2. Procedimiento de Radiografia

7/28/2019 2. Procedimiento de Radiografia

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4MP-T040-S0106 RT-ASME (Rev. 5

4MP-T040-S0106 (WNDE RT ASME Rev 5).doc Page 2 of 40

1.0 SCOPE

1.1 This procedure provides the minimum requirements to be used for radiographic examination of welds andcomponents governed by the codes listed in paragraph 2.0 and for those materials identified in Table 4.Thickness to be examined shall be in accordance with table 1-A.

1.2 This procedure shall be used by Bechtel NDE personnel for radiographic interpretation and may be used as

an examination procedure by subcontractor NDE personnel.1.3 Where techniques not specifically covered by this procedure are required, they shall conform to the

requirements of ASME Section V, Article 2, the referencing Code, and the general requirements of thisprocedure.

2.0 REFERENCES

2.1 ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section I, 2010 Edition

2.2 ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section V, 2010 Edition

2.3 ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, Div. 1 & 2, 2010 Edition

2.4 ASME B31.1, "Power Piping", 2010 Edition

2.5 ASME B31.3, "Process Piping", 2008 Edition2.6 ASME B31.4, "Pipeline Transportation Systems for Liquid Hydrocarbons and other Liquids", 2009 Edition

2.7 ASME B31.8, "Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping Systems", 2010 Edition

2.8 AWWA D100, Welded Steel Tanks For Water Storage, 2007 Edition Including Errata

2.9 API 620, "Design and Construction of Large, Welded Low - Pressure Storage Tanks", Eleventh Edition(February, 2008)

2.10 API 650, "Welded Steel Tanks for Oil Storage", Eleventh Edition (June, 2007)

2.11 API 1104, "Welding of Pipelines and Related Facilities", Twentieth Edition (November, 2005) IncorporatingJuly, 2007 Errata / Addendum

2.12 Bechtel Nondestructive Examination Standard, NEPQ, Personnel Qualification and Certification

3.0 PRECAUTIONS FOR PERSONNEL SAFETY

3.1 The radiographic subcontractor shall be responsible for compliance with national, state, local, and companyregulations governing safety in the operation of x-ray and gamma-ray exposure equipment.

4.0 PERSONNEL

4.1 Bechtel personnel performing radiographic interpretation in accordance with this standard shall be qualifiedand have current certifications as an NDE Level II or III in the radiographic method. Bechtel NDE personnelshall be certified in accordance with Bechtel Nondestructive Examination Personnel Qualification Standard,NEPQ, which has been developed from guidelines provided by the American Society for NondestructiveTesting Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A.

4.2 All NDE subcontractor personnel performing radiographic examination to this standard shall be qualified andcurrently certified as an NDE Level I, II, or III in the radiographic method to a personnel qualificationstandard developed from guidelines provided by the American Society for Nondestructive TestingRecommended Practice SNT-TC-1A.

4.3 Only Bechtel personnel certified Level II or III in the radiographic method shall perform final evaluations andreporting of results.


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5.0 TECHNIQUE

5.1 Time of Examination

5.1.1 Radiographic examination shall be performed at the sequence directed on the applicable weld record.

5.2 Surface Preparation

5.2.1 The weld ripples or weld surface irregularities on both the inside (where accessible) and outside shall beremoved by any suitable process to such a degree that the images of surface irregularities cannot mask orbe confused with the image of any discontinuity on the resulting radiograph.

5.3 Radiation Sources

5.3.1 X-ray machines or isotopes may be used. The radiation energy employed for any radiographic techniqueshall achieve the density and IQI image requirements of this procedure. Radiation source focal spotdimensions or sizes shall be such that the applicable geometric unsharpness requirements of this procedurecan be met.

5.4 Film Identification

5.4.1 Each radiograph shall be identified by the use of lead numbers, letters, and/or by an identification printer.The method used shall be at the option of Bechtel. The identification images shall not appear in the area of

interest. The minimum required identification is:a) Bechtel identificationb) Bechtel job numberc) Component or vessel identificationd) Seam or weld joint identificatione) Date of radiographf) Radiographer's company identification or logo

5.4.2 In cases where an error has inadvertently been made in the identification appearing on the radiograph, aBechtel Level II or III shall verify that the radiograph represents the actual part radiographed. At the option ofthe Bechtel Level II or III, the weld may be re-shot or the film re-identified with a means of permanentmarking and the re-identification initialed by the Level II or III and noted on the interpretation report.

5.5 Image Quality Indicators (IQI)

5.5.1 Image quality indicator design and material shall comply with ASME Standard Practice SE-1025 (hole-type)and SE-747 (wire type), except that the largest wire number or the identity number may be omitted. IQI shallbe selected from the same alloy material group or grade as identified in Table 4 or from an alloy materialgroup or grade with less radiation absorption than the material being radiographed.

5.5.1.1 When the weld metal is of an alloy group or grade which has a radiation attenuation that differs from thebase material, the IQI material selection shall be based on the weld metal and be in accordance with 5.5.1.When the density limits of 5.5.9 cannot be met with one IQI and the exceptional density area(s) is at theinterface of the weld and the base material, the material selection for the additional IQI shall be based on thebase material and be in accordance with Table 1-A or 1-B and Table 2.

5.5.1.2 The essential hole / wire size and designated IQI selection shall be based upon Table 1-A for ASME I, VIII,IX, B31.1, B31.3, AWWA D100, API 620, and API 650. Provisions for the use of equivalent hole-typesensitivity shall not be applied without the specific review and approval of a Bechtel RT Level III.

5.5.1.3 IQI selection and determination of the essential wire shall be based upon Table 1-B for radiographyperformed in accordance with API 1104, ASME B31.4, or ASME B31.8.


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5.5.1.4 For welds with reinforcement, IQI thickness / designated wire size is based on the nominal single wallthickness plus the estimated I.D. and O.D. weld reinforcement (not to exceed the maximum permitted by thereferencing Code Section). Backing rings or strips are not to be considered as part of the thickness in IQIselection. The actual measurement of the weld reinforcement is not required.

5.5.1.5 For welds without reinforcement, the thickness on which the IQI is based is the nominal single wallthickness. Backing rings or strips are not to be considered as part of the weld thickness in IQI selection.

5.5.2 A shim of material radiographically similar to the weld metal shall be placed between the part and the hole-type IQI, if needed, so that the radiographic density throughout the area of interest is no more than minus15% from (lighter than) the radiographic density through the IQI or adjacent to the designated wire of a wireIQI. The shim dimensions shall exceed the IQI dimensions such that the outline of at least three sides of theIQI image is visible on the radiograph.

5.5.3 When shims are used with hole type IQIs, the plus 30 percent restriction of 5.5.9 may be exceeded, and theminimum density requirements of 5.13.5 do not apply for IQI, provided the required IQI sensitivityrequirements (5.13.3) are met.

5.5.4 The image quality indicator(s) shall be placed on the source side of the part being examined, except in thecondition described below.

a) Where inaccessibility prevents hand placing the IQI on the source side, it shall be placed on the filmside in contact with the part being examined. A lead letter "F" shall be placed adjacent to or on the IQI

but shall not mask the essential hole, where hole type IQIs are used.

b) When radiographing welds, the hole type IQI(s) may be placed adjacent to or on the weld. Theidentification number(s) and the lead letter "F," when used, shall not be in the area of interest. Whengeometric configuration makes it impractical to place the IQI(s) as such, the identification numbersand lead letter "F" may be placed in the area of interest.

c) When radiographing welds, a wire IQI shall be placed on the weld so that the length of the wires isperpendicular to the length of the weld. The identification numbers and lead letter "F," when used,shall not be in the area of interest, except for the conditions described in 5.5.4 b).

