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Introduction to research 2. Scientific papers
Scientific papers
Introduction
How to write a scientific paper
How to publish a scientific paper
Introduction to research 2. Scientific papers
INTRODUCTION – Academic journal
An academic journal is a peer-reviewed periodical in whichscholarship relating to a particular academic discipline ispublished
Academia journals serve as forums for the introduction and
presentation for scrutiny of new research, and the critique ofexisting research
Content typically takes the form of articles presentingoriginal research, review articles, and book reviews
Academic or professional publications that are not peer-reviewed are usually called professional magazines
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INTRODUCTION – Citation
Citation is the process of acknowledging or citing theauthor, year, title, and locus of publication (journal, book, orother) of a source used in a published work
Such citations can be counted as measures of the usageand impact of the cited work
This is called citation analysis or bibliometrics
Among the measures that have emerged from citation
analysis are the citation count for – an individual article (how often it was cited)
– an author (total citations, or average citation count per article)
– for a journal (journal impact factor, or the average citation count forthe articles in the journal)
Introduction to research 2. Scientific papers
INTRODUCTION – Citation index
A citation index is an index of citations between
publications, allowing the user to easily establish which laterdocuments cite which earlier documents
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INTRODUCTION – Science Citation Index
Science Citation Index (SCI) is a citation index originallyproduced by the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) in1960, which is now owned by Thomson Reuters
The online version (Science Citation Index Expanded)covers 6,400 of the world's leading journals of science andtechnology, but mainly those in the English language
It is made available online through the Web of Science
database, a part of the Web of Knowledge collection ofdatabases
Introduction to research 2. Scientific papers
INTRODUCTION – Journal citation reports
Journal Citation Reports (JCR ) is an annual publication by
the Institute of Scientific Information, a division of ThomsonScientific
It provides information about academic journals in the
sciences and social sciences
It was originally published as a part of Science CitationIndex, and is compiled from the citation data found there
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INTRODUCTION – Impact factor
The impact factor, often abbreviated IF, is a measure of thecitations to science and social science journals
It is frequently used as a proxy for the importance of a journal to its field
The Impact factor was devised by Eugene Garfield, thefounder of the Institute for Scientific Information, now part ofThomson, a large worldwide US-based publisher
Impact factors are calculated each year by Thomson
Scientific for those journals which it indexes, and the factorsand indices are published in Journal Citation Reports
The publication of each year covered occurs in the summerof the following year – For example impact factors for 2008 will be published in the summer
of 2009
Introduction to research 2. Scientific papers
INTRODUCTION – Impact factor
Some related values, also calculated and published by thesame organization, are: – the immediacy index:
• the number of citations the articles in a journal receive in a givenyear divided by the number of articles published
– the cited half-life:
• the median age of the articles that were cited in Journal CitationReports each year
• For example, if a journal's half-life in 2005 is 5, that means thecitations from 2001-2005 are half of all the citations from that journal in 2005, and the other half of the citations precede 2001
– the aggregate impact factor for a subject category:
• it is calculated taking into account the number of citations to all journals in the subject category and the number of articles fromall the journals in the subject category
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INTRODUCTION – Impact factor
Introduction to research 2. Scientific papers
INTRODUCTION – Impact factor
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INTRODUCTION – Impact factor
Introduction to research 2. Scientific papers
INTRODUCTION – Impact factor
The impact factor of a journal is calculated based on a two-year period
It can be viewed as the average number of citations in ayear given to those papers in a journal that were publishedduring the two preceding years
For example, the 2003 impact factor of a journal would becalculated as follows: – A = the number of times articles published in 2001-2 were cited in
indexed journals during 2003 – B = the number of "citable items" (usually articles, reviews,
proceedings or notes; not editorials and letters-to-the-Editor)published in 2001-2
– 2003 impact factor = A / B • (note that the 2003 impact factor was actually published in 2004,
because it could not be calculated until all of the 2003 publications hadbeen received.)
