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Transcript of 2 Objective: Improve in-season estimate of yield for winter wheat utilizing profile soil moisture...
Soil Fertility Research and Education Advisory Board
2
Bill Gates, Carlos Slim, CIMMYT
Soil Fertility Research and Education Advisory Board
Objective: Improve in-season estimate of yield for winter wheat utilizing profile soil moisture (0-80 cm) obtained from Oklahoma Mesonet data.
Improving In-Season Estimates of Wheat Yield with Soil Moisture Data
0 1 2 3 4 50
1
2
3
4
5
6
f(x) = 0.929915139231393 x + 1.06349813293848R² = 0.585650579950823
In-Season Estimate of Grain Yield (Mg ha-1)
Act
ual G
rain
Yie
ld (M
g ha
-1)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 70
1
2
3
4
5
6
f(x) = 0.364994741588337 x + 2.1418444078619R² = 0.30220432065898
In-Season Estimate of Grain Yield (Mg ha-1)
Act
ual G
rain
Yie
ld (M
g ha
-1)
Lahoma 2012--New INSEY with Soil Moisture Lahoma 2012--Current INSEY
Bushong
Objective: Determine proper nitrogen source and application method and timing for optimizing corn grain yield, water use efficiency, and nitrogen use efficiency.
Nitrogen Sources: Ammonium sulfate, urea ammonium nitrate, Nitamin (Foliar)
Application Methods and Timings: Pre-plant incorporated, mid-season between row and foliar.
Managing Nitrogen in Corn in a Water-Limited Environment
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.50
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
f(x) = 25.2527735819574 x − 43.8297926975363R² = 0.853816526752559
f(x) = 28.9889189470399 x − 42.5109249817917R² = 0.596867717401451
Irrigated
Linear (Ir-rigated)
Rainfed
Linear (Rainfed)
Water Use Efficiency (kg grain/meter of water)
N U
se E
ffici
ency
(Per
cent
)
Irri
gate
d
Rain
fed
Irri
gate
d
Rain
fed
Irri
gate
d
Rain
fed
Irri
gate
d
Rain
fed
Irri
gate
d
Rain
fed
Irri
gate
d
Rain
fed
Irri
gate
d
Rain
fed
Irri
gate
d
Rain
fed
Irri
gate
d
Rain
fed
2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 10 10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
Yld
NUE
WUE
Gra
in Y
ield
(bu/
acre
)--O
rgan
ge B
ars
N U
se E
ffici
ency
(Per
cent
)--B
lue
Squa
res
Wat
er U
se E
ffici
ency
(k
g gr
ain/
met
er o
f wat
er)
Bushong
Effect of Nitrogen Fertilizer Application Timing After Chemical Burndown of Cover Crop in Sorghum
CHECK 40 80 1600
10
20
30
40
50
600 DAA
7 DAA
14 DAA
Nitrogen Fertilizer Rate (lb N/acre)
Yiel
d (b
u/ac
re)
Objective: Determine optimum rate and timing of N fertilizer application after chemical burndown to maximize yield and nitrogen use efficiency in no-till sorghum
6
Objective: Evaluate the use of mid-season NDVI readings to predict NUE and GPC in
winter wheat.
Three locations in Oklahoma Hennessey, Lahoma and Lake Carl Blackwell
14 treatments, 4 replicates in RCBD
Preplant N rates; 28, 56, 84, 112, 140, 224 kg N/ha
Top-dress N rates: 28, 56, 84, 112, 140 kg N/ha
NDVI measurements at growth stages F3, F4, F5,F6, and F7
Predicting Nitrogen Use Efficiency and Grain Protein in Winter Wheat using GreenSeeker NDVI
7
Results
Grain yields and GPC increased with increasing N rates;
Protein levels ranged from 8-18%, over three locations;
Optimum N rate in relationship to NUE varied over locations;
NUE ranged from 20-42%, over three locations;
No significant relationship between NDVI at F3, F5, F6, F7 and GPC at two locations; F7 at Lahoma significant relationship with GPC;
For NUE and GPC, differences recorded between pre-plant and split N fertilizer application
NDVI at Feekes 6 and NUE, Lahoma, OK
Preplant N Placement, Corn Row Distance
Objective: Evaluate preplant N placement at different distances from corn rows on grain yield.
Methodology: Preplant N Rates (0, 56, 112, 224 kg N ha-1); Distances of 0, 8, 15, 25, 38 cm.