5.5.5 When radiographing materials other than welds, the IQI with the identification number, and the lead letter"F," if used, may be placed in the area of interest.

5.5.6 When configuration or size prevents placing the IQI as described in paragraph 5.5.4 or 5.5.5, it may be

placed on a separate block (or like part/product) as provided in a, b, c, below.

a) The IQI on the source side of the separate block shall be placed no closer to the film than the sourceside of the part being radiographed.

b) The separate block shall be placed as close as possible to the part being radiographed.

c) The block dimensions shall exceed the IQI dimensions such that the outline of at least three sides ofthe IQI image shall be visible on the radiograph.

5.5.7 Except as provided in paragraphs 5.5.8 and 5.5.9, one IQI image shall appear on each film.

5.5.8 For panoramic exposures, IQI shall be spaced approximately equally around the circumference, as requiredby 5.5.8.1 or 5.5.8.3.

5.5.8.1 At least three IQI spaced approximately 120 degrees apart shall be used when utilizing a panoramic

exposure technique to perform examinations to meet the requirements of ASME I, VIII, IX, B31.1, B31.3,API 620, and API 650.

5.5.8.2 For radiography performed to meet the requirements of AWWA D100, one IQI shall be used for each film, tobe placed adjacent to or across the weld seam at the approximate canter of the location to be examined.For vertical welds, the IQI shall be placed parallel to the seam. For horizontal welds, the IQI shall be placedparallel to the weld seam. Wire IQI shall he placed across the weld.

5.5.8.3 When performing radiography in accordance with API 1104, ASME B31.4, or B31.8, at least four IQI shall beused when a complete weld is radiographed using a panoramic exposure.


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5.5.8.4 In order to maintain the continuity of records involving subsequent exposures, all radiographs exhibiting IQIsqualifying the panoramic techniques shall be retained.

5.5.9 If the radiographic density through the weld varies from that through the body of the hole IQI or adjacent tothe designated wire of a wire IQI by more than -15 percent or +30 percent, one IQI representative of thelightest area and another representative of the darkest area shall be used. Both must be within the densityrange permitted by paragraph 5.13.5. The intervening densities on the radiograph shall be considered ashaving acceptable density provided the required quality level appears on both IQI.

5.6 Radiography of Vessel, Tank, Pipe or Tube Welds

5.6.1 Radiography of pipe or tube welds should be performed according to the requirements of Table 3 asillustrated on Figures 1 and 2. Radiography of welds made to the requirements of ASME B31.4, B31.8, orAPI 1104 shall be per the specific technique requirements referenced in para. 5.5.8.3 and Table 3.

5.6.2 For ASME B31.3 pipe girth welds that intersect longitudinal welds, at least 1-1/2 inch of the longitudinal weldshall be shown on the radiograph. When performing radiographic examination of these welds using apanoramic exposure technique, the adequacy of the radiographic technique shall be demonstrated at theextremity of the intersecting longitudinal seam in addition to that otherwise required. It is not necessary todemonstrate the radiographic technique adequacy when using other than a panoramic exposure.

5.6.3 For AWWA D100, API 620 and API 650 tanks, when intersections of vertical and horizontal welds requirethe performance of radiography, not less than 3 inches of vertical seam shall be visible on the radiograph,with 2 inches of horizontal weld each side of the vertical intersection visible on the same radiograph.Adequacy of the radiographic technique shall be demonstrated at the extremity of the intersectinglongitudinal seam in addition to that shown for the horizontal weld.

5.6.4 When tracer shots are required for spot radiography, in addition to the ID required in 5.4.1, the rejected weldnumber followed by the letter T will be included as part of the required film identification. Subsequent tracerexposures shall be sequentially numbered T1, T2, etc.

Note: A tracer shot is an exposure to determine the extent of an imperfection where it has been determinedto extend beyond the length of the initial radiograph.

5.7 Geometric Unsharpness

5.7.1 The requirements of paragraph 5.7.2 may be used as a guide but not for the rejection of radiographs unlessthe geometric unsharpness exceeds 0.07 inch.

5.7.2 Recommended maximum values for geometric unsharpness are as follows:

Material Thickness Ug Maximum, Inches

< 2.0 inches 0.020

2.0 through 3.0 inches 0.030

> 3.0 through 4.0 inches 0.040

> 4.0 inches 0.070

Note: Material thickness is the thickness on which the IQI is based.


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5.7.3 Geometric unsharpness, "Ug," equals source size times object-to-film distance divided by the object-to-source distance.

Ug =F x d

D

Ug = Geometric Unsharpness

F = Source size in inches, the maximum projected dimension of the radiating source (or effective focalspot). The manufacturer's certification of the source size may be used for this dimension.

D = Distance in inches from the source of radiation to the source side of the weld being examined.d = Distance in inches from the source side of the weld to the film.

5.8 Intensifying Screens

5.8.1 Lead intensifying screens shall be used. Front intensifying screens for x-ray with voltage 125 kV or aboveshall be a minimum of 0.005 inch thick, for Iridium 192 (gamma ray) it should be a minimum of 0.005 inchthick, and 0.010 inch thick for Cobalt 60 (gamma). For both x-ray and gamma ray, the back intensifyingscreen should be a minimum of 0.005 inch thick.

5.9 Radiographic Film

5.9.1 Radiographic film shall be selected from industrial radiographic types.

5.10 Back-scatter Radiation Check

5.10.1 As a check for back-scatter radiation, a lead symbol "B", with minimum dimensions of 1/2 inch in height and1/16 inch in thickness, shall be attached to the back of each film holder during exposure. If a light image ofthe "B" appears on the radiograph, the radiograph shall be considered unacceptable. A dark image of the"B" on a lighter background is not cause for rejection of the radiograph.

5.11 Location Markers

5.11.1 Location markers shall be used to ensure complete coverage and shall appear as radiographic images onthe film. The location markers shall be placed on the part, not on the film holder/cassette. For other thanelliptical or superimposed exposures, the first location shall be identified with a "0". Location markers shouldnot be closer than 1/4 inch to the weld. Number belts may be used.

5.11.2 Location marker spacing for circumferential pipe or tube welds shall be as noted below:

Nominal Pipe Dia., Inches Spacing

3.5 (Elliptical orSuperimposed Exposure)

1 per exposure

3.5 (Single Wall Viewing)Minimum 2 per exposure, markingextremities of the area of interest

> 3.5 through 6.0 1 inch apart

> 6.0 through 18.0 2 inches apart

> 18.0Increased at the option of a Bechtel RTLevel III, but not to exceed 6 inches.

5.11.3 The location markers shall consist of lead numbers between 1/4 and 1/2 inches in height. A starting pointshall be selected for each weld being radiographed. The starting point and direction of numbering shall beidentified by marking a zero (which corresponds to the zero of location marker) and an arrow (representingthe numbering direction) on the pipe component in a manner allowing accurate traceability of the startingpoint for at least the period of required film retention.

5.11.3.1 When permanent marking is prohibited or impractical, temporarily mark the 0 and arrow. This temporarymarking shall be maintained until the area being examined is acceptable.


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5.11.3.2 A clear, accurate sketch of the temporary marking shall be prepared to allow traceability of the radiographsto the part or weld. This sketch shall be filed with radiographs.

5.11.4 If the image of the weld will not be readily apparent on the radiograph (due to the weld having been groundflush, for instance), arrows or "Vs" shall be placed at the weld toe opposite the film location numbers andpositioned to appear at both ends of the film.

5.12 Film Processing

5.12.1 Film shall be processed to comply with ASME SE-999 or SE-94 Part III, and shall comply with themanufacturer's recommendations as to required chemicals, processing techniques, and times.