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INTRODUCTION – Impact factor
A convenient way of thinking about it is that a journal that iscited once, on average, for each article published has an IFof 1 in the expression above
There are some nuances to this: – ISI excludes certain article types (so-called 'front-matter' such as
news items, correspondence, and errata) from the denominator – Thomson Scientific does not have a fixed rule for which types of
articles are considered "citable" and which front-matter
Introduction to research 2. Scientific papers
INTRODUCTION – Impact factor
The table shows the top 10 journals by ISI Impact Factor,
PageRank, and a modified system that combines the two(based on 2003 data)
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INTRODUCTION – Impact factor
Introduction to research 2. Scientific papers
INTRODUCTION – h -Index
The h -index is an index that quantifies both the actual
scientific productivity and the apparent scientific impact of ascientist
The index is based on the set of the scientist's most cited
papers and the number of citations that they have receivedin other people's publications
The index can also be applied to the productivity and impactof a group of scientists, such as a department or universityor country
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INTRODUCTION – h -Index
The index was suggested by Jorge E. Hirsch, a physicist atUCSD, as a tool for determining theoretical physicists'relative quality and is sometimes called the Hirsch index orHirsch number
Hirsch suggested that, for physicists,:
– A value for h of about 10-12 might be a useful guideline for tenuredecisions at major research universities
– A value of about 18 could mean a full professorship
– 15–20 could mean a fellowship in the American Physical Society,and
– 45 or higher could mean membership in the United States NationalAcademy of Sciences
Introduction to research 2. Scientific papers
INTRODUCTION – h -Index
The index is based on the distribution of citations received
by a given researcher's publications
Hirsch writes:
– A scientist has index h if h of [their]
Np papers have at least h citations
each, and the other (Np - h) papers
have at most h citations each
In other words, a scholar with an
index of h has published h papers
each of which has been cited by
others at least h times
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INTRODUCTION – h -Index
Thus, the h -index reflects both the number of publicationsand the number of citations per publication
The index is designed to improve upon simpler measuressuch as the total number of citations or publications
The index works properly only for comparing scientistsworking in the same field; citation conventions differ widelyamong different fields
Introduction to research 2. Scientific papers
INTRODUCTION – Scopus
Scopus is a database of abstracts and citations for scholarly
journal articles
It indexes 15,800 peer-reviewed journals in the scientific,technical, medical and social sciences fields
It is owned by Elsevier and is provided on the Web forsubscribers
Searches in Scopus incorporate searches of scientific webpages through Scirus, another Elsevier product, as well aspatent databases
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INTRODUCTION – Scopus
Scopus also offers author profiles which cover affiliations,number of publications and their bibliographic data,references and details on the number of citations eachpublished document has received
It has alerting features that allow anyone who registers totrack changes to a profile
By using Scopus Author Preview anyone is able to search
for an author, with affiliation name as a limiter, verify theauthor’s identification and set-up an automatic RSS feed ore-mail alerts to the author’s homepage
Introduction to research 2. Scientific papers
INTRODUCTION – Web of Science
Web of Science is an online academic service provided byThomson Reuters
It provides access to seven databases: – Science Citation Index (SCI)
– Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI) – Arts & Humanities Citation Index (A&HCI)
– Index Chemicus
– Current Chemical Reactions
– Conference Proceedings Citation Index
– Science and Conference Proceedings Citation Index: Social Scienceand Humanities
Its databases cover almost 10,000 leading journals ofscience, technology, social sciences, arts, and humanitiesand over 100,000 book-based and journal conferenceproceedings
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INTRODUCTION – Google Scholar
Google Scholar is a freely-accessible Web search enginethat indexes the full text of scholarly literature across anarray of publishing formats and disciplines
Released in beta in November 2004, the Google Scholarindex includes most peer-reviewed online journals of theworld's largest scientific publishers
It is similar in function to the freely available Scirus from
Elsevier, CiteSeer, and getCITED It is also similar to the subscription-based tools, Elsevier's
Scopus and Thomson ISI's Web of Science
Google Scholar nonetheless claims to cover more websites, journal sources and languages
Introduction to research 2. Scientific papers
INTRODUCTION - Examples
ISI web of knowledge - Journal citation reports:
– To find the impact factor of a specific journal
– To find which journal has a higher impact factor in its field
Scopus:
– To find a specific paper
– To find the publications of one scientist
– To find the number of citations of a paper
ISI web of knowledge – Current contents:
– To find a specific paper
– To find the publications of one scientist
ISI web of knowledge – Web of science:
– To find the h-index of a scientist
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Scientific papers
Introduction
How to write a scientific paper
How to publish a scientific paper
Introduction to research 2. Scientific papers
HOW TO WRITE A SCIENTIFIC PAPER
Selection of the adequate journal
Parts of a paper
Title: selection of adequate wording and style
Authors Summary or abstract
Introduction: importance of the state of the art and
explanation of the paper objectives
Experimental part
Results and discussion
Conclusions
Nomenclature, acknowledgements, bibliografic references
Tables and figures
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Selection of the adequate journal
Depending on what we want to publish we look for the mostadequate journal depending on:
– The objectives and motivaitons of the journal
– Impact index
– Previous experience
Read and follow the “Guide for authors”
Look for one or two papers of the same topic as ourspublished in this journal to be used as model
Introduction to research 2. Scientific papers
Selection of the adequate journal
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Guide for authors
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Guide for authors
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Parts of a paper
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Title: selection of adequate wording and style
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Authors
How many authors should be in a paper?
