2. Nesokia indica - Ferdowsi University of...

International Conference on Integrative.Approaches of Rodent Studies

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1. Nesokia indica as a major vector for motile antibiotic resistant Salmonellosis in some Birds

Abdolreza Nabinejad, Nooshin Askarani

2. Ectoparasite infestation of some birds by Nesokia indica

Abdolreza Nabinejad, Nooshin Askarani

3. Prevalence of parasitic infections of mouse and rats in research centers of Tabriz universities

Afsaneh Dolatkhah, Ahmad Nematollahi, Parisa Shahbazi, Mehran Mesgari

4. How to model evolutionary history of populations using genetic data Adam Konecny

5. Rodent Reservoirs of Human Plague in Iran

Ahmad Mahmoudi, Ehsan Mostafavi

6. South-western Asia as a hotspot of ancient lineages

Ahmad Mahmoudi, Boris Kryštufek, Jamshid Darvish

7. The first molecular phylogeny of African striped grass mice (genus Lemniscomys) based on

multilocus data

Alexandra Hánová, Josef Bryja, Tatiana, Violaine Nicolas, Christiane Denys, Radim Šumbera, Adam

Konečný

8. Prevalence of Endoparasites and, Ectoparasites of Rodents in Meshkinshahr; (Northwest of

Iran); In August 2017.

Ali Haniloo, Asghar Fazaeli, Zabiollah Zarei, Sedigheh Sarafraz, Ali Jamshidi, Mahdi Parsaei

9. An overview of the flea vectors of plague in rodents of Iran

Ali Mohammadi, Ehsan Mostafavi

10. Sarcoptic mange in house mouse (Mus musculus)

Ali Moshaverinia, Abbas Jadidoleslami, Hossein Nourani

11. A study of endoparasites in wild rodents of the Jaz murian depression, Iran

Asghar Khajeh.Gholam Reza Razmi.Jamshid Darvish


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12. Taxonomic study on the subspecies of House Mouse (Mus musculus Linnaeus, 1758) at Iran

with emphasis on the Jaz Murian depression based on molecular and geometric morphometric

methods

Asghar Khajeh, Jamshid Darvish, Rooholah Siahsarvie

13. The role of the Allactaga Rodents in the transmission of alveolitis hydratid cyst

Atousa Shahrokhi, Hasan Barji, Nona Moradpour, Rouhollah Siahsarvi

14. Arenaviruses and Rodents: an Overview

Aude Lalis

15. A survey of some zoonotic bacteria carried by house mice (Mus musculus) in rural areas of

Shahrekord in central Iran

Azizollah Ebrahimi, Mustafa Kazemi

16. Survey of Cryptosporidium infection rate in rodents of West and Northwest of Iran and

importance of public health

Bahram Rastad, Mousa Tavassoli, Bijan Esmaeilnejad, Zahra Balouchi

17. Species of Eimeria spp. in rodents of West and Northwest of Iran

Bahram Rastad, Mousa Tavassoli, Bijan Esmaeilnejad, Zahra Balouchi

18. Identification of Rodents based on Cytogenetic approaches in Ghaenat, Southern Khorasan

Behnam Safapour, Jamshid Darvish, Faeze Yazdani-Moghaddam

19. A living fossil from the Balkan refugium.

Boris Krystufek

20. Biodiversity Crisis in the Museum Shelves

Boris Krystufek

21. A review about the origins and the evolution of the Muridae

Christiane Denys

22. Methods of study and use of Rodent accumulations in avian predator's diet

Christiane Denys

23. Evolutionary history of the Praomys jacksoni species complex (Rodentia: Murinae) in

tropical Africa

Daniela Mizerovska, Erik Verheyen, Jan Kennis, Terrence Demos, ,Josef Bryja, Violaine Nicolas, Marc

Colyn, Julian Kerbis


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24. The impact of climate change on determining suitable habitats for Tolai Hare (Lepus tolai)

Elham ebrahimi, Faraham Ahmadzade, Babak naimi

25. Investigating the Geographical Distribution of Glis glis in Iran

Elham Ebrahimi, Faraham Ahmadzadeh, Babak Naimi, Marzieh Asadi

26. Prediction of Climate Effect on Geographic Distribution of Calomyscus Bailwardi in Iran

Elham Ebrahimi, Farnosh Kouchali

27. Divergence Time Estimation of Brush-tailed Mouse, Family Calomyscidae (Rodentia),

Inferred from Mitochondrial and Nuclear Genes

Elham Reza Zadeh, Jamshid Darvish, Mansour Aliabadian, Faraham Ahmadzadeh

28.New Cytotype of Calomyscus urartensis (Calomyscidae; Rodentia) From Lesser Caucasia

Region

Elham Rezazadeh, Jamshid Darvish, Mansour Aliabadian, Faraham Ahmadzadeh

29. A phylogeographic survey of the house mouse Mus musculus (Rodentia: Muridae) in Iran:

Taxonomic and karyotypic inference from Cytochrome b sequences

Farahnaz Molavi, Jamshid Darvish, Farhang Haddad, Maryam M. Matin and Simin Nayebi Moghaddam

30. Species diversity in the genus Allactaga in the eastern margin of Iranian plateau

Fatemeh Javdani Ashkbar, Faezeh Yazdani moghaddam, Ahmad Mahmoudi, Hessamodin Zali, Rohollah

Siahsarvie

31. Thyroid follicular adenoma in a hamster

Ghasem Farjanikish, Milad Samadipoor, Pouran Mohammadi, Morteza Kalbkhani

32. Rats and Parasites in Iran

Gholamreza Mowlavi

33. Study of endoparasites importance of guinea pig

Ghoalmreza Motamedi, Mohammad Islampanah

34. Different distributional patterns in some small mammals in the Central Iran inferred from

mtDNA markers

Hamid Haddadian Shad, Jamshid Darvish, Eskandar Rastegar-Pouyani


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35. Genetic variation in different populations of field mouse, Apodemus witchery, Thomas 1902

(Rodentia: Muridae) inferred from mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequences and geometric

morphometrics in Iran

Hamid Haddadian Shad, Jamshid Darvish, Eskandare- Rastegar-Pouyanic

36. Preliminary study of Calomyscus elburzensis, Goodwin, 1938 (Rodentia: Calomyscidae) on

secondary contact zone between two differentiated clades in the central Iran, inferred from

control region marker

Hamid Haddadian Shad, Jamshid Darvish, Eskandar Rastegar- Pouyani

37. Rodents diversity in protected areas of Yazd Province, Central of Iran

Hamid Haddadian Shad, Jamshid Darvish, Eskandar Rastegar- Pouyani

38. New Records of Rodents from the Central Zagros in Iran

Hessamodin Zali, Jamshid Darvish, Faezeh Yazdanimoghaddam, Fatemeh Javdani Ashkbar, Rohollah

Siahsarvie

39. Field assessment of Anticoagulant- Based Rodenticide, Bromadiolone, and Brodifacoum in

Control of Rattus rattus and R. norvegicus in Southern Iran

Ismaeil Alizadeh, Mona Sharififard, Elham Jahanifard

40. The small-vertebrate (Amphibians, Squamate Reptiles and Rodents) assemblage from the

Late Pleistocene of Kaldar Cave (Khorramabad Valley, Iran) Iván Rey-Rodríguez, Juan Manuel López-García, Hugues-Alexandre Blain, Mónica Fernández-García,

Laxmi Tumung, Andreu Ollé, Behrouz Bazgir

41. Murine Cytomegalovirus in wild populations of the European house mouse hybrid zone

Jana Těšíková, Dagmar Čížková, Joëlle Goüy de Bellocq

42. Aspects of the distribution of human parasites

Jean-Pierre Hugot

43. Discovery of a 240 million year old oxyurid nematode parasite egg in a cynodont coprolite

sheds light on the early origin of parasitism in vertebrates

Jean-Pierre Hugot

44. Hantavirus and micro-mammals: a review

Jean-Pierre Hugot


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45. Skull and tooth shape evolution in murid rodents: lessons from pedigrees derived from

natural populations of house mouse. Julien CLAUDE, Samuel GINOT, Arthur WEYNA, Sylvie AGRET, Roohollah siahsarvie

46. Skull differentiation among populations in murid rodents in South-East Asia: Is there

something ongoing related with the green revolution

Julien CLAUDE, Samuel GINOT

47. Review of the contemporary knowledge of the Apodemus phylogeny

Karolina Duhova, Adam Konecny

48. Diseases transmitted to humans from rodents

Laya Shamsi, Saeed Samaeinasab

49. Report of Hamster infestation to Demodex mite

Laya Shamsi, Saeed Samaeinasab

50. from Iberia to Yakutia, from the Arctic to Iran. The importance of fossils of the Water Vole

lineage (Mimomys - Arvicola) for biostratigraphic correlation in the Quaternary of the Palaearctic

L.C Maul, G Cuenca-Bescos, W-D Heinrich, M Khoshyar, T. van Kolfschoten, A.K Markova, F Masini,

S.A Parfitt, L.I Rekovets

51. The Importance of Aquatic and Semi-aquatic Voles in Tularemia Transmission

Mahdi Rohani

52. Genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii in free-ranging rats (Rattus norvegicus) of Tehran

Mahsa Esmaeilifallah, Javid Sadraei, Majid Pirestani, Reza Kalantari

53. Evolutionary History of the Libian Jird, Meriones libycus (Rodentia: Gerbillinae) based on

Genetic Data

Malahat Dianat, Jamshid Darvish, Mansour Aliabadian, Roohollah Siahsarvie, Boris Krystufek, Violaine

Nicolas

54. Investigation of ectoparasites in mice in Zabol

Maryam Nooshadokht, Mahdieh Naroui Dehnavi, Seyede Mahshid Mostafavi, Einolah Shamsi gooshki,

Mazie Kazemi

55. Investigating the contamination of mouses with intestinal parasites in Zabol

Maryam Nooshadokht, Mazie Kazemi, Leila Saravani, Mina Lakzaie, Amin Yazdani


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56. Nucleotide changes of cytochrome b, in Persian squirrels and species in Sciurus genus in

Eurasia

Marzieh Asadi Aghbolaghi, Faraham Ahmadzadeh, Bahram Kiabi

57. Intestinal helminths in different species of rodents in North Khorasan province, northeast of

Iran

Mitra Salehi, Jamshid Darvish, Amir Adinezade, Iraj Mobedi

58. A Faunestic Study of Rodents Regarding to their Probabilistic Contamination to Leishmania

in Tangestan county, Bushehr province (2013-2014) Mohammad Darvishi, Reza Jafari, Hossein Darabi

59. A survey on endoparasites of rabbits, a potential risk to human health

Mohammad Eslampanah, Vahid Nasiri

60. Review of parasitic hamster diseases

Mohammad Karimian Shirazi, Abbas Faal

61. Zoonotic Infections among Rodents of Iran

Mohammad Hasan Rabiee, Ahmad Mahmoudi, Roohollah Siahsarvie, Boris Kryštufek, Ehsan Mostafavi

62. First report of Litomosoides sigmodontis among the field population of Rhombomys opimus

infested with Ornithnyssus bacoti in northeastern Caspian Plateau, Iran

Mohammad Reza Abai, Yavar Rassi

63. Development of a Topical Nanolipsomal Formulation of Amphotericin B (sinampholeish) for

the Treatment of Cutaneous Leishmaniosis: Preclinical and Human Clinical Results

Mahmood Reza Jafari

64. First incrimination of Meriones persicus as main reservoir host for Leishmania major in the

Zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis foci, southwest of Iran

Mohammad Reza Abai, Yavar Rassi, Hamid Shirmohammadi, Mohammad Hassan Kayedi, Moheb Ali

Mohebali

65. Morphological and Molecular variations in Mus musculus populations of Pothwar, Pakistan

Mohammad Sajid Nadeem, Shahnaz Bibi, Muhammad Mushtaq and Amjad Rashid Kayani

66. Health Importance of Rodents

Mohammad Mahdi Gooya

67. The effect of the habitat physical structure on the nocturnal activity of Jerboas, a comparison

of semi desert plain and mountainous habitats of Iran

Morteza Naderi, Mina Gholami


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68. Intra-specific variation of nipple counts and mean litter size (A case with Fat Dormouse

along the Hyrcanian Refugium) Morteza Naderi

69. Determining distribution range and habitat suitability for the Long-clawed ground squirrel

(Rodentia: Spermophilopsis leptodactylus) in Iran

Morteza Monfared, Ali Khani, Tooraj Sayyadpoor, Fatemeh Rastekar

70. Study of the efficiency of the four commercial poisons in pest rodent management in Soltan-

Abad city

Morteza Rahnamafar, Samin Fallahinejad

71. The Role of Rodents in Arboviruses Life Cycle Mostafa Salehi-Vaziri

72. Macroscopic evaluation of the effect of somatic antigens of Marshallagia marshalli on full

thickness skin wound healing in mouse

Mostaan Mohammadpour, Hassan Boji, Hossein Kazemi Mehrjerdi, Hossein Nourani

73. Rodents and laboratory models

Najmeh Kiamarsian, Dorna Dehghani

74. Rodent ectoparasites in Golestan province, Iran

Nona Moradpour, Ali Moshaverinia, Jamshid Darvish, Hassan Borji, Ahmad Mahmoudi

75. Helminth parasites of genus Allactaga in Sarakhs County (Razavi Khorasan)

Nona Moradpour, Fatemeh Javdani ashkbar, Roohollah Siahsarvie

76. A survey on rodent’s helminth parasites in the west of Isfahan province

Nona Moradpour, Hessamoddin Zali, Roohollah Siahsarvie, Jamshid Darvish

77. Diversity of Rodents helminth parasites in different region of Iran

Nona Moradpour, Hassan Borji, Jamshid Darvish, Ali Moshaverinia, Ahmad Mahmoudi

78. The Study of geographic variations of Glis glis based on morphometric and biometric traits

in Guilan province

Reza Ghasemi kasseri

79. The study of the weight change of Glis glis during on the hibernation in Guilan Province

Reza Ghasemi kasseri, Mohammad Moradi Gharakhloo


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80. The Investigating Biological Geographic Situation of (Glis glis) in Guilan Province


81. Taxonomic Issues of Rodents of Iran

Roohollah Siahsarvie, Ahmad Mahmoodi, Jamshid Darvish

82. A survey on intestinal nematodes in different species of wild small mammals in Iran

Saeed Yaghfoori, Sima parande shirvan, Ahmad Mahmoudi, Saied Reza Naddaf, Ali Mohammadi,

Hamed Hanifi, Ehsan Mostafavi

83. New species of Calomyscus karamani sp. nov. (Calomyscidae: Rodentia) in southern Iran

Safieh Akbarirad, Jamshid Darvish, Mansour Aliabadian

84. Taxonomic research on Calomyscus Baluchi from Bamyian in Afghanistan and molecular

comparison with C. Baluchi from Pakistan

Safieh Akbarirad, Jamshid Darvish, Mansour Aliabadian

85. Role of rodents as reservoirs of the Borrelia spirochetes in Iran

Saied Reza Naddaf

86. Craniometric variation of the five-toad Jerboa genus Allactaga (Dipodidae; Rodentia) in

eastern Iranian Plateau

Samira Moshtaghi, Jamshid Darvish, Ahmad Mahmoudi

87. Landscape Disturbance Effect (Forest Fire, Clear-Cutting) on Pummala Virus Prevalence in

Bank Voles of Northern Sweden

Seyed Alireza Nematollahi Mahani, Frauke Ecke

88. Nomarski versus routine optical microscopy for morphological and developmental study on

Iranian G1 strain of Echinococcus granulosus adult worms isolated from final host

Seyedeh Faezeh Sadjjadi, Mina Motamedi, Tahereh Mohammadzadeh, Seyed Mahmoud Sadjjadi

89. Operational study of the fixation methods in Rodents

Simin Nayebi Moghaddam, Farahnaz Molavi

90. New Survival of Small Mammals in High Himalayas of Nepal

Tej Kumar Shrestha, Atmaz Kumar Shrestha

91. The impact of climate change on urban pests (Rodents): Management of urban pests after

natural disasters

Vahid Derakhsh Ahmadi, Jalal Shirazi

92. Leishmaniosis in Iran

Vahid Mashayekhi


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93. A review of systematics and zoogeography of common voles (‘arvalis’ species group)

inhabiting the Caucasus and Asiatic Highlands

Vasily Malygin

94. Out of Africa: demographic and colonization history of the Algerian mouse (Mus spretus

Lataste)

Violaine Nicolas, Stefano Mona, Emmanuelle Stoetzel, François Bonhomme, Karim Souttou, Ali

Ouarour, Christiane Denys, Stephane Aulagnier, Aude Lalis

95. Evaluation of epidemiological characteristics of brucellosis disease

Zahra Arab, Fatemeh Tazari

96. Evaluation of the extent of hydatid cyst contaminant due to the parasite Echinococcus

granulosus in human and animal


97. Investigation of infection arising the Burkholderia mallei in Glanders



10

NESOKIA INDICA AS A MAJOR VECTOR FOR MOTILE

ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANT SALMONELLOSIS SOME BIRDS

Abdolreza Nabinejad 1, Nooshin Askarani2

1 Isfahan research and education center of agriculture and natural resources, Vet group; Email:[email protected]

2 Isfahan research center of teachers, Soft ware group; Email: [email protected]

Bird garden of Isfahan has included various and unique birds of more than 165 specious from

passerine to song and water fowls, this park is located on the beach of Zayandeh rood river,

Following the drought in the Iran and specially in the central region the Zayandeh rood river dried

so its ecosystem were affected and its natural vertebrate were wondered about, the bird garden

were the best places for them, this study regarded to increasing motile resistant Salmonellosis in

the birds ( an important zoonosis ) and causing death due to severe GI and liver infection .. So the

rodent (Nesokia indica) were sampled by sherman traps and their feces and deferent parts of their

GI tracts were tested for bacterial isolation and identification. At the same time the carcasses of

death birds including Pheasant, Fowls and Peacocks used for bacterial isolation and antibiogram

test.

Based on the results there were isolated the same motile Salmonella Sp. in both birds and. Nesokia

indica which were resistant to Tetracycline, Sultrime, Tylosin, Flamequein, and Neomycin. ,

Keywords: Nesokia indica, Bird, Salmonellosis, Resistant, Vector.

mailto:[email protected]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drought


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ECTOPARASITE INFESTATION OF SOME BIRDS BY

NESOKIA INDICA

Abdolreza Nabinejad 1, Nooshin Askarani2

1 Isfahan research and education center of agriculture and natural resources;

Email:[email protected] 2 Isfahan research center of teachers, Soft ware group

The short-tailed bandicoot rat (Nesokia indica) is a species of rodent in the family Muridae and

lives in river valleys, by lake sides , Isfahan bird garden is located on the beach of Zayandeh rood

river, Following the drought in the Iran and specially in the central region the Zayandeh rood river

dried so its ecosystem were affected and its natural vertebrate particularly Nesokia indica were

wondered about by many tunnels and chambers toward the bird garden and its rounded places.,

this study regarded to increasing birds infestation by ectoparasites which play an important role

for transmission of diseases from the host reservoirs to human and other vertebrates. Current study

goes to some birds included Turkey, Fowl, Pheasants and Peafowl with anemia ,dermatitis skin

necrosis , low weight gains ,secondary infection and feather diseases, So 35 short-tailed bandicoot

rat were trapped by live traps and were examined for ectoparasites parallel to birds examination.

Based on the results the major parasites were related to Fleas (Cerratophylus Gallinea, Ticks

(Argas Persicus) and Bedbugs (Cimex sp.) and Mosquite (Fania). Which were the same as the

Nesokia indica ectoparasits.

Keywords: Ectoparasite, Nesokia indica, Infestation, Bird

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodent

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muridae

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drought


12

PREVALENCE OF PARASITIC INFECTIONS OF MOUSE AND

RATS IN RESEARCH CENTERS OF TABRIZ UNIVERSITIES

Afsaneh Dolatkhah, Ahmad Nematollahi, Parisa Shahbazi, Mehran Mesgari

The development of many biological assays relies on the usage of various laboratory animals.

Extensive utilization of these animals in biomedical researches necessitated high quality hygienic

and breeding conditions in animal houses. Moreover, many zoonotic diseases including parasitic,

bacterial and viral infections are transferred from the laboratory animals to humans. This study

investigated the prevalence of parasitic infections of some laboratory animals that were

conventionally maintained in animal houses of research centers in Tabriz universities. Blood, fecal

and cutaneous samples were collected from 70 laboratory animals (35 mice and 35 rats).The fecal

samples were stained with Trichrome, Modified Zeil-Nelson Staining and observed by direct

method. All blood samples (100%) were negative. Fecal examinations revealed the cyst of Giardia

muris (57%), eggs of Ascaris spp. (17%), Oxyuris muris (93%), Syphacia muris (4%), Aspicularis

tetraptera (2%), and Hymenolepis nana (9%). In cutaneous examinations Polyplax serrata (21%)

and lice nit (55%) were observed. The present study indicated that the examined laboratory animals

were infected with different enteric and cutaneous parasites. Thus, we suggest that the staff and

researchers working in this area need to be aware of the risk of these infections. Moreover, the

monitoring of animal houses is indispensable.

Keywords: Parasitic infections, Laboratory animals, Research centers


13

How to model evolutionary history of populations using genetic data

Adam Konecny

Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic

Knowledge of population or species history is of critical importance for both theoretical concepts

of evolutionary biology and molecular ecology, and applications in management of animal

populations, for example invasive or pest rodents or those of conservation concern. Although many

statistical tools implementing Bayesian concepts has been used in evolutionary and ecological

science for several decades, since the beginning of this century (Beaumont et al. 2002) there is a

new powerful approach becoming more and more used by biologists: the Approximate Bayesian

Computation (ABC).

Motivated by the growth in computational power and amount of available genetic data, ABC

allows substantial model complexity, especially in the case of more numerous parameters, models

and data, than could be dealt with standard likelihood-based algorithms. The ABC approach is

based on coalescent theory and comparison of real datasets with those simulated under designed

scenarios (consisting of different combinations of parameters). It has been recently used for

inferring various scenarios of demographic history (invasion or expansion of populations, tracking

the invasion pathways), as well as estimation of population characteristics, such as effective

population size, time of divergence, strength of bottlenecks, etc.

In this contribution, the principles and use of ABC will be presented in general and using an

example of revealing colonization history of Senegal by the black rat (Rattus rattus) from genetic

microsatellite data.


14

RODENT RESERVOIRS OF HUMAN PLAGUE IN IRAN

Ahmad Mahmoudi1,2, Ehsan Mostafavi1,2

1National Reference laboratory for diagnosis and research on Plague, Tularemia and Q fever, Research Centre for

Emerging and Reemerging infectious diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Akanlu, Kabudar Ahang, Hamadan, Iran. 2Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging infectious diseases,

Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran;

Email: [email protected], [email protected]

The majority of emerging infectious diseases (EID) are caused by zoonotic pathogens.

Furthermore, more than 70% of these zoonotic EID are caused by pathogens with a wildlife origin.

Mammals are the main source of these findings, and rodents are one of those groups with the high

number of new pathogen species. Human plague is primarily a disease of rodents. While upwards

of 300 species of rodents and lagomorphs have been implicated in the epidemiological cycle of

plague, the true number of definite reservoir rodent species for plague is uncertain. The animal

hosts of plague are classified into two categories based on their resistance to infection. The first

group includes rodents from genera that are relatively resistant to plague (enzootic or maintenance

hosts), and the other includes susceptible species with high rate of mortality (epizootic or

amplification hosts). Among these species the natural foci of plague in Iran in Kurdistan province

are toughly correlated with the four species of the genus Meriones. In addition to this, other genera

including Mircotus, Tatera and Mesocricetus are shown to be also relatively resistance for the

infection. However, taking into account the high range of rodents vulnerable to the infection

worldwide, detailed studies are crucial to better understanding the high risk places for the disease

in the country.

Keywords: Emerging Infectious Diseases, Plague, Rodents, Iran



15

SOUTH-WESTERN ASIA AS A HOTSPOT OF ANCIENT

LINEAGES?