5.12.2 The Bechtel radiographic interpreter may request residual thiosulfate tests when radiographs are to beretained as permanent plant records, part of a periodic testing program, or when reason exists to questionfilm processing techniques. When such testing occurs, testing shall be in accordance with ANSI IT9.1, andradiographs shall be processed in a manner which will produce residual thiosulfate levels not greater than0.050 g/m

2.

5.13 Film Viewing/Interpretation

5.13.1 The viewer must provide light of sufficient intensity to illuminate the area of interest without glare, diffuse thelight evenly over the viewing area, and have a rheostat control for the light source. Masks shall be availableto prevent any extraneous light when viewing radiographs smaller than the viewing port.

5.13.2 Subdued lighting, rather than total darkness, is preferable in the viewing room. Room illumination must beso arranged that there are no reflections from the surface of the film under examination.

5.13.3 Radiography shall be performed with a technique of sufficient sensitivity to display the hole-type IQI imageand the essential hole, or the essential wire of the wire IQI. The radiograph shall display the identifyingnumbers and letters of the IQI.

5.13.4 Either a densitometer or step wedge comparison film shall be used for judging film density.

5.13.4.1 A national standard step tablet or step wedge calibration film, traceable to a national standard step tabletand having at least 5 steps with neutral densities from at least 1.0 through 4.0 shall be used. The stepwedge calibration film shall have been verified within the last year by comparison with a national standardstep tablet.

5.13.4.2 The densitometer manufacturers step by step instructions for the operation of the densitometer shall be

followed.

5.13.4.3 The density steps closest to 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0 on the national standard step tablet or step wedgecalibration film shall be read.

5.13.4.4 The densitometer is acceptable for use if the density readings do not vary by more than +/- 0.05 densityunits from the actual density stated on the national standard step tablet or step wedge calibration film.

5.13.4.5 The satisfactory performance of the 90-day densitometer calibration verification shall be recorded andmaintained in an appropriate calibration log.

5.13.4.6 Periodic densitometer calibration verification checks shall be performed at the beginning of each shift, after8 hours of continuous use, or after change of apertures, whichever comes first. Densitometer performanceshall be within the tolerances defined in 5.13.4.4. Periodic densitometer performance checks may bedocumented.

5.13.4.7 Step wedge comparison films shall be verified prior to first use, unless performed by the manufacturer. Thedensity of the steps on a step wedge comparison film shall be verified by a calibrated densitometer. The

step wedge comparison film is acceptable if the density readings do not vary by more than 0.1 densityunits from the density stated on the step wedge comparison film.

5.13.5 The film density through the hole IQI or adjacent to the designated wire of a wire IQI and the weld shall be2.0 minimum to 4.0 maximum for radiographs made with a gamma ray source and 1.8 minimum to 4.0maximum for radiographs made with an x-ray source.

5.13.6 Composite (double film) viewing is not permitted except with specific approval of a Bechtel NDE Level III.


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5.13.7 All radiographs shall be free from mechanical, chemical, or other blemishes to the extent that they do notmask and are not confused with the image of any discontinuity in the area of interest of the object beingradiographed. Each exposed film shall have inter-leafing paper between films when submitted to Bechtel.

5.13.8 Bechtel shall evaluate all radiographs and review radiographic reports for final acceptance of film and welds.Subcontractors shall evaluate film quality, and provide preliminary weld interpretation if requested byBechtel.

5.13.9 Radiographic technique details and the results of radiographic examinations shall be recorded inaccordance with 7.1.

5.13.10 Acceptable indications that require evaluation and interpretation to determine their acceptability shall berecorded and the disposition indicated on the review form. The method of determining acceptability (e.g.,visual, density check, dimensional, other NDE methods, etc.) shall be noted on the radiographic reviewform. Supplementary documentation as necessary shall be included with the final report.

5.13.11 Areas that have been repaired shall be re-radiographed to the requirements of this procedure. The repairradiographs shall be identified by an R1, R2, etc., as appropriate. The radiograph of the repaired area shallextend beyond the repair to the extent necessary to assure that the total area repaired has beenradiographed. It is generally recommended to have radiographic coverage 2 inches beyond the length of therepair. In some instances, however, it may be necessary to re-radiograph the adjacent views to prove thatcoverage has been attained.

5.13.12 The original radiograph of the rejected area shall be available for comparison with the repair radiograph toassure acceptability of the repair and adequacy of coverage.

6.0 WELD ACCEPTANCE STANDARDS

6.1 See 9.1 through 9.6 for weld acceptance standards.

6.2 The definition of "t" for determining the acceptability of elongated indications changes, depending on theapplicable code. See the applicable Code acceptance criteria for the appropriate definition of this term.

6.3 When a radiograph displays weld concavity and the pipe inside surface is not accessible to physicallymeasure the depth, the acceptability of the concavity may be determined by comparing the radiographic filmdensity. If the density of the concave area is the same as or less than (lighter than) the adjacent base metal,the concave area is acceptable.


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7.0 REPORTS & RECORDS

7.1 The radiographic technique and review report forms (see Exhibit 1 and 2 sample forms) shall provide for thefollowing, as applicable:

Date, Bechtel job number and the name or logo of the radiographer's company

Bechtel weld identification number

The governing Code and Code Section (acceptance criteria)

Radiation source (Gamma, Ir192, Se75, Co60; or X-ray) and strength (gamma curies or X-ray kV)

The radiographer's name and certification level

Film brand, designation, and type of processing

Number of film per cassette

Film quality evaluation (density, IQI, essential hole/wire visibility, film quality) and results

Name and level of person performing film quality review

Shooting sketch, or reference thereto, showing the geometric arrangement of source, weld, film, IQIs,and location markers

Shim thickness

Source-to-weld distance (plus source-to-film distance when film is not in contact with the weld beingradiographed)

Effective source size or focal spot size dimensions supplied by the manufacturer

Calculated geometric unsharpness in accordance with 5.7

Material type and thickness, weld thickness, and reinforcement thickness (used for shim selection)

Listing of each radiograph location

Name and level of the person performing evaluation and disposition of the material or weld beingexamined

7.2 Radiographic technique and review report form(s) shall be maintained with dispositioned radiographs.Reference to a standard technique setup (sketch) is acceptable if descriptions of this standard setup arereadily available and they comply with the requirements of this procedure (e.g. Figures 1 or 2).

7.3 Records of radiographic examination shall be maintained in accordance with project requirements.

7.4 Certification records for Bechtel NDE personnel are maintained by the Welding & NDE Services group.Copies of certification records may be maintained by the project.

8.0 NONDESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION SUBCONTRACTORS

8.1 Welding & NDE Services shall review and approve subcontractor personnel NDE certification records. Acopy of the approved certification records for subcontractor NDE personnel shall be maintained in theproject files.


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Table 1-A

Material Thickness, IQI Designations, and Essential Holes/Wires

(ASME I, VIII Div. 1 and 2, IX, ASME B31.1, 31.3, AWWA D100, API 620, API 650)

Hole Type IQI Wire IQINominal Single Wall Weld

Thickness Range, Inches SourceSide

FilmSide

EssentialHole

SourceSide

FilmSide

0.25 12 10 2T 5 4

> 0.25 through 0.375 15 12 2T 6 5

> 0.375 through 0.50 17 15 2T 7 6

> 0.50 through 0.75 20 17 2T 8 7

> 0.75 through 1.00 25 20 2T 9 8

> 1.00 through 1.50 30 25 2T 10 9

> 1.50 through 2.00 35 30 2T 11 10

> 2.00 through 2.50 40 35 2T 12 11

> 2.50 through 4.00 50 40 2T 13 12

> 4.00 through 6.00 60 50 2T 14 13

Table 1-B

Material Thickness, IQI Designations, and Essential Holes

(API 1104, ASME B31.4, and B31.8)

ASTM E 747 WireWeld Thickness,

Inches ASTMSet

Essential Wire

Diameter, In.