Who must be author in a paper?
Are collaborative publications important?
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Authors
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Summary or abstract
It must contain everything said in a paper
It must be the “hook” so other authors/researchers want toread our paper
It must say whan we want to do, but it must also containsome results and/or conclusions
Usually, it is only one paragraph
Introduction to research 2. Scientific papers
Summary or abstract
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Introduction
It must include:
– Presentation of the topic of the work
– State of the art
– An explanation of the objective of the paper
Introduction to research 2. Scientific papers
Introduction
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Introduction
Introduction to research 2. Scientific papers
Experimental part
It must contain (in one or more chapters):
– Description of the experimental equipment/set up
– Description of the method (so sometimes this chapter is called“Method” or “Methodology”)
– Description of the materials – Description of the chemical or physical analysis performed (if
applicable)
It must allow to any person wanting to, to repeat all theexperiments or proves without difficulties
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Experimental part
Introduction to research 2. Scientific papers
Results and discussion
It can be one or two chapters
Is the “fundamental” and “essential” part of a paper
Is where the “novelty” or “increase” of the knowledge is
presented
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Results and discussion
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Results and discussion
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Conclusions
Is one of the essential parts of a paper
Most researchers read the abstract and the conclusions and,if it is interesting enough, the rest of the paper, butsometimes nothing more
They must contain a summary of the results (somereviewers do not agree) and the conclusions or
improvements done
Introduction to research 2. Scientific papers
Conclusions
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Acknowledgements
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References
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References
Reference style – how to indicate a reference in the text
– Example 1:
• Indicate references by number(s) in square brackets in line withthe text. The actual authors can be referred to, but the referencenumber(s) must always be given.
• Example: '..... as demonstrated [3,6]. Barnaby and Jones [8]obtained a different result ....'
• In the case of two citations, the numbers should be separated by
a comma [1,2]. In the case of more than two references, thenumbers should be separated by a dash [5-7].
Introduction to research 2. Scientific papers
References
Reference style – how to indicate a reference in the text
– Example 2:
• All citations in the text should refer to:
1. Single author: the author's name (without initials, unless there is
ambiguity) and the year of publication2. Two authors: both authors' names and the year of publication
3. Three or more authors: first author's name followed by "et al." andthe year of publication.
• Citations may be made directly (or parenthetically)
• Groups of references should be listed first alphabetically, thenchronologically.
• Examples:
– "as demonstrated (Allan, 1996a, 1996b, 1999; Allan and Jones,1995).
– Kramer et al. (2000) have recently shown ...."
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References
List
– Example 1:
• Number the references (numbers in square brackets) in the list inthe order in which they appear in the text
– Example 2:
• References should be arranged first alphabetically and thenfurther sorted chronologically if necessary
• More than one reference from the same author(s) in the same
year must be identified by the letters "a", "b", "c", etc., placed afterthe year of publication
Some examples are shown next:
Introduction to research 2. Scientific papers
References
Reference to a journal publication: – [1] Van der Geer J, Hanraads JAJ, Lupton RA. The art of writing a scientific
article. J Sci Commun 2010;163:51–9.
– [1] Van der Geer J, Hanraads JAJ, Lupton RA. The art of writing a scientificarticle. J Sci Commun 2010;163(4):51–9.
– [1] J. van der Geer, J.A.J. Hanraads, R.A. Lupton, The art of writing ascientific article, J. Sci. Commun. 163 (2010) 51–59.
– Van der Geer, J., Hanraads, J.A.J., Lupton, R.A., 2000. The art of writing ascientific article. J. Sci. Commun. 163, 51-59.
– Glaser M 2000 Cycles of comparison measurements, uncertainties andefficiencies Meas. Sci. Technol. 11 20-4
– Schmidt J, Volkel R, Stork W, Schwider J, Streibl N and Durst F 1992Diffractive beam splitter for laser Doppler velocimetry Opt. Lett. 17 1240-2
– [1] Ning, X., and Lovell, M. R., 2002, “On the Sliding Friction Characteristicsof Unidirectional Continuous FRP Composites,” ASME J. Tribol., 124(1), pp.