Ahmad Mahmoudi1,2, Boris Kryštufek3, Jamshid Darvish4

1 National Reference center for diagnosis and research on Plague, Tularemia and Q fever, Research Centre for

Emerging and Reemerging infectious diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Akanlu, Kabudar Ahang, Hamadan, Iran;

Email: [email protected] 2 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran. 3 Slovenian Museum of Natural History, Prešernova 20, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;Email: [email protected]

4 Rodentology Research Department, Applied Animal Institute, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran;

Email: [email protected]

Despite the idiosyncratic responses of different species to the Pleistocene climate oscillations,

numerous studies retrieved the underlying pattern. Temperate taxa endured adverse glacial events

in restricted refugia and regained wider distributions after climatic ameliorations. Major refugia

were in the Mediterranean region of S Europe and in SW Asia (SWA), particularly in the Pontic

Mts. of N Turkey, the Caucasus and the Caspian region. In contrast to three major peninsular

refugia in the Mediterranean Europe, there were perhaps six such areas in SWA. Nonetheless,

contrary to Europe, well-documented phylogeographies are lacking, with few exceptions, for SW

Asia. This deficiency prevents integration of the Quaternary histories in the western Palearctic and

gaining of a holistic view on the biogeographic dynamics over the last 2 million years. Recent

studies on a number of terrestrial small mammals (Glis glis, Microtus mystacinus, M. obscurus,

Chionomys nivalis, Arvicola amphibius, Apodemus flavicollis-hyrcanicus, Dryomys nitedula,

Crocidura leucodon, C. suaveolens, and Talpa davidiana) highlighted the crucial role of a

topographically diverse area to the south of the Caspian Sea in sheltering widespread species

already in Pliocene. What is particularly noteworthy, the allopatric phylogeographic lineages in

the Hyrcanian refuge hold the most basal positions in species trees, retrieving the initial

evolutionary split in the Pontic-Caspian area. In this area, the earliest evolutionary events of many

widespread small mammals coalesce. Afterwards, the species continued their evolutionary fate in

various parts of Europe and W Siberia where they diversified into number of phylogeographic

lineages. Be as it was, all these lineages are obviously younger than those endemic to the Caspian

region.

Keywords: small mammals, glacial refugia, Hyrcanian refugium, phylogeography

http://www.pms-lj.si/en/about-us/employees/boris-krystufek-ph-d




16

THE FIRST MULECULAR PHYLOGENY OF AFRICAN

STRIPED GRASS MICE (GENUS LEMNISCOMYS) BASED ON

MULTILOCUS DATA

Alexandra Hánová 1,2, Josef Bryja 1,2, Tatiana Aghová 1,2, Violaine Nicolas 3,

Christiane Denys 3, Radim Šumbera 3, Adam Konečný 1,2

1. Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic 2. Institute of Vertebrate Biology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Studenec, Czech Republic

3. Laboratoire Mammifères et Oiseaux, Département de Systématique et Evolution, Muséum National d'Histoire

Naturelle, Paris, France

4.Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic

Murine rodents form one of the most diverse, evolutionary successful as well as important group

of extant mammals, due to the significant role as vectors and reservoirs of zoonoses or agricultural

pests. The fast and relatively young diversification impedes our understanding of phylogenetic

relationships and species delimitations of many murine taxa. The striped grass mice (genus

Lemniscomys) are distributed throughout Africa in 11 currently recognized species. These are

separated in three morphological groups characterized by different shape and numbers of stripes

on the back: a) group L. barbarus (L. barbarus, L. zebra and L. hoogstraali) with several

continuous pale longitudinal stripes; b) group L. striatus (L. striatus, L. macculus, L. bellieri and

L. mittendorfi) with pale stripes diffused into short lines or dots; and c) group L. griselda (L.

griselda, L. rosalia, L. roseveari and L. linulus) with a single mid-dorsal black stripe. We describe

phylogenetic relationships between Lemniscomys species using mitochondrial (cytochrome b) and

nuclear markers (RAG, L144, DHCR, IRPB, SMO and TRPV) by combining new and already

published sequences of nine species. The results show four main lineages which do not always

correspond to the phenotypic groups: a) L. zebra and L. barbarous; b) L. griselda and L. rosalia;

c) L. striatus; and d) L. mittendorfi, L. linulus, L. bellieri and L. macculus. Our results present the

most comprehensive molecular phylogeny of the genus Lemniscomys to date and suggest the need

of further taxonomic investigation and reconsideration of current species.

Keywords: Lemniscomys, Africa, phylogeny


17

PREVALENCE OF ENDOPARASITES AND ECTOPARASITES

OF RODENTS IN MESHKINSHAHR; (NORTHWEST OF IRAN);

IN AUGUST 2017

Ali Haniloo1, Asghar Fazaeli1, Zabiollah Zarei2, Sedigheh Sarafraz1, Ali Jamshidi1,

Mahdi Parsaei3

1 Dept.of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, faculty of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences; Email:

[email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] 2 Dept.of Medical Parasitology, faculty of Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Email:

[email protected] 3 Dept.of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, faculty of medicine, Hamedan University of Medical Sciences;


Abstract: Rodents as a reservoir of many common human diseases (zoonoses) are the on of health

and economic problems in many countries. Due to prevalence of parasitic infections in rodents in

different parts of Iran, this study was performed to investigate the endoparasite, ectoparasite of

rodents in meshkinshahr; (Northwest of Iran); In August 2017.

Materials and Methods: A total of (70) rodents; including, Meriones persicus; (58) Hamester

and; (5) Mus musculus; (7); were captured alive from different parts of meshkinshar city and were

studied. The rodents were examined for helminth, protozoa, ectoparasitis and blood infection. The

helminth and ectoparasitis studied by direct examination, protozoa studied by Trichrome, Zil knee

ls and Giemsastaining. .

Results: The results indicated that (92.85%) of rodents were infected with six helminths species,

i.e. Trichuris muris (38,57%), Syphacia spp (18,57%), Capillaria hepatica eggs(21,42%),

Hymenolepis diminuta (18,57%), Hymenolepis Nana (21%),Mouniliformis moniliformis (14.28%)

and five protozoa species. Retortamonas Intestinalis (52%), Giardia muris (7,1%), Chilomastix

mesnili(30%) ,Trichomons muris(48%) , Cryptisporidium spp (22.85%).and one species of

ectoparasites Xenopsylla astia. There was no blood parasite in rodents. .

Conclusion: Due to the prevalence of some zoonotic parasities in rodents in this district and the

potential risk of human infection, control of these animals has an important role in safeguarding

of public health.

Keywords: Endoparasites, Ectoparasite, Rodents, Meshkinshahr, Iran




18

AN OVERVIEW OF THE FLEA VECTORS OF PLAGUE IN

RODENTS OF IRAN

Ali Mohammadi1,2, Ehsan Mostafavi1

1 Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences,

Tehran, Iran; Email: [email protected]

2 National Reference laboratory for Plague, Tularemia and Q fever, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging

Infection Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Akanlu, Kabudar Ahang, Hamadan, Iran;


Plague is a common infectious disease of humans and rodents that is native to the western regions

of Iran. Fleas (Siphonaptera) are small, bloodsucking or hematophagous ectoparasites of rodents

and other animals. Fleas have been proven as the most important carriers of plague in the world

and in Plague natural foci in Iran (Kurdistan). From the 2,575 species of flea known in the world,

bacillus plague has been identified in 280 species and subspecies belonging to 62 genera. In Iran,

From the 117 species and subspecies belonging to 7 genera, Plague has been found in following

species of flea in natural foci of Iran as the main vectors: Xenopsylla Buxtoni, Stenoponia

tripectinata, Xenopsylla conformis. Conformis, Xenopsylla nuttalli, Xenopsylla astia, Amphipsylla

Schelkovnikovi. Schelkovnikovi, Ctenophthalmus dolichus kurdensis, Nosopsyllus iranus iranus,

Ophthalemopsylla volgensis, Paradoxopsyllus grenire, Rhadinopsylla ucrainica, Coptopsylla

iranica, Coptopsylla mofidii, and Echidnophaga oschanini. The fore mentioned fleas have been

isolated from plague infected rodents andcan transmit plague to animals and humans. The main

vector in Iran's plaque foci (Kurdistan) is X. Buxtoni while the main vector across Iran is X. Astia.

The data about flea-borne emerging or re-emerging infections throughout Iran are limited. In this

article, rodent isolated, plague transmitting fleas in old endemic plague foci of Iran have been

reviewd.

Keywords: Flea, Plague disease, Rodents, Iran



19

SARCOPTIC MANGE IN HOUSE MOUSE (MUS MUSCULUS)

Ali Moshaverinia1, Abbas Jadidoleslami1, Hossein Nourani1

1 Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of

Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran; Email: [email protected]

Sarcoptc mange is a skin contagious disease caused by Sarcoptes scabiei. This mite belongs to the

arachnid subclass Acarina and known as itch mite. Adult female mites burrow into host skin and

can affect 104 species mammalian hosts including a variety of different wild, domestic and farmed

animals. General signs of mange include intense pruritus, seborrhea, erythematous eruptions,

papule formation, and alopecia. Host behavioral changes include lethargy, lack of awareness,

changes in movement and disrupted circadian rhythm. In November 2015 during the sampling for

a research project about rodent’s ecto-endoparasites in Kerman (Iran), two house mice (Mus

musculus) with distinct pinnal lesions were trapped. The main cutaneous lesions observed on the

affected ear margins, were alopecia, scales, crusts, skin thickening, lichenification and papules.

For parasitological studies the affected skin was scraped and scrapings were collected and cleared

by 10% KOH solution then examined under common light microscope. For histopathological

examinations, samples of the ear lesions were taken and fixed in 10 percent buffered formalin and

processed according to the standard histological techniques for paraffin embedding. Tissue

sections 5 μm thick were cut and used for conventional haematoxylin–eosin staining method.

Parasitological examinations revealed the causative agent of these lesions was Sarcoptes scabiei.

Histopathological examinations of the lesions showed numerous sections of the mite within the

epidermis. Severe atrophy of epidermis and some ulcers were observed adjacent to the mite

sections. Furthermore, massive hyperkeratosis, tissue debris, crusts, hyperemia, infiltration of

different inflammatory cells types and scar formation were seen. This report demonstrated mice

population can be affected by S. scabiei infection. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first

report of sarcoptic mange in house mice.

Keywords: Histopathology, House mouse, Pinnal lesions, Sarcoptic mange.


20

A STUDY OF ENDOPARASITES IN WILD RODENTS OF THE

JAZ MURIAN DEPRESSION, IRAN

Asghar Khajeh1, Gholam Reza Razmi2, Jamshid Darvish3

1 Department of Crop productions technology, Faculty of agriculture and natural resorse, Higher Educatioal complex

of Saravan; Email: [email protected]

2 Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad; Email: [email protected]

3 Applied Zoology Institute, Rodentology Research Department, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad

In this survey rodents and corresponding endoparasites were investigated in the Jaz Murian

depression, Southeast of Iran. In total, 146 samples of rodents belong to 13 species were trapped

from different regions of the Jaz Murain depression. Generally, 10 different genus of endoparasites

from these rodents were collected. The identified endoparasites were: Nematodes; Trichuris spp.,

Syphacia spp., Labiostumum spp., Labiostumum naimi, Mestrophorus spp., Aspicularis spp.,

Heligmosomum and Cesteods; Catenotaenia spp., Raillicitia spinosus, Raillicitia spp.,

Hymenolepis spp. Although there is no organized databank about endoparasites in Iran, based on

available data it seems to be at least the first report of Labiostumum naimi and Raillieitia spinosus

from the country.

Keywords: The Jaz Murian Area, rodents, Endoparasites



21

TAXONOMIC STUDY ON THE SUBSPECIES IF HOUSE

MOUSE (MUS MUSCULUS LINNAEUS 1758) IN IRAN WITH

EMPHESIS ON JAZ MURIAN DEPRESSION BASED ON

MULECULAR AND GEOMETRIC MORPHOMETRIC

METHODS

Asghar Khajeh1, Roohollah Siahsarvie2, Jamshid Darvish2

1. Department of Crop productions technology, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resourses, Higher

Educatioal complex of Saravan; Email: [email protected] 2. Applied Zoology Institute, Rodentology Research Department, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran;


House Mouse is a polytypic species which four subspecies have been reported so far in Iran.

Regarding the high degree of diversity of this species in Iran, comprehensive investigation of the

taxonomic situation of House Mouse subspecies from penetrating locality to Iran, namely south

east of Iran, is of prior importance. South east of Iran having special conditions of biogeography

is a proper representative for further investigation of the taxonomic situation of House Mouse.

Hence, according to study, 370 house mice specimens from Iran and Afghanistan were analiyzed

for geometric morphometric analysis of dorsal and ventral surface of skull. Also, 29 specimens

from the Jaz Murian basin were extracted in order to molecular analysis for investigate the

phylogenetic relationships of house mouse subspecies in this region and its relationship with the

other regions.The result of geometric morphometric analysis showed house mice of center and

south east Iran are situated close to type locality specimens of Afghanistan. The result of molecular

analysis, resulting from 165 cytochrome b sequences confirm the existence of four House Mouse

subspecies at Iran which the Jaz Murian samples are categorized in the following two subspecies,

M. m. isatissus and M.m.bacterianus.

Keywords: House Mouse, Jaz Murian basin, geometric morphometrics, Cyt b


22

THE ROLE OF ALLACTAGA IN THE LIFE CYCLE OF

ALVEOLITIS HYDATID CYST

Atousa Shahrokhi1, Hasan Borji2, Nona Moradpour3, Rouhollah Siahsarvi4

1 Sabzevar, Veterinary Student, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad; Email:[email protected]

2 Hasan Barji; Professor of Pathobiology Department of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad;

Email: [email protected] 3 Parasitology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad;

Email:[email protected] 4 Associate Professor of Pedicure Research Department, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad;


Rodents with about 2280 species constitute the largest mammals in the earth and have a large

population dispersion. According to global statistics, parasitic disease transmission is important

by rodents, and these creatures are considered as one of the most important reservoirs of

transmission of parasitic diseases. One of the most important and threatening diseases in human

societies is alveolar hydatid cyst disease. Due to the difficulty of diagnosing and treating hydatid

cyst and the dangers of this disease for humans, controlling the disease and preventing it from

happening around the world is very important. Many countries are well aware of this importance

and have developed and implemented comprehensive programs to combat disease. Echinococcosis

is a multi-lucular cartilage in the carnivorous intestine, a neonatal stage called multi-hole hydatid

cyst or alveolar cysts in some animals and humans. Multiple cavity or alveolar hydatid cyst leads

to metastasis and mortality and is referred to as white liver cancer due to the invasive nature of the

intestinal invasion of the parasite in the liver. The geographical distribution of this parasite has

spread to the Asian regions of Turkey to Japan. Five-toed Jerboa, a common name for Allactaga

elater, is a member of the two-legged Allactaga and a family of two legs in the bosom. Members

of Allactaga is a reservoir of this disease. And in this article, we analyze the importance of this

animal species in the transmission of alveolar hydatid cyst disease.

KeyWords: Rodent, Allactaga, Alveolar Hydatid Cyst.


23

ARENAVIRUSES & RODENTS: AN OVERVIEW

Aude LALIS

Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, ISYEB - UMR 7205 CNRS MNHN UPMC EPHE, 55, rue Buffon, 75231

Paris cedex 05; Email: [email protected]

Arenaviruses are rodent-borne pathogens that are important causes of hemorrhagic fever (HF) in

Africa and South America (Lassa fever, lymphocytic choriomeningitis; Junin, Machupo,

Guarnarito and Sabia viruses). Arenaviruses cause chronic, inapparent infections of their rodent

hosts, sometimes with prolonged or lifelong viremia and vertical transmission. Human

epidemiology is determined by the distribution of infected rodents and their contact with humans,

although in some cases interhuman infection has occurred. Thus these diseases occur in rural or

forest environments where humans and rodents come into particularly close contact.

Murid rodents are the principal reservoirs of the arenaviruses for which natural host relationships

have been studies extensively. The purpose of this presentation is to review the major features of

the zoonotic arenaviruses and to present updated information on the identity of the various rodent

hosts, reviewing aspects of their ecology, distribution, taxonomy and systematics. In addition, we

propose to describe an integrative approach (genetic and morphometric differentiation) for the

study of Lassa virus host, the rodent Mastomys realized in West Africa.


24

A SURVEY OF SOME ZOONOTIC BACTERIA CARRIAD BY

HOUSE MICE (MUS MUSCULUS) IN RURAL AREAS IN

SHAHREKORD IN CENTRAL IRAN

Azizollah Ebrahimi1, Mustafa Kazemi2

1. Dept of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Science, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran. 2. DVM student graduating in School of Veterinary Science, Shahrekord University, Iran.


Mice play a significant role in public health, chiefly due to their role as carriers or reservoirs for

microorganisms associated with infections and diseases that can be transmitted to humans. The

present work was conducted to determine the presence of some zoonotic bacteria in the caecal,

liver, kidney and nasophrynx samples of house mice (Mus musculus) trapped in rural houses of

Shahrekord district in central, Iran .

One hundred and seven mice living on rural houses (or in their vicinity) were randomly trapped

and collected. A total of four hundred and twenty eight specimens of nasopharynx, caeca, liver

and kidney (each=107) were used to isolate Strptobacillus moniliformis, streptococci,

staphylococci, salmonella serotypes, E. coli and to detect pathogenic leptospira infection using

PCR method.

Infection by pathogenic Leptospira, S. moniliformis and coagulase positive Staphylococcus were

not detected in specimens of liver, kidney and nasopharynx. The bacteria isolated in this study

were E. coli (58.9%), Proteous vulgaris (7.5%) and Salmonella serotypes (5.6%).

Coagulase negative staphylococci (19.6%), α –hemolytic Streptococcus (4.7%), β- hemolytic

Streptococcus (7.5%) were the other dominant isolated bacteria.

We concluded that the house mice in the studied areas may carry Salmonella spp., and β- hemolytic

Streptococcus.

Keywords: Mice, Leptospira, Streptobacillus, Salmonella, Iran



25

SURVEY OF CRYPTOSPORIDIUM INFECTION RATE IN

RODENTS OF WEST AND NORTHWEST OF IRAN AND

IMPORTANCE OF PUBLIC HEALTH

Bahram Rastad1, Mousa Tavassoli2, Bijan Esmaeilnejad3, Zahra Balouchi1

1 Master of Veterinary Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran

2 Department of Pathobiology, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran

3 Department of Pathobiology, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran

Background& Objective: The rodents are an important reservoir for some zoonosis; that play the

bold role in the transmission and distribution of disease. According to rodents’ role in transmission

of zoonosis, this investigation is designed for study on Cryptosporidium infection rate in rodents

of West and Northwest of Iran.

Methods: In a cross-sectional study, 138 animals (10Ellobius lutescens, 30 Microtus socialis,

49Mus musculus, 10 Rattus rattus, 7 Meriones libycus and 32 Rattus norvegicus) were taken from

Urmia and Saghez by traps and were evaluated for Cryptosporidium infection using parasitology

methods.

Results: From 138 examinated rodents, 6 samples (4.3%) were reported infect to Cryptosporidium

oocystes (CI 95%=4.3%±3.3). The infection rate were reported 20% in Rattus norvegicus, 10% in

Ellobius lutescens, 3.3% in Microtus socialis, 3.1% in Rattus norvegicus, 2% in Mus musculus.

No infection was seen to cryptosporidium in Meriones libycus. The significant statistical

differences was not seen between infection rate in male rodents (3.2%) and females (6.8%)

(P=0.33).

Conclusions: This inveatigation is the first report of rodents’ infection to Cryptosporidiym in

studied region.

Keywords: Cryptosporidium, Rodent, Urmia, Saghez, Public health


26

SPECIES OF EIMERIA SPP. IN RODENTS OF WEST AND

NORTHWEST OF IRAN

Bahram Rastad1, Mousa Tavassoli2, Bijan Esmaeilnejad3, Zahra Balouchi1

1 Master of Veterinary Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, Urmiauniversity, Urmia, Iran; Email:

[email protected] ,[email protected]

2 Department of Pathobiology, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran; Email: [email protected]

3 Department of Pathobiology, Urmiauniversity, Urmia, Iran; Email: [email protected]

Background& Objective: The rodents are an important reservoir for some zoonosis; that play the

bold role in the transmission and distribution of disease. According to rodents’ role in transmission

of zoonosis, this investigation is designed for study on Cryptosporidium infection rate in rodents

of West and Northwest of Iran.

Methods: In a cross-sectional study, 138 animals (10 Ellobius lutescens, 30 Microtus socialis,

49Mus musculus, 10 Rattus rattus, 7 Meriones libycus and 32 Rattus norvegicus) were taken from

Urmia and Saghez by traps and were evaluated for Eimeria spp. infection using parasitology

methods.

Results: One hundered and thirty eight rodents were captured from six different species including

Microtus socialis, Rattus norvegicus, Mus musculus, Meriones libycus, Apodermus witherbyi and

Ellobius lutescens. The results showed that 8 (5.79%) of rodents were infected by Eimeria spp

including Emeria musculoidiei, E. falciformis, E. papillata, E. miyairii and E. hungaryensis.

Conclusions: This inveatigation is the first report of rodents’ infection to Eimeria spp in studied

region.

Keywords: Eimeria spp, Rodent, Urmia, Saghez

mailto:[email protected]%20,




27

IDENTIFICATION OF RODENTS BASED ON CYTOGENETIC

APPROACHES IN GHAENAT, SOUTHERN KHORASAN

Behnam Safapour, Jamshid Darvish, Faezeh Yazdani-Moghaddam

Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran;


In present study, broad sampling was performed in Ghaenat suburbs at the northern part of South

Khorasan. Due to topographic and ecologic heterogeneities of this region, faunistic studies are

essential to the better understanding of its species diversity. Animals were trapped using both live

and killed traps from different habitats. Totally 57samples belonge to mammals were collected.

Specimen identification was primarily based on available morphological keys provided in

literatures. Cytogenetic approaches are used in systematic studies implying differences between

species and variation between populations. Furthermore, morphology of chromosomes and

chromosome number of these samples from different localities of Ghaenat were investigated.

Chromosome complements were studied based on conventional gimsa staining used as

complementary dataset for the species delimitation. Overall, 11 species were identified belong to

10 genera as follows: family Muridae (Merione persicus 2n=42, FNa=74; Merione libycus 2n=44,

FNa=77; Nesokia indica 2n=42, FNa=58; Mus musculus 2n=40, FNa=38); Dipodidae (Jaculus

blanfordi 2n=48, FNa=92; Allactaga elater 2n=48, FNa=92); Calomysidae (Calomyscus

elburzensis 2n=44, FNa=58); Cricetidae (Ellobious fuscocapillus 2n=36, FNa=56); Ochotonidae

(Ochotona rufescens 2n=60, FNa=57); Leporidae (Lepus europeus 2n=48, FNa=75) and

Erinaceida (Paraechinus hypomelas 2n=48, FNa=86).

Keywords: Fauna, Chromosome, Rodent, Ghaenat.


28

A LIVING FOSSIL FROM THE BALKAN REFUGIUM

Boris Krystufek

Mediterranean biodiversity is characterized by a large number of small-range taxa of low species

to genus ratio. These are probably of Tertiary origin and endured the glacial-interglacial climatic

oscillations over the last 2.5 Ma in relatively small glacial refugia. We frequently call them

paleoendemics. I will briefly review a rodent paleoendemic Martino’s vole Dinaromys bogdanovi,

an arvicoline rodent endemic to the western Balkans. Martino’s vole is the only living member of

the Tertiary genus Dinaromys, and probably also the only surviving member of the Pliomys lineage

– hence the epithet a “living fossil”. The range of the genus Dinaromys has historically been small

and its rate of evolution has been low. Martino’s vole consists of two deeply divergent

phylogeographical lineages, which may represent distinct cryptic species. The lineages are

indistinguishable morphologically, presumably a consequence of narrow limits imposed by the

adaptive zone occupied by Martino’s vole. Under the strong pressures of stabilizing selection for

the normative (intermediate) phenotype, random drift in isolated populations produced only minor

deviations in the ventral cranium. Martino’s vole shows all three attributes of rarity in accordance

with Rabinowitz’s ‘seven forms of rarity’ model: small area of occupancy, narrow habitat

requirements, and small and fragmented populations. The Pleistocene range of Martino’s vole

exceeded the recent one and its shrinkage continued into the Holocene. Martino’s vole may be in

competition with the European snow vole Chionomys nivalis, which has a very similar morphology

and presumably identical habitat requirements, but is shifted towards an r-selected life-history

strategy. Long-term sympatry of these voles has probably resulted in competitive exclusion of the

relatively K-selected Martino’s vole by the relatively r-selected European snow vole. Rarity of

Martino\s vole is particularly pronounced in the north-western part of the range, where suitable

habitat patches are largely occupied by the European snow vole.

