FACTS ABOUT TUNDRA BIOME SUBMITTED BY: JUSTIN ADRIAN F. DUQUE AND PAOLO CAΓALITA.
2 related traits across the tundra biome Supplementary ...
Transcript of 2 related traits across the tundra biome Supplementary ...
Traditional plant functional groups explain variation in economic but not size-1
related traits across the tundra biome 2
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Supplementary Materials 4
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Below are all supplementary tables and figures supporting the analyses set out in 6
βTraditional plant functional groups explain variation in economic but not size-related 7
traits across the tundra biomeβ. 8
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Table S1 Number of trait observations and species with available trait data for the six 10
main traits (plant height, specific leaf area, leaf dry matter content, leaf nitrogen, seed 11
mass) and two supplementary traits (stem specific density, leaf lifespan) used in 12
analysis. 13
All trait observations
Only species with trait data for all traits
Trait name Observations Species Observations Species Plant height 26,448 742 19,272 295
Specific leaf area 15,406 562 12,517 295
Leaf dry matter content 11,691 473 9,376 295
Leaf nitrogen 6,352 471 5,342 295
Seed mass 4,230 637 3,029 295
Stem specific density 1,214 66 1,003 53
Leaf lifespan 237 129 190 90
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Table S2 Similarity in species composition between traditional functional groups and 15
trait-based classifications (k-means = k-means clustering; HCA = hierarchical 16
agglomerative clustering), calculated as the proportion of consistently classified 17
species out of all species. Post-hoc groups were matched to functional groups based 18
on the maximum correspondence of each individual functional group, rather than 19
based on overall correspondence across all functional groups as in the main analysis. 20
Any changes to similarity using these grouping are indicated in bold, with similarities 21
for groupings used in main analysis indicated in brackets. Only deciduous shrub and 22
graminoids species changed between grouping approaches. Maximising the deciduous 23
shrub grouping using this alternative approach resulted in an increase in 24
correspondence for deciduous shrubs but an overall decrease across all groups. 25
Functional Group Functional groups vs. K-means
Functional groups vs. HCA
K-means vs. HCA
All Methods
Similarity between group species composition β Deciduous shrubs maximised
All groups 33% (42%) 33% (43%) 74% (74%) 28% (35%) Evergreen shrubs 89% (89%) 94% (94%) 94% (94%) 89% (89%) Deciduous shrubs 33% (0%) 33% (13%) 87% (87%) 33% (0%) Graminoids 9% (52%) 9% (51%) 78% (78%) 6% (42%) Forbs 37% (37%) 37% (37%) 69% (69%) 30% (30%)
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Table S3 List of species that are consistently categorized to corresponding groups 27
(104 out of 295) among traditional plant functional groups, k-means clustering, and 28
hierarchical agglomerative clustering. 29
Species Functional Group
Species Functional Group
Andromeda polifolia Ever. Shrub Anemone narcissiflora Forb
Calluna vulgaris Ever. Shrub Anemone nemorosa Forb
Cassiope tetragona Ever. Shrub Angelica archangelica Forb
Diapensia lapponica Ever. Shrub Anthriscus sylvestris Forb
Dryas integrifolia Ever. Shrub Anthyllis vulneraria Forb
Dryas octopetala Ever. Shrub Arnica montana Forb
Empetrum nigrum Ever. Shrub Astragalus frigidus Forb
Harrimanella hypnoides Ever. Shrub Athyrium filix-femina Forb
Ledum palustre Ever. Shrub Biscutella laevigata Forb
Linnaea borealis Ever. Shrub Caltha palustris Forb
Loiseleuria procumbens Ever. Shrub Carlina acaulis Forb
Phyllodoce caerulea Ever. Shrub Carum carvi Forb
Rhododendron lapponicum Ever. Shrub Crepis paludosa Forb
Thymus praecox Ever. Shrub Filipendula ulmaria Forb
Vaccinium oxycoccos Ever. Shrub Gentiana purpurea Forb
Vaccinium vitis-idaea Ever. Shrub Geranium gymnocaulon Forb
Anthoxanthum odoratum Graminoid Geranium sylvaticum Forb
Arctagrostis latifolia Graminoid Geum rivale Forb
Blysmus compressus Graminoid Hedysarum caucasicum Forb
Briza media Graminoid Hieracium laevigatum Forb
Calamagrostis canadensis Graminoid Hieracium prenanthoides Forb
Calamagrostis purpurea Graminoid Hieracium umbellatum Forb
Calamagrostis villosa Graminoid Lactuca alpina Forb
Carex aquatilis Graminoid Leontodon hispidus Forb
Carex atrata Graminoid Lomelosia caucasica Forb
Carex canescens Graminoid Lupinus arcticus Forb
Carex caryophyllea Graminoid Melampyrum pratense Forb
Carex flacca Graminoid Melampyrum sylvaticum Forb
