiento de
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"uredes"uredes Qu9ntas suredes ha% en 7+8.L8.K.K/7P Quales son las "uredes
7+8 . L8 . K .7+8 . L8 . K .KK
88 . 8 . 777 KKKKK .. 8 . 777 KKKKK .KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKK KKKKK .KKK KKKKK .KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KK7 KKKKK .KK7 KKKKK .
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK K7K KKKKK .K7K KKKKK .KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
K77 KKKKK .K77 KKKKK .KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
7KK KKKKK .7KK KKKKK .
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
E>tensi(nE>tensi(n
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Direccionamiento deDireccionamiento de
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"uredes"uredes u9les son las "uredes de la Redu9les son las "uredes de la Red
7+8.LK.K.K/7P7+8.LK.K.K/7P M9scaraM9scara 8.8.880.K8.8.880.K
Es Flase G? entonces la e>tensi(nEs Flase G? entonces la e>tensi(n L itsL its#$restados&#$restados&
4uego 84uego 8LL J "uredesJ "uredes
Xltimo it $restado : esoXltimo it $restado : eso L8L8 las "uredeslas "uredesson: K? L8? O0? PO? 78J? 7OK? 7P8 % 880.son: K? L8? O0? PO? 78J? 7OK? 7P8 % 880.
78J
O0 L8 7O J 0 8 7
7 8 L 0 O + J;ltimo it $restado;ltimo it $restado
"unet - lase "unet - lase
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"unet - lase "unet - lase
Ejeplo :Ejeplo : !e tiene una red "P #lase $!e tiene una red "P #lase $
con %scara 2&&.2&&.2'(.(con %scara 2&&.2&&.2'(.( ¿¿ #u%ntas#u%ntas!u)nets * +ost pueden ser!u)nets * +ost pueden serdireccionadosdireccionados ??
11111111.11111111.11110000.00000000
8 . 8 . 80K . K8 . 8 . 80K . K
)78)787O V7O V 00 M 0M 0
T de "unetsT de "unets 8800 7O "uredes7O "uredes T de HostsT de Hosts 887878 -- 88 0?KP0 Hosts0?KP0 Hosts
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"unet - lase "unet - lase
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"unet - lase "unet lase T itsT its "unet Mas5 "unet Mas5 T HostsT HostsT "unetsT "unets
L 8.8.8.880 J
0 8.8.8.80K 7O
8.8.8.80J L8
O 8.8.8.88 O0
8 8.8.8.7P8 0
El );mero de UnosEl );mero de Unos ara Redes % "uredes ara Redes % "uredesEl );mero de erosEl );mero de eros ara los Hosts ara los Hosts
El );mero de UnosEl );mero de Unos ara Redes % "uredes ara Redes % "uredesEl );mero de erosEl );mero de eros ara los Hosts ara los Hosts
7 8.8.8.78J 8
Eercicios de FroadcastEercicios de Froadcast
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AddressGAddressG
Address "unet Mas5 lase "unet roaAddress "unet Mas5 lase "unet roa
201.222.10.60 2&&.2&&.2&&.2$#201.222.10.60 2&&.2&&.2&&.2$#
1&.16.1%3.6 2&&.2&&.2$#.01&.16.1%3.6 2&&.2&&.2$#.0
12#.16.32.13 2&&.2&&.2&&.2&212#.16.32.13 2&&.2&&.2&&.2&2
1&3.&0.6.27 2&&.2&&.2&&.12#1&3.&0.6.27 2&&.2&&.2&&.12#
! 201.222.10.&6 201.222.1! 201.222.10.&6 201.222.1
= 1&.16.1%2.0 1&.16.1%%.= 1&.16.1%2.0 1&.16.1%%.2
? 12#.16.32.12 12#.16.32.? 12#.16.32.12 12#.16.32.
? 1&3.&0.6.0 1&3.&0.6.1? 1&3.&0.6.0 1&3.&0.6.12
Direccionamiento IDireccionamiento I
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"'#.0.1 "'#.0.2 "'#.0.3
1ed "'##'#' "'#.0.5 "'#.0.6
1ed "'##'#'
S;itc6 "'#.0.4
1ed '##'#'
1outer "'#.0.7
'#.0.1
'#.0.2 '#.0.3 '#.0.4 '#.0.5
!a Internet!a Internet
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"###*
"###
"###$
Red7O7.J.7.K "#..%
"#..