N applied preplant with RTK-GPS with toolbar shifted to achieve X distance from row. Corn was planted with same “A-B” line.
Mullock
Corn
Objective: Utilize the N response in winter wheat and barley to predict N requirements in corn
Indicator Crop N-Rich Reference Strips
Photo Courtesy of Jacob Bushong3/21/2013
0 lbs NNDVI=0.34
150 lbs NNDVI=0.62
Feekes 5
Barley WheatWheat
Miller
Objective: Determine NUE and WUE of drought tolerant and non-drought tolerant corn hybrids in dryland and irrigated production systems
Evaluation of Drought Tolerant Corn Hybrids in Different Production Systems
Hybrids:◦ Drought Tolerant
Pioneer P1498: Optimum AQUAmax Dekalb 63-55: Droughtgard
◦ Non-Drought Tolerant Pioneer P1395 Dekalb 62-09
Irrigated Production System◦ Seeding Rate
30,000 seeds ac-1 ◦ N Fertilizer Rates
0, 90, and 180 lbs N ac-1
Dryland Production System◦ Seeding Rate
22,000 seeds ac-1 ◦ N Fertilizer Rates
0, 60, and 120 lbs N ac-1
Photo Courtesy of Jacob Bushong
Miller
Grain Sorghum Response to Nitrogen Rate and Planting Date
Objective: Determine optimum preplant N rate for early and late planted sorghum.
Photo Courtesy of Bill Raun
LateEarly
0 40 80 120 1600
20
40
60
80
100Early Planted Late Planted
N rate (lbs N ac-1)
Gra
in y
ield
(bu
ac-1
)
Miller
Influence of Foliar Sulfur, Chloride and Nitrogen on Winter Wheat Grain Yield and Protein
ObjectiveEvaluate the main effects and interactions of foliar applied N, S, and Cl on winter wheat grain yield and protein
Methods• Two sites, Lahoma & Lake Carl
Blackwell, RCBD 4 reps and 16 treatments
• 10 kg Cl ha-1 half of each plot in rep 4 and treatment 16 in each rep.
• Foliar applied using CO2 back pack sprayer at flag leaf stage
• Data analyzed using SAS: Proc GLM, Non-orthogonal contrasts, Paired T-test
TRTPre-plant Nkg N/ha
Foliar N rate,kg N/ha
Foliar N source
Foliar Skg S/ha
1 0 0 0
2 40 0 0
3 40 10 UAN 0
4 40 10 UAN 65 40 10 N-Sure 0
6 40 20 UAN 0
7 40 20 UAN 68 40 20 N-Sure 0
9 80 0 0
10 80 10 UAN 0
11 80 10 UAN 612 80 10 N-Sure 0
13 80 20 UAN 0
14 80 20 UAN 615 80 20 N-Sure 016 80 20 N-Sure 6+
CaCl2
Dhital
Results
When grain yields were higher protein levels were lower
Linear increase in grain protein with increasing preplant N at LCB and LAH
Linear increase in yield at Lahoma with increasing preplant N
Quadratic increase in yield at LCB with increasing preplant N
No response to foliar S at both locations No response to foliar Cl at both locations
Source of Variation df
LahomaYield Protein
Lake C. Blackwell Yield Protein
PR > FPre N 2 0.0002 0.0003 0.3209 0.0449Fol N 2 0.4630 0.4386 0.6650 0.6207Fol S 1 0.6458 0.2931 0.7590 0.3276Pre N *Fol N 2 0.3901 0.7689 0.8066 0.2053Fol N *Fol S 1 0.3527 0.8838 0.8544 0.6523Pre N *Fol S 1 0.5643 0.5044 0.6821 0.4734Pre N *Fol N*Fol S 1 0.9711 0.5474 0.2516 0.8838
Dhital
Objective: Evaluate the effects of droplet size and foliar N rate on wheat grain yield and protein.
Wyatt
Effect of Droplet Size and Nitrogen Rate on Protein Content of Hard Red Winter Wheat
Effect of Droplet Size and Nitrogen Rate on Protein Content of Hard Red Winter Wheat
Location: EFAW, Stillwater, OK Figure 1: Linear relationship between nitrogen rate and grain protein
concentration (significant at the 5% level) Figure 2: Differences in yield and grain protein (droplet size).