5-13.
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References
Article not in English
– Ellingsen AE, Wilhelmsen I. Sykdomsangst blant medisin- og jusstudenter. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 2002;122(8):785-7.Norwegian.
– Optional translation of article title (MEDLINE/PubMed practice):
• Ellingsen AE, Wilhelmsen I. [Disease anxiety among medicalstudents and law students]. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 2002 Mar20;122(8):785-7. Norwegian.
• Ellingsen AE, Wilhelmsen I. Sykdomsangst blant medisin- og jusstudenter. [Disease anxiety among medical students and lawstudents]. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 2002 Mar 20;122(8):785-7.Norwegian.
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References
Article in press
– Tian D, Araki H, Stahl E, Bergelson J, Kreitman M. Signature ofbalancing selection in Arabidopsis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. Inpress, 2002.
– Tian D, Araki H, Stahl E, Bergelson J, Kreitman M. Signature ofbalancing selection in Arabidopsis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.doi: 10.1073/pnas.172203599. In press, 2002.
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References
Journal abbreviations source
– Journal Title Abbreviations:http://library.caltech.edu/reference/abbreviations/
– Index Medicus journal abbreviations:http://www.nlm.nih.gov/tsd/serials/lji.html
– List of title word abbreviations: http://www.issn.org/2-22661-LTWA-online.php
– CAS (Chemical Abstracts Service): http://www.cas.org/sent.html
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References
Reference to a book
– [2] Strunk Jr W, White EB. The elements of style. 4th ed. New York:Longman; 2000.
– [2] W. Strunk Jr., E.B. White, The Elements of Style, fourth ed.,
Longman, New York, 2000. – Strunk Jr., W., White, E.B., 1979. The Elements of Style, third ed.
Macmillan, New York.
– 3. Weise K and Woger W 1999 Uncertainty and Measurements inData Evaluation (Berlin: Wiley-VCH) (in German)
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References
Reference to a chapter in an edited book
– [3] Mettam GR, Adams LB. How to prepare an electronic version ofyour article. In: Jones BS, Smith RZ, editors. Introduction to theelectronic age, New York: E-Publishing Inc; 2009, p. 281–304
– [3] G.R. Mettam, L.B. Adams, How to prepare an electronic versionof your article, in: B.S. Jones, R.Z. Smith (Eds.), Introduction to theElectronic Age, E-Publishing Inc., New York, 2009, pp. 281–304
– Mettam, G.R., Adams, L.B., 1999. How to prepare an electronicversion of your article, in: Jones, B.S., Smith , R.Z. (Eds.),Introduction to the Electronic Age. E-Publishing Inc., New York, pp.281-304
– [3] Jones, J., 2000, Contact Mechanics, Cambridge University Press,Cambridge, UK, Chap. 6
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References
Reference to congress proceedings
– Harnden P, Joffe JK, Jones WG, editors. Germ cell tumours V.Proceedings of the 5th Germ Cell Tumour Conference; 2001 Sep 13-15; Leeds, UK. New York: Springer; 2002
– Christensen S, Oppacher F. An analysis of Koza's computationaleffort statistic for genetic programming. In: Foster JA, Lutton E, MillerJ, Ryan C, Tettamanzi AG, editors. Genetic programming. EuroGP2002: Proceedings of the 5th European Conference on GeneticProgramming; 2002 Apr 3-5; Kinsdale, Ireland. Berlin: Springer;2002. p. 182-91
– [4] Lee, Y., Korpela, S. A., and Horne, R. N., 1982, “Structure ofMulti-Cellular Natural Convection in a Tall Vertical Annulus,” Proc.7th International Heat Transfer Conference, U. Grigul et al., eds.,Hemisphere, Washington, DC, 2, pp. 221–226
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References
Reference to a standard
– ASTM D638-03, 2004. Annual book of ASTM standards, Section 8,Plastics, Philadelphia
– EN 1015-3:2007, Methods of test for mortar for masonry:determination of consistence of fresh mortar
– 4. 1993 Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement(Geneva: International Organization for Standardization)
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References
Reference to a report – Issued by funding/sponsoring agency:
• Yen GG (Oklahoma State University, School of Electrical and ComputerEngineering, Stillwater, OK). Health monitoring on vibration signatures. Finalreport. Arlington (VA): Air Force Office of Scientific Research (US), Air Force
Research Laboratory; 2002 Feb. Report No.: AFRLSRBLTR020123. Contract No.:F496209810049.