Keywords : Dinaromys bogdanovi, Chionomys nivalis, rarity, paleoendemics, competitive

exclusion


29

BIODIVERSITY CRISIS IN THE MUSEUM SHELVES

Boris Krystufek

Since the 10th edition of Systema Naturae by Linnaeus in 1758, i.e. in more than a quarter of a

millennium, we named and diagnosed about one tenth of species of living creatures. Another

millennium or two would be needed to complete the work but we do not have that much of time.

It is quite probable that vast majority of species richness will be lost in a matter of few forthcoming

decades, at most in a century or two. What will be left behind much of life, as we still know today

will be museum vouchers: dead specimens, dried up, frozen, or soaked in ethanol. These museum

specimens will be an invaluable resource for the future only if we shall manage to preserve them.

Prospects are poor. As the collections are growing more valuable, they are paradoxically falling

into decline. Curators and managers of natural history collections in different parts of the World

face allegations of progressive loss of scientific relevance, decreasing of economic investments,

insufficient infrastructure, and scarcity of personnel. Instead of sharpening the focus on building

collections for future needs, they struggle to preserve what is at their disposal. I will use rodents

as an example to demonstrate how life sciences and the society do benefit from archived museum

vouchers. I will also show a decay in natural history collections and expose the indifference of

international institutions

Keywords : Natural history collections, museum vouchers, museology, research infrastructure


30

A REVIEW ABOUT THE ORIGINS AND THE EVOLUTION OF

THE MURIDAE

Christiane Denys

Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Biodiversity, MNHN, Paris; Email: [email protected]

Today, with 816 modern species, Muridae rodents represent the largest group of rodents. The

Murids are composed of four subfamilies that are for two of them presently exclusively African

(Leimacomyinae and Lophiomyinae), while the Gerbillinae and Murinae which are present in the

old-world constitute the dominant taxa. The first true murid dates from 14 Ma and was described

from the Siwaliks (India) and then entered into Africa via the Middle East and Arabian plate.

Gerbillinae and Murinae had different evolutionary success that result from various geological,

geographical and ecological circumstances. Here we will review the historical processes that

allowed murinae and gerbillinae to diversify and adapt to new environments through times. We

will focus upon the relationships between Middle East, Africa and SE Asia at the light of the most

recent palaeontological discoveries and will attempt to understand how Iranian rodent faunas have

evolved and how the 6th extinction may affect them.


31

METHODS OF STUDY AND USE OF RODENT

ACCUMULATIONS IN AVIAN PREDATORS DIET

Christiane Denys

Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Biodiversity, MNHN, Paris; Email: [email protected]

Avian predators (owls and diurnal raptors) are well known to regurgitate pellets that contain hairs and

identifiable skeletal elements of small vertebrates among which rodents are dominant. Moreoever, these

predators may accumulate in their nests large concentrations of these taxa. The study of these accumulation

may offer a good opportunity to precise the diet of the raptor but also the proportion of the ingurgitated pest

species. These accumulations may provide rare taxa that are difficult to catch by trapping methods and

complete the faunal inventory of a region. They also provide skeletal accumulations of modern rodents that

may be used as analogs for fossil assemblages interpretations. Recent new methods have been developed

to improve the study of these assemblages and build consistent referentials for different regions of the

world. These methods are developed both in the fields of ecology and zoology, palaeontology. We will

show some here examples of various studies that were developed for North Africa.


32

EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY OF THE PRAOMYS JAKSONI

SPECIES COMPLEX (RODENTIA: MURINAE) IN TROPICAL

AFRICA

Daniela Mizerovska1, Violaine Nicolas3, Terrence Demos5, Marc Colyn6, Julian Kerbis8, Erik

Verheyen7, Jan Kennis4, Josef Bryja1,2

1. Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic 2. Institute of Vertebrate Biology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Studenec, Czech Republic

3. Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, ISYEB - UMR 7205 - CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE, Sorbonne

Universités, Paris, France 4. Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerpen, Belgium

5. Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, United States

6. Université de RENNES, Rennes, France.

7. Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium

8. Roosevelt University, Chicago, United States

The genus Praomys is one of the most diversified and abundant rodent groups in Africa. Recent molecular

work shows that it is divided into five complexes of species: P. tullbergi, P. jacksoni, P. daltoni, P.

delectorum and P. lukolelae. Within the P. jacksoni complex, four to five species are actually recognized

(P. degraaffi, P. jacksoni, P. mutoni, P. minor, and a potential new species Praomys sp. B), but the validity

of these species, their phylogenetic relationships and geographical distributions are unclear. To clarify these

aspects, and to better understand diversification processes within this species complex, we performed a

multilocus phylogenetic study based on one mitochondrial gene (cytochrome b), three nuclear genes

(ACPT, CARHSP and GAD2) and comprehensive sampling (up to 222 sequenced individuals from the

whole geographical range of the species complex).

Our results unambiguously confirm the monophyly of the P. jacksoni complex, and the distinctiveness of

the species P. degraaffi, P. mutoni and P. minor. Three additional major genetic lineages are recovered in

the mitochondrial phylogenetic tree (= P. jacksoni sensu lato), and these three lineages are further structured

in 9 sub-lineages with roughly parapatric distribution. The nuclear data only partly support these nine

linages and phylogenetic relationships between them are often unresolved. Species delimitation analyses in

BP&P and STACEY supported P. degraaffi, P. mutoni and P. minor as distinct species. Within P. jacksoni

sensu lato the most supported division was between populations in west-central Africa (= P. sp. B, including

populations from the Cameroon volcanic line) and east-central Africa (= P. jacksoni sensu stricto, including

populations from Albertine Rift Mts. and Kenyan Highlands), with the contact zone in the Kisangani region

in DRC.

Morphometric analyses including type specimens are now necessary to verify how our findings relate to

the already existing taxonomy for this group. Divergence dating suggests that climatic fluctuations during

the Plio-Pleistocene may explain the observed intra- and inter-specific genetic divergences. Rivers, which

often contribute to the diversification of tropical African small mammals, do not seem to have played a key

role in the diversification of this complex of species, but they can efficiently stop the expansion of already

differentiated taxa.


33

THE IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON DETERMINING

SUITABLE HABITATS FOR TOLAI HARE (LEPUS TOLAI)

3aimiN, Babak 2, Faraham Ahmadzade1brahimiEElham

1 Department of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Management, M.Sc student in Environmental engineering,

Environmental Sciences Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran. [email protected]

2 Department of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Management, Environmental Sciences Research Institute, Shahid

Beheshti University Tehran, Iran. [email protected]

3 Ecosystem Management, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.

[email protected]

In recent decades, extinction rates of species have continuously increased all around the world

dueto the lack of effective and adequate conservation planning and management. Species

distribution modeling approaches pose as an accurate tool for preparing conservation solutions to

protect species. SDMs have been developed to predict species distribution out of presence/absence

data and became important part of ecological studies. SDMs have been ranked as one of the top

five research methods in ecological sciences.

In the current study, species distribution model of Tolai Hare (Lepus tolai), a species living in the

North, Northwest and Northeastern regions of Iran, was carried out based on the climatic database

(www.worldclim.org). Moreover, in this study nine species distribution models including

maximum entropy and models of sdm package (RF, SVM, BRT, GAM, GLM, FDA, CART, and

MARS) were used in MaxEnt 3.3.3 and R softwares, respectively.

In contrast to ME model, the results of overlaying different models of the sdm package

demonstrated that the average daily temperature, precipitation in the wettest month, and average

annual temperature are the most important climatic variables. In addition, the ME model

demonstrated that generally semi-arid forested areas in Northern Iran are most suitable areas for

distribution of Tolai Hare (Lepus tolai), whereas sdm models indicated that the forested areas of

Golestan province are the best habitat for this species.

Species Distribution Model, sdm package, )Lepus tolaiTolai Hare (: wordseyK



34

INVESTIGATING THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF

GLIS GLIS IN IRAN

4Marzieh Asadi, 3, Babak Naimi2, Faraham Ahmadzadeh1Elham Ebrahimi

1 Department of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Management, M.Sc student in Environmental engineering,

Environmental Sciences Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.; Email:

[email protected]


Beheshti University Tehran, Iran; Email: [email protected]

3 Ecosystem Management, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland;

Email:[email protected] 4 Department of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Management, PhD student in Environmental engineering,

Environmental Sciences Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran; Email: [email protected]

Species distribution models (SDMs) are numerical tools that combine observations of species occurrence

or abundance with environmental estimates. They are used to gain ecological and evolutionary insights and

to predict distributions across landscapes. SDMs are now widely used across terrestrial, freshwater, and

marine realms. With the development of species distribution models (SDMs), these models are increasingly

being used to decision making, management and biodiversity protection.

Of the mammals of Iran, rodents due to the spreading of illnesses and damage to crops of have been studied

extensively. But there is still a lack of information on the geographical distribution of rodents. Therefore,

the current study was conducted to prepare the species distribution model of fat dormouse (Glis glis), a

species living in the northern regions of Iran. First, nineteen layers of climate variables extracted from the

Worldclim database. In next step, correlation of climate variables was analyzed and then highly correlated

variables were excluded from the modeling process. Moreover, in this study eight models of sdm package

including Generalized Linear Model (GLM), Generalized Additive Model (GAM), Boosted Regression

Tree (BRT), Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines (MARS), Random forests (RF), Classification and

Regression Trees (CART), Support vector machines (SVM), Flexible Discriminant Analysis (FDA) were

run in R softwares. Ensemble approach was applied to combine all outputs together which shows the

potential geographic distribution of fat dormouse.

The result of the ensemble model indicates that the most suitable regions for the species distribution are the

southern margin of the Caspian Sea which extends from the protected area of Jahannama in Golestan

province to Arasbaran in East Azarbaijan. Different verification indicators showed the AUC and TSS have

a better status for the models used, and the COR and Deviance indices are more stringent for verifying the

models, especially for CART and BRT. It also seems that in general, according to the entire verification

index, the FDA and MARS models have a relatively higher credibility than other models used in the

analysis.

Keywords: Fat Dormouse (Gils gils), Rodents, Species Distribution Modelling, Ensemble

model, Verification index


35

PREDICTION OF CLIMATE EFFECT ON GEOGRAPHIC

DISTRIBUTION OF CALOMYSCUS BAILWARDI IN IRAN

Elham Ebrahimi1, Farnosh Kouchali2

1 Department of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Management, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Shahid Beheshti

University, Tehran, Iran. 2 Department of Environmental Assessment, Environmental Sciences Institute, University of Environment, Karaj,

Iran.

Models are the summary of reality that expressing as mathematics or description. Models that

predict species distribution, are known as a powerful tool in wildlife management and conservation

programs and they were used in the other studies about climate change, land use change analysis,

conservation biology and estimates for biodiversity. In this study, we collected Calomyscus

bailwardi's appearance points from our personality database with nineteen climate variety from

Bioclime database. After that, the correlation between the climate varieties was established. Then,

some variety that had a high correlation with the others was deleted. In the next step, species

distribution models from the sdm package for Calomyscus bailwardi in R software were used. This

package includes Generalized Linear Model (GLM), Generalized Additive Model (GAM),

Boosted Regression Tree (BRT), Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines (MARS), Random

Forests (RF), Classification and Regression Trees (CART), Support Vector machines (SVM) and

Flexible Discriminant Analysis (FDA). Finally, a comprehensive map was obtained by using

Ensemble Modeling as a process of synthesizing the result of individual models in the form of an

integrated model for increasing the accuracy of predictive by combining the weight of the eight

models.

The result shows that in the current climate conditions, some parts of Ilam, Kermanshah, lorestan,

Khozestan, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad, Isfahan, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari and Fars

Provinces where are along the Manasht and Qalarang protected area in Ilam province and Bisoton

protected area in Kermanshah province to Bahram-e Goor protected area and Mianjungle in Fars

Province in Zagreus mountains have the Maximum potential of this species distribution. also, the

result of the assessment of Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves shows that the Area

under curev's number (AUC) for GLM model is 0.807, for GAM model is 0.846, for BRT model

is 0.804, for SVM model is 0.827, for CART model is 0.722, for FDA model is 0.704, for RF

model is 0.788 and for MARS model is 0.869. According to this, GLM, GAM, BRT, SVM, RF

and MARS models are very reliable and the CART, FDA and RF models are reliable.

Keywords: Zagros Mountain Calomyscus (Calomyscus bailwardi), Bioclime database, species

distribution Modeling, Ensemble Modeling, Model Assessment


36

DIVERGENCE TIME ESTIMATION OF BRUSH-TAILED MOUSE,

FAMILY CALOMYSCIDAE (RODENTIA), INFERRED FROM

MITOCHONDRIAL AND NUCLEAR GENES

Elham Rezazadeh1, Jamshid Darvish1, 2, 3, Mansour Aliabadian1, 3, Faraham Ahmadzadeh4

1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran; Email:

[email protected]

2 Rodentology Research Department, Institute of Applied Zoology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad,

Iran;


3 Institute of Applied Zoology, Faculty of Sciences, Zoological Innovations Research Department, Ferdowsi

University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran; Email: [email protected]


Beheshti University, G.C., Evin, Tehran, Iran; Email: [email protected]

Calomyscidae (Eumuroidea; Rodentia) is currently accepted as a monotypic family with a genus

Calomyscus comprising eight known species distributed in rocky mountain habitats across the

Hindukush in Afghanistan to the western Syria. Here, we present the evolutionary history of

Calomyscidae based on a time-calibrated molecular phylogeny approach using nuclear and

mitochondrial genes. On the basis of the molecular evidences, the stem age of Calomyscus was

estimated 17 Mya (95%HPD: 13.86-20.98) with the age of the diversified major clades estimated

at 7.3 (HPD: 5.42-9.88) Mya in late Miocene; This period coincides with the Indian and Arabian

plate tectonics activities and uplifting of mountain ranges around the Iranian Plateau, which might

have resulted in the diversification of the brush-tailed mouse. According to our results, the possible

speciation events of current species, occurring in the eastern Iranian Plateau, Zagros and Alborz

Mountains and Lesser Caucasus range, took place approximately between 4.3 Mya (HPD: 2.99-

5.98) to 2.4 Mya (HPD: 1.63-3.43) that endured glacial-interglacial climatic oscillations. By the

main uplifting of the Zagros belt during the orogenesis events during late Miocene, it is likely that,

the mountain was occupied by Calomyscid lineages from two paths; C.bailwardi and

C.cf.bailwardi from the south, and C.elburzensis and two undescribed species, namely Calomyscus

sp. Group C and Calomyscus sp. Group D, from the northern part of the Zagros chains.

Keywords: Time Calibration, Molecular Phylogeny, Calomyscidae, Iranian Plateau, Pliocene



37

NEW CYTOTYPE OF CALOMYSCUS URARTENSIS

(CALOMYSCIDAE; RODENTIA) FROM LESSER CAUCASIA

REGION

Elham Rezazadeh1, Jamshid Darvish1, 2, 3, Mansour Aliabadian1, 3, Faraham Ahmadzadeh4

1Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran. E-mail:

[email protected]


Iran;. E-mail: [email protected]

3 Institute of Applied Zoology, Faculty of Sciences, Zoological Innovations Research Department, Ferdowsi

University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran. E-mail: [email protected]


Beheshti University, G.C., Evin, Tehran, Iran. E-mail: [email protected]

Calomyscus urartensis occupy in extreme northern range of brush-tailed mouse (Calomyscidae)

distribution in Lesser Caucasia. Among Calomyscidae, one cytotype of C.elburzensis (2N=30;

FNa= 44) from Turkmenistan and C.urartensis (2N= 32; FNa= 42) from type locality, Nakhjivan,

have the minimum number of chromosomes. During survey in northwestern Iran we discovered a

local population with a distinct chromosome complement. Karyotipic differential staining result

of this population showed 34 diploid chromosomes number and 42 fundamental numbers and sex

chromosomes were acrocentric. An odd small acrocentric chromosome possibly is resulted from a

Robert-sonian translocation in second submetacentric chromosome. Although molecular

phylogenetic analysis inferred from Cytocrome b sequences clarify 2.3% genetic distance between

two cytotype, but lacking of gene flow as well as chromosomal variation may be related to

speciation process within Calomyscus in Transcaucasia region. More sampling and probably

biological data can be helpful to better understanding of population structure and taxonomic

situation of this poorly known species.

Keywords: Chromosomal Variation, C-banding, Calomyscus urartensis, Calomyscidae, Transcaucasia.


38

A PHYLOGEOGRAPHIC SURVEY OF HOUSE MOUSE MUS

MUSCULUS (RODENTIA: MURIDAE) IN IRAN: TAXONOMIC

AND KAYIOTYPIC INFERENCE FROM CYTOCROME B

SEQUENCES

Farahnaz Molavi1, Jamshid Darvish2, 3, Farhang Haddad2, Maryam M. Matin2, 4,

Simin Nayebi Moghaddam1

1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Islamic Azad University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran;

Email: [email protected] 2 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran;

Email:[email protected] 3 Rodentology Research Department, Institute of Applied Zoology Faculty of Sciences, Ferdowsi University of

Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran; Email: [email protected] 4 Cell and Molecular Biotechnology Research Group, Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad,

Mashhad, Iran; Email: [email protected]

Recent studies have shown that the House Mouse (Mus musculus) has four subspecies in Iran.

Although, these four subspecies have been recognized, the house mouse of east Iran showed high

heterozygosity in various markers like allozymes, nuclear gene and mitochondrial gene sequences.

Also, the taxonomy and diagnostic characters of mice populations in Iran and adjactment regions

are poorly understood. In order to define clear characters for the subspecies described and identify

the borders of Iranian subspeciese, thirty-one (31) populations were studied using three methods:

chromosomal morphology, morphology and molecular analysis of the mitochondrial cytochrome

b gene. Molecular analysis of the M. musculus samples revealed four clades: 1- clade M. m.

isatissus (of Iran) and M. m. castaneus from (of India), 2- clade M. m. bacteriaus from eastern

areas with higth intrasubspecies genetic distance, 3- clade M. m. domesticus in the Southern and

western regions and 4- M. m. musculus in the northeastern region of Iran. Morphometric characters

resulted in three groups that overlapped with each other. The morphological characters could not

be separated M. m. isatissus and M. m. bacteriaus, from each other. Analysis of cytogenetic

variables showed four clear groups better the molecular clads. In these methods, the central and

eastern clades are two distinct groups that are well supported with difference in size of centromeric

heterochromatin and their patterns. These results showed that cytogenetic studies are useful and

easy methods for identify the diagnostic characters of Iranian

Keywords: Chromosomal variation, banding, Cytogenetic, mice


39

SPECIES DIVERSITY IN THE GENUS ALLACTAGA IN THE

EASTERN MARGIN OF IRANIAN PLATEAU

Fatemeh Javdani Ashkbar1, Faezeh Yazdanimoghaddam1,2, Ahmad Mahmoudi3,4,

Hessamodin Zali1, Rohollah Siahsarvie1,2

1Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran; Email:

[email protected], [email protected], [email protected],

[email protected]

Rodentology Research Department, Institute of Applied Zoology, Faculty of Sciences, Ferdowsi University of 2

Mashhad, Iran

National Reference center for diagnosis and research on Plague, Tularemia and Q fever, Research Centre for 3

Emerging and Reemerging infectious diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Akanlu, Kabudar Ahang, Hamadan, Iran;.

[email protected] :Email :Email 4Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran

Iranian plateau is located in the southern margin of genus Allactaga distribiution and so far 5

species have been identified for Iran. Most of the eastern half of the Iranian plateau includes deserts

and open plains which is a good habitat for dipodoids. Adaptation on desert habitats and dry and

semi-arid ecosystem had caused a great deal of convergence between the various species of the

genus Allactaga. On the other hand, chromosomal characteristics for this group of rodents were

significantly fixed and so far, inter-species variation has not been reported to them. Recent studies,

based on molecular data, have shown considerable variation for the genus Allactaga throughout

its distribution region in palaearctic and especially in Iran. In this way, the presence of cryptic

species is frequent for this group of rodents has been reported. Hence dipodoids are a very ideal

model for the study of speciation and biodiversity. The first objective of this study was to

investigate the molecular diversity of the genus Allactaga in northeastern Iran. And in the next

stage, the presence of Allactaga williamsi Thomas, 1897 in the north east of Iran is being

investigated. For this purpose, in the summer of 2017, 8 specimens were collected in the Kopet-

Dagh Mountains using nets. Comparisons based on morphological characteristics, skull and teeth,

morphometric characteristics, cytogenetic studies, and also molecular study using mitochondrial

gene data (cytochrome b). Chromosomal study by c-banding method did not show difference

between Kopet-Dagh population and other species present in this region (2N=48, FNa=92).

However Compared with A. elater, A. toussi and A. hotsoni showed a significant Morphological

differences. And cmpared with A. williamsi, there are significant difference in some of the

characters. The molecular analysis based on the cytb gene indicates a significant divergence

between the Kopet-Dagh population and other Allactaga species. The genetic variation of the

Kopet-Dagh population with A. williamsi is about 15%, which is certainly more than inter-species

differences. Thus the result of morphometric and molecular analyzes, deny the presence of A.

williamsi in north east of Iran. The high genetic variation between the specimens studied compared

with A. williamsi indicates a distinct species that is likely to be a new species in the genus

Allactaga.

Keywords: Allactaga, Iranian plateau, Cryptic species







40

THYROID FOLLICULAR ADENOMA IN A HAMSTER

Ghasem Farjanikish1, Milad Samadipoor2, Pouran Mohammadi2, Morteza Kalbkhani3

1 Department of pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran; Email:

[email protected]

2 Student of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran; Email: :

[email protected], [email protected]

3 Graduated from Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia Branch, Islamic Azad University, Urmia, Iran;


Neoplasms of the thyroid gland have been described in a wide variety of domestic and laboratory animals.

Thyroid adenoma is a benign tumor of the thyroid gland. Adenomas of the thyroid are typically discrete, solitary

masses with rare exception. Almost all thyroid adenomas are follicular adenomas. A follicular adenoma is a

usually encapsulated tumor with evidence of follicular cell differentiation. It is a firm or rubbery, homogeneous,

round or oval tumor that is surrounded by a thin fibrous capsule. A two years old hamster was found to have a

mass in the right ventral cervical region that had been developing slowly for a month. The mass was freely

movable, firm and was at the mid-line of the body, cranial to the sternum. The animal, with no previous history

of illness, appeared unaffected by the mass, had a good appetite and there was no evidence of dyspnea. The

animal was humanely sacrificed, postmortem examination was performed and the tumor mass was removed. At

necropsy, the mass was 3.6 × 3.3 × 2 cm in dimensions, weighting 9.9g. The mass was solid, greyish-white in

color and showed a prominent degree of tough fibrous tissue surrounded by an extensive supply of blood vessels.

Appropriate tissue samples of the tumor were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin, embedded in paraffin,

sectioned at 5 μm, and stained with hematoxylin-eosin for light microscopic examination. Histologically, the

normal thyroid tissues were obliterated by the neoplastic elements. The tumor had a solid pseudotubular pattern

composed of oval, closely-packed structures interspersed by a loose fibrous stroma especially at the periphery.

The tumor was characterized predominantly by uniform-appearing follicles, the presence of cysts, and

eosinophilic colloids in small pockets. There were also some incomplete follicles with no colloid. Encapsulation

was very evident, with a uniform population of well differentiated cuboidal cells with centrally located nuclei.

The chromatin of the nuclei had a fine granular structure and the nuclei had an apparent single nucleolus. Mitotic

figures were rare and the appearance of the mass was consistent with a diagnosis of a thyroid follicular adenoma.