0-1/4 A .008

1/4 - 3/8 A or B .010

>3/8 1/2 B .013

>1/2 - 3/4 B .016

>3/4 - 1 B .020

>1 - 2 B .025


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Table 2

Hole-Type IQI Designation, Thickness, and Hole Diameters

IQI

Designation

IQI

Thickness

1T Hole

Diameter

2T Hole

Diameter

4T Hole

Diameter

5 0.005 0.010 0.020 0.040

7 0.007 0.010 0.020 0.040

10 0.010 0.010 0.020 0.040

12 0.012 0.012 0.025 0.050

15 0.015 0.015 0.030 0.060

17 0.017 0.017 0.035 0.070

20 0.020 0.020 0.040 0.080

25 0.025 0.025 0.050 0.100

30 0.030 0.030 0.060 0.120

35 0.035 0.035 0.070 0.140

40 0.040 0.040 0.080 0.160

45 0.045 0.045 0.090 0.180

50 0.050 0.050 0.100 0.200

60 0.060 0.060 0.120 0.240

Wire IQI Designation and Wire Diameters

ASTM Set Wire Identity Wire Diameter

1 0.00322 0.004

A 3 0.005

4 0.00635 0.0086 0.010

6 0.0107 0.013

B 8 0.016

9 0.02010 0.02511 0.032

11 0.03212 0.040

C 13 0.050

14 0.06315 0.08016 0.100


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Table 3

Radiographic Techniques

Nominal

Outside

Diameter

Type of Exposure

Technique

Type of

Exposure and

Viewing

Minimum Number of

ExposuresFigure

3 andless

Ellliptical

Contact

Superimposed

Dbl. Wall Exp.Dbl. Wall Viewing

Dbl. Wall Exp.Sgl. Wall Viewing

Dbl. Wall Exp.Dbl. Wall Viewing

2(at 0 & 90)

3(120 degrees apart)

3(0, 60 & 120)

2(E)

2(A,B,C or D)

2(F)

Over

3

Contact

Panoramic

Dbl. Wall Exp.Sgl. Wall Viewing

Sgl. Wall Exp.Sgl. Wall Viewing



3 (See Note 3)(120 degrees apart)

1

(Note 3)

(Note 3)

2(Aor B)

1 (Aor B)

1 (Cor D)

1 (Eor F)

Notes:

1) Techniques other than those described in this procedure may be used with the approval of aBechtel NDE Level III individual or approved designee.

2) Location markers shall be placed as follows:

Source side for radiographic techniques shown in Fig. 1 (E or F) and Fig. 2 (E or F).

Film side for radiographic techniques shown in Fig. 1 (C or D), 2 (A or B), 2 (C or D).

Either side for radiographic techniques shown in Fig. 1 (A or B).

3) An adequate number of exposures shall be made to demonstrate that the required coveragehas been obtained. When performing radiographic examination to meet the requirements of

ASME B31.4, B31.8, or API 1104, and the source of radiation is outside the pipe and more than1/2 from the surface, at least four exposures separated by 90 are required (double wallexposure/single wall viewing).

4) For techniques Fig. 2 (E) and (F), only a source side IQI may be used.


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(B)(A)Film

Source Source

Film

IQIIQI

(C)Film

Source

(D)Film

Source

IQI IQI

(E)

Source

Film

(F)

Film

Source IQIIQI

Figure 1

Single-Wall Radiographic Techniques


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(B)(A)Film

Source

IQI Film

IQI

Source

(D)

IQI

Alternate Source

Locations

FilmIQI

Alternate Source

Locations

Film

(C)

(F)Film(E)

Source

IQI

Source

IQI

Film

Figure 2

Double-Wall Radiographic Techniques


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Table 4

Material Grouping and IQI Requirements

ASME SE 747 / SE

1025 Material Group #

Wire-Type IQI Material

Designation

Hole-Type IQI Material

DesignationMaterial

1

Base Material P-

Number

1Carbon Steel /Stainless Steel

P1 through P11, P15

3

Material Group Number

Nickel-Chromium-Iron Alloys, NickelAlloys, Hastelloy

P43, P45

1) Questions about IQI selection for material group variations shall be referred to CE&T Welding and NDE Services for resolution and direction.

2) AL-6XN falls into Material Group 3, where examination applies.


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4MP-T040-S0106

Radiographic Exposur

4MP-T040-S0106 (WNDE RT ASME Rev 5).doc

Work Request #

[1][Exhibit 1] Nondestructive Examination Report

Radiographic Technique Report & Evaluation [WR-35]Bechtel Job #

[3]

Job Name

[4]

Surface Condition [5]

Ground As Welded

NDE Procedure / Rev

[6]

Iso / Dwg #

[8]

Part or Weld #

[9]

Component Configuration

[10]

Material Type [11] Other

C/S S/S Dissim.MeFilm Mfr / Designation / Size

[13]

Cassette Load

Double Single [14]

Lead Screens (F&B, Type, Thickness)

[15]

IQI Designation / Quality Level

[16]Radiation Source [18]

Gamma (Ir192

) (Se75

) (Co60

) ______ Curie StrengthX-Ray (kV)_______(mA)_______

Exposure Time

[19]

IQI Placement

Source Side Film Side

Exposure Geometry / Geometric UnsharpnessDiameter / Wall Thickness

[22]

Reinforcement Thickness

[23]

Source Size / Focal Spot

[24]

Source-Object Distance (S-O-D)

[25]

Weld (Object) Thickness

[26]

Technique & Film Quality

(ID) ID or # Belt in Weld, Pene/Shim in Weld (PSW), Incomplete ID (I-ID), Improper Number Belt (INB), UnacceptabImproper Technique (I-T), Light Leaks (LL), Film Artifact (FA), Mottling / Streaks (M-S), Improper IQI (I-IQI), F missing (N

Exposure

Location

Penet.

Density

(Low)

Penet.

Density

(High)

Weld

Density

Light

Weld

Density

Dark

Acc

()

Rej

()T&FQ Code(s) / Remarks

[28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] [35]

SWSV(Panoramic)[36]SWSV-Source Offset SWSV-Source Ext. DWSV (Contact) DWSV-Ext. / Offset

Radiographer / Subcontractor Name

[37]

Level

[38]

Date

Subcontractor Technique Evaluator / Subcontractor Name

[40]

Level

[41]

Date

SAMPLE


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4MP-T040-S0106

Radiographic Exposur

4MP-T040-S0106 (WNDE RT ASME Rev 5).doc

Work Request #

[1]

[Exhibit 1] Nondestructive Examination Report

Radiographic Technique Report & Evaluation (Contd) [WR-35]Bechtel Job #

[3]

Job Name

[4]

Iso / Dwg #

[8]

Part or Weld #

[9]

Technique & Film Quality

(ID) ID or # Belt in Weld, Pene/Shim in Weld (PSW), Incomplete ID (I-ID), Improper Number Belt (INB), Unacceptab

Improper Technique (I-T), Light Leaks (LL), Film Artifact (FA), Mottling / Streaks (M-S), Improper IQI (I-IQI), F missing (NExposure

Location

Penet.

Density

(Low)

Penet.

