2. Nervous System, Neuroanatomy, Neurotransmitters · 2/1/2016 1 Nervous System, Neuroanatomy,...
Transcript of 2. Nervous System, Neuroanatomy, Neurotransmitters · 2/1/2016 1 Nervous System, Neuroanatomy,...
2/1/2016
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Nervous System, Neuroanatomy,
Neurotransmitters
Neurons
• Structure of neurons
• Soma
• Dendrites
• Spines
• Axon
• Myelin
• Nodes of Ranvier
Neurons
• Structure of neurons
• Axon collaterals
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Neurons
• Structure of neurons
• Synapse
• Presynaptic
• Postsynaptic
Neural Communication
• Membrane potential
• Resting membrane potential
• Ions
• Sodium (Na+)
• Potassium (K+)
• Calcium (Ca2+)
• Chloride (Cl-)
• Ion channels
• Ion Pumps
• Electrical gradient
Neural Communication
• Membrane potential
• Ion channels
• Ion Pumps
• Electrical gradient
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Neural Communication
• Action potential
• Excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs)
• Electrotonic conduction
• Voltage-gated ion channels
• Spike-triggering zone
• Axon hillock
Neural Communication
• Action potential
• Depolarization
• Threshold of excitation
• Repolarization
• Equilibrium potential
• Hyperpolarization
• Refractor period
Neural Communication
• Chemical Transmission
• Vesicles
• Neurotransmitters
• Excitatory
• Inhibitory
• Conditional
• Inactivation of neurotransmitters
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Neural Communication
• Chemical Transmission
Neural Communication
• NeurotransmittersNeurotransmitter Primary Effects
Drugs that Interact w/
NeurotransmitterEffects of the Drug
GlutamatePrimary excitatory
Neurotransmitter
Alcohol Desensitization of NMDA Receptor
GABAPrimary inhibitory
Neurotransmitter
Barbiturates, Alcohol,
Tranquilizers
Desensitization of GABA-A Receptor
Acetylcholine (Ach)Muscular contraction
Control hippocampus
Botulinum Toxin,
Nicotine
Blocks release of Ach
Stimulates Ach receptor
Dopamine (DA)Facilitate movement,
Attention & learning
Amphetamine, Cocaine,
Antipsychotics, Prozac, LSD
Inc. Dopamine synthesis
Inhib. Dopamine reuptake
Norepinephrine (NE)Increases vigilance &
Controls REM sleep
Block Dopamine receptors
SerotoninRegulates mood,
eating, sleep, arousal
Inhibit serotonin reuptake
Stim. serotonin receptors
Endogenous OpioidsReduce pain, reinforce
behavior
Heroin, Morphine
Naloxone
Stimulate opioid receptors
Block opioid receptors
Anandamide
(endogenous cannabinoid)
Analgesia, nausea
reduction, appetite
THC Stimulated cannabinoid receptors
Neural Communication
• Glial Cells (neuroglial cells)
• Astrocytes
• Microglial cells
• Oligodendrocytes
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Nervous System
• Central Nervous System (CNS)
• Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Nervous System
• Autonomic Nervous System (CNS)
• Central Nervous System (PNS)
• Dura matter
• Nucleus
• Layer
• Cerebral Cortex
Nervous System
• Cerebral Cortex
• White matter
• Gray matter
• Tracts
• Commissures
• Corpus Callosum
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The Brain
• Anatomical Directions
• Lateral-medial
• Anterior-posterior
• Dorsal-ventral
The Brain
• Anatomical Sections/Planes
• Coronal (frontal, transverse)
• Horizontal (axial)
• Sagittal
The Brain
• Brainstem
• Medulla
• Pons
• Cerebellum
• Midbrain
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The Brain
• Diencephalon
• Thalamus
• Hypothalamus
• Pituitary Gland
The Brain
• Telencephalon
• Limbic System
• Hippocampus
• Amygdala
• Basal Ganglia
• Cerebral Cortex
The Brain
• Cerebral Cortex
• Sulci
• Gyri
• Two Hemispheres
• Corpus Callosum
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The Brain
• Cerebral Cortex
• Four Lobes
• Frontal
• Parietal
• Temporal
• Occipital
• Central Sulcus
• Sylvian (lateral) fissure
The Brain
• Cytoarchitectonics
• Korbinian Brodmann
• Brodman Areas
Functional Divisions of the Cortex
• Frontal Lobe
• Motor Areas
• Prefrontal cortex
• Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)
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Functional Divisions of the Cortex
• Parietal Lobe
• Somatosensory areas
• Topographical mapping
• Homunculus
• Somatotopy
Functional Divisions of the Cortex
• Occipital Lobe
• Visual Processing Areas
• Striate cortex (V1)
• Extrastriate areas
Functional Divisions of the Cortex
• Temporal Lobe
• Auditory processing areas
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Image References
• http://humanphysiology.academy/Neurosciences%202015/Chapter%201/P.1.3p%20Neurone%20Micro.html
• https://droualb.faculty.mjc.edu/Course%20Materials/Physiology%20101/Chapter%20Notes/Fall%202007/chapter_7%20Fall%202007.htm
• https://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/psych-chapter-3/deck/12232144
• https://cnx.org/contents/73d8f8a7-46a3-4a3a-9afa-970f2f03deb3@3/Neurons-and-Glial-Cells
• http://s-f-walker.org.uk/optionintranet/brodmann.html
• http://www.flanderstoday.eu/innovation/ku-leuven-discovers-brain-process-responsible-gripping
• http://www.slideshare.net/shahnazsyeda/frontal-lobe-functions-and-assessmeny-20th-july-2013