Key words: thyroid adenoma, hamster, histopathology




41

RATS AND PARASITES IN IRAN

Gholamreza Mowlavi

Two species of rattus are of the most important vertebrate pests worldwide. Black rat (Rattus

rattus) and the brown rat (Rattus norvegicus) are generally known as the Old World rats or true

rats. Laboratory rats have also originated from this group of rodents. Studying the parasite fauna

of the rattus species is regarded important from two perspectives. Firstly, the identification of

parasites amongst rats, aiming to find zoonoses and tracking of biotic and abiotic elements

involving the lifecycles of certain parasites in the environment. The other side of parasitological

study in different reservoir hosts is however an interesting trend for completing the checklist of

parasites in each animal group, taxonomically. Review of the literature shows several surveys

conducted in Iran with reports of diverse kinds of parasites among the urban rats. Hymenolepis

nana, Heterakis spumosa, Hymenolepis diminuta and Capillaria annulosa have been recorded

prevalent in Rattus rattus occasionaly, in the country. H.nana and H.diminuta are of the great

importance in public health issue. Gongylonema pulchrum, Trichocephal spp. and Trichosomoides

crassicauda have been also observed as common helminths for rats. Regarding the protozoan

parasites, the high prevalence of Trypanosoma lewisi in collected rats from different parts of the

country is needed to be discussed from the epidemiological points of views.


42

STUDY OF ENDOPARASITES IMPORTANCE OF GUINEA PIG

Ghoalmreza Motamedi, Mohammad Islampanah

Introduction and objectives: Laboratory animals are used extensively in the safety evaluation of

different therapeutic drugs, food, chemicals and in broad variety of biological investigations. They

are also used for the diagnosis of infectious diseases, in the production of vaccines and other

biological substances of public health and veterinary importance. One of the most common

problems regarding the health conditions of laboratory animals has been the endoparasites. This

study was carried out to identify and determine the prevalence and associated risk factors of

gastrointestinal parasites of laboratory animals.

Materials and methods: Totally 105 adult laboratory Pirbright guinea pigs anof both sexes and

different age groups were randomly chosen in a breeding and research animal house. The samples

and animals were taken to the Parasitology department of the Razi Vaccine and serum research

Institute, for analysis using dissection and salt flotation techniques.

Results and conclusion: five intestinal parasites were observed. The prevalence of helminthes

was recorded in guinea pigs with prevalence of 20.0% (21 of 105). The prevalence of protozoa

were found in guinea pigs 16.20% (17 of 105). The nematode parasites in guinea pigs were

Paraspidodera uncinata. The prevalent protozoa identified in guinea pigs were Balantidium coli

and Giardia spp. However, there were not any cestodes or trematods identified from this laboratory

animals. We advice that every person working with animals should be aware of the risk of parasitic

infection and potential danger from animal bites and/or other hazards such as self injections, needle

sticks, other sharp injuries and mucous membrane exposures from urine, faeces, blood and other

bodily secretions. Therefore there is need to design the occupational health and safety program

according to the protocols and documented to prevent unnecessary occupational hazards in the

work environment and maintain a safe environment for personnel.

Keywords: Intestinal parasites, Laboratory animals, Guinea pig


43

DIFFERENT DISTRIBUTIONAL PATTERNS IN SOME SMALL

MAMMALS IN THE CENTRAL IRAN INFERRED FROM

mtDNA MARKERS

Hamid Haddadian Shad1, Jamshid Darvish1, 2, Eskandar Rastegar-Pouyani 3

1Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.


Iran; E-mail: [email protected]

3 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sbazavar, Iran

Alternating glacial and interglacial periods resulted in range shifts, persistence in distinct glacial

refugia and extinction events in various temperate organisms. The integrative analysis of molecular

markers and spatial distribution models carried out for multiple taxa allows the detection of

phylogeographical patterns. Quaternary climatic oscillations have influenced the species and

forced them to habit in safe localities called refugees. Long time isolation has been resulted in

genetic divergence that could be distinguished by phylogeographic studies. Geographic

distributional patterns compared in six species using mtDNA markers in different localities mainly

the Central Iran. Shirkooh with the altitude more than 4050 m a.s.l. surrounded from neighboring

areas by arid deserts and formed an isolated area in the central Iran. This area is confined from

west by Sirjan- Sanandaj plain (Abarkooh arid desert), from north by Central desert and from east

by Lut and Jazmurian deserts. Barrier software applied to reveal genetic barriers and probable

corridors. Comparison of geographic distributional patterns indicates incongruent models in these

species that is one of features of refuge localities. It seems that each species has responded to

climatic fluctuations in different ways. At the end, genetic barriers and probable corridors have

investigated in the Central Iran.

Keyword: Barrier, Central Iran, Corridor, Geographic distribution, Mammals, Refugee



44

GENETIC VARIATION IN DIFFERENT POPULATIONS OF

FIELD MOUSE, APODEMUS WITHERBYI, THOMAS

1902(RODENTIA: MURIDAE) INFERRED FROM

MITOCHODRIAL CYTOCHROME B GENE SEQUENCES AND

GEOMETRICS MORPHOMETRICS IN IRAN






Alternating glacial and interglacial periods resulted in range shifts, persistence in distinct glacial

refugia and extinction events in various temperate organisms. The integrative analysis of molecular

markers and spatial distribution models carried out for multiple taxa allows the detection of

phylogeographical patterns. In this study, molecular analysis of cytb sequences from 40

individuals, showed there are some clues, indicating an initiating of the genetic differentiation

among different populations in Iran due to absence of gene flow among them. In addition, 133

specimens were studied using outline-based geometric morphometrics method on first lower

molar. The results revealed that populations of the Central Iran, as an isolated area, are

differentiated from other populations in both size and shape of the first lower molar. The study of

spatial distribution model on 80 recorded points has been showed potential habitats in this species

dispersed from 21ky to now. It seems that low intraspecific divergence in this species might be at

least partly due to high tolerance of this species to environmental factors that facilitate its ability

to dispersal. Therefore, it seems that climatic oscillations may be not having very clearly influences

on genetic structure of the species at the level of a taxonomic rank.

Keywords: Apodemus witherbyi, cytochrome b, outline, Shirkooh, spatial distribution



45

PRELIMINARY STUDY OF CALOMYSCUS ELBURZENSIS, GOODWIN

1938 (RODENTIA: CALOMYSCIDAE) ON SECONDARY CONTACT

ZONE BETWEEN TWO DIFFERENTIATED CLADES IN THE CENTRAL

IRAN, INFERRED FROM CONTROL REIGON MARKER






Theoretically, secondary remixing of differentiated subspecies is a probable evolutionary process

that can consider for the fact that most of the genetic variation found in the genetically diverged

populations of the species at the secondary contact zone. Brush-tailed mice belonging to the

Calomyscus elburzensis species from the central Iranian Plateau (Shirkooh, Yazd province) have

been genetically characterized for mitochondrial control region variation and morphologically

based on cranio-dental characters, and compared with samples from other geographic regions. The

present study shows the existence three differentiated clades in studied populations. A long-term

isolation of clades in C. elburzensis has led to intraspecific divergence at the subspecies level.

Members of clade1 and clade2 are differentiated by deep genetic disjunction from each other (K2P

distance = 3.6 %, Table 2) that is adequate for subspecies taxonomic level. Regarding to

geographical situation, Iran is the zone of secondary contact for some species and subspecies which

were established inside it or occupied due to invasion from other places and then subsequently

diverge in the very places where they are now. Our studies propose Shirkooh is a secondary contact

zone between members of clade 1 in the east and animals related to clade 2 in the west of the

Central Desert. Biogeographic scenario about their origin and the probable routes led to the central

Iran are discussed in the light of these new data sets.

Keywords: Calomyscus, Contact zone, Control region, Rodentia, Shirkooh



46

RODENTS DIVERSITY IN PROTECTED AREAS OF YAZD

PROVINCE, CENTRAL OF IRAN






Study of animal diversity in each region is a crucial feature for yielding faunistic interaction with

biogeographical events. Penetration of species into the central of Iran could be done due to

expansion of species from surrounding areas. An important factor that could effect on rodents

diversity in this area is special topography. Furthermore, climatic oscillations are the second factor

that affects fauna expansions. Shirkooh is surrounded by some arid basins. Isfahan-Sirjan basin is

the most important one in which located between eastern Zagros and Shirkooh and extended from

Isfahan to Sirjan. This basin had been a pluvial lake which repeatedly extended and retired due to

climatic fluctuations. Sampling was carried out in different areas of Yazd province especially in

protected areas. The samples belonging to 18 different species attributing to five families:

Cricetidae (Cricetulus migratorius), Calomyscidae (Calomyscus elborzensis, Calomyscus sp.),

Muridae (Mus musculus, Apodemus witherbeyi, Apodemus avicennicus, Gerbilus nanus, Gerbilus

henleyi, Meriones persicus, Meriones libycus, Meriones crassus, Meriones sp. Tatera indica,

Rhombomys opimus), Gliridae (Dryomys sp.) and Dipodidae (Allactaga hotsoni, Allactaga elater,

Jaculus blanfordi). The Yazd province is the type locality of an endemic species has recently been

described. Topographic and Physiogeographic features of this province provide a variety of

conditions that is responsible for high rodent diversity in the central Iran. It is suggested that

Shirkooh Mountain that is parallel with Zagros Mountains could be considered as cradle for

speciation and subspeciation especially in quaternary.

Keywords: Rodents, Shirkooh, Yazd, Fauna, Central Iran



47

NEW RECORDS OF RODENTS FROM THE CENTRAL

ZAGROS IN IRAN

Hessamodin Zali1, Jamshid Darvish1,2, Faezeh Yazdanimoghaddam1,2, Fatemeh Javdani

Ashkbar1, Rohollah Siahsarvie1,2

:; EmailDepartment of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran 1

[email protected] ,[email protected]

Ferdowsi University of Rodentology Research Department, Institute of Applied Zoology, Faculty of Sciences, 2

[email protected] ,[email protected] ,[email protected]: ; EmaiIran Mashhad,

Small mammals species are found based on the type of habitat and evolutionary past in particular

areas. For this reason, specific field studies are required to understand the biodiversity of each

region. The central Zagros area in Isfahan province due to its high habitat diversity is a good

environment for studying small terrestrial mammals. In this study, two orders of rodentia and

eulipotyphla have been studied. Sampling was done over a year using active and passive methods.

A total of 108 samples were collected, of which 93 were rodents and 15 were insectivorous.

Finally, based on morphological and cariological studies, 13 species of rodentia belong to 5

families of Muridae (Apodemus witherbyi, Mus musculus, Mus macedonicus, Meriones persicus),

Gliridae (Dryomys nitedula), Cricetidae (Chionomys nivalis, Arvicola persicus, Ellobius lutescens,

Microtus socialis, Cricetulus migratorius, Mesocricetus brandti), Dipodidae (Allactaga

williamsi), Calomyscidae (Calomyscus), and two species of eulipotyphla belonging to two families

of Soricidae (Crocidura suaveolens) and Erinacidae (Hemiechinus auritus). In this study,

chromosomal characteristics of Chionomys nivalis and Crocidura suaveolens are reported for the

first time in Iran. Also, the results of this study show the south distribution of Mus macedonicus

to the central Zagros highlands in Iran. And also, the cariological and morphological studies of the

Calomyscus population of the west of Isfahan province did not confirm the existence of the

Calomyscus bailwardi in this area.

Keywords: Rodentia, Central Zagros, West of Isfahan Province, chromosomal characteristics of

Chionomys nivalis, Mus macedonicus







48

FIELD ASSESSMENT OF ANTICUAGULANT-BASED

RODENTICIDE, BROMADIOLONE, BRODIFACOUM IN

CONTROL OF RATTUS RATTUS AND R.NORVEGICUS IN

SOUTHERN IRAN

Ismaeil Alizadeh, Mona Sharififard, Elham Jahanifard

Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of public health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of

Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran;

E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

Rodents control using poisoned food baits are becoming more widespread and are recommended

as prevalent strategy for eliminating rodent infestations. Baits containing anticoagulant-based

rodenticides are preferred because they are more effective and safe. In this field assessment,

efficacy and acceptance of two commercial rodenticides including 0.05% Bromadiolone wax

block and 0.05% Brodifacoum pellet bait were assessed against roof rats (Rattus rattus) and

Norway Rats (Rattus norvegicus).Three treatments including 0.05% Bromadiolone wax block,

0.05% Brodifacoum pellet bait and mix of two formulations were assessed in box stations in three

pilots with 20000 m2 square around human buildings. Each box contained 20 g pellet bait, wax

block or pellet bait+ wax block. Baiting was done twice a week and continued for seven weeks.

The acceptance was measured by counting fed baits and the effectiveness was assessed by visual

inspection of live rats, dead rats around the buildings and also on based on based on interviews

with people in the pilot buildings and recording their observations and satisfaction with reducing

or not reducing rodent infestation.

Acceptance of 0.05% Bromadiolone wax block and 0.05% Brodifacum pellet bait was different

for the commensal rats. Pellet bait of 0.05% Brodifacum was more acceptable than wax block of

0.05% Bromadiolone for both rats and it was 90% and 40% respectively. Generally, pellet bait of

0.05% Brodifacoum alone and mix of both pellet and wax block resulted in more reduction of rats

compared to wax blocks of 0.05% Bromadiolone .

It seems that acceptance of 0.05% Brodifacum pellet bait separately and in mixture with 0.05

Bromadiolone wax block have led to more effectiveness of two first treatments in rat reduction.

Keywords: Rat, rodenticide, Bromadiolone, Brodifacum, Anticoagulant



49

THE SMALL-VERTEBRATE (AMPHIBIANS, SQUMATE

REPTILES AND RODENTS) ASSAMBLADGE FROM THE

LATE PLEISTOCENE OF CALDAR CAVE (KHORRAMABAD

VALLEY, IRAN)

Iván Rey-Rodríguez1, Juan Manuel López-García2,3, Hugues-Alexandre Blain2,3,

Mónica Fernández-García1,4, Laxmi Tumung3,2,1, Andreu Ollé 2,3, Behrouz

Bazgir2,3

1.Histoire Naturelle de l'Homme Préhistorique (HNHP, UMR 7194), Sorbonne Universités, Muséum National

d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Université Perpignan Via Dominica, 1 rue René Panhard, 75013 Paris, France 2, Institut Català de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Social (IPHES), C/Marcel.lí Domingo s/n (Edifici W3),

Campus Sescelades, 43007 Tarragona, Spain. 3, Área de Prehistòria, Universitat Rovira i Virgili. Facultat de Lletres, Avinguda Catalunya 35, 43002 Tarragona,

Spain. 4, Sezione di Scienze Preistoriche e Antropologiche, Dipartimento di Studi Umanistici, Università degli Studi di

Ferrara, C.so Ercole I d’Este, 32 - 44121 Ferrara, Italy;

E-mail: [email protected]

Kaldar Cave is located in the northern part of the Khorramabad Valley (Central Zagros, Iran) at

1290 meters a.s.l. The site has a Pleistocene occupation (with lithic tools from Middle and Upper

Paleolithic) and it was occupied also in Holocene periods (with Neolithic remains). The

preliminary study of the small vertebrates from Kaldar Cave has identified 218 remains coming

from Layer 4 (sub-layer 5 and 5II), Upper Paleolithic, and Layer 5 (sub-layer 7 and 7II), Middle

Paleolithic, comprising rodents, squamate reptiles and amphibians. The 14C dates from Layer 4

(sub-layers 5 and 5II) produced results in the ranges of 38650–36750 cal. BP, 44200–42350 cal

BP, and 54400–46050 cal. BP, respectively. Here we are focusing on the small vertebrate coming

from Layer 4.

The small mammals assemblage of Kaldar cave is composed of five arvicolinae (Microtus gr.

socialis, Chionomys cf. nivalis, Ellobius cf. lutescens, Ellobius cf. talpinus and Ellobius sp.), three

cricetinae (Cricetulus cf. migratorius, Mesocricetus cf. brandti and Calomyscus sp.), two gliridae

(Myominus sp. and Dryomys cf. nitedula), two gerbidae (Meriones spp. and Cf. Allactaga sp.) and

two murinae taxa (Apodemus cf. flavicollis and Mus cf. musculus). In addition to the small

mammals, amphibians and squamate reptiles fossil remains have been recovered: a toad (Bufo sp.),

an agamid lizard, a gecko, a skink, a lacertid, a glass lizard (Pseudopus sp.), a sand boa (Eryx sp.),

possibly six types of colubrine snakes, a cobra and a viper.



50

Late Pleistocene layer 5II and Layer 7II have enough remains for the paleoclimatic inferences. A

preliminary taphonomic analysis has shown an important number of digested elements whose

evidence the predation activity as the main origin of the accumulSSSation. A category 3 predator

could primarily be assumed, as the tawny owl (Strix aluco) or the Eurasian eagle owl (Bubo bubo),

both predators known to produce prey assemblages close to its surrounding environment .

The rodents assemblage indicates an environment surrounding the cave, mainly composed by open

dry meadows, indicated by the most abundant taxa, Microtus gr. socialis and Meriones spp.

Together with these taxa, the identified murinae species indicate the presence of a certain

vegetation cover. Also, most of the herpetofauna identified specimens (Agamidae, Eryx sp. and

Elapidae) live in savannahs, steppes and deserts, with a way of life always linked with warm arid

areas in rocky or sandy environments.

Keywords: small vertebrates, Kaldar Cave, Near East, Paleontology


51

MURINE CYTOMEGALOVIRUS IN WILD POPULATIONS OF

THE EUROPEAN HOUSE MOUSE HYBRID ZONE

Jana Těšíková1,2, Dagmar Čížková1, Joëlle Goüy de Bellocq1

1 Research Facility Studenec, Institute of Vertebrate Biology AS CR, Czech Republic;

2 Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic

Murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) is a common herpesvirus of the house mouse, which is

thoroughly studied under laboratory conditions. MCMV shares many features with human

cytomegalovirus (e.g. virion structure, ability to establish persistent or latent infection) and

therefore serves as a frequently used animal model. Most investigations are focused on laboratory

strains of MCMV (Smith, HaNa 1) and various laboratory strains of mice. In contrast, little is

known about the biology of MCMV in wild-living house mouse populations. Two taxa of house

mice, Mus musculus musculus (Mmm) and Mus musculus domesticus (Mmd) meet and hybridize

along a 2500 km long front streching from Scandinavia to the Black Sea and form a tension hybrid

zone (the house mouse hybrid zone, HMHZ). A preliminary study showed that each mouse taxon

harbours different MCMV strains that have likely co-diverged with their hosts. The goal of our

study was to investigate the biology of MCMV infections in wild mice and how the viral load

changes across the host hybrid zone. House mouse tissues (of both subspecies) were collected

across the Bavarian-Bohemian transect of the HMHZ in 2014. MCMV load measurement using

specific quantitative PCR assay was performed in four different organs (lungs, kidneys, spleen and

salivary glands) for a subset of 64 individuals (29 Mmd and 35 Mmm). The highest quantities of

viral DNA were observed in the salivary glands and the preliminary results showed significant

difference of MCMV load in the salivary glands and kidneys of domesticus compare to musculus

taxa.

Keywords: House mouse, murine cytomegalovirus, viral load, salivary glands


52

ASPECTS OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF HUMAN PARASITES

Jean-Pierre Hugot

Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, ISYEB - UMR 7205 CNRS MNHN

UPMC EPHE, 55, rue Buffon, 75231 Paris cedex 05; Email: [email protected]

Background: In 1998, Ashford and Crewe published: “The Parasites of Homo sapiens: an

Annotated Checklist of the Protozoa, Helminths and Arthropods for which we are home”. In 2003

a revised and updated second edition of the book was produced. In this second book, the authors

gave a checklist of 437 parasite species. The parasite species are distributed in different chapters

following their taxonomic position. For each of the 437 parasite species, the main information

about the taxonomy, geographic distribution, biological cycle and pathogenicity is given in a list.

Method: A table was built from the information given in the book following criterions: Status,

defined as “some idea of the numbers of reported human cases and their dispersion”; Taxonomic

groups, how many parasites species identified in humans have been recorded in each group;

Distribution, cases recorded in particular Zoogeographical Region; Hosts, non-human hosts,

which have a role in the maintenance of parasite; Habitat, the habitat of the parasite in or on the

human body; Transmission, mechanism of infection of humans; Host-specificity status, relative

role of man

(or any other hosts) in the maintenance of parasite populations.

Results: The parasites distribution, according to the seven main descriptors in use, are represented

using calculations and graphics.

Conclusions:

- More than 70% of the parasites recorded in Humans are exceptional, rare or uncommon.

- The number of parasite species recorded in Humans looks to be related to the total number of

parasite species known in a particular taxonomic group.

- Members of most other animal groups may be involved in human parasite cycles. From all other

animal groups, the Mammals are the most represented.

- The Palearctic Region exhibits the highest human parasite species diversity.

- More than one third of our parasites have elected our alimentary canal as a home. Our tegument

occupies the second rank. Although little represented all our other organs, fluids and/or cavities

may be colonized.

- Almost two third of our potential parasites are using the oral way of contamination. The second

most used way of contamination is the skin with only one third of the whole.

Many of the points enumerated above may be related to the particular behavior of humans:

exploring and colonizing any kind of habitat all around the earth: eating and/or domesticating any

available resource.


53

DISCOVERY OF A 240 MILLION YEARS OLD OXYURID

NEMATODE PARASITE EGG IN A CYNODONT COPROLITE

SHEDS LIGHT ON THE EARLY ORIGIN OF PARASITISM IN

VERTEBRATES

Jean-Pierre Hugot

Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, ISYEB

- UMR 7205 CNRS MNHN UPMC EPHE, 55, rue Buffon, 75231 Paris cedex 05; Email: [email protected]

Background: We report the discovery of an oxyurid parasite egg from coprolites closely

associated with the remains of several species of Cynodontia, dated to 240 million years old. This

finding is particularly significant because this is the oldest record of an oxyurid nematode yet

discovered, and because the cynodonts are considered a basal-group to the Mammals.

Methods: We extracted material from the fully mineralized coprolite by both scraping the

surface, and removing fragments from their interior with clean dental instruments used a single

time for each sample. A single drop of glycerol from a new vial was added as a clearing reagent.

Each slide was sealed with wax and examined with an optical microscope at 100× to 400×

magnification.

Results: From each coprolite, 550 slides were examined; from 275 of these slides, sediment

was examined that was scraped from the surface of the coprolite, and from the other 275 slides,

material was examined that was extracted from the interior of the coprolite. All microscopic

structures encountered were photographed, measured, and identified when possible.

Conclusions: From the coprolites examined, we discovered a new species of pinworm that,

based on the egg structure, clearly places it in the family Heteroxynematidae.

Nematodes of the order Oxyurida have a very constrained life history, occurring only in animals

that are not strictly carnivorous and ingest large amounts of plant material. This fact enabled

us to determine which species of cynodont, from several collected at the site in Brazil, are most

likely the depositors of the coprolite, and therefore were the host of the parasite.


54

HANTAVIRUS AND MICRO-MAMMALS: A REVIEW

Jean-Pierre Hugot

Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, ISYEB - UMR 7205 CNRS MNHN

UPMC EPHE, 55, rue Buffon, 75231 Paris cedex 05; Email: [email protected]

Background: Hantaviruses are zoonotic viruses with a complex evolutionary history of virus-host

coevolution and cross-species transmission.

Recent discoveries of genetically distinct Hantaviruses in shrews and moles (Soricomorpha,

Soricidae & Talpidae) or in bats, has challenged the conventional view that rodents serve as the

exclusive reservoir hosts.

While Hantaviruses have a broad range of hosts, virus-host relationships were thought to be strict,

with a single virus species usually infecting a single host species. However, the recent discovery

of Bruges virus, a novel European mole Hantavirus, co-infecting its host together with Nova virus

without signs of genetic interaction challenges this view.

Method: Evolutionary relationships among the Hantavirus were estimated by constructing

phylogenetic trees using Bayesian analysis with MrBayes 3.1.2 (Huelsenbeck, Ronquist, 2001).

We examine and discuss different evolutionary hypotheses that may explain the reciprocal

distributions of the Hantavirus and their vertebrate hosts using TreeMap-2 (Charleston & Page,

2002) a program for the analysis of how dependent phylogenies are related, by cophylogeny

mapping.