"##$#Red
7O7.J.8.0
"##%# Red
7O7.J.L.
K
"##%#$ "##%#% "##$#$ "##$#%
!a Internet!a Internet
Todo el tráfico a:Todo el tráfico a:
161.8.0.0161.8.0.0
ArB,itect,ra )e InternetArB,itect,ra )e Internet
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RedRed
RedRed RedRed
RedRed
RedRed
IPIP
RouterRouter
IP RouterIP Router
IP RouterIP Router
BB
"'nsi)eraci'nes )e iseC'"'nsi)eraci'nes )e iseC'
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"'nsi)eraci'nes )e iseC'"'nsi)eraci'nes )e iseC')e 6,re)es)e 6,re)es
7. u9ntas "uredes necesitamos ho%
8. u9ntas "uredes necesitaremos enel uturo
L. u9ntos Hosts $or cada surednecesitamos ho%
0. u9ntos Hosts $or cada sured
necesitaremos en el uturo
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Pr'ces' )e PlaniDicacinPr'ces' )e PlaniDicacin
7. onsiderar el m9>imo n;mero desuredes $ro%ectadas.
8. E>$resar éste ,alor en $otencia dedos#8n&.
L. Asegurarse <ue el n;mero de hosts$or cada sured son sucientes.
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M9scara de "uredes deM9scara de "uredes de4ongitud Nariale4ongitud Nariale
# N4"M &# N4"M &
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i7isin Rec,rsi7a V!6*i7isin Rec,rsi7a V!6*
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i7isin Rec,rsi7a V!6*i7isin Rec,rsi7a V!6*
11.0.0.0/811.0.0.0/8
11.1.0.0/1611.1.0.0/16
11.2.0.0/1611.2.0.0/16
11.3.0.0/1611.3.0.0/16
.. ..
..
11.252.0.0/1611.252.0.0/16
11.253.0.0/1611.253.0.0/16
11.254.0.0/1611.254.0.0/16
11.1.1.0/2411.1.1.0/2411.1.2.0/2411.1.2.0/24
..
11.1.253.0/2411.1.253.0/24
11.1.254.0/2411.1.254.0/24
11.253.32.0/1911.253.32.0/19
11.253.64.0/1911.253.64.0/19
..11.253.160.0/1911.253.160.0/19
11.253.192.0/1911.253.192.0/19
11.1.253.32/2711.1.253.32/27
11.1.253.64/2711.1.253.64/27
..
11.1.253.160/2711.1.253.160/27
11.1.253.192/2711.1.253.192/27
11.2.0.0/1611.2.0.0/16 11.1.1.0/2411.1.1.0/24
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11.2.0.0/16
11.3.0.0/1611.3.0.0/16
..
11.252.0.0/1611.252.0.0/1611.254.0.0/1611.254.0.0/16
11.1.1.0/24
11.1.2.0/2411.1.2.0/24
..
11.1.252.0/2411.1.252.0/2411.1.254.0/2411.1.254.0/24
11.253.32.0/1911.253.32.0/19
11.253.64.0/1911.253.64.0/19 ..
11.253.160.0/1911.253.160.0/19
11.253.192.0/1911.253.192.0/19
11.1.253.32/2711.1.253.32/27
11.1.253.64/2711.1.253.64/27 ..
11.1.253.160/2711.1.253.160/27
11.1.253.192/2711.1.253.192/27
Router DRouter DRouter Router
Router !Router !Router "Router "
11.253.0.0/1611.253.0.0/1611.1.253.0/2411.1.253.0/24
11.1.0.0/1611.1.0.0/16
I#ter#etI#ter#et
11.0.0.0/811.0.0.0/8
$%u& e' ()*+ , -or u& 'e u'a
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$%u& e' ()*+ , -or u& 'e u'a
A medida <ue las suredes I hancrecido? los administradores hanuscado ormas de utili'ar su es$aciode direccionamiento con m9seciencia.
on N4"M? un administrador de red$uede usar una m9scara larga en lasredes con $ocos hosts? % una m9scaracorta en las suredes con muchoshosts.