Density

(High)

Weld

Density

Light

Weld

Density

Dark

Acc

()

Rej

()T&FQ Code(s) / Remarks

[28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] [35]

Radiographer / Subcontractor Name

[37]

Level

[38]

Date

Subcontractor Technique Evaluator / Subcontractor Name

[40]

Level

[41]

Date

SAMPLE


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Exhibit 1 (Contd)

Instructions

1. Enter the number of the Work Request here.

2. Enter the date that the examination took place on.

3. Enter the Bechtel job number here.

4. Enter the project name here.5. Check the box corresponding to the surface condition (ground or as-welded) at the time of examination.

6. Enter the identification and revision of the applicable examination procedure; e.g. RT-ASME Rev. 2.

7. Enter the alphanumeric designation of the governing fabrication code, e.g. ASME B31.3, AWS D1.1, etc.

8. Enter the applicable isometric or drawing number for the component examined. The Sketch / Comments sectionmay be used for additional references, if necessary.

9. Enter the identification of the part or weld which was examined. e.g. Pump SI-11 Shaft or FW-14.

10. Describe the component configuration; e.g. pipe-to-pipe, elbow-to-pipe, plate, stud, etc.

11. Check the box corresponding to the type of material where examination was conducted. If other than carbon steel,stainless steel, or other dissimilar metal, check other and enter that material type above check boxes or ioncomments section.

12. Enter the subcontractor company name here.13. Enter the name of the film manufacturer, designation or type, and size as applicable.

14. Check the box corresponding to the number of film in the cassette load.

15. Enter the location (front and/or back) and thickness of lead screens used.

16. Enter the numerical designation of the plaque-type IQI or the alphanumeric designation of wire-type IQI.

17. Enter the thickness of shim(s) used here.

18. Check the box corresponding to the radiation type and/or source used. Fill in the blanks for activity, KV, or mA.

19. Enter the time used for the exposure.

20. Check the box corresponding to the location of IQI placement.

21. Check the appropriate box to denote manual or automatic film processing.

22. Enter the nominal diameter and wall thickness here.23. Enter the estimated reinforcement thickness here for which IQI selection is based.

24. Enter the source or focal spot size (supplied on manufacturer documentation), when required.

25. Enter the physical source to object dimension here as used to calculate geometric unsharpness, when required.

26. Enter the overall weld or object thickness here.

27. Enter the final calculated geometric unsharpness value here, when required.

28. Enter the identification of the view of the weld or component that was examined, based upon the location markerand intended coverage. e.g. 0-4.

29. Enter the lower value of the density found within plaque-type IQI or lower value found adjacent to the essentialwire.

30. Enter the higher value of the density found within plaque-type IQI or higher value found adjacent to the essentialwire.

31. Enter the lower value of the density found within the area of interest.

32. Enter the higher value of the density found within the area of interest.

33. Place a mark (check or X) in this space if the image technique and quality is found to be acceptable.

34. Place a mark (check or X) in this space if the image technique and quality is found not to be acceptable.

35. Insert applicable acronyms and/or remarks from the table on the report, as they relate to technique and film(image) quality.


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36. Check the box that depicts the exposure arrangement utilized for the examination.

37. The certified radiographer who performed the exposure shall sign the report here and enter the subcontractorcompany name.

38. Insert appropriate NDE certification level, e.g. I, II, or III.

39. Insert date that report was signed by the radiographer shown in field 37.

40. The certified individual who performed the interpretation shall sign the report here.

41. Insert appropriate NDE certification level, e.g. II, or III.

42. Insert date that report was signed by the evaluator shown in field 40.

43. Enter the radiographic exposure technique report number, if applicable. This number is for log or referencepurposes only.


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Radiographic Exposure Technique Report # ________26___


Exhibit 2

Work Request #

[1]

Nondestructive Examination Report

Radiographic Film Interpretation [WR-55]

Date

[2]

Job #

[3]

Job Name

[4]

Surface Condition [5]

GroundAs Welded

Diameter / Thickness

[6]

Iso / Dwg #

[7]

Part or Weld #

[8]

Time of Exam [9] N/A

Pre-PWHT Post-PWHT

NDE Procedure / Rev

[10]

Code / Weld Class

[11]

Component Configuration

[12]

Matl Type [13]C/S S/S OtherDissim. Metal

Weld Procedure / Rev

[14]

Weld Indication CodesLinear:

Rounded:

Other:

EI

C

IF

IP

SI

P

TI

FA

Elongated Indication

Crack

Incomplete Fusion

Incomplete Penetration

Slag Inclusion

Porosity

Tungsten Inclusion

Film Artifact

Surface: UC

CV

CX

BT

MM

GM

AB

OS

Undercut

Root Concavity

Root Convexity

Burn Through

Mismatch

Gouge Mark

Arc Strike

Other Surface Mark

Film Location Acc Rej Ind Code Remarks / Indication Location

[15] [16] [17] [18] [19]

Sketch / Comments [20]

Interpreter

[21]

Level

[22]

Date

[23]

Review

[24]

Date

[25]

SAMPLE


21/40



Exhibit 2 (Contd)

Instructions

1. Enter the number of the Work Request here.

2. Enter the date of the evaluation here.

3. Enter the Bechtel job number here.

4. Enter the project name here.5. Check the box corresponding to the surface condition (ground or as-welded) at the time of examination.

6. Enter the nominal diameter and wall thickness here.

7. Enter the applicable isometric or drawing number for the component examined. The Sketch / Comments sectionmay be used for additional references, if necessary.

8. Enter the identification of the part or weld which was examined. e.g. FW-14.

9. Check the box corresponding to the time at which the examination was performed; either before or after the post-weld heat treatment (PWHT). If PWHT is not applicable to the component, weld, or material, check NA.

10. Enter the identification and revision of the applicable examination procedure; e.g. RT-ASME Rev. 4.

11. Enter the alphanumeric designation of the governing fabrication code and acceptance standard, e.g. ASME B31.3Normal Fluid Service, ASME I, etc.

12. Describe the component configuration; e.g. pipe-to-pipe, elbow-to-pipe, plate, stud, etc.13. Check the box corresponding to the type of material where examination was conducted. If other than carbon steel,

stainless steel, or other dissimilar metal, check other and enter that material type above check boxes or ioncomments section.

14. Add the welding procedure designation; e.g. P1-AT-Lh.

15. Enter the identification of the view of the weld or component that was examined, based upon the location markerand intended coverage. e.g. 0-4.

16. Place a mark (check or X) in this space if examination results indicated component or weld acceptance.

17. Place a mark (check or X) in this space if examination results indicated component or weld rejection.

18. Insert applicable acronyms from the table on the report. Refer to the applicable examination procedure for specificdefinitions of rounded, linear, elongated, etc.

19. Insert any remarks or comments that may be deemed pertinent to the examination.20. Use this space to provide sketches or additional comments that are significant to the examination.

21. The certified individual who performed the interpretation shall sign the report here.

22. Insert appropriate NDE certification level, e.g. II, or III.

23. Insert date that report was signed.

24. This space shall be signed by the reviewing individual.

25. Reviewer shall insert date that review and signature was performed.

26. Enter the radiographic exposure technique number, if applicable. This number is for log or reference purposesonly.


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9.0 ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA

9.1 ASME I

9.1.1 Sections of weld that are shown to have any of the following types of imperfections shall be judgedunacceptable:

a) Elongated Indications (t = thickness of the weld)

1) Any type of crack, or zone of incomplete fusion or penetration.

2) Any other elongated indication which has a length greater than:

a) 1/4 in. for t up to 3/4 in.

b) 1/3 t for t from 3/4 in. to 2-1/4 in.

c) 3/4 in. for t over 2-1/4 in.

- where t is the thickness of the weld.

3) Any group of aligned indications that have an aggregate length greater than t in a length of12t, except when the distance between the successive imperfections exceeds 6L where L isthe length of the longest imperfection in the group.

b) Rounded Indications

1) Rounded indications in excess of those specified by the acceptance standards given inAppendix 1.