Results: The phylogenetic tree is commented; different scenarios obtained using TreeMap-2 are

discussed to try to elucidate the origins of the different identified clades.

Conclusions: Recent discoveries highlight the complexity of Hantavirus evolution and the

importance of further investigation of hantavirus-reservoir relationships.


55

SKULL AND TOOTH SHAPE EVOLUTION IN MURID

RODENTS: LESSONS FROM PEDIGREES DERIVED FROM

NATURAL POPULATION OF HOUSE MOUSE

Julien CLAUDE, Samuel GINOT,, Arthur WEYNA, Sylvie AGRET, Roohollah

SIAHSARVIE

While the house mouse is one of the major model in genetic engineering for scientific research, it

is also a good candidate to understand evolutionary features. Yet, still few is known concerning

how skull and teeth shape evolved among the different natural populations; and whether these

differences can be functional. Furthermore the genetic determinism of skeletal shape variation are

not known in that context.

Having spread with Human in all places of the world, the house mouse can be found in several

environments. The geographic origin of the house mouse is certainly close to the Iranian plateau

where most of the genetic variation across populations can be found today. Interestingly, the house

mouse is very variable in skull and teeth shape morphology. By using morphometrics, one can

show that the shape features of the skull and the teeth are correlating well with the supposed

dispersal of the house mouse. So far, little is known concerning the role of genetic and

environmental variation on shape and size of skull and teeth features in natural populations. We

started studying the teeth and mandible shape of two populations from two completely different

origins. We made pedigrees from mice trapped from these populations and exposed progenies to

different diet. We found that the mandible shape depended on diet and was subject to phenotypic

plasticity, while tooth morphology was not. The mandible phenotypic response to diet shift was

different between populations suggesting different reaction norms. As expected, we found several

similarities in genetic variation of shape features between populations when these populations

were receiving normal food. But we also found that the genetic variation could be expressed

differently when a different and unusual diet was provided (ie. environmental conditions). This

suggests that the evolutionary potential of populations depends not only on the genetic of groups

but also to environmental conditions.

Although house mouse populations tend to differ depending on their divergence, history and

genetics can still correlate well with the morphology of the skull and teeth at much finer scales.

The house mouse has colonized several islands. In that context, we have been studying a set of

populations in the Orkney Archipelago in Scotland. These populations display an important

variation in tooth morphology and mandible shape, that is furthermore structured among the

different islands constituting the archipelago. Morphological variation correlates well with the

genetic structure of the populations. Some aspects of the variation were surprisingly observed in

other populations of mice in insular context.

We noted in particular the appearance of a new cusp on the upper molar. Rarely known in


56

continental wild populations, we tried to understand whether the association of the new cusp was

correlated with environmental or genetic features that could be linked to insular evolution. We

directly used the populations of the Orkney archipelago to construct pedigrees. By collecting set

of individuals from various localities, we started to screen the genetic/environmental determinism

of tooth morphology by using a classical genetic approach. We observed first that the

polymorphism was much more the expression of continuous rather than discrete variation. The

tooth shape variation followed a continuous distribution and its genetic determinism was complex

suggesting that the occurrence of new cusp could be considered as a quantitative trait. We found it

was heritable with heritabilities of similar order than tooth shape outline. We found that the

character was partly genetically related to an increase of molar size and that its occurrence may

result from the interaction between selection larger and other characters via pleiotropic

interactions. Using the same populations we also studied how bite force divergence, conditioning

access to new resources, could evolve from this system. We found that most of it was driven by

morphology. By combining genomic analysis (GBS) and shape analysis, we are now developing

an approach to monitor shape evolvability in wild populations without the need of pedigrees; and

that could be transposable to other species of rodents.


57

SKULL DIFFERENTIATION AMONG POPULATION IN MURID

RODENTS IN SOUTH-EAST ASIA: IS THERE SOMETHING

ONGOING RELATED WITH THE GREEN REVOLUTION?

Julien CLAUDE, Samuel GINOT

South-East Asia is undergoing an extreme and important change in terms of landscape due to the

demographic and economic transition occurring in this area since a few decades. Known as a

hotspot of biodiversity, it is also considered, at least for vertebrates as one of the most threatened

and most vulnerable. By using geometric morphometrics, we studied five species sampled in

various localities that were impacted by recent deforestation or urbanisation at different degrees.

For most species, we found differences among localities that could not be only explained by

geographical differences but also by characteristics of land use and land cover such as the

importance of deforestation or human pressure. At the inter-locality scale, when present,

differences in land use and land cover can affect mean size or variance size irrespective of

geographical distance; or shape size and shape variance depending on species. For instance, we

found that in one syn-anthropic species (Rattus tanezumi), skull size tended to increase with

landscape opening (contrary to the expectation that landscape opening would favor an r- strategy),

involving a possible change of resource shift. These preliminary results seems to show that skull

morphology in murid rodent communities is rapidly integrating environmental change (either

because it is plastic or either because it is rapidly adapting).


58

REVIEW OF THE CONTEMPORARY KNOWDLEGE OF THE

APODEMUS PHYLOGENY

Karolina Duhova, Adam Konecny

Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic

The problem of interspecific and intraspecific variability of the genus Apodemus, despite the

significance of its representatives (typical rodents carrying zoonoses and pests in agriculture), has

not been sufficiently examined, especially in Central Asian species. In our contribution, we present

a review of the contemporary knowledge of Apodemus phylogeny and phylogeography, including

results of the phylogenetic analyses (RAxML), based on extensive dataset of all publicly available

mtDNA sequences for cytochrome b and nuclear gene IRBP (for almost all known species). The

results confirm the well-known division of the genus into two main lineages (the species complex

of Sylvaemus and Apodemus s.s.) and also show some new details about phylogenetic relationships

between species and intraspecific lineages. Based on mtDNA, the species A. witherbyi, A.

hermonensis, A. fulvipectus, A. iconicus and a slightly more distinct A. iconicus cluster in a single

well-supported lineage within the Sylvaemus complex. Relatively high genetic distances were

observed between species A. mystacinus and A. epimelas (Apodemus s.s. complex), and it is thus

possible to conclude that these two taxa might form separate species. Furthermore, the new

sequences of Central European populations (the Czech Republic and surrounding countries),

which have not been published yet are included. The results show them to be clearly clustered

within the predicted lineages of A. agrarius, flavicollis, sylvaticus and uralensis, which correspond

to their European distribution. With our contribution we aim to (i) highlight the importance of

understanding the diversity and evolutionary history of this major group of Palearctic rodents, (ii)

point out the missing or ambiguous issues related to its phylogeny, and (iii) call for additional

samples and genetic data to solve these gaps.

Keywords: Apodemus, molecular phylogeny, Palearctic rodents, phylogeography


59

DISEASES TRANSMITTED TO HUMANS FROM RODENTS

laya Shamsi1, Saeed Samaeinasab2

1 Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia-Iran;


2 Young Researchers and Elite club, Sabzevar Branch Islamic Azad University, Sabzevar- Iran;


Rodents are the most diverse group of mammals and one of the most successful groups for living

organisms that are always considered as one of the main reservoirs of common diseases. Of the

rodents, squirrels, hamsters and guinea pigs are used as pet. Experimental animals include

laboratory mice, rat and rabbits. The purpose of this study is to identify the types of common

diseases that can be transmitted from rodents to humans. Rodents can be transmitted various types

of viral, bacterial, fungal and parasitic diseases. Viral agents (lymphocytic coriomengitis virus,

hanta virus and rabies virus (Rhabdo virus), bacterial agents (Streptobacillus moniliformis,

Pasteurellosis, Salmonelosis, leptospirosis, Francisella tularensis (agent of Tularemia), fungal

agent (Trichophyton mentagrophytes) and parasitic agent (Hymenolepis nana or dwarf tape worm)

can be transmitted to humans, and diseases consist Pasteurellosis, Tularemia and rabies caused by

rodent biting. Given the role of rodents in the transmission of common diseases and their inclusion

in the cycle of parasites, combating these animals are necessary.

Key words: rodent, zoonosis, bacteria, fungi, parasite


https://www.google.nl/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwiR5vz50srYAhVMDCwKHTKTBpkQFgguMAA&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPasteurellosis&usg=AOvVaw2OpnO94nEOdu4iU4rYYCw3

https://www.google.nl/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwim_sGP08rYAhUoiaYKHZp1AUAQFggrMAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fsalmonelosis.net%2F&usg=AOvVaw0eKdG-aUbm_UK7ELZxUJyo

https://www.google.nl/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjX58_108rYAhWFIpoKHcZIAfgQFggnMAA&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFrancisella_tularensis&usg=AOvVaw30iogwHPbvehOO67oo_1aK

https://www.google.nl/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjX58_108rYAhWFIpoKHcZIAfgQFggyMAE&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Ftularemia%2Findex.html&usg=AOvVaw13xRsk9ydgE2l4BpNMvYAf

https://www.google.nl/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjUlta91MrYAhUhEJoKHV8bDPcQFggnMAA&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHymenolepis_nana&usg=AOvVaw2lW1dpV52BdWPh5K-tTq-o

https://www.google.nl/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwiR5vz50srYAhVMDCwKHTKTBpkQFgguMAA&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPasteurellosis&usg=AOvVaw2OpnO94nEOdu4iU4rYYCw3


60

REPORT OF HAMSTER INFESTATION TO DEMODEX MITE

Laya Shamsi1, Saeed Samaeinasab2

1. Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia-Iran;

E-mail: [email protected] 2. Young Researchers and Elite club, Sabzevar Branch Islamic Azad University, Sabzevar- Iran;


Introduction: Hamster is a group of rodents that belongs to the subfamily Cricetinae. Hamsters

contain 25 species, classified in six or seven classes. Since their reproduction is high, they are used

as laboratory animals in advanced countries and also kept as pet. These animal have less parasite

infection because they usually live alone, but they are not immune to parasite infestation, like other

rodents.

History of the disease: Hamster was referred to the clinic with signs of hair loss, dry skin and

flaking. Sampling was done from the site of the lesion and the lam was prepared, Demodex mite

was detected under microscope. Meanwhile, the infection with the parasite was severe.

Result: Fortunately, treatment with selenium sulfide shampoos was effective in three weeks.

Given that the parasite is more likely to be present in chronic diseases, immune deficiency or stress,

the treatment of the disease is not effective without the treatment of chronic animal disease, and

the infection may be returns after a while, so considering of this point is essential.

Keywords: Rodent, Hamster, Parasite, Demodex, mite



61

FROM IBERIA TO YAKUTIA, FROM THE ARCTIC TO IRAN.

THE IMPORTANCE OF FOSSILS OF THE WARET VOLE

LINEAGE (MIMOMYS – ARVICOLA) FOR

BIOSTRATIGRAPHIC CORRELATON IN THE

QUARTERNARY OF THE PALAEARCTIC

L.C. Maul1, G. Cuenca-Bescos2, W. D. Heinrich3, M. Khoshyar4, T. van.

Kolfschoten5, A.K. Markova6, F. Masini7, S.A. Parfitt8, L.I. Rekovets 9

1. Senckenberg Forschungsstation für Quartärpaläontologie, Am Jakobskirchhof 4, Weimar, Germany; E-mail:

[email protected] 2. Aragosaurus-IUCA-EIA, Departamento de Ciencias de la Tierra, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza,

c. Pedro Cerbuna, 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain;

E-mail: [email protected] 3. Museum für Naturkunde - Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung, Invalidenstraße 43, 10115

Berlin, Germany; E-mail: [email protected] 4. Department of Geology, University of Zanjan, Iran; E-mail: [email protected]

5. Faculteit Archeologie, Archaeological Sciences, Bio-Archaeology, Van Steenis Building, Einsteinweg 2, 2333 CC

Leiden, The Netherlands; E-mail: [email protected] 6. Institute of Geography of Russian Academy of Sciences, Staromonetny 29, Moscow 119017, Russia; E-mail:

[email protected] 7. DISTEM, Universitá di Palermo, Via Archirafi 22, 90123 Palermo Italy

E-mail: [email protected] 8. Institute of Archaeology, University College London, 31-34 Gordon Square, London WC1H 0PY, United

Kingdom 9. Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, ul. C. K. Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland

[email protected] & Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road London SW5 5BD,

United Kingdom; Email:

[email protected]

Dental remains of water voles, comprising all species of the genus Arvicola and their ancestor(s)

among the Mimomys group, are key fossils for regional stratigraphic correlation and for

understanding evolutionary processes. This is possible because they are distributed over a huge

geographical area of Eurasia and display a very rapid dental evolution during the Quaternary .

Extant Arvicola covers a range from the Atlantic (Spain, Portugal) to eastern Siberia (Yakutia),

from the Arctic zone to Iran; fossil records of water voles indicate a similarly large distribution.

However, neither Arvicola nor its Mimomys ancestor(s) entered North America or Africa.


62

Remains of water voles are known from the Early Pleistocene until recent times. The evolution of

their dentition is characterized by: (1) Increasing hypsodonty leading eventually to rootless molars;

(2) increasing size; and (3) successive thinning of trailing enamel edges expressed in SDQ value.

These trends can be traced, at least in Central Europe, in the sequence of species: Mimomys savini

(rooted molars) – Arvicola mosbachensis (rootless molars, negative enamel differentiation) –

Arvicola amphibious (rootless molars, positive enamel differentiation). This succession provides

useful time-markers for the biostratigraphical assessment of Quaternary faunas .

However, these evolutionary trends may not follow the same trend in other geographical areas.

For example, the Mimomys/Arvicola transition (from rooted to rootless molars) did not occur

simultaneously in all regions, and the development of SDQ values took place at different regional

rates. Data obtained from extant Arvicola in Europe suggest a decrease of SDQ values in a

northerly direction. This could account for rare inversions of the stratigraphic order of this

parameter, which have been interpreted as a record of migrations of different water vole

populations following climatic oscillations.

Here, we compile morphometric data from various areas across the distribution range of water

voles in order to document the state of knowledge. Rich data-sets are available from Central

Europe, Italy, UK, France, Spain, and Russia, whereas from Turkey, Near East and Iran, only few

such data exist. We discuss the comparability and reproducibility of measurements, reasons for

regional differences, the clinal or intermittent geographic pattern of SDQ values, dispersal history,

whether climate was responsible for expansions and retractions of ranges, and various taxonomic

aspects of extant and fossil water voles.

Keywords: fossils, Arvicola, Mimomys, Quaternary, Palaearctic


63

THE IMPROTANCE OF AQUATIC AND SEMI-

AQUATIC VOLES IN TULAREMIA TRANSMISSION

Mahdi Rohani


64

GENOTYPING OF TOXOPLASMA GONDII IN FREE-

RANGING RATS (RATTUS NORVEGICUS) OF TEHRAN

Mahsa Esmaeilifallah1, Javid Sadraei1, Majid Pirestani1, Reza Kalantari1

1. Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran;


Background: Toxoplasma gondii is obligate coccidian zoonotic parasite. The felidae family is

definitive and wide ranges of warm-blooded vertebrate are intermediate hosts for the parasite.

Rodents are measured as an important source of T. gondii infection for the definitive host. The

distribution of genetic diversity of T. gondii in these hosts is importance to understand the

transmission of this parasite. The aim of this study was genetically characterize T. gondii isolates

from rats in Tehran.

Materials and Methods: Genomic DNA was extracted from 30-50 mg brain tissue’s rat with a

phenol/chloroform method. Using GRA6 gene amplification by n-PCR-RFLP and sequencing

methods, we determined genetic diversity of T. gondii isolates from these hosts. The nucleotide of

T. gondii isolates were aligned and analyzed using MEGA version 6.0 software.

Results: In total, 100 rats were tested for T. gondii DNA, respectively, 24% of which were found

to be positive for the T. gondii. The type of positive samples were determined by RFLP. Results

of RFLP revealed that of fourteen isolates of rat, 12 isolates were type III (85/70%) and 2 isolates

were type II (14/30%). Results of RFLP were confirmed by nucleotide sequencing and

phylogenetic analysis .

Conclusion: The results of the present study indicate that these hosts can play important role in

maintaining of transmission cycle of T. gondii in Tehran. According to the alignment of results

obtained from the sequenced samples, the highest similarity these strains. The highest similarity

was observed between sequences of T. gondii isolated from cat and rat indicated the common

origin of infection in these hosts.

Keywords: Toxoplasma gondii, Genotyping, PCR-RFLP, Rat, Tehran



65

EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY OF THE LIBIAN JIRD,

MERIONES LIBYCUS (RODENTIA: GERBILLINAE) BASED ON

GENETIC DATA

Malahat Dianat, Jamshid Darvish, Mansour Aliabadian, Roohollah Siahsarvie,

Boris Krystufek, Violaine Nicolas

The libyian Jird, Meriones libycus, is one of the most widespread species of Rodents and

distributed in Africa and Asia, namely, Western Sahara, Morocco, Egypt, Algeria, south of

Tunisia, Libya, an isolated distribution in Mauritania, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Iraq, Syria, Iran,

Afghanistan, and in central Asia through Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and S Kazakhstan to W

China. 15 subspecies were described within this species which were described based on skull

features and coat colors. The taxonomy of these subspecies is under considerable discussion. The

validity of them and the phylogenetic relationships among them are uncertain in all its distribution

range and until now few molecular DNA studies have ever been conducted on them. To evaluate

the phylogeographical history and taxonomy of this species in Iran, we used genetic analysis (Cytb

and Cox1 genes sequences of 76 and 19 specimens, respectively). Our data highlight the existence

of only three lineages in all parts of its distribution. The first one is scattered in the North of Africa,

the second one is in the Arabian Peninsula and Levant and the third one is distributed from the east

in Iranian Plateau to Far East in China. The genetic structure observed, seems to fit the topography

and biogeography of the sea barriers, the Tigris and Euphrates, Black Sea and Mediterranean Sea.

All intraspecific divergent events within the Persian Jird occurred during the last 1.2 My.


66

INVESTIGATION OF ECOPARASITES IN MICE IN ZABOL

Maryam Nooshadokht1, Mahdieh Naroui Dehnavi2, Marzie Kazemi3, Leila

Saravani4

1. Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman,

Iran; E-mail: [email protected] 2. Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman,

Iran; E-mail: [email protected] 3. School of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran. E-mail:

[email protected] 4. Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman,

Iran; E-mail:[email protected]

Introduction and Objective: Mice are the most abundant animal in cities and surrounding areas.

Rodents are infected with external parasites. Regarding the role of ectoparasites of rodents in

transmission of various diseases such as plague, relapsing fever, Murine Typhus and etc. The study

was conducted to investigate the ectoparasites of domestic mice in Zabol city.

Method: By installing live traps, mouses were randomly trapped at different places in the city.

Transfer them to the lab, after anesthesia and recording the appearance of the mice, they were

brushed on top of the water washbasin to separate ectoparasites. Ectoparasites after collecting from

the water, are stored in alcohol 70% to be identified.

Results: In this study, 60 mouses were caught. 70% of them were Ratus ratus and Rattus

norvegicus species, and contamination was observed in these two species of rodents. The

Rhipicephalus sanguineus tick was the only observed external parasite that 9 mouses (15%) were

infected by this tick.

Conclusion: Given that Isolated external parasite is important in terms of medicine and veterinary

medicine Therefore, it is suggested that in the fight against rodents, Fighting the rodent and its

parasites to be carried out simultaneously. Until after the death of rodents, external parasites do

not attack human and animal sites.

Keywords: mice, zabol, Ectoparasite, Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Ratus ratus


67

INVESTIGATING THE CONTAMINATION OF MOUSES WITH

INTESTINAL PARASITES IN ZABOL

Maryam Nooshadokht1, Marzie Kazemi2, Leila Saravani3, Mahdieh Naroui

Dehnavi4

1. Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman,

Iran; .Email: [email protected] 2. School of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran;

Email: [email protected] 3. Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman,

Iran; Email: [email protected] 4. Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman,

Iran; Email: [email protected]

Introduction & Objective: Rodents, as the reservoir of many common diseases with humans,

cause health and economic problems in the community. Considering the different outbreaks of

parasitic infections in different parts of Iran, this study was conducted to determine the types of

intestinal parasites in Zabol .

Methods: 60 live mouses were harvested from different parts of Zabol city in spring and summer

of 1396 and transferred to the laboratory. Stool samples were collected in containers containing

liquid holding and using the formalin-ether technique from sedimentation of stool samples smear

was provided then they were stained with Ziehl-Neelsen. Cryptosporidium oocysts are seen in

positive specimens in the form of red spherical objects with a diameter of 4-5 µ, Contains

Sporozoite and no Sporocyst .

Results: Cryptosporidium sp. and Hymenolepis diminuta were seen in the smear of stool in

mouses. There were 9 mouses (15%) carrying Cryptosporidium and 11 mouses (18.33%) carrying

Hymenolepis diminuta. Infection with two parasites was seen in 6 mouses (10%.)

Conclusion: According to the damages and the economic losses of rodents to humans and animals

and especially their health significance the need to fight rodents is necessary to reduce the rate of

infection and the emergence of serious diseases.

Keywords: Mouse, Intestinal parasites, Zabol, Cryptosporidium, Hymenolepis diminuta


68

NUCLEOTIDE CHANGE OF CYTOCHROME B, IN PERSIAN

SQUIRRELS AND SPECIES IN SCIURUS GENUS IN EURASIA

Marzieh AsadiAghbolaghi1, Faraham Ahmadzadeh2, Bahram Kiabi3

1 Department of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Management, Environmental Sciences Research Institute, University of

Shahid Beheshti, Tehran, Iran; Email: [email protected] 2 Department of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Management, Environmental Sciences Research Institute, Shahid

Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran. 3 Faculty of Biological Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, G.C., Tehran, Iran.

There are three species of the genus Sciurus (Sciurus anomalus, S. vulgaris and S. lis) in Eurasia.

The Persian squirrel is one of the most important and iconic species occurring in the Zagros oak

forests and the conservation status of this species, highly dependent on these habitats, has not been

investigated in Iran. Genetic information is the main basis for conservation and management of

wild populations, and considering the lack of genetic studiessuch new approaches are quite

necessary, as a basis, for a proper conservation planning ofthis species. The mtDNA genes

represent demographic processes that affect a population, such as population expansion or

population history, and this genome has been successfully applied to uncover interspecific

relationships. The mitochondrial Cytochrome b (Cytb) gene has a considerable mutation rate to

distinguish species. In this study, the nucleotide frequency of Cytb was investigated in the Iranian

and closely related squirrels.

The sequences of Cytb from the Sciurus anomalus (1140 bp, 3 sequences (AB292675-

AB292677)), the Sciurus vulgaris (507 bp, 51 sequences (AB192923-AB192923)), and the

Sciurus lis (1140, 32 sequences (KF364740-KF364691)) registered in the NCBI, were used.

Sequences were arranged in the Mega software and the nucleotide calculations, based on the

maximum likelihood method, were carried out using Arlequin and Mega software.

The nucleotide frequencies of the Persian Squirrel for A, T, C, G were 26.6, 32.3, 28.46, 12.6,

respectively. In the Red squirrel, the frequencies of A, T, C, G were 26.7, 32.4, 28.18, 12.6

respectively, and in the Japanese squirrel, respectively, were 24.9, 34.0, 26.3, 14.7. The results of

this study showed that there is no significant difference between the frequencies of adenine,

thymine and cytosine in the Persian and Red squirrels, while Guanine showed to be the least

frequent base. Nucleotide frequency in the Japanese squirrel showed to be slightly different from

the Persian and red squirrels. In all three species, the minimum frequency is related to Guanine.

Keywords: Sciurus , Sciurus anomalus, Sciurus vulgaris, Sciurus lis, Cytochrome b


69

INTESTINAL HELMINTHS IN DIFFERENT SPECIES OF

RODENTS IN NORTH KHOROSAN PROVINCE NORTHEAST

OF IRAN

Mitra Salehi1, Jamshid Darvish2, 3, Amir Adinezade1, Iraj Mobedi4

1. Dept. of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad,

Iran 2. Deptartment of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran

3. Rodentology Research Department (RRD), Applied Animal Institute (AAI), Ferdowsi University of

Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran 4. Dept. of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences,

Tehran, Iran

Background: Rodents are an important source of zoonotic diseases for human. The aim of this

study was to determine the infectivity of rodents with intestinal helminths in North Khorasan

Province, Iran .