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Imlementar V!6*Imlementar V!6*
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Imlementar V!6*Imlementar V!6*
ara $oder im$lementar N4"M? unadministrador de red dee usar un$rotocolo de enrutamiento <ue
rinde so$orte $ara él. 4os routers isco admiten N4"Mcon los $rotocolos deenrutamiento !"1? I"-I"
integrado? EIR? RI,8 %enrutamiento est9tico.
Imlementar V!6*Imlementar V!6*
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Imlementar V!6*Imlementar V!6*
N4"M $ermite <ue una organi'aci(nutilice m9s de una m9scara desured dentro del mismo es$acio
de direccionamiento de red. 4a im$lementaci(n de N4"Mma>imi'a la eciencia deldireccionamiento % con recuencia
se la conoce como di,isi(n desuredes en suredes.
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Bn protoolo de enrutaiento Cue adite D/8> le
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Bn protoolo de enrutaiento Cue adite D/8> leonEere al adinistrador de red la li"ertad parausar distintas Fsaras de su"red para redes Cue
se enuentran dentro de un sistea aut9noo.
Imlementar V!6*Imlementar V!6*
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Imlementar V!6*Imlementar V!6*
4a 1igura muestra un eem$lo dec(mo un administrador de red$uede usar una m9scara de LK its$ara las cone>iones de red CA) #8
host&. Una m9scara de 80 its $ara lasredes de usuario e incluso unam9scara de 88 its $ara las redes
con hasta 7KKK usuarios.
",<n)' ,sar V!6*",<n)' ,sar V!6*
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",<n)' ,sar V!6*",<n)' ,sar V!6*
Es im$ortante dise3ar un es<uemade direccionamiento <ue $ermitael crecimiento % no im$li<ue el
des$erdicio de direcciones. Anali'aremos la manera de usar
N4"M $ara e,itar el des$erdicio dedirecciones en los enlaces $unto a
$unto.
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AnaliFan)' l's EnlacesAnaliFan)' l's Enlaces
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P,nt' a P,nt'P,nt' a P,nt'
Eeml'Eeml'
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Eeml'Eeml'
omo se muestra en la 1igura ? seha decidido e,itar el des$erdiciodeido al uso de la m9scara /8+ #LK
host& en los enlaces $unto a $unto. "e a$lica N4"M al $rolema dedireccionamiento? deido a <ue enlos enlaces $unto a $unto solo se
necesitan 8 host % )! LK ? entoncesm9scara /LK.
Eeml' 2Eeml' 2
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"e ha asignado la red 7P8.7OJ.7K.K / 80. 4os Router4A)s % host estan distriuidos de la siguiente maner
Eeml' 2Eeml' 2
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7º& omen'ar en donde e>ista ma%orn;mero de hosts? entonces en
ER*H.OK host 8O S 8 O8 hosts #O ceros&
entonces?M9scara 8.8.8.7P8 / 8O Y );mero de RED 7P8.7OJ.7K.K/8OAhora en /8O? ultimo it $restado
O0 #$eso&? 7P8 77KKKKKK78J
O0 L8 7O J 0 8 7
7 8 L 0 O + J;ltimo it $restado;ltimo it $restado
En el R',ter G!En el R',ter G!
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En el R',ter G!En el R',ter G!