– Issued by performing agency:
• Russell ML, Goth-Goldstein R, Apte MG, Fisk WJ. Method for measuring the sizedistribution of airborne Rhinovirus. Berkeley (CA): Lawrence Berkeley NationalLaboratory, Environmental Energy Technologies Division; 2002 Jan. Report No.:LBNL49574. Contract No.: DEAC0376SF00098. Sponsored by the Department ofEnergy.
– [6] Watson, D. W., 1997, “Thermodynamic Analysis,” ASME Paper No. 97-GT-288.
– [8] Kwon, O. K., and Pletcher, R. H., 1981, “Prediction of the Incompressible FlowOver A Rearward-Facing Step,” Technical Report No. HTL-26, CFD-4, Iowa StateUniv., Ames, IA.
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References
Reference to PhD thesis
– Borkowski MM. Infant sleep and feeding: a telephone survey ofHispanic Americans [PhD thesis]. Mount Pleasant (MI): CentralMichigan University; 2002.
– [7] Tung, C. Y., 1982, “Evaporative Heat Transfer in the Contact Lineof a Mixture,” Ph.D. thesis, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy,NY.
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References
Reference to patent
– Pagedas AC, inventor; Ancel Surgical R&D Inc., assignee. Flexibleendoscopic grasping and cutting device and positioning toolassembly. United States patent US 20020103498. 2002 Aug 1
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References
Reference to a web page
– Cancer-Pain.org [Internet]. New York: Association of Cancer OnlineResources, Inc.; c2000-01 [updated 2002 May 16; cited 2002 Jul 9].Available from: http://www.cancer-pain.org/ .
– American Medical Association [Internet]. Chicago: The Association;c1995-2002 [updated 2001 Aug 23; cited 2002 Aug 12]. AMA Officeof Group Practice Liaison; [about 2 screens]. Available from:http://www.ama-ssn.org/ama/pub/category/1736.html
– [9] Smith, R., 2002, “Conformal Lubricated Contact of CylindricalSurfaces Involved in a Non-Steady Motion,” Ph.D. thesis,http://www.cas.phys.unm.edu/rsmith/homepage.html
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Nomenclature
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Tables and figures
Tables:
– They are usually included without format
– They are included at the end of the document with the caption
Figures:
– They are included at the end of the document without the caption
– There is a “Figures caption” after the references
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Tables and figures
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Tables and figuresWalls
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Tables and figures
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Scientific papers
Introduction
How to write a scientific paper
How to publish a scientific paper
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HOW TO PUBLISH A SCIENTIFIC PAPER
The review process of a scientific journal
– Peer review
– Example of the form to be filled up by the reviewers
– How to answer to the reviewers comments
Once the paper is accepted – The editorial proofs
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Peer review
Peer review (also known as refereeing) is the process ofsubjecting an author's scholarly work, research, or ideas tothe scrutiny of others who are experts in the same field
Peer review requires a community of experts in a given (andoften narrowly defined) field, who are qualified and able toperform impartial review
Impartial review, especially of work in less narrowly defined
or inter-disciplinary fields, may be difficult to accomplish; andthe significance (good or bad) of an idea may never bewidely appreciated among its contemporaries
Although generally considered essential to academic quality,peer review has been criticized as ineffective, slow, andmisunderstood
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Peer review
Peer review is used mainly for three reasons:
– Workload: A small group of editors/assessors cannot devotesufficient time to each of the many articles submitted to many journals
– Diversity of opinion: Were the editor/assessor to judge all submittedmaterial themselves, approved material would solely reflect theiropinion
– Limited expertise: An editor/assessor cannot be expected to besufficiently expert in all areas covered by a single journal or fundingagency to adequately judge all submitted material
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Peer review
Reviewers are typically anonymous and independent, tohelp foster unvarnished criticism, and to discouragecronyism in funding and publication decisions
However, US government guidelines governing peer reviewfor federal regulatory agencies require that reviewer'sidentity be disclosed under some circumstances
Anonymity may be unilateral or reciprocal (single- or double-
blinded reviewing)
Introduction to research 2. Scientific papers
Peer review
Referees' evaluations usually include an explicit
recommendation of what to do with the manuscript orproposal, often chosen from options provided by the journalor funding agency
Most recommendations are along the lines of the following: – to unconditionally accept the manuscript or proposal,
– to accept it in the event that its authors improve it in certain ways,
– to reject it, but encourage revision and invite resubmission,
– to reject it outright.