Methods: One hundred and thirteen rodents were collected using different collection methods such

as kill and live traps, digging of their burrow, filling of their hiding places with water and hand net

during 2011-2013. Their alimentary canals were removed in the laboratory and helminths were

determined in the department of parasitology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences .

Results: Twelve species of helminths parasites were found in 13 species of ro-dents, including

Aspiculuris tetraptera, Hymenolepis diminuta, Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, Protospirura Seurat,

Rictolaria ratti, Skrjabinitaenia lobata, Streptopharagus kuntzi, Syphacia obvelata, Trichuris

muris, Cysticercus fasciolaris, Acanthocephal spp. and Trichuris spp. Some of them were reported

for the first time in new host in Iran. S. obvelata and A. tetraptera were the most frequent parasites

and P. Seurat, R. ratti and C. fasciolaris were found only in one rodent .

Conclusion: This is the first study to investigate the intestinal parasites in rodents in this area.

Among different species identified, some of helminths were reported in new host.

Keywords: Helminths; Iran; Rodents


70

A FAUNESTIC STUDY OF RODENTS REGARDING TO THEIR

PROBABILISTIC CONTAMINATION TO LEISHMANIA IN

TANGESTAN COUNTY BUSHEHR PROVINCE (2013-2014)

Mohammad Darvishi 1, Reza Jafari 2, Hossein Darabi 3

1 Health and Treatment Network, Tangestan, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences ,Bushehr, Iran;

Email: [email protected] 2 Isfahan Health Research Station, National Institute of Health Research,Tehran University of Medical

Sciences,Teahran, Iran; Email: [email protected]

3 Department of infectious diseases,The Persian Gulf Tropical Medicine Research Center, The Persian Gulf

Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr,Iran;


Background: Leishmanioses are important parasitic diseases presenting in three clinical forms

visceral, cutaneous and muco-cutaneous. Tangistan county now is considered as one of the foci of

zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in Bushehr province. Rodents are the main parasites reservoir of

this disease (leishmania major) and so far four of them have been identified as the main reservoirs

of the disease in the country.The aim of this survey was to identification of rodents species and

determine the extent of contamination to Leishmania inTangistan county.

Materials and Methods: This study was a cross-sectional and descriptive. Rodents were collected

by using live traps in different parts of the county. The captured rodents were identified regarding

to morphological characteristics and valid detection keys.The captured rodents were anesthetized

with chloroform and 2smears were prepared by sanding method from the each ear and after drying

smears fixed by the Methanol.smears was stained by the standard Giemsa method and examined

under the light microscope.

Results: From the total of 187 collected rodents, 9 species were identified. Tatera indica with

70.6% was the dominant species.In this study, there were no rodents contaminated with

Leishmania.All captured rodents were contaminated with lice and fleas. Most ectoparasites were

fleas with two detected species, Xenopsylla cheopis and Xenopsylla astia.

Conclusion: Regarding to the high frequency of Tatera indica in this county, and also this fact that

this species was reported as the main reservoir of cutaneous leishmaniasis in southwestern of Iran

in past studies, it can play an important role for zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL) in the

future.

Keyword: Fauna, Rodent, Leishmania, Tangestan, Ectoparasite



mailto:%20%20%20%20%20Email:%[email protected]


71

A SURVEY ON ENDOPARASITES OF RABBITS, A POTENTIAL

RISK TO HUMAN HEALTH

Mohammad Islampanah, Vahid Nasiri

Introduction: and objectives: Rodent animals are used for the diagnosis of infectious diseases, in

the production of biological substances of public health and veterinary importance. They are also

used in the safety evaluation of different therapeutic drugs, food, chemicals and in broad variety

of biological investigations. One of the most common problems regarding the health conditions of

these animals has been the endoparasites. This study was carried out to identify and determine the

prevalence and associated risk factors of endoparasites parasites of rodent animals.

Materials and methods: 87 adult Dutch rabbits of both sexes and different age groups were

chosen randomly in a breeding and research animal house. The samples and animals were taken

to the Parasitology department, for analysis using dissection and flotation techniques.

Results and conclusion: The prevalence of helminths were observed in rabbits having 6.9% (6 of

87) and the protozoa were 21.8% (19 0f 87). The nematode parasites were Passalorus ambiguous

and the protozoa were Eimeria spp. There were not any cestodes or trematods identified from this

group of animals. We advice that every person working with animals should be aware of the risk

of parasitic infection and potential danger from animal bites and/or other hazards such as self

injections, needle sticks, other sharp injuries and mucous membrane exposures from urine, faeces,

blood and other bodily secretions. Therefore there is need to design the occupational health and

safety program according to the protocols and documented to prevent unnecessary occupational

hazards in the work environment and maintain a safe environment for personnel.

Keywords: Intestinal parasites, Laboratory animals, Rabbit


72

REVIEW OF PARASITIC HAMSTER DISEASES

Mohamad karimian shirazi1, Abbas Faal2

1. Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad;


2. Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad;


The word Hamster is taken from a german word that means obscure. An intresting animal with

four hand fingers and five foot fingers. This animal has cheek pouch or same cheek in its face.

This cheeks are located on both sides of the face and carry food and hide new born babies when

facing the danger. The adult hamster needs 5 to 10 grams of food per day and needs a small amount

of water. The weight of the adult hamster is about 100 to 130 grams and its lifespan is two years.

The front teeth of the hamsters are constantly growing and need to champ solids such as wood,

carton and etc. to shorten it. Hamster gives at each child birth to five to nine babies. In some

sources, up to 27 infants have also been reported. The baby will start eating sids from seven to 10

days old. In this study, considering that hamster, in addition to being used in biology and wild life,

has been used for laboratory animals in recent years and has been used as a pet is very much

considered and used, so the importance of knowing the illnesses of that feeling gets and therefore,

we decided to review the parasitic diseases in an analytical report. Some common diseases in

hamster include:

Non -parasitic diseases :

Teaser disease, polycystic disease, Cardiac thrombosis, Enterotoxaemia, Bacterial pneumonia,

Salmonellosis

Parasitic diseases (External parasites): Demodex scab

Parasitic diseases (Internal parasites): Hymenolepis nana, Hymenolepis diminuta, Taenia taeniae

formis

Another disease: Dyspnea, Rectulum outlet, Shortage of vitamin E

Transmissible diseases between hamster and human :

Fungul bug Dermatophytosis,Dermatomycosis, Lymphocytic choriomeningitis(LCM), Rabies,

Infection caused by strains of worms parasites, Salmonellosis,Tularemia,Leptospirosis,Rat-Bite

Fever,Campylobactriosis,Hantavirus Infection.

Keywords: Parasitic, Hamster, Disease, Review



73

ZOONOTIC INFECTIONS AMONG RODENTS OF IRAN

Mohammad Hasan Rabiee1, Ahmad Mahmoudi2, 3, Roohollah Siahsarvie4,5, Boris

Kryštufek6, Ehsan Mostafavi2, 3

1. Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran;

E-mail: [email protected] 2. .Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging infectious

diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran; E-mail: [email protected] 3. National Reference laboratory for Plague, Tularemia and Q fever, Research Centre for Emerging and

Reemerging infectious diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Akanlu, Kabudar Ahang, Hamadan, Iran;

E-mail: [email protected] 4. Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran;

E-mail: [email protected] 5. Rodentology Research Department (RRD), Institute of Applied Animal (IAA), Ferdowsi University of

Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran 6. Slovenian Museum of Natural History, Ljubljana, Slovenia; E-mail: [email protected]

Rodents are reservoirs and hosts for many zoonotic infections. Rapid development of

industry and agriculture as well as global climate change in, have led to change or increase in

occurrence of rodent-borne infections. Considering wide occurrence of rodents in Iran, the aim of

this review is to obtain the awareness regarding the occurrence of the infections among

rodents of Iran.

Result of this review indicated that So far 23 zoonotic infections were reported among rodents of

Iran that all of them were bacterial and parasitic and none of them were viral. Also the results

represented that Plague, Leishmaniasis and Hymenolepiasis were the most frequent diseases.

Plague only was reported in northwestern and western provinces of Iran. Ten species of rodents in

Iran were categorized with high index zoonotic infectious: Rattus norvegicus (16 diseases), Mus

musculus (13 diseases), Rattus rattus (13 diseases), Meriones persicus (seven diseases), Apodemus

spp. (five diseases), Tatera indica (four diseases), Meriones libycus, Rhombomys opimus and

Cricetulus migratorius (three diseases each), and Nesokia indica (two diseases.

Our results confirm importance of rodent in transmission of infectious diseases to human in Iran.

Taking into account the notable diversity and extensive distribution of rodents throughout Iran, it

is necessary to seriously consider their role in spreading of infectious diseases in Iran for their

better control.

Keywords: zoonosis, rodents, Iran


74

FIRST REPORT OF LITOMOSOIDES SIGMODONTIS AMONG

THE FIELD POPULATION OF RHOMBOMYS OPIMUS

INFESTED WITH ORNITHNYSSUS BACOTI IN

NORTHEASTERN CASPIAN PLATEAU, IRAN

Mohammad Reza Abai1, Yavar Rassi1

1 Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical

Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Email: [email protected] , [email protected]

During the recent field works conducted on the rodents in northeastern Caspian Plateau, Iran, the

great gerbils, Rhombomys opimus were collected using the modified Sherman live traps made of

metal wires and nets. The gerbils were transferred to the animal house of School of Public Health

(SPH), Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS). According to the method for preparing

of the microscopic slides for detecting the Leishmania parasite, the touching print smears (TPS)

from ears edges were prepared. In microscopic examination, various microfilaria was measured

85-90 μm in length found in the TPS smears. Also the adult filarial was revealed under the skin of

the gerbils that subjected to the taxidermy for preparing specimens for identification the rodents.

The positive slides were sent to the French National Museum of Natural History and the genus and

species of the microfilaria was identified as the Litomosoides sigmodontis, a filarial nematode.

Various species of the field rodents are acted as the definitive hosts for the parasite. The fur of the

great gerbils was highly infested with Ornithonyssus bacoti, rat tropical mite which isolated in past

from Rattus rattus in southern Iran and responsible for the rat mite dermatitis. It is known that O.

bacoti and other similar mites are natural vectors of L. sigmodontis and could acted as the alternate

hosts for this parasite.

The captured gerbils are maintained in the animal house of the SPH, TUMS with free access to

water and food. It is considered that great gerbils infected with L. sigmodontis should be used for

as an experimental model in future researches on filarial infections as well as for the education in

TUMS.

Keywords: Rhombomys opimus, Litomosoides sigmodontis, filariae, nematode, Ornithonyssus

bacoti, Iran





75

DEVELOPMENTAL OF A TOPICAL NANOLIPSOMAL

FORMULATION OF AMPHOTERICIN B (SINAMPHOLEISH)

FOR THE TREATMENT OF CUTANEOUS LEISHMANIOSIS:

PRECLINICAL AND HUMAN CLINICAL RESULTS

Mahmood Reza Jafari


76

FIRST INCRIMINATION OF MERIONES PERSICUS AS MAIN

RESERVOIR HOST FOR LEISHMANIA MAJOR IN THE ZOONOTIC

CUTANEOUS LEISHMANIASIS FOCI, SOUTHWEST OF IRAN

Mohammad Reza Abai1, Yavar Rassi1, Hamid Shirmohammadi1,

Mohammad Hassan Kayedi2, Mahdi Mohebali3

1 Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical

Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Email: [email protected], [email protected],

[email protected] 2 School of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khoramabad, Iran;

Email: [email protected] 3 Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical

Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Email: [email protected]

The endemic foci of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL) are mostly located in central and

northeastern parts of Iran where the Rhombomys opimus is the main reservoir host and in limited

part of central and east of Fars province, the Meriones libycus are acted as a the main reservoir

host. Also there are some endemic foci of ZCL in Khuzistan and Ilam provinces where the Tatera

indica is recognized as a main reservoir host and Nesokia indica as secondary one. In the ZCL

foci in southeastern Iran, Meriones hurrianae was incriminated as a main reservoir host. During

two decades, another focus of ZCL has been occurred in subtropical parts of Lorestan province,

southwest Iran. The endemic parts in Lorestan province are Poledokhtar, Khudasht, Nourabad and

Borujerd. The following species has been reported from Lorestan province including Rattus rattus,

Mus musculus, Meriones persicus, Cricetulus migratorius, Microtus socialis, Calomyscus

bailwardi, Ellobius foscocapillus, Sciurus anomalus. In subtropical parts of Poledokhtar and

Kuhdasht, Lorestan province, 14 field rodents were collected comprising two species including

Meriones persicus and M. libycus and their habitats were found in agricultural farms and

grasslands. The touching print smears were prepared from ears edge of rodent specimens.

For conduction of molecular assay, the primers LITSR and L5.8S were used which replicated the

ITS1 fragment in all Leishmania species, hence the created band for all Leishmania species were

between 300-350 bp. Because of the proliferation of the ITS1 region, the band created for all

Leishmania species were between 50- 300 bp, so the differentiation between Leishmania species

is impossible. Therefore, a HaeIII restriction enzyme was used to perform the RFLP reaction

which interrupts the ITS1 sequence in the GGCC region. Based on the finding, L. major were

identified in one specimens of M. persicus (8.3%) using PCR-RFLP assay.

This is the first incrimination of M. persicus as a main reservoir host for L. major in Iran.

Keywords: Leishmaniasis, Meriones persicus, Reservoir, Leishmania major, Iran




77

MORPHOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR VARIATIONS IN MUS

MUSCULUS POPULATION OF POTHWAR, PAKISTAN

Muhammad Sajid Nadeem, Shahnaz Bibi, Muhammad Mushtaq and Amjad Rashid

Kayani

Zoology Department, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Pakistan

We examined the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene (Cytb) sequences in 101 mice from the

Pothwar Plateau, northern Pakistan and recovered 1, 2 and 98 specimens of Mus cookii, Mus

terricolor and Mus musculus castaneus, respectively. The Cytb sequences of M. musculus

castaneus revealed that this South Asian subspecies was highly diverse genetically, having all the

previously known four distinct sub-lineages. Neutrality tests including the Tajima’s D test

suggested recent population expansion in each of the four sub-lineages. However, discriminant

function analysis (DFA) of morphometric, cranial and coat color variables showed that

morphological segregation was not complete among sub-lineages of M. m. castaneus as DFA

showed 50-70% morphological isolation between these sub-lineages identified through molecular

analyses. These results thus suggest that the house mice experienced the genetic admixing of the

four castaneus sub-lineages in this plateau, perhaps reflecting the rapid growth of local human

populations at some prehistorical times. Capture of M. cookii specimen during this study may

represent a case of previously unknown mice or it may provide a clue about major range expansion

of this species which was previously never reported from Pakistan or from western parts of Asia

and thus provides insight for future endeavors focusing on this subject.

Keywords: Mitochondrial DNA, Cytochrome b, Morphological variations, Mus musculus

castaneus


78

HEALTH IMPORTANCE OF RODENTS

Mohammad Mahdi Gooya


79

THE EFFECT OF THE HABITAT PHYSICAL STRUCTURE ON

THE NOCTURNAL ACTIVITY OF JERBOAS, A COMPARISON

OF SEMI DESERT PLAIN AND MOUNTAINOUS HABITATS

OF IRAN

Morteza Naderi, Mina Gholami

Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, Arak University, Arak 38156-

8-8349, Iran

The comparison of nocturnal activity pattern of Jerboas in two distinct habitat structure, plains and

semi desert areas with sparse vegetation in the central parts of Iran versus mountainous habitats

with dense vegetation in the Northwestern parts of the country indicated that there is considerable

distinction between them. Such small mammals rely on bipedal locomotion as a unique state of

walking among the rodent species avoid from being active during the full moon nights, two middle

weeks of the lunar nights but there is considerable differences in the species microhabitat selection

in these two habitats with distinct structure. Statistical analysis of the habitat selection patterns

showed that the anti-predatory mechanisms adopted by the species in the different habitats are

completely related to the habitat physical structure and is completely different.

Keywords: anti-predatory mechanisms, Habitat selection, nocturnal activity, circadian rhythms


80

INTRA-SPECIFIC VARIATION OF NIPPLE COUNTS AND

MEAN LITTER SIZE (A CASE WITH FAT DORMOUSE ALONG

THE HYRCANIAN REFUGIUM)

Morteza Naderi

Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, Arak University, Arak 38156-

8-8349, Iran

Fat dormouse (Glis glis) is a rodent species completely rely on the forest crown, with specific

habitat selection, reproduction behavior and hibernation, which experienced considerable intra-

specific evolutionary divergence. After the only documented research on this species during 2010-

2013 which introduced the Iranian population as a deeply diverged lineage from other known

lineages (more than 12% intra-specific variation), I decided to proceed the complementary

research on the species reproduction behavior and its relationship with the mean number of nipples.

My findings indicated that the populations located in the middle parts of the Hyrcanian refugium

has significantly higher mean nipple count and larger litter size, where the habitat receive more

precipitation and as a result, higher production. In comparison, the populations located in the both

extreme parts, especially those of eastern most parts of the forests, which face with lower

precipitation and consequently lower habitat production, has mean lower nipple counts and

significantly lower litter size. As well as the number of nipple counts, the mean adult weight also

limits the mean litter size in these areas.

Keywords: Litter size, reproduction behavior, reproduction strategy, population oscillation cycles,

Fat dormouse, Hyrcanian refugiuym


81

DETERMINING DISTRIBUTION RANGE AND HABITAT

SUITABILITY FOR THE LONG-CLAWED GROUND

SQUIRREL (RODENTIA: SPERMOPHILOPSIS

LEPTODACTYLUS) IN IRAN

Morteza Monfared 1, Ali Khani 2, Tooraj Sayyadpoor 1, Fatemeh Rastekar 1

1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran; . Email:

[email protected]

2 Organization of Environment, Razavi Khorasan, Iran

Long-clawed ground squirrel is a sciurid rodent belonging to family Sciuridae. In the present study,

28 presence points of Spermophilopsis leptodactylus from the Iranian Tajan Basin including

Sarakhs and Gonbadli cities, as well as Norouzabad, Ghasemkhan, Ghosh Azim, Asifabad and

Dolatabad villages were recorded and georeferenced based on the field observations during a year

expedition. Data were analyzed using DIVA-GIS and MaxEnt softwares. As result, the distribution

range of this species in Iran was achieved. Furthermore, data analysis showed that among the 16

environmental factors used in this study, average annually temperature, average annually

precipitation, average precipitation in the driest season, average temperature in the driest season

of the year, average temperature in the warmest month of the year, the average precipitation in the

warmest month of the year, elevation (above the sea level), vegetation cover and soil type were

the most important factors affecting the distribution of this species. Investigation showed that the

above studied areas which are confined by Kopet-Dag Mountains, are the most westward

distribution range of this species. Since S. leptodactylus show species specific features in many

aspects of its ecological niche, its distribution in other parts of the Iranian plateau seems unlikely

to happen.

Keywords: Habitat suitability, Spermophilopsis leptodactylus, MaxEnt, Iran


82

STUDY OF THE EFFICIENCY OF THE FOUR COMMERICAL

POISONS IN PEST RODENT MANAGEMENT IN SOLTAN-

ABAD CITY

Morteza Rahnamafar, Samin Fallahinejhad


The rodents are a big group of mammals with about 2000 genus. The rats, mice and brown rats

arethree main species that are observed in the almost all regions in the world including Khorasan-

e Razavi. These rodents are economically harmful for human because they damage to agricultural

and food industries and also they can be a transmission and distribution factor of the human

pathogens. Different programs have been considered for their control but the chemical approaches

have been more efficient. To study on the efficiency of this method, the four commercial poisons

were selected in pest rodent management project in Soltan-Abad city and the suburbs in the spring

with the four commercial poisons including bromadiolon vax block (Stromibrom@),

difethialonepellet, zinc phosphide (as poisonous bait) and brodifacoum vax block (Facorat@).

Based on the results, the most efficient poison were zinc phosphide and Facorat (>90%) and the

least one was significantly Stromibrom.

Keywords: Rodent, bromadiolon, vax block, zinc phosphaide



83

THE ROLE OF RODENTS IN ARBOVIRUSES LIFE CYCLE

Mostafa Salehi-Vaziri


84

MACROSCOPIC EVALUATION OF THE EFFECT OF

SOMATIC ANTIGENS OF MARSHALLAGIA MARSHALLI ON

FULL THICKNESS SKIN WOUND HEALING IN MOUSE

ji, Hossein Kazemi Mehrjerdi, Hossein rHassan Bo ,Mostaan Mohammadpour

Nourani

Wound healing is an important clinical challenge that requires effective management. The role of

type 2 immune response in wound healing is very important. This route plays a role in wound

healing by producing mediators that control inflammatory reactions. Almost all types of cells that

cooperate with the immune system in helminthic infections are involved in healing of ulcers. The

present study was conducted to determine the effect of using somatic antigens of Marshallagia

Marshalli Nematode on full-thickness skin wound healing in mice. In this study, 24 adult mice

with an average weight of 25±5 and 60 days old were used. Mice were divided into 4 categories

of A, B, C and D and 6 subcategories. Group A was to test the dose of 40 µg /mice, group B was

to test the dose of 20 µg /mice, group C was the Alum Adjuvant group and group D considered

negative controls. Under general anesthesia by using isoflurane, an ulcer with a diameter of 9/8

mm was made in the back of animals and on the spinal cord using full-thickness skin biopsy punch.

Twenty four hours after observing wounds, the mice of control group were treated with alum

adjuvant and PBS and the mice of experimental group were treated with antigen and Alum

Adjuvant using subcutaneous injection at the four sides of the wound. To have a geometric

evaluation, digital images were provided at days of 0, 1,3,6,9,12,15,18 and 21 after observing

wounds and the percentage of Epithelial tissue’s creation, wound contraction and wound healing

was measured using Image J software. After analyzing the data with SPSS software, there was not

a significant difference in the percentage of wound contraction and wound healing in the treatment

group with a dose of 20 µg (P≤0.05). The results of this study indicate that the application of

somatic antigens of Marshallagia Marshalli Nematode with a dose of 20 µg accelerates the healing

process of wound healing by subcutaneous injection.

Keywords: Macroscopic evaluation, somatic antigens, Marshallagia marshalli, full thickness skin wound

healing, mouse


85

RODENTS AND LABORATORY MODELS

Najmeh Kiamarsian1, Dorna Dehghani1

1 Department of biology, Estahban institute of higher education, Estahban, Iran;


A long study about rodents has been conducted in long periods (up to 72 years) than other classes

of mammals. These studies have an important role in advancing our understanding of rodent

physiology. The rodents live in all environmental tests and in climate variability, with high

reproductive capacity. The rat is a small mammal from rodents that is grown for scientific research.

They are the most common mammalian that are used for research. They are the most commonly

used mammalian research model. The genome of the rat has been sequenced. According to studies,

it is estimated that the functional and human DNA is similar to 97.5 percent. It has been shown

that none of the human and mouse genomes has changed much since its derivation from its

common ancestor, which lasted 100 million years ago. This close relationship, high homology,

ease of maintenance and high reproduction, and short breeding period make mice suitable models

for human research. Studies show that in unpleasant conditions in the fetus\'s life, rodents can

affect the formation of neural circuits during postnatal stages and has long-term effects on nerve

function.

On the other hand, the number of common diseases between humans and mice is lower than other

animals, and therefore mice are safer. Therefore, scientists believe that experimentation on mice

gives them the opportunity to learn more about human gene function, which leads to better

recognition of human disease. Hence, the mouse is a good source for research on central nervous

system diseases, including Parkinson\'s, Alzheimer\'s disease, multiple sclerosis, and so on.

Keyword: Rodents, Laboratory model, Rodent physiology, Gene




86

RODENT ECOPARASITES IN GOLESTAN PROVINCE, IRAN

Nona Moradpour1, Ali Moshaverinia2, Jamshid Darvish1, 3, Hassan Borji2, Ahmad

Mahmoudi3

1. Rodentology Research Department, Institute of Applied Zoology, Faculty of Sciences, Ferdowsi University of

Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran; E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] . 2. Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran; E-mail:

[email protected], [email protected] 3. Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran; E-mail:

[email protected]

The commensal rodents are the source of economic losses and health conflicts. One of the major

health problems with the rodents is their role as reservoir hosts of zoonotic diseases. This study

was carried out to identify the infestation of rodents with ectoparasites in Gorgan and Ali Abad-e

Katoul (Golestan province)

A total of 50 rodents from 3 species (Mus musculus, Microtus sp and Apodemus witherbyi) were

captured and examined for ectoparasites from March 2015 to February 2016.