8º& Router Z4 #8J Hosts& 8J 8 S 8 LK Hosts # ceros& M9scara 8.8.8.880 / 8+
);mero de Red 7P8.7OJ.7K.O0 / 8+
Ahora en /8+? ultimo it $restado L8#$eso&? 880 777KKKKK
78J
O0 L8 7O J 0 8 7
7 8 L 0 O + J;ltimo it $restado;ltimo it $restado
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En el R',ter 6in@a,rEn el R',ter 6in@a,r
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En el R',ter 6in@a,rEn el R',ter 6in@a,r
0º& Router "inga$ur #78 Hosts& 78 80 S 8 70 Hosts #0 ceros&
M9scara 8.8.8.80K / 8J );mero de Red 7P8.7OJ.7K.778 / 8J
En /8J? ultimo it $restado 7O #$eso&?80K 7777KKKKK #0 unos&
78J O0 L8 7O J 0 8 7
7 8 L 0 O + J;ltimo it $restado;ltimo it $restado
Para l's enlaces A%Para l's enlaces A%
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Para l's enlaces A%'
º& Z4 - erth #8 Hosts& 8 88 S 8 8 Hosts #8 ceros&
M9scara 8.8.8.88 / LK );mero de Red 7P8.7OJ.7K.78J / LK
En /LK? ultimo it $restado 0 #$eso&?88 777777KK #O unos&
78J O0 L8 7O J 0 8 7
7 8 L 0 O + J;ltimo it $restado;ltimo it $restado
Para l's enlaces A%Para l's enlaces A%
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Para l's enlaces A%
Oº& Z4 - "%dene% #8 Hosts& 8 88 S 8 8 Hosts #8 ceros& M9scara 8.8.8.88 / LK
);mero de Red 7P8.7OJ.7K.7L8 / LK
En /LK? ultimo it $restado 0 #$eso&?88 777777KK #O unos&
78J O0 L8 7O J 0 8 7
7 8 L 0 O + J;ltimo it $restado;ltimo it $restado
Para l's enlaces A%Para l's enlaces A%
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Para l's enlaces A%
+º& Z4 - "inga$ur #8 Hosts& 8 88 S 8 8 Hosts #8 ceros& M9scara 8.8.8.88 / LK
);mero de Red 7P8.7OJ.7K.7LO / LK
En /LK? ultimo it $restado 0 #$eso&?88 777777KK #O unos&
78J O0 L8 7O J 0 8 7
7 8 L 0 O + J;ltimo it $restado;ltimo it $restado
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"lassless Inter-'main"lassless Inter-'main
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R',tin@ 1"IRR',tin@ 1"IR
rolemas generados $or elcrecimiento de Internet: "e agotan las direcciones de
clase E>cesi,o crecimiento de las
talas de enrutamiento.
El cola$so de las direcciones I,0
"lassless Inter-'main"lassless Inter-'main
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"lassless Inter 'mainR',tin@ 1"IRR',tin@ 1"IR
4os dos $rimeros $rolemas se,ol,ieron cr2ticos en los a3os 7PP0-7PP
4a res$uesta ue el desarrollo delconce$to de F"u$ernettingG (lassless inter-Domain Routing #IDR&G
El tercer $rolema est9 siendo resuelto
$or el gru$o de traao de IE*1 deI,O.
" í i ) "IR" t íti ) "IR
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"aracteríticas )e "IR "aracteríticas )e "IR
Elimina el conce$to tradicional dedirecciones de red de clase A? ? .
"im$licaci(n de las talas deEnrutamiento.
"o$orta redes de tama3oaritrario.
+niDicacin )e r,tas c'n+niDicacin )e r,tas c'nV!6*V!6*
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V!6*V!6*
uando se utili'a N4"M? esim$ortante mantener la cantidadde suredes agru$adas en la red
$ara $ermitir la unicaci(n. or eem$lo? redes como
7+8.7O.70.K % 7+8.7O.7.K deer2an
estar cerca de manera <ue losrouters s(lo tengan <ue $oseer unaruta $ara 7+8.7O.70.K/8L.
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+niDicacin )e r,tas c'n+niDicacin )e r,tas c'n6V!6*
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V!6*V!6*
El uso de enrutamiento entredominios sin clase #IDR& % N4"Me,ita el des$erdicio de direcciones %
$romue,e la unicaci(n o el resumende rutas. "in el resumen de rutas? es $roale
<ue el enrutamiento $or el ac5one
de Internet se har2a des$lomadoantes de 7PP+.