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9.2 ASME VIII Division 1 and 2 Acceptance Criteria, API 650 Acceptance Criteria (For API 650 Use ASME

VIII UW-51 / 9.2.1 with Appendix 1 Only).

9.2.1 UW-51 / Div. 2 (100% EXAMINATION)

The following imperfections shall be unacceptable:

a) Elongated Indications

1) Any type of crack, or zone of incomplete fusion or penetration.

2) Any other elongated indication which has a length greater than:

a) a) 1/4 in. for t up to 3/4 in.

b) b) 1/3 t for t from 3/4 in. to 2-1/4 in.

c) c) 3/4 in. for t over 2-1/4 in.

3) Any group of aligned indications that have an aggregate length greater than t in a length of12t, except when the distance between the successive imperfections exceeds 6L where L isthe length of the longest imperfection in the group.

4) Internal root weld conditions are acceptable when the density or image brightness change asindicated in the radiograph is not abrupt. Linear indications on the radiograph at either edgeof such conditions shall be evaluated in accordance with the other sections above.

Note: t = thickness of the weld excluding any allowable reinforcement. If two different thicknesses arewelded, t = thickness of thinner member.

b) Rounded Indication

1) Rounded indications in excess of those specified in Appendix 1.

9.2.2 UW-52 SPOT EXAMINATION (Not Applicable to Div. 2)

The acceptability of welds examined by spot radiography shall be judged by the following standards:

a) Linear Indications

1) Welds in which the radiograph shows any type of crack, or zone of incomplete fusion orpenetration shall be unacceptable.

2) Welds in which indications are characterized as slag inclusions or cavities shall beunacceptable if the length of any such imperfection is greater than 2/3 t where t is thethickness of the thinner plate welded, excluding any allowable reinforcement. If severalimperfections within the above limitations exist in line, the welds shall be judged acceptable ifthe sum of the longest dimensions of all such imperfections is not more than t in a length of 6t(or proportionately for radiographs shorter than 6t) and if the longest imperfections consideredare separated by at least 3L of acceptable weld metal, where L is the length of the longestimperfection. The maximum length of acceptable indications shall be 3/4 in. Any suchindications shorter than 1/4 in. shall be acceptable for any plate thickness.

b) Rounded Indications

1) Rounded indications are not a factor in the acceptability of welds not required to be fullyradiographed.


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9.3 ASME B31.1 ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA

9.3.1 Welds that are shown to have any of the following types of discontinuities are unacceptable:

a) any type of crack or zone of incomplete fusion or penetration;

b) any other elongated indication which has a length greater than:

1) 1/4 in. for t up to 3/4 in., inclusive;

2) 1/3t for t from 3/4 in. to 2-1/4 in., inclusive;3) 3/4 in. for t over 2-1/4 in.

c) Any group of indications in line that have an aggregate length greater than t in a length of 12t, exceptwhere the distance between the successive indications exceeds 6L where L is the longest indication inthe group;

d) Porosity in excess of that shown in Appendix 1.

e) Root concavity when there is an abrupt change in density, as indicated on the radiograph.

Note: t" referred to in a), b), and c) above is the thickness of the weld being examined; if a weld joins twomembers having different thicknesses at the weld, "t" is the thinner of these two thicknesses.


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9.4 ASME B31.3

Table 1, ASME B31.3 Acceptance Criteria for Welds

Criteria for (A to M) for Types of Welds and Service Conditions

Normal and Category M FluidService

Severe Cyclic Conditions Category D Fluid Service

Type of Weld Type of Weld Type of Weld

Type of Weld ImperfectionGirth,

MiterGroove,

&Branch

Connection(Note4)

Longitudinal

Groove(Note2)

Fillet

(Note3)

Girth,

MiterGroove,

&Branch

Connection(Note4)

Longitudinal

Groove(Note2)

Fillet

(Note3)

Girth&

MiterGroove

Longitudinal

Groove(Note2)

Fillet(Note3)

Branch

Connection(Note

4)

Crack A A A A A A A A A A

Lack of Fusion A A A A A A C A na A

Incomplete Penetration B A na A A na C A na B

Internal Porosity E E na D D na na na na na

Internal Slag Inclusion, TungstenInclusion, or Elongated Indication

G G na F F na na na na na

Undercutting H A H A A A I A H H

Concave Root Surface (Suck-Up) K K na K K na K K na K

n/a = not applicable

Criteria Value Notes For Table 1 (Above)

Criteria

Symbol MeasureAcceptable Value Limits (Note 6)

A Extent of Imperfection Zero (No evident imperfection)

B Depth of Incomplete Penetration

Cumulative Length of Incomplete Penetration1/32 Inch and 0.2 Tw

1.5 Inch in any 6 Inch Weld Length

C

Depth of Lack of Fusion and Incomplete Penetration

Cumulative Length of Lack of Fusion and IncompletePenetration (Note 7)

0.2 Tw

1.5 Inch in any 6 Inch Weld Length

D Size and distribution of Internal Porosity See Appendix 1

E Size and distribution of Internal Porosity For Tw 1/4 inch, limit is same as DFor Tw> 1/4 inch, limit is 1.5 times D

F Slag inclusion, tungsten inclusion, or elongated indication:Individual LengthIndividual WidthCumulative Length

Tw/3

3/32 inch and Tw/3

Tw in any 12Tw weld length

G Slag inclusion, tungsten inclusion, or elongated indication:Individual LengthIndividual WidthCumulative Length

2Tw

1/8 inch and Tw/2

4Tw in any 6 inch weld length

H Depth of Undercut 1/32 Inch and Tw / 4

I Depth of Undercut 1/16 Inch and (Tw / 4 or 1/32 Inch)

K Depth of Root Surface Concavity Total Joint Thickness, including weld reinforcement, Tw

Notes:

(1) Criteria given are for required examination.

(2) Longitudinal groove weld includes straight and spiral seam.

(3) Fillet welds include socket and seal welds, attachment welds for slip on flanges, branch reinforcement, and supports.

(4) Branch connection welds include pressure retaining welds in branches and fabricated laps.

(5) These imperfections are evaluated only for welds 3/16 inch nominal thickness.

(6) Where two limiting values are separated by and, the lesser of the values determines acceptance. Where two sets of values are separated by or, the larger valueis acceptable. Tw is the nominal wall thickness of the thinner of two components joined by a butt weld.

(7) Tightly butted unfused root faces are unacceptable.(8) For groove welds, height is the lesser of the measurements made from the surfaces of the adjacent components; both reinforcement and internal protrusions are

permitted in a weld. For fillet welds, height is measured from the theoretical throat (see Figure 3). Internal protrusion does not apply.


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9.5 AWWA D100

9.5.1 Sections of welds shown by radiography to have any of the following imperfections shall be judgedunacceptable:

a) Any crack, incomplete fusion, or inadequate penetration.

b) Any individual elongated inclusion having a length greater than two-thirds the thickness of the thinnerplate of the joint except that, regardless of the plate thickness, no such inclusion shall be longer than

3/4in. and no such inclusion shorter than 1/4 in. shall be cause for rejection.c) Any group of inclusions in line, in which the sum of the longest dimensions of all such imperfections is

greater than T (T being the thickness of the thinner plate joined) in a length of 6T, except when thespace between every pair of adjacent imperfections is greater than three times the length of the longerof the imperfections; when the length of the radiograph is less than 6T, the permissible sum of thelengths of all inclusions shall be proportionately less than T, provided the limits of the deficient weldingare clearly defined.

d) Rounded indications in excess of these shown as acceptable in Appendix 1.