Three lice species were removed from infected rodents and identified as follows: Polyplax serrata,

hoplopleura enomydis, Polyplax spinulosa. Mites and ticks found in this study including,

Echinolaelapes echidninus, ornitonysus bacoti, Laelaps sp, Ixodes sp, haemaphysalis erinacei,

Hyalomma sp. 10 Mus musculus were free of ectoparasites.

Among different species identified, some have a main role in transmission of zoonotic pathogens

from rodents to humans and animals. There for this species need to be considered to prevent

zoonotic infections.

Keywords: Rodent, ectoparasites, Golestan province




87

HELMINTHS PARASITES OF GENUS ALLACTAGA IN

SARAKHS COUNTY (RAZAVI KHORASAN)

Nona Moradpour1, Fatemeh Javdani ashkbar2, Roohollah Siahsarvie1, 2

1. Rodentology Research Department, Institute of Applied Zoology, Faculty of Sciences, Ferdowsi

University of Mashhad, Iran; Email: [email protected], [email protected]

2. Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran; Email: [email protected]

Based on previous studies, infection rate of rodent’s helminth parasites is different in various

region of Iran. The current study was designed to determine the helminthic infections in 28 rodents

of Sarakhs County in Razavi Khorasan province.

This information improves our understanding of the major parasitic infections that rodents harbor

and can transmit to human and animal populations in this county.

A total of 28 specimens along to the genus Allactaga were captured from different part of Sarakhs

County using net and examined for infectivity with any larvae or adult stages of helminthic

parasites .

Overall, 25 Allactaga (89.2%) were found infected with different helminthic species.

The rate of infectivity with each species was as follows: Syphacia obvelata (89.2%), Aspicularis

tetraptera (35.7%), Trichuris spp (10.7%), and Hymenolepis nana (17.8%).

Given the results of this study, we conducted that captured rodents were more infected with

nematodes than other helminths. Among different species identified, some had zoonotic

importance. Therefore, hence control of rodents has an important role in preventing infectivity of

humans in this county.

Keywords: helminth parasites, Allactaga, Sarakhs County



88

A SUERVEY OF RODENT'S HELMINTH PARASITES IN THE

WEST OF ISFAHAN PROVINCE

Nona Moradpour1, Hessamoddin Zali2, Roohollah Siahsarvie1, 2, Jamshid Darvish1.2

1. Rodentology Research Department, Institute of Applied Zoology, Faculty of Sciences, Ferdowsi

University of Mashhad, Iran; Email: [email protected], [email protected]

2. Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran; Email:


Rodents are the largest group of small mammals and have been reported as one of the most

important groups of parasite reservoirs. Survey of rodent parasitic fauna in different regions of

Iran can improve our information concerning the possible potentials for transmission of zoonotic

helminthes to humans in the given areas.

The aim of this study was to determine the infectivity of rodent helminths in the west of Isfahan

province.

During spring and summer 2017, a total of 50 rodents including; Mus musculus, Apodemus

witherbyi and Arvicolla amphibius collected using live traps. The rodents were individually

dissected and their recovered worms were taxonomically identified. Amongst 50 captured rodents,

42(84%) rodents were found infected with parasitic worm. Identified helminths were as follow:

Syphacia obvelata (84%) Aspicularis tetraptera (10%), Heligmosomoides polygyrus (4%),

Hymenolepis nana (10%), capillaria spp (2%) Cystycercus fasciolaris (4%) and Notocotylus

neyrai (2%).

Our finding indicated among 7genera or species at least 4 of them are as a parasitic zoonoses that

are considered as infectious helminths of human. Therefore, in this region of Iran these species

need to be considered to prevent infectivity of humans.

Keywords: Rodent, helminth parasites, west of Isfahan province



89

DIVERSITY OF RODENTS HELMINTH PARASITES IN

DIFFERENT REGION OF IRAN

Nona Moradpour1, Hassan Borji2, Jamshid Darvish1,3, Ali Moshaverinia2, Ahmad

Mahmoudi3

1 Rodentology Research Department, Institute of Applied Zoology, Faculty of Sciences, Ferdowsi University of

Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran; Email: [email protected]

2 Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran;

Email:[email protected], [email protected]

3 Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran;

Email:[email protected]

Climate condition is expected to have significant in rodents’ diversity and in the seasonal pattern

of diseases that are carried by different rodents. In an effort to aid in the study of the biodiversity

of parasites of rodents in different climate zoon we examine climate patterns in the parasite

assemblages of different rodents from March 2015 to February 2016. Of 253 captured rodents in

three climate zones of Iran, thirteen species of rodents were recognized. Trapped rodents humanely

sacrificed and the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts were removed and examined to identify

parasitic helminths. Of 253 rodents examined, 109 (43.08%) were positive for helminth infection

including Syphacia obvelata, Aspicularis tetraptera, Trichuris muris , Capillaria sp., Physaloptera

sp, Gongylonema sp., Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, Heligmosomoides polygyrus, Hymenolepis

diminuta, Hymenolepis nana , Cysticercus fasciolaris, Mesocestoides sp. larva and Moniliformis

moniliformis. Notocotylus neyrai was the only species of trematoda isolated from water vol for the

first time in Iran. Some rodents are omnivorous, showing high predisposition to helminths parasites

consequently, they harbor some species of parasites which are potentially zoonotic or may serve

as vectors of important zoonotic pathogens. Therefore, the potential health hazard of these species

needs to be considered to prevent infectivity of humans.

Keyword: Diversity, Rodent, Helminth parasites




90

THE STUDY OF GEOGRAPHIC VARIATIONS OF GILS GILS

BASED ON MORPHOMETRIC AND BIOMETRIC TRAITS IN

GUILAN PROVINCE


University of Zanjan, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology, Zanjan, Iran;


This study was carried out on gilly Tree Sanjaback (Glis glis), distributed in the western and

eastern regions of Guilan province. The research site of the western region is the Varmayeh village

of Masal, which has temperate mountainous and high mountains and the station the eastern region

is Lefamijan Village of Lahijan with a relatively warmer climate and less altitude and close to sea

level. The distance between the two research stations is about 100 km. Comparison of the samples

taken at these two stations was carried out in the following areas:

A-morphological traits including: (body color at the back and abdomen, head and neck, on the

forehead and muzzle, tail at the back and abdomen).

B-Biometric traits including: (total body length, back leg length, ear length and weight). The

morphometric and biological biometry differences between the samples were observed in these

two research stations. The sample caught in the west of the province (hunting in early September)

has a body color at the back of the dark gray, head and neck, similar to the back of the body, on

the forehead to the top The muzzle is brighter, the tail is at the back of the body similar to the back

of the body and at the low side on both sides of the tail and in the middle of a bright gray, the lower

body is underneath the face and head and the front of the white body. The sample is caught in the

eastern province Early in July, on the back of the brown, bright, head and neck and tail at the back

level are similar to the back of the body. In terms of morphometric characteristics, such as: total

body length, tail length and weight, the western sample is more than the eastern sample, and in

terms of size: the length of the foot and the ear length, the western sample is less than the eastern

sample. The reason for these differences seems to be dependent on factors such as altitude, season,

sampling, and type of nutrition, climatic and geographical location of the distribution.

Keywords: Tree Squares, Morphometric, Biometrics, Guilan Province


91

THE STUDY OF THE WEIGHT CHANGE OF GLIS GLIS

DURING ON THE HIBERNATION IN GUILAN PROVINCE

Reza Ghasemi kassari1, Mohammad Moradi Gharakhloo2

1, 2 University of Zanjan, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology, Zanjan, Iran;


In this research the weight changes of Tree Squares (Glis glis Linnaeus, 1766) was studied during

their hibernation in Guilan province. The average weight of the male adultwas measured 180 gr

and the female adult one 175 gr before their hibernation in the temperature of 25 0c.It was observed

that the activity of the animal for getting food was much higherin the lab and in their natural

places.By reduction of the temperature in the first day of October (Maher) and in the middle of

November (Aban), the weight of the male adult one increased to 195 gr and the weight of the

female one to 190 gr in the temperature below 18 0 c in the start of the hibernation.Theserodents

were studied both in their natural environment and in the lab within 180 days in the temperature

of 15 0 c. The hibernationlasted for 36 days and 32 days for the male and female samples

respectively. They lostmore weight from the first week to the sixth week. They lost half a gram of

their weight in one day. The rate of weight reduction was decreased from the sixth week to awaking

completely from hibernationand they lost 0.25 gr of their weight in one day. The observations in

this research showed that the female onesawakenfrom sleep5 to 6 days sooner than the male ones

do, and they mate a week after.

Keywords: Glis glis, Hibernation, Guilan Province



92

THE INVESTIGATING BIOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHIC

SITUATION OF GLIS GLIS IN GUILAN PROVINCE


University of Zanjan, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology, Zanjan, Iran;


In this research, the bio-geographic location of Tree Squares (Glis glis) was investigated in Guilan

province. In terms of appearance and lifestyle, they are very similar to squirrels, and they are

categorized between mice and squirrels for the sake of suitable climate and the development of

industry, agriculture, and especially investment in olive, walnut, hazelnut and others.In this

province, a suitable habitat for these rodents is provided. The living area is in coniferous and leafy

forest, fruit gardens and in the basements and mountains. These rodents are mostly hidden in the

holes of the trees and cover the holes with grass and mosses. It is also seen in the gap between

rocks, between rocks and between the roots of the trees. The activator of the night is active and

goes out of the hole after sunset and acts at night to feed. It is possible to return to the nest a few

times during the night. In a cavity inside a tree, a large number of them can be seen together. They

often live socially on trees. It quickly rises from the trees and goes from branch to branch. The

delivery nest is located above the hole of long trees and the nest is located in the slots and holes in

the bottom of the tree. Sometimes the holes in the depths of 40 to 100 centimeters are dug on the

ground and inside it falls into hibernation.

Keywords: Tree Squares, Habitat, Nest, Guilan Province



93

TAXONOMIC ISSUES OF RODENTS OF IRAN

Roohollah Siahsarvie, Ahmad Mahmoodi, Jamshid Darvish


94

A SURVEY ON INTESTINAL NEMATODES IN DIFFERENT

SPECIES OF WILD SMALL MAMMALS IN IRAN

Saeed Yaghfoori1, Sima Parande Shirvan1, Ahmad Mahmoudi2, Saied Reza

Naddaf3, Ali Mohammadi2, Hamed Hanifi2, Ehsan Mostafavi2

1 Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of

Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran; Email: [email protected], [email protected]

2 National Reference laboratory for Plague, Tularemia and Q fever, Research Centre for

Emerging and Reemerging infectious diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Akanlu, Kabudar Ahang,

Hamadan, Iran: Email: [email protected], [email protected],


3 Department of Parasitology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran;


Introduction: small mammals, mainly rodents, are considered as a critical factor in the

transmission of parasites from a sylvatic into domestic cycles. They are also one of the most

important paratenic and intermediate hosts of helminth and protozoan parasites of carnivores.

Because of urban lifestyle in some species of rodents, the vast deforestations, and the urban

extension, rodents can serve as public health threats. The current knowledge regarding helminth

composition in wild rodents of Iran is scarce. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate

intestinal nematodes from wild rodents in the country.

Methods: A total of 94 small mammals (rodents and insectivores) were collected from three

provinces of Iran (57 Hamadan, 13 Golestan, and 24 Mazandaran) during 2016-2017.

Gastrointestinal nematodes were isolated, cleared in lactophenol and were identified based on

morphological features.







95

Results: The species identification of collected small mammals revealed 14 species including

Meriones libycus, Meriones persicus, Meriones vinogradovi, Meriones tristrami, Microtus

qazvinensis, Rattus rattus, Rattus norvegicus, Apodemus hyrcanicus, Mus musculus, Nesokia

indica, Crocidura suaveolens, Microtus paradoxus, Apodemus uralensis and Erinaceus concolar.

of 94 examined specimens in this study, 46 (48.93%) harbored gastrointestinal nematodes

including Aspiculuris tetraptera, Syphacia obvelata, Syphacia muris, Trichuris spp.,

Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, Heterakis spumosa, Heligmosomoides polygyrus, Heligmonoides

taiwanensis and spirurida spp. were identified. Heligmonoides taiwanensis is reported for the first

time in Iran. Trichuris spp. showed the highest frequency in the rodents from Hamadan province.

Discussion: The existence of zoonotic parasites in the rodents continue to represent a significant

health hazard in most parts of Iran, emphasizing the necessity of control management systems.

Keywords: Small mammals, Rodents, Nematodes, Iran


96

NEW SPECIES OF CALOMYSCUS KERMANENSIS SP. NOV,

(CALOMYSCIDAE: RODENTIA) IN SOUTHERN IRAN

Safie Akbarirad1. Jamshid Darvish, 1,2, Mansour Aliabadian1,3

1.Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran;


2.Institute of Applied Zoology, Faculty of Sciences, Rodentology Research Department, Ferdowsi University of

Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran; Email: [email protected] 3Institute of Applied Zoology, Faculty of Sciences, Zoological Innovations Research Department,

Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran; Email: [email protected]

Calomyscus is the only genus of family Calomyscidae which constitutes an independent family on

the basis of Eumuroidea taxon. Most of the different forms of Calomyscus had been known as

subspecies of C. bailwardi. However, some morphometric and morphological studies led some

authors to recognized most of them as separate species. Now, eight recognized species of genus

Calomyscus or beauty mouse, are distributed in western Asia’s country: Afghanistan, Pakistan,

Turkmenistan, Iran, Azerbaijan and Syria. The only species which is reported from Zagros

Mountains in western and southern Iran is C. bailwardi. But some different karyologic characters

have been reported from different populations in this region. However In the present survey, based

on the biosystematics methods such as phylogenetic studies on two mitochondrial genes Cytb and

CoI, morphometric studies on external, skull and dental variables, geometric-morphometric and

karyological studies one species was described from southern range of Zagros fold belt other than

C. bailwardi. Calomyscus kermanensis sp. nov. From Fars, Kerman, Yazd and Hormozgan

provinces in southern Iran, was recognized as a new species. This new species was reported from

regions which were already known as distribution area of C. bailwardi. So the latter species has

more confined distribution area than it was described in the previous studies.

Keywords: Calomyscidae, phylogenetic study, Zagros fold belt, karyology, Calomyscus

kermanensis sp. nov


97

TAXONOMIC RESEARCH ON CALOMYSCUS BALUCHI FROM

BBAMYIAN IN AFGHANISTAN AND MOLECULAR

COMPARISON WITH C. BALUCHI FROM PAKISTAN

Safie Akbarirad1, Jamshid Darvish1, 2, Mansour Aliabadian1, 3

1. Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran 2. Institute of Applied Zoology, Faculty of Sciences, Rodentology Research Department

Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran; E-mail: [email protected] 3. Institute of Applied Zoology, Faculty of Sciences, Zoological Innovations Research Department, Ferdowsi

University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran; E-mail: [email protected]

Molecular phylogenetic analyses determined the position of Calomyscidae as an isolated lineage

in Muroidea, but its relationship with other family of muroid has been uncertain. Nevertheless, this

family was placed at the base of the large clade of Eumuroida as a monotypic family with one

genus Calomyscus. Pakistan brush-tailed mouse, Calomyscus baluchi Thomas, 1920 was first

described as a species from samples which were collected by Colonel Hotson from Kalat in

Balochistan of Pakistan in 1918. Up to now C. baluchi has been reported from western and

southwestern Pakistan and eastern and central of Afghanistan, which some Pakistan’s populations

inhabit sympatrically with C. hotsoni. Two subspecies were identified for C. baluchi: populations

in Pakistan were regarded as C. b. baluchi, and populations in Afghanistan were treated as C. b.

mustersi. In the present study, phylogenetic analysis on two mitochondrial genes Cytb and CoI

indicated that C. baluchi from Pakistan and Afghanistan constituted two separated clades with

relatively high genetic distances, suggesting these two clades are separating from each other.

Morphometric and geometric-morphometric analyses distinct Afghanistan’s C. baluchi specimens

from other examined species. C. baluchi along with C. grandis have larger body and cranium

length than C. elburzensis, C. bailwardi and C. hotsoni

Keywords: Calomyscus baluchi, central Afghanistan, C. b. mustersi, Pakistan


98

ROLE OF RODENTS AS RESERVOIRS OF THE BORRELIA

SPIROCHETES IN IRAN

Saied Reza Naddaf


99

CRANIOMETRIC VARIATION OF THE FIVE-TOAD JERBOA

GENUS ALLACTAGA (DIPODIDAE; RODENTIA) IN EASTERN

IRANINAN PLATEAU

Samira Moshtaghi1, Jamshid Darvish1, 2, Ahmad Mahmoudi3

1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran. E-mail:

[email protected]

2 Institute of Applied Zoology, Faculty of Science, Rodentology Research Department, Ferdowsi

University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran. E-mail: [email protected]

3 Research Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran,

Iran. E-mail: [email protected]

Adaptation to arid and semi-arid habitats seems to be a source of long dispute over taxonomy and

classification of the five-toad Jerboa. In present study, 85 specimens of Allactaga from the eastern

and central regions of Iran were included in craniometrics analyses. Specimens were categorized

into two morphospecies based on external morphology, Allactaga elater and A. toussi. According

to molecular data, each morphospecies are consist of two deeply divergent lineages. Therefore,

specimens were classified based on molecular lineages and were used to further comparison based

on 22 craniometrics variables. Since sexual dimorphism was not observed in analyzed samples

(p>0.05), all individuals were pooled. In terms of size point (PC1), A. toussi was clearly larger than

A. elater (the smallest in the genus). Canonical discriminant analyses based on Mahalanobis

distances derived from morphometric data revealed significant pairwise differences among the four

molecular lineages (p-value <0.05). Classification results, using jackknife tests, indicate high

accuracy (67.65%) for prior classification; elater 1 (76%), elater 2 (80%), toussi 1 (65%), and toussi

2 (63.64%). One-way analysis of ANOVA showed that the four molecular lineages are differentiated

from each other by notable variations in seven out of 22 measurements. Accumulation of further data

such as nuclear marker and biological data is crucial to shed more light on taxonomic position of

these variants.

Keywords: Allactaga elater, Allactaga toussi, craniometrics analyses, molecular lineages, Iran


100

LANDSCAPE DISTURBANCE EFFECT (FOREST FIRE,

CLEAR-CUTTING) ON PUMMALA VIRUS PREVALENCE IN

BANK VOLES OF NORTHERN SWEDEN

Seyed Alireza Nematollahil Mahani1, Frauke Ecke2

1 Institute Pasteur of Iran, Epidemiology Department, Tehran, Iran;

Email; [email protected] 2 Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, VFM Department, SLU University, Umea, Sweden;


Bank vole-Puumala virus system is well recognized in Sweden since the virus is spread across the

Swedish forests. Landscape disturbance (forest fire and clear-cutting) is suggested to contribute to

change in bank vole Puumala virus prevalence. In this study we investigated the landscape

disturbance effect by trapping small rodents from 2007 to 2010 and again in 2015 in burned, clear-

cut and mature forests (total sample of 1046). We evaluated infection prevalence as a function of

age, vegetation type and location.

We identified significant differences in habitat properties. Spring bank vole density was highest in

reference forest followed by Burned and Clear-cut forests. However, this pattern changed in fall

with vole density becoming highest in clear-cut forest followed by mature and burned forests.

Infection prevalence did not prove to be density dependent in spring and was significantly higher

in the burned forest. In autumn, infection prevalence was highest in clear-cut and significantly

higher in the mature forest compared to burned forest. Weight and molar root length both were

positively correlated with infection and tended to be higher in the burned area in spring, but became

significantly lower in clear-cut forest in fall.

Increased environmental heterogeneity is suggested to be the cause of high capture rate in burned

and clear-cut forests. On the other hand, low specie richness as a result of faster bank vole

repopulation of disturbed habitat had led to reverse dilution effect causing high infection

prevalence. Higher weight in burned forest is suggested to be a result of better suitability of larger

voles surviving in the harsh conditions of this forest and low reproduction rate. On the other hand,

much lower weight in clear-cut forest is due to it functioning as a sink habitat. Additionally, change

in bank vole behavior such as gathering in the remaining forest patches in burned forest and

aggressive behavior due to lack of food contribute to higher infection rate.

Keywords: Disturbance, habitat change, Forest fire, Clear-cut, Puumala virus, Bank vole,

Population Density, Infection Prevalence, Myodes glareolus, Sweden


101

NOMARSKI VERSUS ROUTINE OPTICAL MICROSCOPY FOR

MORPHOLOGICAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL STUDY ON

IRANIAN G1 STRAIN OF ECHINOCOCCUS GRANULOSUS

ADULT WORMS ISOLATED FROM FINAL HOST

Seyedeh Faezeh Sadjjadi1, Mina Motamedi2, Tahereh Mohammadzadeh3, 4, Seyed

Mahmoud Sadjjadi5, 6

.1.Master student of Animal Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences,

Shahid Bahonar Uniersity of Kerman, kerman, Iran; Email: [email protected] 2. Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar Uniersity of Kerman, kerman, Iran;

E-mail; [email protected] 3. Health Research Center, Life style Institute,

4. Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran,

Iran; E-mail: [email protected] 5. Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine,

6Basic Sciences in Infectious Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran;


Background: Echinococcus granulosus is one of the most important zoonotic parasitic disease in

the world causing hydatid cyst in humans. This parasite infects a wide range of animals, including

carnivores, ruminants, rodents etc. The adult form of this parasite is found in the intestines of

Canidae including dogs. Detailed study of adult worms brings a better understanding of

developmental biology of this parasite. Since the use of routine optical microscope alone could not

be enough for detail study of morphology of this parasite. In order to increase the contrast in non-

stained or stained and transparent samples by Formaldehyde-Alcohol-Azocarime-Lactophenol

(FAAL), Differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy, also known as Nomarski

interference contrast (NIC) or Nomarski microscopy which is applicable in biology more special

in developmental biology has been used in the present study.

Material and methods: E. granulosus adult worms were isolated from a dog experimentally

infected with G1 strain of E. granulosus protoscoleces. Six mature worms were stained and

transparented, simultaneously using FAAL Using optical microscopy, the details of each worm

was studied by descriptive methods and evaluated quantitatively. The morphological details of

each parasite were examined and photographed by routine optical as well as Nomarsky

microscopy. Additionally, samples of adult parasites which have been stained with Carmine classic

method and transparented with xylol while mounted by Canada balsam were studied with two

mentioned microscopes.


102

Results: The results showed that using the routine optical microscopy for both Carmine and FAAL

stained samples, organs can be observed but the small and minor structures of this parasite could

not be investigated. While fine structures of the parasite including different developmental stages

in different strobila can be demonstrated using the Nomarsky microscopy. Hooks in the scolex are

clearly countable and measurable in the Nomarski microscopy and the eggs in the uterus of parasite

are quite clear, separable and measurable. The reproductive organs of the adult parasite are also

clear using Nomarski microscopy very sharper than optical microscopy which is clearly

demonstrable by photos.

Conclusion: The use of the Nomarski microscopy is very suitable for the study of small internal

organs and different segments of the E. granulosus. The study showed that Nomarsky microscopy

is preferable for samples prepared by FAAL method than to Carmine classic method especially for

developmental studies.

Keywords: Echinococcus granulosus, G1 strain, Developmental, Nomarski microscopy


103

OPERATIONAL STUDY OF THE FIXATION METHODS IN

RODENTS

Simin Nayebi Moghaddam1, Farahnaz Molavi2

1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Islamic Azad University of Mashhad, Mashhad,

[email protected], 2 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Islamic Azad University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran

[email protected]

Introduction:

Since, two-thirds of the approved Zoology Laboratory syllables, defined by the Ministry of

Science, Research and Technology are on the topic of Morphology and anatomy; therefore, a broad

range of vivisections are done in laboratories and most of the samples are wild and taken from the

environment. This educational system is against animal rights and seriously harms the

environment.