Carex flava Graminoid Menyanthes trifoliata Forb
Carex montana Graminoid Persicaria bistorta Forb
Carex nigra Graminoid Petasites frigidus Forb
Carex pilulifera Graminoid Peucedanum ostruthium Forb
Carex saxatilis Graminoid Pimpinella major Forb
Carex sempervirens Graminoid Plantago atrata Forb
Carex umbrosa Graminoid Potentilla anserina Forb
Deschampsia cespitosa Graminoid Prunella vulgaris Forb
Eriophorum angustifolium Graminoid Pulsatilla aurea Forb
Eriophorum scheuchzeri Graminoid Ranunculus acris Forb
Eriophorum vaginatum Graminoid Ranunculus montanus Forb
Festuca rubra Graminoid Ranunculus trichophyllus Forb
Festuca varia Graminoid Rhinanthus minor Forb
Helictotrichon versicolor Graminoid Rubus chamaemorus Forb
Hierochloe alpina Graminoid Rumex acetosa Forb
Phleum alpinum Graminoid Rumex alpestris Forb
Poa alpina Graminoid Rumex aquaticus Forb
Poa pratensis Graminoid Silene dioica Forb
Poa trivialis Graminoid Silene vulgaris Forb
Trisetum flavescens Graminoid Taraxacum campylodes Forb
Adenostyles alpina Forb Trifolium pratense Forb
Ajuga reptans Forb Trollius europaeus Forb
Alchemilla xanthochlora Forb Veratrum album Forb
Anemone alpina Forb Vicia cracca Forb
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Figure S1 Distribution of tundra plant traits represented by the four traditional tundra 32
plant functional groups. Distributions in panels (a-f) are based on species-level means 33
for the 295 tundra species for which data are available , as presented in Figure 2 in the 34
main text. Distributions in panels (g-l) are based on all available trait data for the 295 35
tundra species for which data are available for all six plant traits of interest. The use 36
of all trait data accounts for within-species trait variation within functional groups, but 37
is biased by species with greater availability of trait data for some species. Trait 38
values are presented on the x axis in untransformed units on a log scale. 39
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Plant Height (m) Plant Height (m)
Leaf Area (mm2) Leaf Area (mm2)
Seed Mass (mg) Seed Mass (mg)
Specific Leaf Area (mm2 mgβ1) Specific Leaf Area (mm2 mgβ1)
Leaf Dry Matter Content (g gβ1) Leaf Dry Matter Content (g gβ1)
Leaf N (mg gβ1) Leaf N (mg gβ1)
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Species Means (Main Text) All Trait Measurements Functional Group
Evergreen Shrub
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Figure S2 Abundance, but not number of observations increases likelihood that 41
species will be consistently classified across the three sampling methods (functional 42
groups, k-means clustering, hierarchical agglomerative clustering). Plant traits 43
represented are plant height (PH), leaf area (LA), seed mass (SM), specific leaf area 44
(SLA), leaf dry matter content (LDMC) and lean nitrogen per unit mass (LN). a) 45
Number of trait observations for species that were consistently and inconsistently 46
classified across clustering methods. Differences are not statistically significant 47
(Wilcoxon test, P = 0.11). b) Relative abundance of species that were consistently and 48
inconsistently classified across clustering methods. Differences are statistically 49
significant (Wilcoxon test, P = 0.02). c) Relationship between number of trait 50
observations and relative abundance of species. Point colours indicate if species were 51
consistently classified. Line indicates linear model fit (LM, stats), and shaded area the 52
95% confidence intervals. d) Multivariate distribution of six plant traits for tundra 53
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c) Cover vs number of observations d) Group consistency in trait space
Species consistent across groupings
Species inconsistent across groupings
ns *
species, indicating species that were consistently classified across grouping methods. 54
Species that were consistently classified (red points, 104 out of 295 species) occupied 55
a significantly different region of trait-space (PERMANOVA, P < 0.001) and tended 56
to have larger growth forms and more extreme economic traits (highly conservative or 57
highly acquisitive). Inconsistently classified species (grey points) tended to be located 58
closer towards the centre of the overall tundra trait distribution.59
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Figure S3 Alternative classification schemes increase the trait variation explained by functional groups, but in line with expectations resulting 61
from an increased number of groups. a-c) Clustering of species in multivariate trait-space according to a) the four-group classification in the 62