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9.6 API 1104, ASME B31.4 and ASME B31.8 Acceptance Criteria

9.6.1 Inadequate Penetration without High-low

IP shall be considered a defect should any of the following conditions exist:

a) The length of an individual indication of IP exceeds 1 in.b) The aggregate length of indications of IP in any continuous 12 in. length of weld exceeds 1 in.

c) The aggregate length of indications of IP exceeds 8% of the weld length in any weld less than 12 in. inlength.

9.6.2 Inadequate Penetration Due to High-low

Inadequate penetration due to high-low (IPD) is defined as the condition that exists when one edge of theroot is exposed (or unbonded) because adjacent pipe or fitting joints are misaligned. IPD shall beconsidered a defect should any of the following conditions exist:

a) The length of an individual indication of IPD exceeds 2 in.

b) The aggregate length of indications of IPD in any continuous 12 in. length of weld exceeds 3 in.

9.6.3 Inadequate Cross-Penetration

Inadequate cross penetration (ICP) is defined as a subsurface imperfection between the first inside passand the first outside pass that is caused by inadequately penetrating the vertical land faces. ICP shall be

considered a defect should any of the following conditions exist:a) The length of an individual indication of ICP exceeds 2 in.

b) The aggregate length of indications of ICP in any continuous 12 in. length of weld exceeds 2 in.9.6.4 Incomplete Fusion Not Due to Cold Lap

Incomplete fusion (IF) is defined as a surface imperfection between the weld metal and the base materialthat is open to the surface. IF shall be considered a defect should any of the following conditions exist:

a) The length of an individual indication of IF exceeds 1 in.

b) The aggregate length of indications of IF in any continuous 12 in. length of weld exceeds 1 in.

c) The aggregate length of indications of IF exceeds 8% of the weld length in any weld less than 12 in. inlength.

9.6.5 Incomplete Fusion Due to Cold LapIncomplete fusion due to cold lap (IFD) is defined as an imperfection between two adjacent weld beads orbetween the weld metal and the base metal that is not open to the surface. IFD shall be considered a defectshould any of the following conditions exist:

a) The length of an individual indication of IFD exceeds 2 in.

b) The aggregate length of indications of IFD in any continuous 12 in. length of weld exceeds 2 in.

c) The aggregate length of indications of lFD exceeds 8% of the weld length.

9.6.6 Internal Concavity

Any length of internal concavity is acceptable, provided the density of the radiographic image of the internalconcavity does not exceed that of the thinnest adjacent parent material. For areas that exceed the density ofthe thinnest adjacent parent material, the criteria for burn-through (see 9.6.7) are applicable.

9.6.7 Burn-through

9.6.7.1 A burn-through (BT) is defined as a portion of the root bead where excessive penetration has caused theweld puddle to be blown into the pipe.

9.6.7.2 For pipe with an outside diameter greater than or equal to 2.375 in., a BT shall be considered a defectshould any of the following conditions exist:

a) The maximum dimension exceeds 1/4 in. and the density in any portion of the BTs image exceedsthat of the thinnest adjacent parent material.


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API 1104, ASME B31.4 and ASME B31.8 Acceptance Criteria (Contd)

b) The maximum dimension exceeds the thinner of the nominal wall thicknesses joined, and the densityin any portion of the BTs image exceeds that of the thinnest adjacent parent material.

c) The sum of the maximum dimensions of separate BTs whose image density for any portion of theBTs exceeds that of the thinnest adjacent parent material and exceeds 1/2 in. in any continuous 12in. length of weld or the total weld length, whichever is less.

9.6.7.3 For pipe with an outside diameter less than 2.375 in., a BT shall be considered a defect when any of thefollowing conditions exists:

a) The maximum dimension exceeds 1/4 in. and the density in any portion of the BTs image exceedsthat of the thinnest adjacent parent material.

b) The maximum dimension exceeds the thinner of the nominal wall thicknesses joined, and the densityin any portion of the BTs image exceeds that of the thinnest adjacent parent material.

c) More than one BT of any size is present and the density in any portion of the BTs image exceeds thatof the thinnest adjacent parent material.

9.6.8 Slag Inclusions

9.6.8.1 A slag inclusion is defined as a nonmetallic solid entrapped in the weld metal or between the weld metal andthe parent material. Elongated slag inclusions (ESIs) - e.g., continuous or broken slag lines or wagontracks-are usually found at the fusion zone. Isolated slag inclusions (ISIs) are irregularly shaped and may belocated anywhere in the weld. For evaluation purposes, when the size of a radiographic indication of slag ismeasured, the indications maximum dimension shall be considered its length.

9.6.8.2 For pipe with an outside diameter greater than or equal to 2.375 in., slag inclusions shall be considered adefect should any of the following conditions exist:

a) The length of an ESI indication exceeds 2 in.

Note: Parallel ESI indications separated by approximately the width of the root bead (wagon tracks) shall be considered a singleindication unless the width of either of them exceeds 1/32 in. In that event, they shall be considered separate indications.

b) The aggregate length of ESI indications in any continuous 12 in. length of weld exceeds 2 in.

c) The width of an ESI indication exceeds 1/16 in.

d) The aggregate length of ISI indications in any continuous 12 in. length of weld exceeds 1/2 in.

e) The width of an ISI indication exceeds 1/8 in.

f) More than four ISI indications with the maximum width of 1/8 in. are present in any continuous 12 in.length of weld.

g) The aggregate length of ESI and ISI indications exceeds 8% of the weld length.

9.6.8.3 For pipe with an outside diameter less than 2.375 in., slag inclusions shall be considered a defect shouldany of the following conditions exist:

a) The length of an ESI indication exceeds three times the thinner of the nominal wall thicknesses joined

Note: Parallel ESI indications separated by approximately the width of the root bead (wagon tracks) shall be considered a singleindication unless the width of either of them exceeds 1/32 in. In that event, they shall be considered separate indications.

b) The width of an ESI indication exceeds 1/16 in.

c) The aggregate length of ISI indications exceeds two times the thinner of the nominal wall thicknesses

joined and the width exceeds one-ball the thinner of the nominal wall thicknesses joined.

d) The aggregate length of ESI and ISI indications exceeds 8% of the weld length.

9.6.9 Porosity

9.6.9.1 Porosity is defined as gas trapped by solidifying weld metal before the gas has a chance to rise to thesurface of the molten puddle and escape. Porosity is generally spherical but may be elongated or irregular inshape, such as piping (wormhole) porosity. When the size of the radiographic indication produced by a poreis measured, the maximum dimension of the indication shall apply to the criteria given in 9.6.9.2 through9.6.9.4.


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API 1104, ASME B31.4 and ASME B31.8 Acceptance Criteria (Contd)

9.6.9.2 Individual or scattered porosity (P) shall be considered a defect should any of the following conditions exist:

a) The size of an individual pore exceeds 1/8 in.

b) The size of an individual pore exceeds 25% of the thinner of the nominal wall thicknesses joined.

c) The distribution of scattered porosity exceeds the concentration permitted by Figures 3 or 4.

9.6.9.3 Cluster porosity (CP) that occurs in any pass except the finish pass shall comply with the criteria of 9.6.9.2.CP that occurs in the finish pass shall be considered a defect should any of the following conditions exist.

a) The diameter of the cluster exceeds 1/2 in.

b) The aggregate length of CP in any continuous 12 in. length of weld exceeds 1/2 in.

9.6.9.4 Hollow-bead porosity (HB) is defined as elongated linear porosity that occurs in the root pass. HB shall beconsidered a defect should any of the following conditions exist:

a) The length of an individual indication of HB exceeds 1/2 in.

b) The aggregate length of indications of HB in any continuous 12 in. length of weld exceeds 2 in.

c) Individual indications of HB, each greater than 1/4 in. in length, are separated by less than 2 in.

d) The aggregate length of all indications of HB exceeds 8% of the weld length.