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Peer review
Elsevier, 2009
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Steps for the reviewer
Invitation for the revision:
Dr. L.F. CabezaEscola Politècnica Superior
Universitat de LleidaC/Jaume II, 69, Lleida, 25001Spain
RE: MS# B/J08093, "………………….Title……………………" by…………….Author…………………………….
Dear Dr. Cabeza:
The above cited paper has been received in this offic e for possible publication in the
International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. I request you to please review the paperand let me have your opinion on its acceptability. In addition to the manuscript, I have enclosedreview sheets, which I hope you find convenient to use.
I thank you for your time and with best regards.
Yours sincerely,Prof. Sreenivas JayantiAssociate Editor
Encl:1. Manuscript 2. Reviewer’s comments form
********************************************************************Prof. Sreenivas JayantiDepartment of Chemical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology MadrasChennai 600 036, India
Associate Editor:International Journal of Heat and Mass TransferInternational Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer
Tel. : +91 (44) 2257 4168; 2257 4932Fax : +91 (44) 2257 0094E-mail: [email protected]********************************************************************
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Form to be filled up:
Comment sheets can be annexed
The comments can be done directlyon the manuscript
International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer
REVIEW SHEET
Paper No: B/J08093 Reviewer’s Name & Institution
Author(s)
Date Review
Requested
Review to becompleted by
Recommendations
I. Acceptable
Accept paper without changes
Accept paper. Enclosed suggestions to be sent to the author but changes not mandatory.
If the author improves the paper as suggested in enclosed comments, or submits a convincing
rebuttal, accept paper.
II Not Acceptable
Paper is not acceptable in its present form. The author should resubmit the manuscript for a new review
after revising it as suggested in the enclosed comments.
Paper is not acceptable because of its length. The author should shorten the paper and resubmit it.
Paper is not acceptable and should be rejected. Detailed reasons enclosed.
III. Grading of Technical Quality
Excellent: of major significance.
Good: valuable technical information or method.
Average; makes a contribution; is of current interest (circle one).
Poor: of little or questionable value.
IV. Quality of Manuscript
Clearly readable.
Difficult to read; constructive suggestions are made in the text.
Illustrations (line drawings and half-tones) are:
Of good quality.
Of inadequate quality; figure numbers and pertinent comments are:
Please provide detailed comments in duplicate on a separate sheet. Print or type your name and sign both copies ofthe comment sheet if you wish your identity transmitted to the author with your review. Sign only one copy of the
comment sheet if you wish to remain anonymous.
Dr. L.F. Cabeza
Escola Politècnica Superior
Universitat de Lleida
C/Jaume II, 69, Lleida, 25001Spain
S. Kalaiselvam, L. Marcel Xavier, G.R.
Kumaresh and N. Deepak Kumar
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Steps for the authorModel description, second set of indents, indent 2
Monthly energy output of PVs and.. .. average efficiency of solar
thermal collectors.
Comment: is here taken into account the slope and azimuth of the PVs
and the set temperatures of Table three for the solar thermal
collectors. What type of storage is taken into account for the thermal
collectors ???
Yes, the slope and the azimuth of the PV panels are taken into account
in the calculations for the electricity output. Yes, the temperatures
are also used in the calculations for the solar collectors.
A 3000 l hot water tank is actually used as buffer for the solar
collectors.
no changes made in the text.
Model description, third set of indents, indent 3, subindents
kwh => kWh
changed
Results, paragraph 2, sentence 9
Comment: It is not very probable that the COPs of compression chillers
will decrease. Instead currently an increase of the COP due to better
compressors is taking place in the market.
We agree that COPs up to 4 or 5 are achievable, but one must take into
account the relatively harsh conditions in Lleida in summer months,
with daily average temperatures around 40 ºC. In these conditions the
COP is not the nominal, but lower due to the higher deltaT.
no changes made in the text.
Results, paragraph 2, sentence 11
Comment: Larger output of PVs in summer on a southern wall??? This can
not be true (especially not at al latitude of 41�).
We agree that the out from the vertical PV must be lower in summer
(see 4th column in Table 2). But we are referring to the sum of PV
outputs, both the southern wall and the horizontal PV arrays. The
electricity output of the two is higher in summer (see last column of
Table 2).
no changes made in the text.
Results, paragraph 3, sentence 10
remark => show
changed
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