Material and methods:

Plastination: it’s a new technique that stops anatomical specimens decay, first developed by

Gunther von Hagens in 1978. The process is as follows:

Fixation: This stage is done by floating the sample in %10 Formaldehyde for a period of 1month.

Dehydration: we use the gradual method in a temperature of -15 degree centigrade. It is first placed

in a bath of %92 acetone, then in %97 acetone and finally in %100 acetone. The duration of every

bath for each concentration is 10 to 14 days.

Degreasing: it takes one to two weeks depending on the volume of the sample and it is done by

acetone in room temperature.

High-Pressure Saturation: in this stage, the sample is placed in polyester in a vacuum chamber;

the vacuum is created via pump, acetone evaporates in vacuum and polyester penetrates the

samples texture and replaces by acetone.

Processing: in this stage the sample is exposed to UV radiation. The purpose of this stage is to dry

the sample in a way that it can be touched.

Elandy's technique: the "Elandy's technique" is simple, inexpensive and uses non-patented

chemicals. The specimens that are produced using this method are realistic, durable, and more

flexible than plastinated specimens, besides being clean and having no offensive odor.

The process is as follows:




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Fixation: tissue fixation method is floating the sample in %5 Formaldehyde bath in room

temperature.

Dehydration: the full process is performed at room temperature and specimen is immersed in a

pure (100%) acetone bath and left for one week.

Impregnation in glycerin: specimens fully immersed in a glycerin bath for 1to2 weeks.

Curing with cornstarch: small specimens will be immersed in a container filled with cornstarch

powder for 1or3days.the powder that is saturated with glycerin begins to clump and finally the

residue of cornstarch can be removed and left in the open air to help absorb glycerin.

Results : Producing these samples brought us a remarkable decrease in costs and time. These

samples are more durable and resistance and they have more educational value than their humid

samples (samples stored in fixative solutions).

Keywords: plastination, Elnady technique


105

NEW SURVIVAL OF SMALL MAMMALS IN HIGHT

HIMALAYAS OF NEPAL

Tej Kumar Shrestha, Atmaz Kumar Shrestha

Himalayan Biome Research Institute, G.P.O. Box 6133, Kathmandu, Nepal

Since time immemorial fringes of Himalayan foot-hills have been known as one of richest

treasures of both large and small mammals of intrinsic scientific aesthetic and medico biological

value. In past small mammal of high Himalayas received averse attention of zoologists due to

remoteness and inaccessibility. The variations of altitude, gradient, aspect of slope lends formation

of variety of habitats niches are still congenial for survival of shy and secretive small mammals.

In Nepal small mammal as a group is represented by Chiroptera, Scandentia, Lagomorpha,

Erinaceomorpha, Soricomorpha, Rodentia etc. Still diverse riverine forest of Nepal support habitat

of small mammal fauna including rare Himalayan field mouse (Apodemus gurkha), Blandford’s

fruit bat (Sphaerias blandfordi), greater horseshoe bat (Rhinolopus ferrumequinum), Hodgson

flying squirrel (Petaurista magnificus), Tibetan wooly hare (Lepus oisostolus), Sikkim vole

(Microtus sikkimensis), elegant water shrew (Nectogale elegans), northern tree shrew (Tupia

belangeri), Lama’s pika (Ochotona lama), Tibetan hamster (Cricetulus alticola) etc. Regrettably

a few long term investigation in trans-Himalayan small mammal to reveal and their structural and

functional diversity. The distant river valleys and alpine meadows of Everest, Annapurna,

Langtang, Dolpo, Rara Rigmo, Mustang, Manang and Arun valleys are recognized hot spots and

potential sites for new discoveries and innovation. Today the fragile wilderness of Himalaya is

threatened by dam and road building, deforestation, erosion, climate change, epidemic and disease.

These natural and anthropogenic factors creating havoc and posing great threat to helpless small

mammal fauna. The present paper highlights need and opportunity of long term management plan

for conservation of rare and relict fauna living and breeding along rain shadow of high Himalayas.

The paper concludes with theme of vision imperative of reaching healthier ecological balance

between nature and man – by habitat conservation and habitat restoration in the remote corner of

Himalayas. Recommendations are given for holistic conservation and management of small

mammal breeding population in wild before it is too late.

Keywords: New survival, high Himalayas, holistic conservation


106

THE IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON URBAN PESTS

(RODENTS): MANAGEMENT OF URBAN PESTS AFTER

NATURAL DISASTERS

Vahid Derakhsh Ahmadi1, Jalal Shirazi2

1. Department of Entomology, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran;

Email: [email protected] 2. Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization

(AREEO), Tehran, Iran; Email: [email protected]

Climate change has become a major challenge for human being nowadays. Its effects on

ecosystems, food security, water reservoirs and economical sustainability have been known to

some extent. Recent studies revealed that globe temperature has risen by 0.8ºC and CO2

accumulation (280 ppm) elevated to 380 ppm. All these factors have changed the climate pattern

of the earth. At present, frequent drought, flood, earthquakes and other disasters are regular

phenomena in many countries. Theses natural disasters influence all living organisms as well urban

pests. Among these pests, those exposed longer to nature with broader food resources, lacking

diapauses and having high reproductive potential will be more affected by climate change and may

resist unfavorable conditions better. Anyhow, changes in environment and human being behavior

due to climate change may cause unpredictable changes in urban pests. The subject will be more

complex as pest species are accompanied by other animals, especially natural enemies, in nature.

Certainly, preparedness to face natural disasters by producing ample of information on pest

populations in high-risk exposed cities and regions would assist us to manage post disaster pests

resurgence and vector-borne diseases of man and animals. Therefore, the first immediate and

necessary step is to establish forecasting system for urban rodents to monitor their population

dynamics permanently.

Keywords: Climate change, Natural disasters, Earthquake, Rodents, Urban pest management, Iran


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LEISHMANIOSIS IN IRAN

Vahid Mashayekhi


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A REVIEW OF SYSTEMATICS AND ZOOGEOGRAPHY OF

COMMON VOLES ('ARVALIS' SPECIES GROUP)

INHABITING THE CAUCASUS AND ASIATIC HIGHLANDS

Vasily Malygin Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University; E-mail: [email protected]

Information about systematics of voles included in ‘arvalis’ species group is collected from the

publications, in which the species identity has been established by means of karyological analysis

or the cytochrome b gene. At present, the group includes 6 species, of which 4 inhabit the Caucasus

and Asiatic Highlands: M. rossiaemeridionalis (2n=54; NF=56), M. kermanensis (2n=54; NF=56),

M. transcaspicus (2n=52; NF=54), and M. obscurus (2n=46; NF=72). Systematics of M.

rossiaemeridionalis is beyond doubt, however the nomenclature is complicated and needs revision.

The most recent Latin names suggested for this species include M. Levis (Masing, 1999) and M.

mystacinus (Mahmoudi et al., 2014). However, the authors of both papers provide no strong

arguments to support their suggestions. In my opinion, M. mystacinus and M. rossiaemeridionalis

are not conspecifics because their karyotypes are different and topology of the tree based on the

molecular genetic markers (Mahmoudi A. et al., 2017) confirms that differentiation between M.

rossiaemeridionalis and M. mystacinus is rather high.

Based on karyological data, M. kermanensis is known from terra typica (Golenishchev, Malikov,

1999; Golenishchev et al., 1999). The hybrids obtained from M. kermanensis and M.

rossiaemeridionalis were represented by sterile males and females having low fecundity

(Golenishchev et al., 2000; 2001).

M. transcaspicus is found in three localities of the Kopet Dag (Malygin, 1983) and in three

localities (Chenaran, Fariman; Khorasan) of Iran and Bamian of Afghanistan (Mahmoudi et al.,

2014, 2017).

Systematic position of M. obscurus is not clearly established. The hybrids between M. obscurus

and its close species M. arvalis are fertile. However, molecular markers have revealed the high

level of differentiation between the two taxa. Based on that, we consider M. obscurus as a species

‘in statu nascendi’. M. obscurus is widespread in the North Caucasian territories of Russia

(Malygin, 1983), in the Transcaucasia: in Armenia (Akhverdyan et al., 1999), Georgia and

Azerbaijan (Malygin, 1983; Kuliev, 2013), in Artvin province of Turkey (Arslan, Zima, 2014).

Based on cytochrome b, it is identified in Iran, Tabriz (Mahmoudi et al., 2017.)

Kuliev et al. (2009) described the karyotype of the ‘obscurus’ form in the Lesser (Kedabek) and

Great Caucasus (Pirkuli), and hybridized the voles captured in those two localities showing that

the hybrid males (F2) are sterile (Kuliev et al., 2012).

The study was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, grant №17-04-00065a.

Keyword: taxonomy, group arvalis, chromosome, DNA



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OUT OF AFRICA: DEMOGRAPHIC AND COLONIZATION

HISTORY OF THE ALGERIAN MOUSE (MUS SPRETUS

LATASTE)

Violaine Nicolas1, Stefano Mona 1,2, Emmanuelle Stoetzel3, François Bonhomme4,

Karim Souttou5, Ali Ouarour6, Christiane Denys1, Stephane Aulagnier, Aude Lalis1

1 Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, ISYEB - UMR 7205 - CNRS, MNHN, UPMC,

EPHE, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France. 2 EPHE, PSL Research University, Paris, France.

3 Histoire Naturelle de l’Homme Préhistorique, HNHP - UMR 7194 – CNRS, MNHN, UPVD, Sorbonne

Universités, Paris, France. 4 Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution, ISEM – UMR 4554, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Université de

Montpellier, Montpellier, France 5 Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Natural Science and Life, University Ziane Achour,

Djelfa, Algeria. 6 Laboratoire de Biologie et Santé, Faculté des Sciences, Université Abdelmalek Essâadi, Tétouan,

Maroc. 7 Stéphane Aulagnier CEFS - INRA CS 52627 F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan cedex, France.

The Mediterranean Basin is particularly suited to study the role of climate versus human-mediated

changes on the evolutionary history of species. The Algerian mouse (Mus spretus Lataste) is an

endemic species from this basin, with its distribution restricted to North Africa (from Libya to

Morocco), Iberian Peninsula and South of France. A rich paleontological record of M. spretus

exists in North Africa, allowing proposing hypotheses concerning colonization pathways,

demographic and morphologic history of this species. Here we combined genetic (3 mitochondrial

DNA loci and 18 microsatellites) and climatic niche modelling data to infer the evolutionary

history of the Algerian mouse. We collected646 new individuals in 51 localities. The combination

of molecular, fossil, ecological niche modelling and human context data allowed us to reconstruct

the demographic history of this species throughout its range. Our results clearly favor an

anthropogenic translocation of the Algerian mouse from North Africa to the Iberian Peninsula via

Neolithic navigators, probably from the Tingitane Peninsula. Suitable climatic conditions would

then have favored the dispersion of the Algerian mice from Spain to France. The morphological

differentiation observed between the Spanish, French and North African populations could be

explained by founder effect and possibly local adaptation. This paper helps to better understand

the role of climate versus human-mediated changes on the evolutionary history of mammal species

in the Mediterranean Basin.

Keywords: Phylogeography, mitochondrial DNA, Microsatellite, ABC, North Africa, Europe


110

EVALUATION OF EPIDEMIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS

OF BRUCELLOSIS DISEASE

Zahra Arab1, Fatemeh Tazari2

1 Microbiology undergraduate student, Department of biology, Andishesazan Institute of

Higher Education, Neka, Iran

2 Instructor of Department of biology, Andishesazan Institute of Higher Education, Neka,

Iran; Email: [email protected]

Introduction: Brucellosis is the most common infection between human and livestock that

transmitted through contaminated animals and their products. This disease is an infectious disease

caused by a type of Gram-negative bacteria called Brucella that disappears with pasteurization and

boiling. The disease occurs in two types of acute and chronic. The infection has various clinical

facets that physicians have challenged in the diagnosis of brucellosis. Since the disease is important

in most parts of the world, especially in developing countries and has a major impact on public

health and the economic situation of the society, this study was conducted to investigate the

epidemiological status of human and animal brucellosis.

Materials and method: In this review study, using the SID, PUBMEB databases and Google

scholar search engine, many articles were studied, then eligible articles were selected to form the

subject of this paper. In addition, the booklet of summarized articles from different conferences

have been used to collect reports.

Results: In general, all studies reported a higher incidence of men than women. In addition, 70%

of patients was under 40 years old, and the incidence of disease in the villagers was higher than in

the city. In terms of job, the most concern is related to housekeeping, animal husbandry, student

and farmer. The most cases of disease occur in the spring and summer that is the greatest seasons

for livestock breeding and Production of dairy products. Also, contact with livestock is high in

these seasons. The most prevalent symptoms in patients included fever, chills, sweats, weakness,

fatigue, joint pain, muscle and back pain, headache and lack of appetite.

Conclusion: According to the study, it is necessary to pay more attention to this disease in different

erea of each province, especially in some rural areas with more pollution burden. In addition, there

is a significant relation between job and age, sex and livestock contact. As a result, the authorities

should perform the more exact programming in the field of prevention and control of this disease.

Keywords: Epidemiology, Brucellosis, livestock disease, human disease, infectious diseases


111

EVALUATION OF THE EXTENT OF HYDATID CYST

CONTAMINANT DUE TO THE PARASITE ECHINOCOCCUS

GRANULOSUS IN HUMAN AND ANIMAL


1 Microbiology undergraduate student, Department of biology, Andishesazan Institute of Higher Education,

Neka, Iran

2 Instructor of Department of biology, Andishesazan Institute of Higher Education, Neka, Iran; Email:

[email protected]

Introduction: Hydatid cyst is one of the most common diseases in human and livestock that occurs

through the larval stage of the Echinococcus granulosus parasite. In the life cycle of this parasite,

the domestic and wild carnivores, especially dogs are final host and the herbivorous and humans

are intermediate hosts for this parasite. The characteristics of Echinococcus granulosus strains can

be different in terms of morphological, epidemiological, therapeutic, and control. Since

hydatidosis has been native in human and animal population of Iran, this study was conducted to

determine the prevalence and hygienic importance of hydatid cyst in humans and livestock.

Materials and method: This article is a review article that was conducted after searching the ISI,

PUBMED, and Google scholar databases, using the keywords of hydatid cyst, common human

and animal disease, and Echinococcus granulosus related articles.

Results: The rate of livestock contamination in Iran has been reported between 1.5 and 64% in

sheep, goats, buffaloes, and camel. This disease is very common in livestock in Iran, as it has been

reported from different regions in Iran. While contamination in carnivores with a mature parasite

does not create a specific form of disease, contamination with larvae (cysts) in the various organs

(especially liver, lung, sometimes brain, heart, spinal cord) of intermediate host such as human,

causes hydatidosis. Eventually, rupture of the cyst causes to the components of the cyst reach the

tissues via bloodstream and turn to secondary cyst, that its metastatic property is similar to cancer

and can cause severe disease and even fatal illness.

Conclusion: people in the villages are in close contact with dogs and flock and livestock. There is

also traditional husbandry practices alongside farming in the villages that are the major professions

of the village people. So, people in the village are exposed to hydatidiosis according to their

lifestyle. In addition the difficulty of diagnosing and treating hydatid cyst and the high risk of this

disease, it is suggested that useful practical steps be taken to combat and eliminate the complete

life cycle of the parasite in humans, fungi, ruminants and carnivores in each region.

Keywords: Echinococcus granulosus, Livestock, Hydatid cyst, Dogs, Hydatidosis


112

INVESTIGATION OF INFECTION ARISING THE

BURKHOLDERIA MALLEI IN GLANDERS


1 Microbiology undergraduate student, Department of biology, Andishesazan Institute of Higher Education,

Neka, Iran

2 Instructor of Department of biology, Andishesazan Institute of Higher Education, Neka, Iran;


Introduction: Glanders is one of the most dangerous and oldest common diseases in animals that

often affects the Equidae. This disease caused by non-motile and gram-negative bacteria known

as Burkholdria mallei. This microorganism is a facultative parasite that easily can be destroyed by

light, heat, and conventional disinfectants. Although animal including horses, mules, and donkeys

are commonly involved, human are accidental hosts of B. mallei in most cases, which leads to

death. The aim of this study is the survey of current state of Burkholderia infection in Iran due to

the high concern of clinical diagnosis.

Materials and method: This study was conducted as a review using key words of common

diseases in human and animals, glanders, Burkholderia mallei in the Google scholar search engine

and PUBMEB. Finally, 18 eligible articles were selected and their contents form the subject of this

paper.

Results: Identification of the disease agent is possible by smear preparation from fresh secretions

and Gram staining, Morphological examination and observation of capsules, culture, inoculation

of bacteria in Hamster, cat and guinea pig. In addition, polymerase chain reaction and Real-time

PCR are two important diagnostic methods. The routine diagnostic method in Iran is Mallein test,

which is very time-consuming and costly. In addition, this diagnostic method is dependent on

individual judgment, so, misdiagnosis can increase the infection and cause an epidemic in a

specific area. Glanders bacteria can contaminates the environment by nasal secretions, salivary

and skin wounds secretions by died animals. In normal conditions, the disease agent may enter the

body through digestive tract, respiration tract or eye mucosa and skin scratches.

Conclusion: According to the survey, a small outbreak of disease may be the first alarm for a huge

attack. Thus, early detection and preventive measures will save lives of thousands of people. Also,

due to the severity of disease and the lack of vaccine, the preventive method by immunization

against the disease, detection of contaminated Equidae, isolation and disintegration of them are

necessary to be considered.

Keywords: Human disease, Animal disease, Burkholderia mallei, Glanders, Equidae, Epidemic


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Authors: Abai Mohammad Reza 74, 76

Adinezade Amir 69

Aghová Tatiana 16

AGRET Sylvie 55

Ahmadzade Faraham 33,34,36,37,68

Akbarirad Safie 96, 97

Aliabadian Mansour 36, 37, 65, 96, 97

Alizadeh Ismaeil 48

Arab Zahra 110, 111,112

Asadi Marzieh 34

AsadiAghbolaghi Marzieh 68

Askarani Nooshin 10, 11

Aulagnier Stephane 109

Balouchi Zahra 25, 26

Bellocq Joëlle Goüy de 51

Bazgir Behrouz 49

Bibi Shahnaz 77

Blain Hugues-Alexandre 49

Bonhomme François 109

Borji Hasan 22, 84, 86, 89

Bryja Josef 16, 32

Čížková Dagmar 51

CLAUDE Julien 55, 57

Colyn Marc 32

Cuenca-Bescos, G 61

Darabi Hossein 70

Darvish Jamshid 15, 20, 21, 27, 36, 37, 38, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 65, 69, 86, 88, 89, 93, 96, 97,99

Darvishi Mohammad 70

Dehghani Dorna 85

Demos Terrence 32

Denys Christiane 109

Denys Christiane 16, 30, 31

Derakhsh Ahmadi Vahid 106

Dianat Malahat 65

Dolatkhah Afsaneh 12


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Duhova Karolina 58

Ebrahimi Azizollah 24

Ebrahimi Elham 33, 34, 35

Ecke Frauke 100

Esmaeilifallah Mahsa 64

Esmaeilnejad Bijan 25, 26

Faal Abbas 72

Fallahinejhad Samin 82

Farjanikish Ghasem 40

Fazaeli Asghar 17

Fernández-García Mónica 49

Ghasemi kasseri Reza 90, 91, 92

Gholami Mina 79

GINOT Samuel 55, 57

Gooya Mohammad Mahdi 78

Haddad Farhang 38

Haddadian Shad Hamid 43, 44, 45, 46

Hanifi Hamed 94

Haniloo Ali 17

Hánová Alexandra 16

Heinrich, W. D 61

Hugot Jean-Pierre 52, 53, 54

Islampanah Mohammad 42, 71

Jadidoleslami Abbas 19

Jafari Mahmood Reza 75

Jafari Reza 70

Jahanifard Elham 48

Jamshidi Ali 17

Javdani Ashkbar Fatemeh 39, 47, 87

Kalantari Reza 64

Kalbkhani Morteza 40

Karimian shirazi Mohamad 72

Kayani Amjad Rashid 77

Kayedi Mohammad Hassan 76

Kazemi Marzie 66, 67

Kazemi Mehrjerdi Hossein 84

Kazemi Mustafa 24

Kennis Jan 32


115

Kerbis Julian 32

Khajeh Asghar 20, 21

Khani Ali 81

Khoshyar, M 61

Kiabi Bahram 68

Kiamarsian Najmeh 85

Kolfschoten, T. van 61

Konecny Adam 13, 16, 58

Kouchali Farnosh 35

Kryštufek Boris 15, 28, 29, 65, 73

LALIS Aude 23, 109

López-García Juan Manuel 49

M. Matin Maryam 38

Mahmoudi Ahmad 14, 15, 39, 73, 86, 89, 93,94, 99

Malygin Vasily 108

Markova, A.K 61

Mashayekhi Vahid 107

Masini, F 61

Maul, L.C 61

Mesgari Mehran 12

Mizerovska Daniela 32

Mobedi Iraj 69

Mohammadi Ali 18, 94

Mohammadi Pouran 40

Mohammadpour Mostaan 84

Mohammadzadeh Tahereh 101

Mohebali Mahdi 76

Molavi Farahnaz 38, 103

Mona Stefano 109

Monfared Morteza 81

Moradi Gharakhloo Mohammad 91

Moradpour Nona 22, 86, 87, 88, 89

Moshaverinia Ali 19, 86, 89

Moshtaghi Samira 99

Mostafavi Ehsan 14, 18, 73, 94

http://www.pms-lj.si/en/about-us/employees/boris-krystufek-ph-d


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Motamedi Ghoalmreza 42

Motamedi Mina 101

Mowlavi Gholamreza 41

Mushtaq Muhammad 77

Nabinejad Abdolreza 10,11

Naddaf Saied Reza 94,98

Nadeem Muhammad Sajid 77

Naderi Morteza 79, 80

Naimi Babak 33, 34

Naroui Dehnavi Mahdieh 66, 67

Naroui Dehnavi Mahdieh

Nasiri Vahid 71

Nayebi Moghaddam Simin 38,103

Nematollahi Ahmad 12

Nematollahil Mahani Seyed Alireza 100

Nicolas Violaine 16, 32, 65,109

Nooshadokht Maryam 66, 67

Nourani Hossein 19, 84

Ollé Andreu 49

Ouarour Ali 109

Parande Shirvan Sima 94

Parfitt, S.A 61

Parsaei Mahdi 17

Pirestani Majid 64

Rabiee Mohammad Hasan 73

Rahnamafar Morteza 82

Rassi Yavar 74, 76

Rastad Bahram 25, 26

Rastegar-Pouyani Eskandar 43, 44, 45, 46

Rastekar Fatemeh 81

Razmi Gholam Reza 20

Rekovets, L.I 61

Rey-Rodríguez Iván 49

Rezazadeh Elham 36, 37

Rohani Mahdi 63


117

Sadjjadi Seyed Mahmoud 101

Sadjjadi Seyedeh Faezeh 101

Sadraei Javid 64

Safapour Behnam 27

Salehi Mitra 69

Salehi-Vaziri Mostafa 83

Samadipoor Milad 40

Samaeinasab Saeed 59, 60

Sarafraz Sedigheh 17

Saravani Leila 66, 67

Sayyadpoor Tooraj 81

Shahbazi Parisa 12

Shahrokhi Atousa 22

Shamsi Laya 59,60

Sharififard Mona 48

Shirazi Jalal 106

Shirmohammadi Hamid 76

Shrestha Atmaz Kumar 105

Shrestha Tej Kumar 105

Siahsarvi Rouhollah 21, 22, 39, 47, 55, 65, 73, 87, 88, 93

Souttou Karim 109

Stoetzel Emmanuelle 109

Šumbera Radim 16

Tavassoli Mousa 25, 26

Tazari Fatemeh 110, 111, 112

Těšíková Jana 51

Tumung Laxmi 49

Verheyen Erik 32

WEYNA Arthur 55

Yaghfoori Saeed 94

Yazdani-Moghaddam Faezeh 27, 39, 47

Zali Hessamoddin 39,88

Zali Hessamodin 47

Zarei Zabiollah 17

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