Eeml'Eeml'
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6'l,cin6'l,cin
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8KK.7PP.8KK.7PP. >> .. %%
JJ VV JJ VV
0J0J KK77 KKKKKK77 KKKK0P0P KK77 KKK7KK77 KKK7
KK KK77 KK7KKK77 KK7K77 KK77 KK77KK77 KK77
O igualesO igualesO unosO unos
Mascara / 88Mascara / 888.8.88.K8.8.88.K"ured Resumida:"ured Resumida:8KK.7PP.0J.K / 888KK.7PP.0J.K / 88
8KK.7PP.8KK.7PP. >> .. %%
JJ VV JJ VV
88 KK77 K7KKKK77 K7KKLL KK77 K7K7KK77 K7K7
00 KK77 K77KKK77 K77K KK77 K777KK77 K777
O igualesO igualesO unosO unos
Mascara / 88Mascara / 888.8.88.K8.8.88.K"ured Resumida:"ured Resumida:8KK.7PP.8.K / 888KK.7PP.8.K / 88
6'l,cin6'l,cin
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8KK.7PP.8KK.7PP. >> .. %%
JJ VV JJ VV
OO KK77 7KKKKK77 7KKK++ KK77 7KK7KK77 7KK7
OLOL KK77 7777KK77 7777
iguales iguales unos unos
Mascara / 87Mascara / 878.8.80J.K8.8.80J.K"ured Resumida:"ured Resumida:8KK.7PP.O.K / 878KK.7PP.O.K / 87
8KK.7PP.8KK.7PP. >> .. %%
JJ VV JJ VV
0J0J KK77 KKKKKK77 KKKK88 KK77 K7KKKK77 K7KK
OO KK77 7KKKKK77 7KKK
0 iguales0 iguales0 unos0 unos
Mascara / 8KMascara / 8K8.8.80K.K8.8.80K.K"ured Resumida:"ured Resumida:8KK.7PP.0J.K / 8K8KK.7PP.0J.K / 8K
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Fund mentos de IP
und mentos de IP
Routin
outin
#Enrutamiento&#Enrutamiento&
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rotocolos Enrutadosrotocolos Enrutados#R t d&#R t d&
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#Routed&#Routed& I #Internet rotocol&I #Internet rotocol& I #I #Internet "e<uenceInternet "e<uence
ac5et E>change&ac5et E>change&
A$$le *al5A$$le *al5 A$$leA$$le Dec )E*Dec )E*
)")" ero>ero>
*rans$ortan la data desde una*rans$ortan la data desde unaestaci(n a otra a tra,és de la red.estaci(n a otra a tra,és de la red.
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Routin DirectoRoutin Directo
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H'stH'stri@enri@en
H'stH'stestin'estin'
IP R',terIP R',ter
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!structura de las Redes "A#!structura de las Redes "A#
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PROTOCOLO ! !"TR!#O $ !"TR!#O
% 1
% 2
% 3
% 1
% 3
% 4
% 5
% 6
% 7
% 3
% 4
% 5
% 6
% 7
% 1
% 2
% 1
% 2
% 3
PRT)* " I() D RD
% 2
!nrutamiento!nrutamiento
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*alas de Enrutamiento*alas de Enrutamiento
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Port 1
Port 2
Port 1
Port 2
Port 1
Port 2
70K.0.K.K 7K..K.K 7OK.O.K.K 7+K.+.K.
70K.0.K.7
7K..K.7
7K..K.8
7OK.O.K.7
7OK.O.K.8
7+K.+.K.7
Router " Router ! Router
Router ARouter A Router Router Router Router
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o't De'ti#oo't De'ti#o
170.7.0.2170.7.0.2
o't rie#o't rie#
140.4.0.2140.4.0.2I DataI Data
+" De'ti#o+" De'ti#o
80002001231 80002001231
+" rie#+" rie#
80002001111 80002001111T,-eT,-e
08000800ter#et Datater#et Data RR
II
EthernetEthernet
P $uete en l Red
$uete en l Red
%&'(&('('&'(&('('
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Rutas $or DeaultRutas $or Deault
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"2 la ruta $ara un datagrama no$uede ser locali'ada? se descartael $a<uete.
"i est9 denida la ruta $ordeault? el router la utili'a.
4as rutas $or deault? reducen el
tama3o de las talas.