9.6.10 Cracks

Cracks (C) shall be considered a defect should any of the following conditions exists:

a) The crack, of any size or location in the weld, is not a shallow crater crack or star crack.

b) The crack is a shallow crater crack or star crack with a length that exceeds 5/32 in.

Note: Shallow crater cracks or star cracks are located at the stopping point of weld beads and are the result of weld metalcontractions during solidification.

9.6.11 Undercutting

Undercutting adjacent to the cover pass (EU) or root pass (IU) shall be considered a defect should any ofthe following conditions exists:

a) The aggregate length of indications of EU and IU, in any combination, in any continuous 12 in. lengthof weld exceeds 2 in.

b) The aggregate length of indications of EU and IU, in any combination, exceeds one-sixth of the weldlength.

9.6.12 Accumulation of Imperfections

Excluding incomplete penetration due to high-low and undercutting, any accumulation of imperfections (AI)shall be considered a defect should any of the following conditions exist:

a) The aggregate length of indications in any continuous 12 in. length of weld exceeds 2 in.

b) The aggregate length of indications exceeds 8% of the weld length.


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Figure 3

API 1104, ASME B31.4, ASME B31.8 Acceptance Criteria

Wall Thickness 1/2" or Less, Maximum Distribution Of Porosity

(Dimensions Refer to Paragraph 9.6.9)


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Figure 4

API 1104, ASME B31.4, ASME B31.8 Acceptance Criteria

Wall Thickness Over 1/2", Maximum Distribution of Gas Porosity

(Dimensions Refer to Paragraph 9.6.9)


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Appendix 1

Acceptance Standard for Rounded Indications In Welds

A1-1 This appendix shall be used to evaluate rounded indications for radiographs of welds required to meet ASME I,ASME VIII (100 percent examination criteria only), ASME B31.1, ASME B31.3, API 620, AWWA D100, and API650.

A1-2 Definitionsa) Rounded Indications: Indications with a maximum length of three times the width or less on the radiograph

are defined as rounded indications. These indications may be circular, elliptical, conical, or irregular in shapeand may have tails. When evaluating the size of an indication, the tail shall be included. The indication maybe from any imperfection in the weld, such as porosity, slag, or tungsten.

b) Aligned Indications: A sequence of four or more rounded indications shall be considered to be aligned whenthey touch a line parallel to the length of the weld drawn through the center of the two outer roundedindications.

c) Thickness t: "t" is the thickness of the weld, of the pressure-retaining material, or of the thinner of thesections being joined, whichever is least. If a full penetration weld includes a fillet weld, the thickness of thefillet weld throat shall be included in t.

A1-3 Acceptance Criteria

a) Image Density; Density within the image of the indication may vary and is not a criterion for acceptance orrejection.

b) Relevant Indications (See Table A1-1 for examples): Only those rounded indications which exceed thefollowing dimensions shall be considered relevant.

1) 1/10t for t less than 1/8 in.

2) 1/64 in. for t from 1/8 in. to 1/4 in., incl.

3) 1/32 in. for t greater than 1/4 in. to 2 in., incl.

4) 1/16 in. for t greater than 2 in.

c) Maximum Size of Rounded Indication (see table A1-1 for examples); The maximum permissible size of anyindication shall be 1/4t, or 5/32 in., whichever is smaller; except that an isolated indication separated from anadjacent indication by 1 in. or more may be 1/3t, or 1/4 in., whichever is less. For t greater than 2 in. the

maximum permissible size of an isolated indication shall be increased to 3/8 in.

d) Aligned Rounded Indications; Aligned rounded indications are acceptable when the summation of thediameters of the indications is less than t in a length of 12t. See Figure A1-1(a). The length of groups ofaligned rounded indications and the spacing between the groups shall meet the requirements of Figure A1-1(b).

e) Spacing: The distance between adjacent rounded indications is not a factor in determining acceptance orrejection, except as required for isolated indications or groups of aligned indications.

f) Rounded Indication Charts; The rounded indications characterized as imperfections shall not exceed thatshown in the charts. The charts in Figures A1-2 through A1-7 illustrate various types of assorted, randomlydispersed and clustered rounded indications for different weld thicknesses greater than 1/8 inch. Thesecharts represent the maximum acceptable concentration limits for rounded indications. The charts for eachthickness range represent full-scale 6 in. radiographs, and shall not be enlarged or reduced. Thedistributions shown are not necessarily the patterns that may appear on the radiograph, but are typical of theconcentration and size of indications permitted.

g) Weld Thickness Less Than 1/8 in: For t less than 1/8 in., the maximum number of rounded indicationsshall not exceed 12 in a 6 in. length of weld. A proportionally fewer number of indications shall be permittedin welds less than 6 in. in length.

h) Clustered Indications: The illustrations (Figures A1-2 to A1-7) for clustered indications show up to four timesas many indications in a local area as that shown in the illustrations for random indications. The length of anacceptable cluster shall not exceed the lesser of 1 inch or 2t. Where more than one cluster is present, thesum of the lengths of the clusters shall not exceed 1 in. in a 6 in. length weld.


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Appendix 1

Table A1-1

Maximum Size of Acceptable Rounded Indication, Inches

Thickness, (t),inches

Random IsolatedMaximum Size ofNonrelevant Indication,

inches

< 1/8 1/4t 1/3t 1/10t

1/8 0.031 0.042 0.015

3/16 0.047 0.063 0.015

1/4 0.063 0.083 0.015

5/16 0.078 0.104 0.031

3/8 0.091 0.125 0.031

7/16 0.109 0.146 0.031

1/2 0.125 0.168 0.031

9/16 0.142 0.188 0.031

5/8 0.156 0.210 0.031

11/16 0.156 0.230 0.031

3/4 to 2.0 0.156 0.250 0.031

> 2.0 0.156 0.375 0.063

NOTE: This Table contains examples only.


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Appendix 1

(a) (b)

Figure A1-1

Groups of Aligned Rounded Indications


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Appendix 1

Random Rounded Indications(Typical Concentration and Size Permitted In any 6 Inch Length of Weld)

IsolatedIndication( Maximum Size Per Table A1-1)

Cluster

Figure A1-2

Charts for t 1/8 Inch to 1/4 Inch, Inclusive


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Appendix 1

Random Rounded IndicationsTypical concentration and size permitted in any 6 in. length of weld

Isolated Indication

(Maximum Size Per Table A1-1)Cluster

Figure A1-3

Charts for "t" Over 1/4 Inch to 3/8 Inch, Inclusive


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Appendix 1

Random Rounded Indications(Typical Concentration and Size Permitted In Any 6 In. Length of Weld)

Isolated Indication(Maximum Size Per Table A1-1)

Cluster

Figure A1-4

Charts for t Over 3/8 Inch to 3/4 Inch, Inclusive


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Appendix 1

Random Rounded Indications(Typical Concentration and Size Permitted In Any 6 in. Length of Weld)

IsolatedIndication(Maximum Size Per Table A1-1)

Cluster

Figure A1-5

Charts for t Over 3/4 Inch to 2 Inches, Inclusive


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Appendix 1


IsolatedIndication(Maximum Size Per Table A1-1)

Cluster

Figure A1-6

Charts for t Over 2 Inches to 4 Inches, Inclusive


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Appendix 1


Isolated Indication Cluster(Maximum Size Per Table A1-1)

Cluster

Figure A1-7

Charts for t Over 4 Inches

2. Procedimiento de Radiografia

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