0 11.2 22.412.8
1313.213.413.613.8
1414.2
f(x) = 0.41891835 x + 12.8496732R² = 0.998620782687249
Relationship of Nitrogen Rate and Grain Protein Concentration
Nitrogen Rate (kg/ha)
Grai
n Pr
otei
n, %
Figure 1.
Check
10 FA
10 MA
10 CA
10 F 10 M
10 C 20 F 20 M
20 C0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
12
12.5
13
13.5
14
14.5
15Relationship Between Yield and Grain
Protein
KGHAGrain ProteinTreatment
Yiel
d (k
g/ha
)
Pro
tein
%
Figure 2.
Wyatt
Location: Lake Carl Blackwell, Oklahoma Figure 1: Interaction of droplet size and
nitrogen rate on yield. Foliar N at 22.4 kg/ha significantly different (5% level)
Figure 2: Relationship of yield and nitrogen uptake with droplet size. Yield and N uptake significant (5% level)
Effect of Droplet Size and Nitrogen Rate on Protein Content of Hard Red Winter Wheat
C M F0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
05101520253035
Relationship of Yield and Nuptake with Droplet Size
KGHANUPTAKEDroplet Size
Yiel
d (k
g/ha
)
Nit
roge
n U
ptak
e (k
g/ha
)Figure 1.
Figure 2
11.2 C 11.2 M 11.2 F 22.4 C 22.4 M 22.4F0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Interaction of Droplet Size and Nitrogen Rate on Yield
FoliarN Rate*Droplet Size
Yiel
d (k
g/ha
)
Figure 3: Applying foliar nitrogen to the droplet size experimental plots.
Wyatt
EFFECT OF SEED DISTRIBUTION AND POPULATION ON MAIZE (ZEA MAYS L.) GRAIN YIELDS
Objective To determine the significance
of yield difference between one, two and three seeds per hill
• Average maize yield in the developing world is ≤ 2 t/ha
• Current planting methods are ineffective
• Planting single seeds per strike can increase yield
Omara
Materials and Methods
Start trial: Summer 2013
• Locations: LCB and Efaw, near Stillwater, OK.
• 13 treatments and 3 reps at each location
Factorial study • Plant placement distances
0.16, 0.32 and 0.48 M• Number of seeds per hill: 1, 2
and 3.• Traditional stick planter and new
OSU designed Hand Planter
Expect significantly increased yields when maize is planted
with single seeds per strikeOmara
19
Products
2005 to 2013: ◦ 25,000 N Rich Strips have been put on in Oklahoma◦ represents 1,973,040 acres. ◦ Average profit of $10.00/ac, producers using the GreenSeeker and OSU N Rate
recommendation, represents a total positive economic impact of $19,730,400
i-phone, algorithm developed Trimble Greenseeker Hand Held Crop Sensors manufactured and now sold all over
the world Colorado State University – OSU Workshop Hand planter prototype nears completion
Alternative Product Evaluation (Avail, Nutrisphere, Agrotain, ESN, Super U, CoRoN, MESZ, ASPA80)
Critical soil pH levels established for sorghum and sunflower Grain protein optimizer Ammonia loss calculator Seed placement, leaf orientation
http://www.soiltesting.okstate.edu/SBNRC/SBNRC.php
currently 30 options, New-protein optimizer
21
Faculty level graduatesOklahoma State University Washington State University Montana State University Virginia Tech Louisiana State University IPNI Alabama McNeese State (LA) Northwest College (WY) USDA-ARS (SD) Industry/Private graduatesMosaic VP Potash Corp. Director Agronomy Noble Foundation John Deere Bayer Crop Science SST CIMMYT-Kenya CARE-El Salvador Chapingo, Mexico National Program, Indonesia Monsanto 5 Pioneer 2
22
Sustained Focus Areas
Benefits of variable rate technology for treating spatial variability Continued demonstration of the N Rich Strip in many crops including
canola, corn, switchgrass, and sorghum Participation in regional trials with Kansas, Nebraska, Missouri, Colorado,
Iowa, and Minnesota. Continued search for alternative light indices capable of detecting P, K, S,
and other micronutrient deficiencies. Graduate program training. Development of regionally specific algorithms for improved N fertilization (
http://www.soiltesting.okstate.edu/SBNRC/SBNRC.php) GreenSeeker based i-phone applications. BAE-PASS team development/evaluation of relevant precision agriculture
technologies. By-plant recognition, seed placement-seed orientation, hand-planter, new-age-wireless VRT system design.
Refinement of the pocket sensor for widespread use and adoption