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K-means (4 groups)
Traditional Functional Groups (4 groups) Traditional Functional Groups (6 groups) Traditional Functional Groups (7 groups)
Hierarchical Agglomerative (4 groups)
K-means (4 groups) K-means (4 groups)
Hierarchical Agglomerative (6 groups) Hierarchical Agglomerative (7 groups)
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agglomerative sampling. d-f) variance explained by four-group clusters for all traits 64
(white), only size-related traits (red) and only economic traits (blue). g-i) Clustering 65
of species in multivariate trait-space according to g) a six-group functional group 66
classification (evergreen shrubs (blue), deciduous shrubs (green), grasses (orange), 67
sedges (red), rushes (brown), forbs (purple)), h) six-group k-means clustering, and i) 68
six-group hierarchical-agglomerative sampling. j-l) variance explained by six-group 69
clusters for all traits, only size-related traits, and only economic traits. m-o) 70
Clustering of species in multivariate trait-space according to m) a seven-group 71
functional group classification (dwarf evergreen shrubs (blue), dwarf deciduous 72
shrubs (light green), tall deciduous shrubs (dark green), grasses (orange), sedges (red), 73
rushes (brown), forbs (purple)). We classified shrubs with a mean height greater than 74
30cm as tall shrubs; there were no tall evergreen shrubs with available trait data for all 75
six traits according to this classification. n) seven-group k-means clustering, and o) 76
seven-group hierarchical-agglomerative sampling. p-r) variance explained by seven-77
group clusters for all traits, only size-related traits, and only economic traits. 78
Functional space was defined based on plant height (PH), seed mass (SM), leaf area 79
(LA), specific leaf area (SLA), leaf dry matter content (LDMC) and leaf nitrogen 80
content (LN). Ellipses represent 95% confidence interval of functional group 81
distributions. Arrows indicate direction and weighting of each trait. 82
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Figure S4Variation in multivariate trait expression explained by traditional 84
functional groups for all possible trait combinations, including a) stem density and b) 85
leaf lifespan. Previous analyses (DΓaz et al. 2016) have used stem density rather than 86
leaf dry matter content, but this trait was unavailable for the majority of tundra 87
species and is highly correlated with LDMC (BΓΌntgen, Psomas & Schweingruber 88
2014). Inclusion of stem density increases explanatory power of functional groups to 89
55%, but stem density data are available for only 53 species and so may not represent 90
biome-scale patterns. trait data for some species. Inclusion of leaf lifespan increases 91
explanatory power of functional groups to 41%, but leaf lifespan data have only146 92
available observations across 102 species, and so also may not represent biome-scale 93
patterns. Distribution of tundra plant traits represented by the four traditional tundra 94
plant functional groups for c) stem specific density and d) leaf lifespan reveal that 95
differences among groups are driven by shrub vs non-shrub species (stem specific 96
density), and evergreen shrubs (leaf lifespan). Trait values are presented on the x axis 97
in untransformed units on a log scale. 98
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Figure S5 Variance explained by traditional functional groups is consistent across a) 100
the species-level mean of trait distributions (main analysis), b) the 25th percentile of 101
species-level trait distributions, and c) the 75th percentile of species-level trait 102
distributions. Functional space was defined based on plant height (PH), seed mass 103
(SM), leaf area (LA), specific leaf area (SLA), leaf dry matter content (LDMC) and 104
leaf nitrogen content (LN). Individual species are represented by points and functional 105
groups by point colour (blue = evergreen shrub, green = deciduous shrub, yellow = 106
graminoid, purple = forb). Ellipses represent 95% confidence interval of functional 107
group distributions. Arrows indicate direction and weighting of each trait. 108
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Figure S6 β Distribution of species-level traits represented by the four traditional 110
tundra plant functional groups. Distributions are based on species-level mean traits 111
using only georeferenced trait data from locations north of 60Β°N. Note that only 57 112
tundra species have available trait data from these locations (compared to 295 species 113