Redes 4(gicas M;lti$lesRedes 4(gicas M;lti$lesRed 140.4.0.0Red 140.4.0.0 Red 150.5.0.0Red 150.5.0.0
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Red 160.6.0.0Red 160.6.0.0
140.4.0.3140.4.0.3 140.4.0.2140.4.0.2
150.5.0.1150.5.0.1140.4.0.1140.4.0.1
160.6.0.1160.6.0.1
160.6.0.3160.6.0.3 160.6.0.2160.6.0.2
150.5.0.2150.5.0.2 150.5.0.3150.5.0.3
I % EI % E
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II : Internet ate6a% rotocol #RI?: Internet ate6a% rotocol #RI?!"1&!"1&EE : E>terior ate6a% rotocol #&: E>terior ate6a% rotocol #&
"istema Aut(nomo "istema Aut(nomo
EEII II
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PaB,etePaB,eterecii)'recii)'
Maneo de a<uetes $or el RouterManeo de a<uetes $or el Router
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recii)'recii)'
)o)o
"i"i
)o)o En,iar IMEn,iar IMtime e>ceededtime e>ceeded
DescartarDescartar$a<uete$a<uete"i"i
Disminuir **4Disminuir **4Q es **4[K Q es **4[K
aeceraaecera% chec5sum% chec5sum ,9lidos ,9lidos
he<uearhe<ueartala con direcci(ntala con direcci(n
DescartarDescartar$a<uete$a<uete
**4[K**4[K"i"i
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tala con direcci(n.tala con direcci(n.Destino IDestino I
RutaRutaencontrada encontrada
"I"I
)o)o En,iar IMEn,iar IMdestinationdestinationunreachaleunreachale
$a<uete$a<uete
Ruta $orRuta $orDeaultDeault
denida denida
"i"i
)o)o
"i la ruta es U? uscar AR caché"i la ruta es U? uscar AR caché $ara ma$a direcciones$ara ma$a direcciones
))
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AR Re$l% reciidoalmacenar direcciones
en caché AR
)o)oEn,iar AREn,iar AR
Re<uestRe<uest
"i"i
Use n;mero de $uerto de laUse n;mero de $uerto de la*ala de rutas? use direcci(n*ala de rutas? use direcci(n
2sica de la caché AR2sica de la caché AR
En,iar $a<uete $araEn,iar $a<uete $arasu transmisi(nsu transmisi(n
MAMAencontrada encontrada
Algoritmos deAlgoritmos de
EnrutamientoEnrutamiento
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E"*A*I!E"*A*I!
*alas creadas $or elAdministrador.
rolemas con
camios %crecimiento r9$idos. "i camia la to$olog2a
el router dee seractuali'ado
manualmente Uicar errores es
dicil.
DI)AMI!DI)AMI!
Res$onden enorma autom9tica alos camios de
to$olog2a de la red. Res$onden
autom9ticamente a$rolemas de
congesti(n.
Rutas Est9ticas ,ersusRutas Est9ticas ,ersusDin9micasDin9micas
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Din9micasDin9micas
E"*A*IA :E"*A*IA : Utili'a una ruta$rogramada <ue el administradorde la red introduce en el router.
DI)AMIA:DI)AMIA: Utili'a una ruta <ue un$rotocolo de enrutamiento de redausta autom9ticamente ante los
camios de *o$olog2a o *r9co.
Eem$lo de EnrutamientoEem$lo de EnrutamientoEst9ticoEst9tico
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AlgoritmosAlgoritmos de Enrutamientode EnrutamientoDin9micoDin9mico
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Dos ti$os:Dos ti$os:
Nector-DistanciaNector-Distancia #e. RI? IR&#e. RI? IR&Estado de EnlaceEstado de Enlace #e. !"1&#e. !"1&
Usan métricas $ara calcular elUsan métricas $ara calcular el
camino m9s corto a la red destino.camino m9s corto a la red destino. Algunas métricas usadas son:Algunas métricas usadas son:
);mero de "altos #ho$&);mero de "altos #ho$&Retardo de transmisi(n.Retardo de transmisi(n.Ancho de anda de la l2neaAncho de anda de la l2neaDenida $or el administradorDenida $or el administrador
Algoritmo deAlgoritmo deNector - DistanciaNector - Distancia
N t
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Nentaas:Nentaas:
19cil de im$lementar19cil de im$lementar Re<uiere $ocos ciclos de U.Re<uiere $ocos ciclos de U.
Des,entaas:Des,entaas: Dicil de ,ericar la ,eracidad de las talasDicil de ,ericar la ,eracidad de las talas
Actuali'aci(n lenta en redes grandesActuali'aci(n lenta en redes grandes Dicil de locali'ar allas en routersDicil de locali'ar allas en routers ueden generarse cadenas de actuali'aci(nueden generarse cadenas de actuali'aci(n on,ergencia lentaon,ergencia lenta rolemas de crecimiento ( escalailidadrolemas de crecimiento ( escalailidad
A gor tmo egor mo eEstado de EnlaceEstado de Enlace
#4in5-#4in5-"tate&"tate&
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onocen la to$olog2a com$leta de la red.onocen la to$olog2a com$leta de la red. 4as talas contienen el estado de cada ruta.4as talas contienen el estado de cada ruta. 4os routers usan la misma ase de datos.4os routers usan la misma ase de datos. Nentaas:Nentaas: Elimina los la'os % con,ergencia lentaElimina los la'os % con,ergencia lenta 19cil de detectar routers <ue allan19cil de detectar routers <ue allan 1acilidad de crecimiento ( escalailidad1acilidad de crecimiento ( escalailidad
Des,entaas:Des,entaas: Demasiada memoria % ancho de anda.Demasiada memoria % ancho de anda.
Re<uiere muchos ciclos de U.Re<uiere muchos ciclos de U.
"tate&"tate&
om$araci(nom$araci(n
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RI Nersi(n 7 #RI,7&RI Nersi(n 7 #RI,7&
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Dise3ado como I #rot. de Enrut.
Interior& en un sistema aut(nomo. rotocolo Nector-Distancia? con clase Inter,alos de actuali'aci(n de
enrutamiento de LK segundos#,ecinos&. Métrica: n;mero de saltos #ho$s& $ara
enrutamiento #m9>imo 7 saltos&.
Escoge la ruta mas corta #menorn;mero de saltos&.
"elecci(n de Ruta"elecci(n de Ruta
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onguraci(n de RI,7onguraci(n de RI,7
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Router#cong&T router ri$Router#cong-router&T net6or5 7+8.7O.7.K
Router#cong-router&T net6or5 7+8.7O.8.K
Router#cong-router&T e>it Router#cong&T
ResumiendoResumiendo
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RI Nersi(n 8 #RI,8&RI Nersi(n 8 #RI,8&
Nersi(n meorada de RI ,7
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Nersi(n meorada de RI ,7
#rotocolo I en un sistemaaut(nomo&. rotocolo de Nector-Distancia Admite enrutamiento Fsin claseG.
Admite enrutamiento con dierentessuredes dentro de una red condierentes m9scaras #N4"M % IDR&.
Métrica asada en saltos #hos$s& !rece seguridad #autenticaci(n en
sus actuali'aciones&.
Dierencias % "imilitudesDierencias % "imilitudes
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onguraci(n de RI,8onguraci(n de RI,8
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Router#cong&T router ri$Router#cong-router&T ,ersion 8
Router#cong-router&T net6or5 7+8.7O.7.K
Router#cong-router&T net6or5 7+8.7O.8.KRouter#cong-router&T e>it
Router#cong&T
IRIR
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rotocolo de enrutamiento de gate6a%interior #I& $or Nector-Distancia.
IR es de $ro$iedad de isco. Métrica: utili'a el Ancho de anda % el
Retardo $ara enrutamiento. En,2a roadcast de actuali'aciones deenrutamiento a inter,alos de PK seg.
Admite m9>imo hasta 8 saltos.