using the full dataset). Trait values are presented on the x axis in untransformed units 114
on a log scale. Significance of distributions is indicated by symbols (pairwise wilcox 115
test; * = P < 0.05; ** = P < 0.01, *** = P <0.001). 116
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Figure S7 Distribution of tundra species in functional trait space using only 118
georeferenced trait data from locations north of 60Β°N. Note that only 57 tundra 119
species have available trait data from these locations compared to 295 species using 120
the full dataset. Inset plots indicate PCA multivariate distribution of six plant traits for 121
two tundra sites (a) Qikiqtaruk, (b) Abisko, and for c) the Arctic tundra. 122
Georeferenced trait collection locations are indicated by grey circles and modelled 123
site locations by red circles. Functional space was defined based on plant height (PH), 124
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ββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ
ββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ
ββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ
βββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ
ββββββββββββββββββββ
ββββββββββ
ββββββββββ
ββββββββββ
βββββββββββββββ
ββββββββββ
βββββββββββββββ
βββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ
βββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ
ββββββββββ
βββββββββββ
ββββββββββ
βββββββββββββββ
ββββββββββ
βββββββββββββββ
βββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ
ββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ
ββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ
βββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ
βββββββββββββββββββ
ββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ
ββββββββ
β
ββββββββ
βββββββββββ
ββββ
ββββ
β
ββ
β
ββββ
βββββββ
ββββββββ
ββββ
β
ββ
ββ
ββ
β
ββ
βββββββββ
ββ
ββββββββββ
βββββββ
ββββ
ββββββββββββββββββββββββββ
β
ββ
βββββββββββββ
βββββββββ
β
βββββ
β
β
β
βββ
βββββββββββ
βββββββββββββββ ββββββββ
ββ βββ ββββββ
ββββββββββββ ββββ
ββββββββββββββββββββββββββ
β
βββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ
ββ
ββ
βββββββββ
βββββββββ
β
βββββββββββββββββββββ
βββββββββββββββββββββ
βββββ
β
βββ
β
ββββββ
β
ββ
ββββββββββββββββ
ββ
β
ββ
βββ
ββ
ββ
ββ
βββββββ
β
β
β
ββββββββββ
βββββββββββ
ββββββββ
β
ββββββββββββ
ββββββββββ
βββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ
βββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ
ββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ
ββββββ
βββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ
ββββββββββββββββββββ
βββββββββββββ
β βββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ
ββββββββββββββββββββββ
βββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ
ββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ
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ββ
β
βββββββββ
βββββ
ββββββ
ββ
βββββ
βββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ
βββββββββββββββββ
βββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ
βββββββββββββββββ βββββββββ
ββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ
βββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ
ββββββββββββββββββββββββ βββββββββ
βββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ βββββββββ
βββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ
ββββββββββββββββββ
ββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ
ββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ
βββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ
ββββββββββ
ββββββββββ
ββββββββββ
ββββββββββ
βββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ ββββββββββββββ
ββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ
a. b.
LDMC
LA
LN
PH
SM
SLA
β6
β3
0
3
6
β6β3036PC1 (39.5% explained var.)
PC2
(26.
0% e
xpla
ined
var
.)
a. Qikiqtaruk (8 species)
LDMC
LA
LN
PHSM
SLA
β6
β3
0
3
6
β6
β3
0
3
6
PC1 (44.1% explained var.)
PC2 (26
.0% ex
plaine
d var.
)
c. Davos (67 species)
LDMC
LA
LN
PHSM
SLA
β6
β3
0
3
6
β6
β3
0
3
6
PC1 (44.1% explained var.)
PC2 (26
.0% ex
plaine
d var.
)c. Davos (67 species)
LDMC
LA
LN
PHSM
SLA
β6
β3
0
3
6
β6β3
03
6
PC1 (44.1% explained var.)
PC2
(26.
0% e
xpla
ined
var.)
c. Davos (67 species)
LDMC
LA
LN
PHSM
SLA
β6
β3
0
3
6
β6 β3 0 3 6PC1 (40.0% explained var.)
PC2
(23.
6% e
xpla
ined
var
.)
d. Whole Tundra (295 species)LDMC
LA
LN
PHSM
SLAβ6
β3
0
3
6
β6β3
03
6
PC1 (44.1% explained var.)
PC2
(26.
0% e
xpla
ined
var
.)
c. Davos (67 species)LDMCLA
LN
PHSM
SLA
β6
β3
0
3
6
β6 β3 0 3 6PC1 (44.1% explained var.)
PC2
(26.
0% e
xpla
ined
var
.)
c. Davos (67 species)
LDMCLA
LN
PHSM
SLA
β6
β3
0
3
6
β6 β3 0 3 6PC1 (44.1% explained var.)
PC2
(26.
0% e
xpla
ined
var
.)
c. Davos (67 species)LDMC
LA
LN
PH
SM
SLA
β6
β3
0
3
6
β6β3036PC1 (39.9% explained var.)
PC2
(24.
4% e
xpla
ined
var
.)
c. Whole Tundra (57 species
LDMC
LA
LN
PHSM
SLA
β6
β3
0
3
6
β6 β3 0 3 6PC1 (40.0% explained var.)
PC2
(23.
6% e
xpla
ined
var
.)
d. Whole Tundra (295 species)
seed mass (SM), leaf area (LA), specific leaf area (SLA), leaf dry matter content 125
(LDMC) and leaf nitrogen content (LN). Individual species are represented by points 126
and functional groups by point colour (blue = evergreen shrub, green = deciduous 127
shrub, yellow = graminoid, purple = forb). Ellipses represent 95% confidence interval 128
of functional group distributions. Arrows indicate direction and weighting of each 129
trait. 130
131
Figure S8Trait variation explained by traditional functional groups for all possible 132
trait combinations using only georeferenced trait data from locations north of 60Β°N. 133
Functional groups best explain combinations of only economic traits (a) or those 134
containing leaf dry matter content (LDMC) (b), and worst explain combinations of 135
only morphological traits (a) or those containing plant height or seed mass (c). Note 136
that only 57 tundra species have available trait data from these locations (compared to 137
295 species using the full dataset). Points indicate the mean variance explained 138
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Only Economic TraitsOnly Morphological TraitsEconomic & Morphological Traits
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(PERMANOVA R2) by functional groups and coloured to visualise the importance of 139
different trait combinations. 140
141
Figure S9 Comparison of group structure, trait variation explained, and group 142
composition between traditional functional groups and post-hoc classifications using 143
only georeferenced trait data from locations north of 60Β°N. Note that only 57 tundra 144
species have available trait data from these locations (compared to 295 species using 145
the full dataset). (a-c): PCA visualization of species clusters as defined by (a) 146
traditional functional groups, (b) k-means clustering, and (c) hierarchical-147
agglomerative clustering (HCA). Species are indicated by points and group 148
distribution by ellipses. Colours indicate groups (dark blue = evergreen shrub, green = 149
deciduous shrub, yellow = graminoid, purple = forb). Post-hoc classifications are 150
matched with functional groups based on maximum species correspondence between 151
grouping methods, such that each post-hoc classification corresponds with a 152
traditional functional group. (d-f): Trait variation explained by (d) traditional 153
functional groups, (e) k-means, and (f) HCA for multivariate combinations of all six 154
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PC1 (39.9% explained var.)
PC1 (39.9% explained var.)
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Trai
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eTr
ait T
ype
Trai
t Typ
e
Traditional Functional Groups
Kβmeans
Hierarchical Agglomerative
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
plant traits (white), structural traits only (red), and economic traits only (light blue). 155
(g): Comparison of group composition across clustering methods. The stacked bars 156
represent individual species and are ordered by traditional functional group (species 157
order remains consistent across columns). The colour of each stacked bar represents 158
the group to which species were assigned by each classification method (classification 159
can change across columns). For example, a species categorised as a graminoid by 160
traditional functional groups can be categorised in the group most corresponding to 161
forbs by post-hoc classifications. 162
Supplementary references 163
164
BΓΌntgen, U., Psomas, A. & Schweingruber, F.H. (2014) Introducing wood anatomical 165
and dendrochronological aspects of herbaceous plants: Applications of the 166
Xylem Database to vegetation science. Journal of Vegetation Science, 25, 967β167
977. 168
DΓaz, S., Kattge, J., Cornelissen, J.H.C., Wright, I.J., Lavorel, S., Dray, S., Reu, B., 169
Kleyer, M., Wirth, C., Prentice, C.I., Garnier, E., BΓΆnisch, G., Westoby, M., 170
Poorter, H., Reich, P.B., Moles, A.T., Dickie, J., Gillison, A.N., Zanne, A.E., 171
Chave, J., Joseph Wright, S., Sheremetβev, S.N., Jactel, H., Baraloto, C., 172
Cerabolini, B., Pierce, S., Shipley, B., Kirkup, D., Casanoves, F., Joswig, J.S., 173
GΓΌnther, A., Falczuk, V., RΓΌger, N., Mahecha, M.D. & GornΓ©, L.D. (2016) The 174
global spectrum of plant form and function. Nature, 529, 167β171. 175