Es $osile usarlo en grande redes.
onguraci(n de IRonguraci(n de IR
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Router#cong&T router igr$ 7KKRouter#cong-router&T net6or5 7+8.7O.7.K
Router#cong-router&T net6or5 7+8.7O.8.K
Router#cong-router&T e>it
Router#cong&T
,ota.- El nero /1((0 es el sisteaautónoo
rotocolo de Estado derotocolo de Estado deEnlaceEnlace
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ara su$erar las limitaciones de los$rotocolos de Nector-Distancia? los$rotocolos de Estado de Enlaceutili'an: ulicaciones del Estado de Enlace
#4"A& Una ase de Datos *o$ol(gica El Algoritmo de Fruta mas cortaG #"1&
Una *ala de Enrutamiento de rutas %$uertos? $ara determinar la meor ruta$ara los $a<uetes.
Enrutamiento de Estado deEnrutamiento de Estado deEnlaceEnlace
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rotocolo de Estado derotocolo de Estado deEnlaceEnlace
R d 9 id t i d
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Res$onde r9$idamente a camios de
red #actuali'aciones solo cuando se ha$roducido un camio en la red.
Metrica: Ancho de anda #costo& Utili'a mecanismos $ara crear %
mantener las talas de enrutamiento: a<uetes FHelloG ulicaciones de Estado de Enlace #4"A& Algoritmo F$rimero la ruta mas cortaG
Nentaas % des,entaasNentaas % des,entaas
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om$araci(nom$araci(n
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!"1 % RI!"1 % RI
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Descri$ci(n de !"1Descri$ci(n de !"1
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a<uetes FHelloG rea % mantienead%acencias con los ,ecinos.
Intercamio de 4"A "edesencadena cuando se $roduce un
camio de to$olog2a. Estado de Enlace Descri$ci(n de
una intera' % su relaci(n con otrosrouters.
Algoritmo "1 alcula la meorruta a cada red destino.
!"1!"1
t l ;li id
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rotocolo $;lico conocido como
Frimero la ruta lire mas cortaG #!"1& rotocolo de Estado de Enlace? sin clase. 4os routers !"1 seleccionan un Router
Designado #DR& % un Router Designado
de Res$aldo #DR&? a n de reducir eln;mero de intercamios de inormaci(n. El Router con el ,alor de $rioridad / I
m9s alto es el DR. "elecciona las rutas a ase del FcostoG
#en isco es ancho de anda&.
El DR % DREl DR % DR
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El DR % el DR recien 4"AEl DR % el DR recien 4"A
*i$os de Red !"1*i$os de Red !"1
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(0ultiacceso sin(0ultiacceso sin
8roadcast)8roadcast)
Detectar NecinosDetectar Necinos
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Elegir el DR % DR en unaElegir el DR % DR en unaRed MultiaccesoRed Multiacceso
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onguraci(n de !"1onguraci(n de !"1
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Router#cong&T router os$ 7Router#cong-router&T
net6or5 7P8.7OJ.78J.K K.K.K.OL area KRouter#cong-router&T
net6or5 7P8.7OJ.7.K K.K.K.K.L area KRouter#cong-router&T e>it Router#cong&T
,ota.- El nero /10 es el ,ero deProceso
Distancia Administrati,aDistancia Administrati,a
4 t lti t l # d
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4os routers son multi$rotocolos #$ueden
utili'ar al mismo tiem$o dierentes$rotocolos incluidas rutas est9ticas&.
"i ,arios $rotocolos $ro$orcionan lamisma inormaci(n de enrutamiento se
les dee otorgar un ,alor administrati,o. 4a distancia administrati,a $ermite <ue
un $rotocolo tenga ma%or $rioridadma%or $rioridad soreotro si su ,alor es menor.
Este ,alor ,iene $or deecto? sin emargoel administrador $uede ,ariar su ,alor
Distancia Administrati,aDistancia Administrati,a Rango de las distanciasadministrati,as:
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!rigen de la Rura DistanciaAdministrati,a
Intera'onectada K
Ruta Est9tica 7RI 78K
IR 7KK
!"1 77KEIR #interno& PK
I"-I" 77
administrati,as:
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4NG H;tor Beres =.4NG H;tor Beres =.
' > il H I il d' > il H I il d
4NG H;tor Beres =.4NG H;tor Beres =.'A>ail HueresIail.urp.edu.pe'A>ail HueresIail.urp.edu.pe